Jatropha curcas oil: A future source of biodiesel

By Siddharth Jain

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEEROORKEE-247 667

INDIA

Presentation on

Contents

Introduction

Vegetable Oil Resources for Biodiesel Production

Methods for modification of straight vegetable oil

Performance Evaluation of Diesel Engine Using Biodiesel

Stability of biodiesel

Conclusion

Total crude oil consumption of the country is 184.68 MT in 2007-08.Out of which 80% of the total demad is imported.Import value is 6,06,800 crore.Crude oil is also creating environmental problems.

Therefore there is need to go for substitute of petroleum diesel.Substitute of petroleum diesel:Straight vegetable oilEdible oilsNon edible oils

72.5 % of the total edible oil demand is importing in the country.

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

To study the fossil fuel scenario with respect to petroleum diesel, fuel properties of biodiesel resuorces for biodiesel production, process for its production, etc.

Study the effect of biodiesel on the performance of IC engine

To study the oxidation stability of biodiesel.

WHY JATROPHA

Jatropha can be grown in arid zones (20 cm rainfall) as well as in higher rainfallzones & even on land with their soil cover.

Under the national biodiesel program Jatropha is selected to fulfill the national needof biodiesel.

Upto 2012 government is planning to substitute biodiesel from jatropha incommercial use (20% of the total petroleum diesel ).

Jatropha specie is scientifically developed to give maximum yield.

It is a quick yielding species even in adverse land situations viz degraded & barrenlands under forest & non forest use, dry and drought prone area, marginal landseven an alkaline soils & also as agro forestry crops.

Jatropha removes carbon from the atmosphere stores it in the woody tissues &assists in the build up of soil carbon.

Various parts of the plant are of medicinal value.

Biodiesel and land requirement in India

Year Dieseldemand(MT)

Biodiesel requirement (MT)

Seed requirement (MMT)

Area requirement (Mha)

BD5 BD10 BD20 BD5 BD10 BD20 BD5 BD10 BD20

2007-08 60.18 3.01 6.02 12.0 10.0 20.0 40.1 5.01 10.0 21.02008-09 90.27 4.51 9.03 18.0 15.0 30.1 60.1 7.52 15.0 30.02009-10 95.23 4.76 9.52 19.0 15.8 31.7 63.5 7.94 15.8 31.72010-11 100.47 5.02 10.0 20.1 16.7 33.5 66.9 8.37 16.7 33.52011-12 106.00 5.30 10.6 21.2 17.6 35.3 70.6 8.83 17.6 35.32012-13 111.83 5.59 11.1 22.3 18.6 37.2 74.5 9.32 18.6 37.22013-14 117.98 5.90 11.8 23.6 19.6 39.3 78.6 9.93 19.6 39.32014-15 124.47 6.22 12.4 24.9 20.7 41.5 82.9 10.3 20.7 41.52015-16 131.31 6.57 13.3 26.2 21.9 43.7 87.5 10.9 21.9 43.72016-17 138.54 6.93 13.8 27.7 23.1 46.1 92.6 11.5 23.1 46.12017-18 146.16 7.31 14.6 29.2 24.3 48.7 97.4 12.1 24.3 48.72018-19 154.19 7.71 15.4 30.8 25.7 51.4 102 12.8 25.7 51.42019-20 162.67 8.13 16.2 32.5 27.1 54.2 108 13.5 21.1 54.2

Land area under cultivation of jatropha in various statesState Area (ha) % of total land

Andhra Pradesh 260 2.63

Bihar 110 1.11

Chattisgarh 650 6.58

Delhi 665 6.63

Gujarat 1140 11.54

Goa 10 0.10

Haryana 520 5.26

Jharkhand 200 2.02

Karnataka 120 1.21

Kerala 50 0.5

Madhya Pradesh 84 0.85

Maharashtra 1310 13.26

Manipur 200 2.03

Meghalaya 200 2.03

Mizoram 300 0.30

Nagaland 240 2.43

Rajasthan 715 7.24

Tamilnadu 960 9.72

Uttar Pradesh 633 6.41

Uttarakhand 650 6.58

West Bengal 100 1.01

Total 9878 100

JATROPHA PLANTATION

Productivity of Jatropha plantation

S.NoSeeds/ hactare

(MT)

Oil /

hectare

(MT)

Biodiesel/ hectare

(MT)Cost of plantation/

hectare (Rs)

1 4-6 1.5-2 1.35- 1.8 20000

Methods of using straight vegetable oil as fuel:As oilAs modified oil

Problems of using oil directly in engineHigh viscosityLow calorific value

Fuel Properties of Vegetable Oil

Vegetableoils

Cetannumber

Heatingvalues(MJ/kg)

Cloudpoint(0C)

Pourpoint(0C)

Kinematicviscosity (cSt@380C)

Flashpoint

Specificgravity @150C

Corn 37.6 39.5 -1.1 -40.0 34.9 277 0.9095Cottonseed 41.8 39.5 1.7 -15.0 33.5 234 0.9148

rapeseed 37.6 39.7 -3.9 -31.7 37.0 246 0.9115Safflower 41.3 39.5 18.3 -6.7 31.3 260 0.9144Sesame 40.2 39.3 -3.9 9.4 35.5 260 0.9133Soybean 37.9 39.6 -3.9 -12.2 32.6 254 0.9138Sunflower 37.1 39.6 7.2 -15.0 33.9 274 0.9161Palm 42.0 39.5 31.0 - 39.6 267 0.9180Jatropha 40-45 39-40 - - 55@ 300C 240 0.912

Diesel 40-55 42 -15 to -5 -33 to -15 1.3-4.1 60-80 0.82-0.86

Factors affecting the transesterification reactions

Reaction temperature.Ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil.Catalyst.Mixing intensity.Purity of reactants.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Parameters measured for Biodiesel Preparation

Parameters Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester

Acid Base

Time (min) 180 180

Temp (0C) 65 55

RPM 400 400

Methyl Ester Amount(%)

30 30

Yield (%) 21.5039 90.21

Catalyst H2SO4 KOH

Methanol to oil Ratio(v/v)

30:70 30:70

S.No. Properties Jatropha oil

1 Net calorific value (MJ/kg) 36.01

2 Flash point (0C) 242

3 Viscosity (cSt, @ 300C) 51

4 FFA (%) 17.84

5 Density (kg/m3 @ 150C) 932

Properties of Jatropha oil

BASIC REQUIREMENT FOR A FUEL FOR IC ENGINE

High energy density.Good combustion qualities.High thermal stability.Low deposit forming tendencies.Compatibility with the engine hardware.Good fire safety.Low toxicity.Low pollution.Easy transferability and onboard vehicle storage.

Variation in BSFC with Load for Different Blends of Jatropha Biodiesel with Diesel

Variation in BTE with Load for Different Blends of Jatropha Biodiesel with Diesel

COMPARISION OF EMISSIONS FROM BIODIESEL AND DIESEL

S.No. Emission type B100 B20

1 Hydrocarbon (HC) -67% -20%

2 CO -48% -12%

3 Particulate matter (PM) -47% -2%

4 NOX +10% +2%

5 SO2 -100% -20%

6 PAH -80% -13%

The Specification of Biodiesel and Diesel

Fuel Properties

Jatropha Oil JatrophaBiodiesel

Diesel BIS Standards for Biodiesel

Net calorificvalue (MJ/kg)

36.01 37.1 42 37.12

Flash point (0C) 242 192 60-80 130 (minimum)

Viscosity (cSt,@ 300C)

51 5.3 2.6 1.9-6.0

Acid value(mgKOH /g)

17.84 0.42 0.09 0.8

Density (kg/m3

@ 150C)932 887 - 880

Perameters required to measure the oxidation stability

Peroxide valueIodine valueFFA contentsInduction periodViscosityFlash pointCloud pointPour pointSaponoficatiuon value

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S.No. Name of antioxidant Abbreviation

1 Pyrogallol PY

2 Gallic Acid GA

3 Propyl Gallate PG

4 Catechol C

5 Nordihydroguaiaretic acid NDGA

6 2-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol BHA

7 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol BHT

8 t-butyl hydroquinone TBHQ

Antioxidants used for stabilizing the biodiesel

CONCLUSIONSBiodiesel is an ecofriendly and renewable fuel substitute of diesel.

Research has indicated that upto B20, there is no need of modification inengine.

The engine performance evaluation has found that brake specific fuelconsumption for B100 was 14.8% higher than diesel for biodiesel from Jatrophaoil at full load, thereby indicating the use of 100% biodiesel can produce sameoutput of energy using higher amount of biodiesel and therefore deserve tobecome the “On Farmer Fuel” where farmer can grow his own resource,convert to biodiesel and use in agricultural sets itself without the need of anydiesel for blending.

The brake thermal efficiency is found higher upto B30 in comparison to dieselwhile BTE of B100 (24%) was almost equals to diesel (24.5%) for JOME.

The basic problem with biodiesel is that it is more prone to oxidation resultingin the increase in viscosity of biodiesel with respect to time which in turn leadsto piston sticking, gum formation and fuel automization problems.

Thanks