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MTisaolchsthgiigingnhchnh?

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nhau,bngcchthutlithngqualikcaccnhnchngngthitngmtthytainghecucngbithmnhttronglchs:tiCajamarca,thnhphtiPeru,FranciscoPizarrocngmtnhmqunchinhphcbtsnghongIncaAtahualpangaytrcmttonbqunicangta.ChngtacthnhndinchuinhnttrctipchophpPizarrobtsngAtahualpa,ccnhntnycngctcngnhvytrongnhngcucchinhphckhccangichuuiviccxhichuMbna.Ccnhntnybaogmvitrng,nga,chvit,tchcchnhtrvcngngh(cbitltubinvvkh)caTy

BanNha.Vicphntchccnhnttrctiplphndcacunschny;phnkhllmsaonhnnhnhngnguynnhnsuxadnnccnhntvdnncihuqudinratrongthctchkhngphicihuqungcli lAtahualpanMadridbtsngvuaCharlesnhtcaTyBanNha.Phn II, vi ta S pht sinh v bnh trng ca sn xut lng thc bao gm t

Chng4nChng10,cpncimticholnhmnguynnhnquantrngnhttrongsccnguynnhn tihu.Chng4 trnhbys lcbngcchnonnsnxutlngthc-nghallmralngthcbngcchtrngtrthocchnnuithayvsnbtvhi lm lng thc trong tnhin - rt cuc dnn cc nhn t trc tip chophpPizarroginhthngli.Songvicphtsinhsnxutlngthcdinrakhcnhautngvngtrnthgii.NhtasthytrongChng5,ccdntcmtsvngtrnthgiitmnhpht trinnnsnxut lng thc;mt sdn tckhc tip thucnnsnxutlngthctcctrungtmclpnitrnvothitins;mtsdntckhcnakhngtmnhphttrincngchngtipthunnsnxutlngthcvothitinsmnmithihinivnclnhngtcngisnbthilm.Chng6khostccnhntdntivicccdntcmtsvngchuyntsnbthilmsangsnxutlngthcsongccdntcnhiuvngkhcthkhng.CcChng7,8v9chothycytrngvvtnuivothitinscthunhat

cydivvthoangnhthnobiccnhnngvngichnnuiskhaivnkhnghhnhdungcvicmnhanglmsdnnktqug.Nhngkhcbitvaldnnskhcbittrongchngloicydivthhoangcththunhatngkhuvc, lgiickhnhiuvvictisaochmtvikhuvctrthnhtrungtmsnxutlngthc,tisaosnxutlngthcphtsinhcckhuvcnysmhncckhuvckhc.Tsttrungtmphtnguynny,snxutlngthcbnhtrngsangmtskhuvcnhanhhnsangnhngkhuvckhc.Mtnhntchnhtcngnvicbnhtrngnhanhhaychmkialhngtrcchnhcatnglca:trongkhilcau-hngtrcchnhlTy-ngthchuMvchuPhihngtrcchnhlBc-Nam(Chng10).Vyl,Chng3phchanhngnhnttrctipngsaucucchinhphcngichuM

bna,cnChng4phchavicccnhntphttrinnhthnotnguynnhntihulnnsnxutlngthc.TrongPhnIII(Tlngthcnsng,vitrngvthp,Chng11nChng14),milinhgianguynnhntihunnguynnhntrctipsckhostmtcchchitit,btutstinhacaccvitrngctrngchodnstptrungvimtcao(Chng11).NgichuMbnavccdntcphiu-khcchtvvitrngu-nghnnhiusovichtvsnghayvkhbngthpcalcau-.Ngcli,rtthochontonkhngcloivitrnggitngicthnophcsnchccnhchinhphcchuuTnThgii.Tisaostraoivitrnggiacclcalithiucnbngnvy?y,ccktqunghincuminhtcakhoasinhhcphntslmsngtvnkhichramiquanhgiavitrngvisphttrinnnsnxutlngthctiu-nhiuhnlchuM.Mtchuinhnqukhcdntsnxutlngthcnchvit,vncllphtminh

quantrngnhttrongmyngnnmtrliy(Chng12).Chvitraitchchacgchmtvilntitronglchsloingi,tinhngkhuvcvndlciniphtsinhnnsnxutlngthcsmnht.Ttcccxhikhcccchvitchlnhtipthuhchvitcacckhuvckhc,hocdatrntngchvittcctrungtmphtnguynkiamphtminhrachvitcamnh.Dovy,ivisinhvinngnhlchsthgii,hintngchvitlcbithuchcthkhostnhngnhmnguynnhnquantrngkhc:tcngcaalchocctngvphtminhcthbnhtrngddnghaykhkhn.iugngvichvitthcngngvicngngh(Chng13).Mtvncttl:liu

cthtvicimicngnghtythucnhiunmcyvonhngthintisngchhimhoivccyutvnhacthhaykhng,nhthchthcshiubitvccmuhnhcathgii.Trnthct,chngtasthyrng,thtnghchlthay,slnglnccyut

vnhanykhngngncnmngclicngiptahiurhnccmuhnhthgiivcngngh.Nhcsnxutlngthcmnngdncthlmralngthcthngd,iunychophpccxhilmnngnghipcthnuisngccththcngchuynmnvnkhngtlmralngthcmdnhtonbthigianchovicphttrincngngh.Snxutlngthckhngchnuisngccvinthlivnhphtminhmcnchophp

nngdncthnuisngccnhchnhtr(Chng14).Ccbtcsnbthilmducvntngibnhquyn,cngvcchnhtrcahchgiihnlnhthcablcvvicthayilinminhviccblclngging.Visxuthinccqunthdncmtcao,nhcvsnxutlngthc,cngxuthinccttrng,vuachavquanli.Ccchnhphquanlinycnthitkhngchcaiqunnhngvngdncrnglnngdnmcnduytrqunithngtrc,cccontuithmhimvtchccccucchintranhchinhpht.PhnIV(Vngquanhthgiitrongnmchng,tChng15nChng19)pdng

ccbihcPhnIIvPhnIIIvotnglcavmtshnoquantrng.Chng15khostlchscabnthnchucvcahnolnNewGuineamtrckiatnggnlinvichucthnhmtlcaduynht.Trnghpchuc,quhngcaccxhiloingimmignyvnctrnhcngnghnginnht,llcaduynhtnisnxutlngthckhngphtsinhtich,lmttrnghpctnhththchchonhnglthuytvskhcbitgiaccxhiloingitrnnhnglcakhcnhau.TasthytisaongichucbnavncldnsnbthilmngayckhihuhtccdntctrnhnoNewGuineakcnchuynsangsnxutlngthc.Chng16vChng17tchhpnhngdinbintichucvNewGuineavobicnh

tonkhuvcgmcnglcavccoThiBnhDng.VicphtsinhnnsnxutlngthctiTrungHoalmnysinhmtschuynnglnvothitinstrongdnsloingihocccduvtvnha,hocchai.Mttrongccchuynng,ngaytiTrungHoa,torahintngchnhtrvvnhaTrungHoanhtabitngynay.Mtchuynngkhcdnnhqul,hunhtonbngNamnhiti,ccblcsnbthilmbnxbthaythbiccnngdnccingunsuxatNamTrungHoa.Licnmtchuynngna:sbnhtrngcangiAustronesia.H,cngtngt,ginhchccblcsnbthilmbnaPhilippinesvIndonesiavbnhtrngsangnhnghnoPolynesiaxaxinhtnhng likhngchinhphccchucvhuhtNewGuinea.ivisinhvinngnhlchsloingi,ttcccxungtktrngiaccdntcngvThiBnhDnglcckquantrng:chnglmhnhthnhnhngqucgianimtphnbadnsthgiihiniangsinhsngvniscmnhkinhtangngycngtrnntptrung,vchngcungcpnhngmuhnhcbitrrtcththuhiulchsccdntcnhngvngkhctrnthgii.Chng18quaylivnccpChng3,cucxungtgiaccdntcchu

uviccdntcchuMbna.Mtbntmtt13.000nmgnynhtcalchsTnThgiivlchsvngtyu-schotathyrrngvicchuuchinhphcchuMchlnhimcahaidintrnhlchsludivhunhhontontchbitvinhau.Nhngkhcbitgiahaidintrnhlchsmangduncanhngkhcbitgiahailcavccloicyvthcththunha,ccloivitrng,thiimnhc,hngcatrclcavccranhgiisinhthi.Cuicng,lchschuPhihSahara(Chng19)chotathynhngstngngcng

nhtngphnngkinhngcvilchsTnThgii.NhngnhntnhhnhcccucgpggiangichuuvingichuPhicngchnhlnhngnhntnhhnhcccucgpggiangichuuvingichuMbna.SongchuPhicngkhcchuMttcccyuttrn.HqulvicngichuuchinhphcchuPhikhngdnnvicngichuubnhtrngrngkhphocludichuPhihSaharangoitrmmccNam.SdchchuyndnsquymlnctmquantrngludinhtlcachnhngichuPhi - sbnhtrngcangiBantu.Ngi tachngminhcrngcucbnhtrngnynysinhbichnhnhngnguynnhnnhdinraCajamarca,ng,

trnccoThiBnhDng,chucvNewGuinea.Tikhnghcotngrngccchngnythnhcngtrongviclgiilchscatt

ccclcatrong13.000nmtrliy.Hinnhin,iulbtkhthitrongkhunkhmtcunschchodutanghrngmnhthuhiumicutrli,trongkhitrnthcttakhnghiucnhvy.GiilmcunschnycngchxcnhcmtsnhmnhntmitrngmtitinrngquacthtrlimtphnlncuhicaYali.Thanhnccnhntnghalphithyrrngcnmtphnngmchalgiic,vhiucphnngmslmtnhimvtrongtnglai.LiktmangtaTnglaicalchsloinginhmtkhoahctrnhbymtvi

mngcaciphnngm,trongcvnnhngkhcbitgianhiuphnkhcnhaucalcau-,vaitrcaccnhntvnhakhnglinquannmitrng,vvaitrcacccnhn.Trongccvnchagiiquytc,clvnlnnhtllmsaoxclplchsloinginhmtngnhkhoahcvlchs,ngngviccngnhkhoahclchscthanhnnhsinhhctinha,achthcvkhhuhc.Vicnghinculchsloingitranhngkhkhncthc,songccngnhkhoahclchscthanhncnggpphimtsththchynhvy.Vth,ccphngphpcphttrintrongmtslnhvckhccngcthtrahuchtronglnhvclchsloingi.Tuynhin,tihyvngmnhthuytphccqucgirnglchskhngphichl

mtskinkhginytiptheoskinkhgikianhckymthni.Quthtlcnhngmuhnhlntronglchs,vcuctruytmnhmlgiiccmuhnhvahuchlivahpdn.

M

PHN I. T VN A NG NCAJAMARCACHNG1.Trcvchxutpht

timxutphtthchhptsosnhnhngdintinlchstrncclcakhcnhaulkhong11.000nmtr.CN(2).Thiimnyikhitngngvilckhiu

cucsngtheolngmcmtvikhuvctrnthgii,sdidnutinnchuMmmingiunhttr,cuikPleitoxenvthikBnghsaucng,vllckhiucacimccnhachtgilKCni(RecentEra).Victhunhacytrngvvtnuibtutnhtlmtkhuvccathgiitrongvngvingnnmktthiimny.Volc,cphiccdntcsngmtslcaclithxutphthocuthrrngsoviccdntcsngcclcakhchaykhng?Nuvythclcilithxutphty,ngycngctngcngtrongvng13.000nm

qua,scungcplipchocuhicaYali.Vldo,chngnyschobncmtcinhnchpnhongvlchsloingitrnttccclca,tronghngtriunm,tkhithycachngtavitcchmtloichoti13.000nmtrc.Tngychuynsctmgntrongkhngqu20trangsch.ngnhin,tisltquacctiutitvchnhctinhnggticholccxuhngclinquannhiunhtncunschny.Nhnghhngcnsnggnginhtcachngtalbaloivnlncnsngst:kht,

tinhtinhthngvtinhtinhnh(cngilbonobo).VicbaloinychsngtichuPhi,cngvishindinrtnhiuchngchathch,chothynhnggiaionsmnhtcastinhaloingicngdinratichuPhi.Khcvilchsccloivt,lchsloingikhiutichng7triunmtrc(consctnhdaongtrongkhongt5n9triunmtrc).Vokhongthigian,mtnhmvnchuPhitchrathnhnhiunhm,trongsmtnhmtinhathnhkhtngynay,nhmthhaitinhathnhhainhmtinhtinhhini,nhmthbathtinhathnhngi.Dngkhthnhnhtchratlutrckhihaidngtinhtinhvdngngitchkhinhau.Hathchchothydngtinhadnnloingichngtatntthchyu

ngthngvokhong4triunmtrc,sauthbtutngdnvkchthcthnthvkchthctngicanovokhong2,5triunmtrc.Nhngnginguynthynythngcgi lAustralopithecusafricanus,HomohabilisvHomoerectus, hnhnhloisauhnhthnhtloitrctrongchuithttrn.McdHomoerectus,giaionvokhong1,7triunmtrc,gnvingihinichngtanhtvkchthccth,songkchthcnocahthvnchabngphnnacachngta.Cngcbngbtutrnnphbinvokhong2,5triunmtrc,nhngchlnhngmnhtcrahocghortths.ivitmquantrngvskhcbitvsinhvthc,Homoerectustuychnvnnhngvncnkmxasovingihini.Tonblchsloingi,trongkhong5n6triunmsaukhiconngixuthin

lnutincchy7triunm,vnchbhptrongphmvichuPhi.TtinutincaloingibnhtrngrangoichuPhilHomoerectus,iunycminhchngquacchathchphthincoJavathucvngngNamvthngcgimtcchquyclngiJava(XemHnh1.1.).HathchngiJavacnht-cthlnnghocnb-thngccholctuikhongmttriunm.Tuynhin,gnyliclplunrngtrnthctnctuin1,8triunm.(NinghimkhcrathcitnHomoerectuslcachnhcchathchJava,cnhathchchuPhimngivnxploilHomoerectusclcnctchotnkhc).Hinnay,bngchnghinnhinsmnhtcaloingichuuxuthinvokhongnatriunmtrc,nhngcngckinchorngcnsmhnna.Nhtnhlngitacthginhrngvicchimcchucngchophploi

ngichimcchuucngmtlc,biu-lmtkhilcaduynhtkhngbchiactbngnhnghngrotnhinngk.iuminhhachomtvnstritrlinhiulntrongcunschny.Btckhi

nocmtnhkhoahctuynbmnhphthinraXcnht-dXylhathchngicnhtchuu,bngchngxanhtvvicthunhacyngMexicohaybtccigcnhtbtcniu-thynhrngtuynbsthchthcnhngnhkhoahckhcrascbcbn,bngcchchngminhmnhtmcmtcigcnxahnna.Trnthct,tphicmtciXnothcslXcnht,trongkhitonbccXkhcccho lchnusai.Tuynhin,nhtas thy,hunhvibtcXno,minmngitalicnhngkhmphmivtuynbvmtXnoccholcnxahnna,ngthibcbmtshayttccctuynbvnhngXgilcnht.Ccnhkhocthngphimthngmythpkmicthinngthunvnhngvnny.

Hnh1.1:Sbnhtrngcaloingirakhpthgii-Niphtnguyn:cchy7triunm(chuPhi)nkhongnatriunmvtrc,hathchngikhcviccbxngHomoerectus

chnchslnhn,trnvtgccnhhn.SngichuPhivngichuucchynatriunmkhgingsngihinichngtanncxpvoloiHomosapiensthayv Homo erectus. S phn bit ny l v on, biHomoerectus tin ha thnhHomosapiens.Tuynhin,nhngngiHomosapiensxaxavncnkhcvichngtaccchititxng,snhhnnhiusovichngta,vkhcbitkhnhiusovichngtacngcchtcvhnhvi.Ccdntcdngcngcbngthihini,chnghnnhctmyicaYali,hnskhinhmitginhngcngcbngcchynatriunmlquscths.Thduynhtngkkhccbsungvogiasnvnhacaconngithi,mchngtacthkhngnhchcchn,lvicdngla.NhngngiHomosapiensxaxachngh lidisnnghthut lncngcbng

xnghaybtccigkhcngoidictcngthmnhngcngcbngthskia.Hycnchacngichuc,vldohinnhinrngtngNammunsangchucthphidngthuyn.CngchahcngibtcninotichuMbimunvythtrchtconngiphichimcvngnocalcau-gnchuMnht(tcSiberia),ngoiraclcngphicknngngthuyn.(EoBeringngynaychiactgiaSiberiavAlaskavnnng,vothilcthleobin,lclilmtculcanigiahaibntlintytheomtbinlintclnrilixungtrongsutThikBngh).Tuynhin,knngngtucngnhsinhtnvngSiberiagilnhhycnvtxangoikhnngcanhngngiHomosapiensutin.Saunatriunm,dnsloingichuPhivtylcau-btutchbitkhi

nhauvtchbitkhingingchititxng.DncchuuvTytrongkhongt130.000n40.000nm trcycidinbi sdi ctcbitnhiucgi lngiNeanderthals,ikhicxpthnhmt loiring lHomoneanderthanlensis. Tuythngbmttrongvstranhhothnhnhnhngcondthgingnhvnsngtronghangng,songthtrangiNeanderthalscnolnhnnochngtamtcht.Hcnglnhngngiutinlichngchnghnvnghithcmaitngngichtvchmscngim.ThnhngcngcbngcahvncnthssovinhngchicrutinhxocangiNewGuineav thngvnchacch tc thnhnhngdngchun,micimangmtchcnngringcthnhnthyr.

MttmnhxngchuPhicngicmninitngngvingiNeanderthalsli gn gi vi xng ca ngi hin i chng ta hn l xng ca ngi Neanderthals.Xngvngngcngiclicngthnna,nhnghnhnhchnglicngkhcvicngichuPhilnngiNeanderthals.Vlisngvothi,bngchngclugittnhtltccvtdngbngvxngconmithuthpcccdichminnamchuPhi.McdnhngngichuPhicchy100.000nmcnhiubxnggingngi hin i hn so vi ngi Neanderthals sng cng thi, nhng h cng ch lm ranhngcngcbng thsynhngiNeanderthals,ngha lvnkhngchnhdngchun.Hkhngliditchvnghthut.Xttheobngchngxngccconmimhsn,cththyknngsnbncahcnchacgcsc,chyunhmvoccloivtdgitvhontonkhngnguyhim.Hvnchascgittru,lnvccconminguyhimkhc.Thmchhcnchabitbtc:nicahngaytrnbbinnhnglikhnghcduvtxngcvlicu.HvnhngngiNeanderthalscngthivncnchatnmcconngiy.Lchsconngirtcucctcnhvokhong50.000nmtrc,vothigianmti

tnggilCNhyLnVPhaTrccachngta.NhngduvtxcnhsmnhtcacnhylccdichngPhivinhngcngcbngcchunhavnhngtrangscutincngic(nhngchuihtbngvtrngiu).Chngbaolusau,nhngpht trintngtcngxuthinvngCnngvngNamchuu,k(khong40.000nmtrc) lTyNamu,nicnlinhiucngcchtcbncnhxngcanhngngicmnhdanhlCro-Magnonhontongingngihini.Sau,nhngbircthicngicccdichkhocnhanhchngtrnnngycngthvhnvkhinkhngcnnghinggnarngytaanggpnhngngihinivcmtsinhhclnvmthnhvi.NhngbircthicangiCro-Magnonbaogmkhngchcngcbngmccngc

bngxng,cchtcthnhnhnghnhdngthchhp(chnghnthnhlicu),iumrrnglnhngngitinschnkhngbitti.Cccngccsnxutvinhiuhnhdngadngvkhcbit,hininmcchnhnlchngtangynaycthnhnbitcngnngcachngnhkimkhu,di,cngcchmkhc,v.v.Thayvnhngcngcchgmmtbphnchnghnnhnocmtay,cccngcgmnhiumnhxuthin.NhngvkhgmnhiubphnmchngtacthnhnraccdichCro-Magnonbaogmlaomc,dngcnmlao,cuicnglcungvtn,tinthncasngtrngvccvkhnhiubphnhinikhc.Ccphngtinnychophpgitthhuhiuclyanton,nhvyconngicthsnccconminguyhimnhtgicvvoi,trongkhivicphtminhradythngbnli,dyvbychophpngitabsungchimvcvothcnhngngy.Ditchnhcavqunomaychngminhrngconngicbctinlnvkhnngsinhtnnickhhulnh,cnditchtrangscvccbxngcchnctcnthnchrarngcnhngphttrinmangtnhcchmngvthmmvtmlinh.TrongsccsnphmcangiCro-Magnoncngicnnay,nitingnhtlcc

tcphmnghthut:nhngbctranhkvtronghangng,nhngbctng,vccnhccmnngynaychngtavnxemlnghthut.BtcaitngtrctiptringhimciscmnhchongngpcanhngbctranhbmngvngatobngththangLascauxminnamncPhpslptchiungayrng,vitcginhngbctranh,tmtrhtcngphihininhlbxngcah.Hinnhinrngcmtthayitolnnodinratrongnnglccattinchngta

trongkhongt100.000nmn50.000nmtrc.CNhyLnVPhaTrcnytrahaicuhilnchacligiip:nguynnhnnolmphtsinhcnhy,vvtralcacnhy.VnguynnhnphtsinhCNhyLn,tilpluntrongcunLoitinhtinhthbarnglshonthinthanhqun,dolshonthincsgiiphuhccangnnghini,mkhnngsngtocaconngiphthucrtnhiu.Nhngngikhcthlichorngvothigiancsthayitrongtchccanosongkchthcnothkhngthayi,nhvymixuthinngnnghini.

VaimcaCNhyLnVPhaTrc,liucphindinrachyumtkhuvcalduynht,trongmtnhmngiduynhtmsaucthbnhtrngvthaythnhngnhmngitrcccvngkhctrnthgii?Haycnhydinrasongsongnhiukhuvckhcnhau,cccdncngynaymikhuvc lhuducanhngcdnsngttrccnhy?NhngstrngcvhinihnchuPhicchykhong100.000nmccholhtrchogithuytu,theothcnhydinrachyuchuPhi.Ccnghincuphnt(cacigilDNAtith)banucngcdindchtheolichuPhilcinguncaconngihini,durngnghacaccphthinphntvncnngng.Mtkhc,snhngngisngtiTrungHoavIndonesiahngtrmngnnmtrccmtsnhnhnchnghcvt lcholmangnhngcimchungvingiTrungHoavngichucbnangynay.Nungvy,phtkinnysgirngcsphttrinsongsongvcnhiucinicangihininhiukhuvc,chkhngphichcmtVnangduynht.Cuhinnayvnchacligiipcuicng.Bngchngvmtciniccbcaconngihini,theosaulvicconngibnh

trngvthaythnhngloingikhcmtvngkhc,cvlmnhmnhtchuu.Cchykhong40.000nm,ngiCro-Magnonxuthinchuu,vibxnghini,vkhuvitvccntvnhatintinkhc.TrongvngvingnnmkhngcnmtngiNeanderthalsnona,dchnhngiNeanderthalstinhanhlnhngcdnduynhtchuutrongsuthngtrmngnnm.ChuiskingimnhmrngngiCro-Magnonhini,bngcchno,dngcngnghvttricamnh,cngviknngngnngcabno,gybnh,gitchthocxuauingiNeanderthals,lirtthockhngmtbngchngnovshphuytgiangiNeanderthalsvngiCro-Magnon.CNhyLnVPhaTrctrnghpvismrngavcsinhsngcaconngiln

utinmkhoahcchngminhcktkhittinchngtachimclcau-.SmrngbaogmvicxmchimchucvNewGuineamhicnnivinhauthnhmtlcaduynht.Nhiuditchphngxchngminhshindincaconngichuc/NewGuineatrongkhongt40.000n30.000nmtrc(cngvimtstuynbtmcchngcchnsonghycngytranhci).Trongmtkhongthigianngncalndidnnguynthy,conngibnhtrngratonblcavthchnghivimitrngadngcan,tnhngkhurngmanhitivnhngngnnicaoNewGuineachotinhngvngniakhhnvchmngnammtcachuc.TrongsutccThikBngh,ncidngbgiamtrongbngnhiunnimcnc

bintrntonthgiithphnmcncbinhintinhngmychcmt.Ktqul,nhngnimnaylccbincngiachuvccoSumatra,Borneo,JavavBalicaIndonesiathngyxaltcn.(CceobinnngnikhcnheoBeringvbinManchecngvy).BbinngNamthinmcchvtrngynaynhn1.100kmvphang.Tuynhin,ccotrungtmIndonesiagiaBalivchucthvnnmgiavbchiactbicceobinsu.nchuc/NewGuineatniachuvothithvnphivtquatnhttmeobin,eorngnhtcbngangtnht80km.Huhtcceonychiactcchnovinhaukhintonykhngththyokia,nhngbnthnchucthngayctccoIndonesiagnnhtnhTimorvTanimbarvncthnhnthyc.Vynn,vicchimcchuc/NewGuineartquantrng,chnihiphictubinvcungcpbngchngsmnhtvvicdngtubintronglchs.Minkhong30.000nmsau(13.000nmtrcy)micbngchngmnhmvvictubincdngmtnikhctrnthgii,ylaTrungHi.Banu,ccnhkhocchorngckhnngvicchimcchuc/NewGuineachldo

mtnhmngilmcmtcchtnhckhihbcunrabintrongkhiangnhctrnbgnmthnocaIndonesia.githuytccoannht,ngitamtnhngnginhcutinchlmtphnduynhtangmangthaimtbtrai.Songnhngngitinlthuytdidntnhcnyngcnhintrcnhngkhmphgnyrngcnhng

hnokhcnmvphangNewGuineacngbchimcchngbaolusaubnthnNewGuinea,vokhong35.000nmtrc.lccoNewBritainvNewIrelandtrongqunoBismarckvoBukaqunoSolomon.Bukanmkhuttmnhnthnognnhtvphangvchcthncbngcchvtquamtkhongcchchng160kmbngngbin.Nhvy,ngichucvNewGuineahnckhnngduhnhbngngbinmtcchcchnhncchnonhnthyc,vhsdngphngtinngbinkhthngxuynnncnghaytnhcncccchnoxakhngnhnthyc.Vicnhcchuc/NewGuineahngnlinvimtskinlnutinkhcngoi

vicconngilnutinsdngthuynvtbinvsdiclnutincaloingitkhinhc lcau-:y lsditvong lnu tincacc loi th lnbi tayconngi.NgynaychngtacoichuPhichnhllcacaccloihunhln.Lcau-ngynay cng cnhiu loi hunh ln (tuy khngdi dophongphnhngbngSerengeti cachuPhi),nh tgic,voivhchu,nai sng tm,guvs tchuu(ringstthminthiHy-Lavncn).Chuc/NewGuineangynaykhngcloihunhnolntngngnhvy,trnthct lkhngcloinolnhnconthctinngxpx50kg.Nhngchuc/NewGuineatrckiatngcnhngloihunhlnadngcaringmnh,trongcthctikhngl,nhngconthctigingnhtgicgildiprotodontvckchthcbngconb,vmtloibocti.Ngyxavngnycncmtloichimkhngbitbaygingnhiunnggn200kg,cngvimtsloibstcclntrongcmtloithnlnnngmttn,mtloitrnkhnglvnhngloicsusngtrncn.Ttcccloithkhnglchuc/NewGuineaubinmtsaukhiconngi

xuthin.Tuyngitavncntranhcivthiimchnhxcchngditvong,nhngmtsdichkhocticcninihngvnnm,virtnhiudutchxngngi,ckhaiqutcnthn,khnghbaogmduvtnocaccloivtkhnglvo35.000nmtrcmngynaytuytdit.Vvy,ccloivtkhnglhnbditvongchngbaolusaukhiconngitchnnchuc.Sbinmtgnnhngthicanhiuloithlnnhvyhinnhinlmnysinhcu

hi:Ciggyrachuyn?Cthcmtcutrlihinnhin,ylchngbgitschhocbtiuditmtcchgintipbinhngngiutinn.Hynhrngccloithchuc/NewGuineatinhahngtriunmmkhnghcmtnhngtaythsncaloingi.TabitrngccloichimvthqunoGalpagosvBcCc,vncngtinhamkhnghcmtconngivchominthihinivnchahbitnconngi,nngynayvnchinkhkhngchuni.Lrachngbtuytditnuccnhbovmitrngkhngnhanhchngpdngccbinphpbov.Trncchnomicphthingnyniccbinphpbovkhngcthcthinhanhchng,tnhtrngditchngthtsxyra:loidodooMauritiushunhtrthnhbiutngcastuytdit.Ngynaytacngbitrng,trnbtchnoidngnocconnginhcktthitinsnnaymccnhkhoahcnghincuk,vicnnhccaconngiudnnnhngcnditchngmnnnhnlchimmoaNewZealand,loivncokhnglMadagascarvloingnglnkhngbitbayHawaii.Cngnhngihinilignldodovhicuvnkhnghbitsngigitchng,ngitinshncnglignlmoavvncokhnglkhnghbitsngirigitchng.VvycmtgithuytvvicccconthkhnglcachucvNewGuineaditchng,

ylchnggpcngmtsphnnhnhauvokhong40.000nmtrc.Ngcli,huhtccloithlncachuPhivu-vncnsngstnngynaybichngcngtinhabncnhnginguynthysuthngtrmngnhaythmchhngtriunm.Nhvychngckhithgibitsngitrongkhiknngsnbnbanucnthscattinchngtaccitinrtchmchp.Ccloidodo,moavclcccloithkhnglcachuc/NewGuineathtkhngmaykhichngtngtphiimt-mkhnghcchunbtrcvmttinha-vinhngconngihiniviknngsnbt

phttriny.Tuynhin,cigithuytgitsch(3)nhngitagikhngphilkhnggpkinphn

i trong trnghpchuc/NewGuinea.Nhngngiphphn thuytnynhnmnhrngchonnaychahcditchxngnocaccloithkhnglchuc/NewGuineamangbngchngrrngrngchngbconngigithaythmchrngchngtngsngbncnhconngi.Nhngngibovgithuytgitschtrli:Nunhvicgitschccloidinrartnhanhvlicchyrtlu,chnghnchtrongvngvingnnmnhnglicchyn40.000nm,thcngkhmmongtmcditchkhocchngminhchovic.Nhngngichtrchplibngmtphngithuyt:rngclccloithkhnglkiakhngbgitmbchtvmtthayikhhu,chnghnnhhnhnnghimtrngtrnlcachucvnkhhntrinmin.Cuctranhcivncntipdin.Ringti,tikhngthhiutisaoccloithkhnglchucsngstquakhngbit

baonhiulnhnhntrongsuthngtriunmlchschuc,thringmtcilicngnhauchtgnnhcngmtlc(tnhtlsovichngthigianhngtriunm)tnhcngvothiimnhngconngiutinxuthin.NhngloikhngltuytchngkhngchvngtrungtmchuckhhnmcvngtyNewGuineavvngngnamcvnmanhtrtnc.Chngcngtuytchngmimitrng,khngcngoil,tvngsamcchotirngmalnhvrngmanhiti.Vvy,ticmthykhnnglnnhtlccloithkhnglbconngitiudit,cmtcchtrctip(gitlmthcn)lngintip(doconngidnglavlmthayimitrng).Songdgithuytgitschhaygithuytkhhutralng,victtcccloithlnchuc/NewGuineabinmt,nhchngtasthy,cnhnghuqunngnivilchsloingitvsau.Nhngsditchngloibttcccloithhoanglnmlraconngicththunha,khinngichucvNewGuineabnakhnghclymtconvtnuinocaringmnh.Vyl,vicconngichimcvnhcchuc/NewGuineachdinravokhong

thigianCNhyLnVPhaTrc.Mtcucdidnlncaconngidinrakhnglusaulnnhngvnglnhnhtcalcau-.TuyngiNeanderthalssngvoccthikBnghvthchnghivicilnh,hvnkhngilnphaBcxaquminbccvKiev.iukhngl,bingiNeanderthalsrrnglkhngckim,khngbitmayquno,khngcnhcamvkhngcnhngcngnghkhccnthitcthsngcnnhngvngkhhulnhnht.NhngngihinivmtgiiphumccccngnghthbnhtrngnSiberiavokhong20.000nmtrc(mtsngiaranhngthi im sm hn nhiu, tuy nhin iu ny cn tranh ci). S bnh trng ny hn lnguynnhnchostuytchngcaloivoimamtlngdyvtgicclngcalcau-.Vivicnhcchuc/NewGuinea,conngigiychimcbatrongsnmlc

acthsinhsngc.(Trongcunschny,tixemu-lmtlcaduynht,ngthikhngkChuNamccbilcanyminthk19conngimitchnnvchabaogicconngisinhsngttc).Vylchcnlihailca,BcMvNamM.Chcchnlhailcacconnginhcsaucng,vldohinnhinlncchuMtCuThgiithhocphidngthuyn(mbngchngvscmtcathuynthngaycIndonesiamin40.000nmtrcymic,chuuthcngmunhnnhiu)vtbin,hocphichimlnhSiberia(mmin20.000nmtrcvnchacngi)thmicthbngquaditBering.Tuynhin,conngidicsangchuMlnutincthvokhinotrongkhongt

14.000n35.000nmtrcthvncnchar.DitchhinnhinxanhtcaconngichuMlticcdichAlaskacninikhong12.000nmtr.CN,theosaulmtlotdichHoaKphanambingiiCanadavMexicovoccthkngaytrc11.000nmtr.CN.CcdichMexicocgildichClovis,ttheotncadichtiubiugnthtrnClovis,bangNewMexico,ninhngmilaolnbngctrngcanctmthyln

utin.nnayngitabitnhngtrmdichClovis,phkhp48bangniaHoaKkodintnMexico.BngchnghinnhinvshindincaconngichngbaolusaucngxuthinAmazoniavPatagonia.CcskinnygirngccdichClovischngminhchovicconngilnutindicsangchuM,saunhanhchngnhnln,bnhtrngrngraychailca.ThottinngitacthlylmlrngcchuducangiCloviscthnc

PatagonianmcchbingiiHoaK-Canadanhng13.000kmtrongvngchatimtngnnm.Tuynhin,nuchiakhongcchychomtngnnmthngi tinsnamtintrungbnh13kmmtnm,chlchuynvtivingisnbthilmbickhichtrongmtngytmthcnhcngicngnyqungngri.ChngtathottincngcthngcnhinrngcdnchuMthitrnnngc

nhanhnmcphinghnchuyndicmivphanamntnPatagonia.Song,stngdnscngchngcglnutaxtknhngconscth.NuchuMrtcuclnictrcanhngngisnbthilmvimtdnstrungbnhkhongdimtngitrnmtdmvung(khong1,6km2,ND)(mtconscaosovinhngngisnbthilmhini),thtonbdintchchuMscdnskhong10triungisnbthilm.Nhngthmchnunhngnginnhcutinchckhong100ngivdnscahchtngvitc1,1%mtnmthhuducahstngng10triungitrongvngmtngnnm.Mtlnna,tctngdns1,1%mtnmchngcglkh:thihiningitaquanstctctngdnsti3,4%/nmkhingitadicsangccvngthoang,chnghnnhkhinhngthythnilontrncontuHMSBountyvccbvngiTahiticahdicsangoPitcairn.SphongphdichcangisnbnClovistrongvithkutinsaukhihxuthin

chuMcnggingnhsphongphdichcchngminhvmtkhocsaukhittinngiMaoriphthinraNewZealandgnynht.Mtsphongphdichkhccngcchngminhchovicnhngngihinivmtkhocdicsangchuuvothikxaxahnnhiu,cngnhvicchimlnhchuc/NewGuinea.Nghal,btccigvhintngClovisvvvichbnhtrngkhpchuMutngngvicckhmphmkhoahcchngminhcvvicconnginnhcticcvngthoangkhctronglchs.VicbngnccdichClovistrongccthkngaytrc11.000nmtr.CN,chkhngphi

ccthktrc16.000hay21.000nmtr.CN,cthcnghag?HynhlirngSiberiavndbaogicnglnh,vcmtdibngthngtrctridinhmtranhgiikhngthvtquasutcchiungangcaCanadatronghuhtthiiPleitoxen.Tathyrngcngnghcnthitchngchivicilnhcckiakhnghxuthinminkhinhngngihinivmtgiiphuxmchimchuuvokhong40.000nmtrc,vrngconngimin20.000nmsaumidicsangSiberia.Cuicng,nhngngiSiberiautinsangAlaskahocbngngbinquaeoBering(mnngynayvnchrng80km)hocbngcchibvonhngthibnghkhieoBeringlmtditlin.DitBering,trongnhnglnhinhucchqungmcnglicngnhngngnnm,hnrngnhngngnkm,baophtonlnhnguyn(4)bngphng,ninhngngithchnghivikhhucthddngbngquac.Ditnygnybngpncvlitrthnheobinkhimcncbindng lnvokhong14.000nm tr.CN.DnhngngiSiberiautinyibhaychothuynnAlaska,bngchngchcchncsmnhtvshindincaloingiAlaskacninikhong12.000nmtr.CN.Chngbaolusau,mthnhlangkhngcbngtheohngBc-Nammratrong

mngbnglnCanada,chophpnhngngiAlaskautinbngquaxungvngngbngLn(GreatPlains)xungquanhkhuvcthnhphEdmontonhinnaycaCanada.VicnynhduchmhtchocirocnlncuicnggiaAlaskavPatagoniaivingihini.NhngngiEdmontontinphonghnthyvngngbngLnccmannothsn.thnlhanc,ngymtngln,vdndnbnhtrngvphaNam

chimlnhtonbTybncu.MtkhacnhkhccahintngClovispngmongicachngtavshindin

utincaconngiphanammngbnglnCanada.Cngnhchuc/NewGuinea,thottinchuMcngcyryccloithln.Khong15.000nmtrc,minTychuMtrngrtgingngbngSerengeticachuPhingynay,vihngnvoivngabstvbosnui,licncnhngloicdnhlcvconlitkhngl.Cngnhchuc/NewGuinea,tichuMhuhtccloithlnubtuytchng.Trongkhinhngstuytchngcldinratichucthn30.000nmtrc,thtichuMstuytchngchdinratrongkhong17.000n12.000nmtrliy.iviccloithlnchuMtuytchngmxngvncnvsvcninicbitchnhxc,ngitacthxcnhrngstuytchngdinravokhong11.000nmtr.CN.Clhaistuytchng c xc nh nin i chnh xc nht l ca con li t Shasta v loi d niHarringtonvngHangLn(GrandCanyon),chaiubinmttrongvngmt,haithkvokhong11.000nmtr.CN.Dctnhctrnghphaykhng,ninilngnht-trongphmvidungsaithnghim-vithiimnhngngisnbnClovistchnnkhuvcGrandCanyon.VicphthinnhiubxngvoimamtmgiaxngsnccmmigioClovischo

thyrngkhngphingunhinmccnininykhpnhau.NhngnhsnbndicvphaNambngqua chuM, khi gp cc loi th lnvn trc chahnhn thy conngi,cthnhnthyrngthchuMqudgitvtuytditchng.CmtthuytngclichorngccloithlnchuMtuytchngkhngphidobgitmldokhhuthayivocuithikBnghcuicngvncngxyravokhong11.000nmtr.CN(iuchkhinccnhcsinhhchinicngbirihnkhihccnglgii).Vphnmnh,ticnggpcngmtmcmunhvyvilthuytchorngccloith

lnchuMditchngvsthayikhhunhtnggpvilthuyttngtvchuc/NewGuinea.Cc loi th lncachuMsngstn tncui22 thikBnghtrc.TisaohuhtchnglichnngthikBnghth23ditchngnglotkhicmtnhngconngicginhlvhikia?Tisaochngbinmtmimitrng,khngchnhngmi trngthuhpmcccmi trngmrngrtnhiuvocuiThikBnghsaucng?DovytingrngchnhccthsnClovislmvic,nhngcuctranhcivnchachiktthc.DlthuytnocchngminhlngthhuhtccloithhoangdlnlracthcngichuMbnathunhacngvvymbxas.Mtcuhinacngchacligiip,ylliucthtccthsnClovislnhngngi

chuMutinkhng.Cngnhbtckhinoaituynbtmcciglxanht,ngitathngxuyntuynbphthincchuMdichcanhngngicnxahnngiClovis.Hngnm,mtvituynbnhvyquthccvthuytphcvhpdnkhilcucara.Nhngrilikhngtrnhkhinysinhnhngkhkhntrongcchdindch.Liucthtcccngcctmthyccdichldoconngilmrakhng,haychngchlnhnghnhdngtnhin?Liuccniniccbonphngxcngitatuynbkialngchkhngbloibbimttrongrtnhiukhkhncthxyrakhixcnhninibngccbonphngx?Nuninilngthliuchngcthcsgnlinvinhngsnphmcaconngichkhngphichlmtccthan15.000tui[tnhc]nmcnhmtcngcbngmkthcchclmrakhong9.000nmtrc?minhhanhngvn,tahyxtvdinhnhsauyvmttuynbtmthydi

chtinClovismngitahaytrchdn.TimthangBraziltnlPedraFuradaccnhkhoctmthynhngbctranhhangngm,khngnghinggna,ldoconngilmra.Trongnhngngdichnmtvch,hcngtmthymtshnmhnhdngchothyckhnngchnglnhngcngcths.Ngoirahcnbtgpcimhcholnhngbpltrongcthantvininikhong35.000nmtrc.CcbivitvPedraFuradaccho in trnttpchkhoahcthgiiyuytnvrtknchn lNature.

NhngkhngmthnnonichnvchhinnhinlcngcdoconngilmranhccmilaoClovisvcngcCro-Magnon.Nuchngtrmngnhntmtvchcaorixungtrongvnghngvnnmthnhiuhntrongsbctxvvrakhichmncctngbndi,trongmtshnrtcucstrngnhnhngcngcthsdoconngigho.TyuvvinikhctiAmazonia,giikhocxcnhniniccsctcsdngtrongccbchahangng,nhngviclikhngctinhnhPedraFurada.Xungquanhthngxuynxyrannchyrngtonnthan,thannythngcgivccdngncqutvohangng.Khngcbngchngnoniktnhngvinthanctui35.000nmvinhngbctranhhangngkhngthnghingPedraFurada.Mcdnhngngikhaiqututinvntintngvoquanimcamnh,miymtnhmnhkhoc-vnkhngthamgiakhaiqutnhngcimvicctuynbvphthintinClovis-nthmdichny,songkhitrvhvntrachabthuytphc.DichBcMmhinnayccoildichtinCloviscbngchngmnhmnhtlhang

Meadowcroft Pennsylvania, cung cp nin i ccbon phng x lin quan ti ngikhong16.000nmtrc.TiMeadowcroftkhngnhkhocnophnhnrngxuthinnhiucngcchtccaconnginhiutngckhaiqutcnthn.Nhngniniccbonphngxxanhtkhngcnghalm,biccloicytrngvvtnuignlinvinhngdichnylilccloivnsngPennsylvaniatrongthiignykhikhhunha,chkhngphiccloithucthiibnghcchy16.000nmnhngitavnngh.Vvyngitabucphingrngccmuthancninitnhnglpconnginhcxanhtbaogm than sau thiClovis lnvi ccbonxahn.Di chc cho l tinClovisnngknhtNamMldichMonteVerdeminnamChile,cninitnht15.000nmtrc.Dichnyhinnaycvcngthuytphccnhiunhkhoc,songngitavnphithntrngbinhiulnbtngbrithtvngnhthri.NuquthtcnhngngitinClovischuMthtisaovicchngminhhctnti

likhkhnnnhvy?CcnhkhockhaiquthngtrmdichtiMmttcucninit2.000n11.000nmtr.CN,trongchngtdichClovistimintyBcM,cchangdyAppalachevccdichvenbinCalifornia.Dicclpkhocnishindincaconngilkhngthnghing,tinhiudichtrongchnhccdich,ngitakhaiqutthmnhiulpsuhn,xahn,vtmthynhiuditchhinnhincaccloith,nhngbngchngvconngithkhngtmthyna.BngchngvnhngngitinClovistichuMthtyut,tringcvibngchngmnhmchuu,nihngtrmdichminhchngchoshindincaconngitxahnnhiutrckhiccthsnClovisxuthintichuMkhong11.000nmtr.CN.Cnhnghnhnnalbngchngtichuc/NewGuinea,nichcgiilmlmtphnmisnhkhocsovisnhkhocchringtiM,nhngmtdmnhkhocliphthinctrnmttrmdichtinCloviskhngthchicirirctrntonlcany.Nhng con ngi c xa chc chn l khng bay bng trc thng t Alaska n

MeadowcroftvMonteVerde,ltquattccccnhquangiaccni.NhngngibinhchothuyttinClovisgirng,tronghngngnhaythmchhngvnnm,nhngngitinClovis ch cmt dn s thphoc khnhn thyc vmt kho c, v nhngnguynnhnchabitvchatngctinlbtcninokhctrnthgii.Tithyxutny li cnkm thuytphchngpbi sovixut rngvnMonteVerdevMeadowcroftrtcucriscngcdingiilicngnhnhiudichtinCloviskhcmngitatngtuynb.Tithcmthy,nunhquthtcngitinClovisnhcchuM,thnngynaychngtacththyduvthinnhinnhiunichkhngphicinhausutnhvy.Tuynhin,ccnhkhocvnangbtngkinvnhngvnny.Dcchdingiinolngina,hquchoshiubitcachngtavtinschuM

gnyvnlmt.Hoc,chuMcnginnhcutinvokhong11.000nmtr.CNvnhanhchngyngi.Hoc,vicnhcutindinrasmhn(huhtcc

githuytvnginhctinClovischorngvicdinravokhong15.000hay20.000nmtr.CN, c th30.000nmtrc,mtsnghimtcchorngcnsmhnna); songnhngnginhctinClovisvncntivslng,tliduvthoctcnhhngchominkhong11.000nmtr.CN.Dutrnghpnoinath,trongnmlcamconngicthctrc,BcMvNamMlcclcacgiaiontinsloingingnnginht.VivicconngichimlnhchuM,huhtcckhuvccthctrccacclc

avolca,kccchiotIndonesianvngngNewGuineaucngi.Vicnhccchnocnlicathgiiminthihinimichontt:ccoaTrungHinhCrete,Cyprus(5),Corsica(6)vSardiniacnhct8.500n4.000nm tr.CN, cc o Carib bt u c nh c vo khong 4.000 nm tr.CN, cc oPolynesiavMicronesiatkhong1.200n1.000nmtr.CN,Madagascarkhongnm300CNn800,vIcelandvokhongthkthIX.NgichuMbna,cllttincangiInuit,bnhtrngkhpvngBcCcvokhong2.000nmtr.CN.Nhvy,nhngkhuvcduynhtcnlichacngi,chiccnhthmhimchuutchnntrongvng700nmsau,lnhnghnoxaxinhtcaiTyDngvnDng(nhqunoAzoresvSeychelles)cngviNamcc.Viccclcacconnginnhcvonhngthiimkhcnhauliucngha

givilchstvsau?Nuc,nghaylg?Ginhrngcmtcmythigianckhnngaccnhkhocingcthigianchuduvngquanhthgiivothiim11.000nmtr.CN.Xttnhhnhthgiivothi,liuccnhkhoccthtinonxemccxhiloingitrnnhnglcakhcnhausphttrinsng,vitrngvthptheonhngtrnhtnovttinontnhtrngcathgiingynayhaykhng?Ccnhkhochnsxtnnhnglithkhdcaniclithxutpht.Nulith

xutphtlngkthchuPhihnclithlnlao:nginguynthyhinhunhmtloiringbitsmhncclcakhctnht5triunm.Ngoira,nunglngihininysinhchuPhikhong100.000nmtrcrimibnhtrngracclcakhc,iuhntrittiubtklithnotchlycccnikhctithiimvmang lichochuPhimt li thxutphtmi.Hnna,sadnggencangichuPhilcaonht:mtkhiconngiadnghnthhhplitschoranhiuphtminhadnghn.Songnhkhoccachngtacthliphntnh:thcrathcilithxutphtnyc

nghagchomcchcacunschny?Chngtakhngchiucindcucchyua[giaccchulc]theonghaen.Nubolithxutphtnghalqungthigiancnthitconngichimctonbmtlcasaukhimtsngitinphongutintchnlnlca,thqungthigiannytngingn:khngqu1.000nmconngibnhtrngratonbTnThgii.Cnnulithxutphthmkhongthigiancnthitthchnghivimitrngaphngthticngnhnrngmtsmitrngctnhccoanquthtlihiphimtthigianthchnghi.Chnghn,ngitaphimtti9.000nmmichimlnhcBcCcsaukhichimctonbphncnlicachuM.Songngitahnkhaiphvthchnghivihuhtcckhuvcmtcchnhanhchng,mtkhikhnngphtminhcaconngihiniphttrin.Chnghn,saukhittinngiMaorincNewZealand,hnhnhhchmtchaymtthkphthinratonbccnguncungcpngk,chthmvithknatnditconmoacuicngnhngvngahnhhimtrnht thgii,vch thmvi thk tchrathnhmtlotnhiuxhikhcnhau,tnhngngisnbthilmvngduynhichonccnngdnbitpdngnhngcchlutrlngthcmi.VvynhkhoccachngtahnsnhnsangchuMvktlunrngngichuPhi,

tuyrrnglnhngngiclithxutpht,hnbnhngngichuMutinhtcngtrongvngnhiulmlmtngnnm.Sau,dochuMrnghn(sovichuPhithrnghnn50%)vmitrngadnghnnhiunnngichuMbnacc

lithsovingichuPhi.Nhkhocsauhnsnhnsangu-vlplunnhsau:u-llcalnnhtth

gii.NcngisinhsngtluhnttccclcakhcngoitrchuPhi.McdchuPhicngitsmhnu-mttriunmnhngiukhngngkbinginguynthylcvncntnhtrnghtscskhai.NhkhoccachngtacthnhnvosnrcavngtynamchuuvoHukccchyt20.000n12.000nmvittccctcphmnghthutvcngcphctplngdanhmthiliuu-clithxutphtngaytlcchng,tnhtltrongphmviu-.Cuicng,nhkhocsquaysangchuc/NewGuineavtrchtslurngyl

mtkhuvcnh(lcanhnht),phnlnbaophtonsamcchckhnngnuisngmtstngi,nmvtrclp,vcngisinhsngmunhnsovichuPhivu-.Ttcnhngiuhnskhinnhkhoctinonchuc/NewGuineasphttrinchm.NhnghynhrngngichucvngiNewGuinealnhngngickthuthng

hismnhttrnthgii.HtoranhngbctranhhangngrrnglmunnhtthcngxanhngiCro-Magnonchuu.JonathanKingdonvTimFlannerylurngvicdicsangchuc/NewGuineatccovngthmlcachuihiconngiphi thch nghi c vi nhngmi trngmim h gp trn cc hn omin trungIndonesia-mtmcungnhngngbbincungcpngunhisn,rnsanhvcycphongphnhttrnthgii.KhinhngnginhcnyvtcceobinchiactmihnoIndonesiavihnokcnvphang,hlithchnghitu,chimlnhtonbhnokcnrilitiptcdicsanghnoktip.lmtthikhongkimcasbngndnsloingimnnaychactinl.Clnhngchuknnhc,thchnghiribngndnsnylcitoiukinchoCNhyLnVPhaTrcmsaulan truyn tr li v pha ty n u- v chu Phi. Nu gi thuyt ny l ng th chuc/NewGuineacmtlithxutphtmnhmsauhntipdinhuthcysphttrincaloingitimimtthigiandisauCNhyLnVPhaTrc.Vy,mtnhquanstcangcthigianv11.000nmtr.CNkhngthtinon

xemccxhiloingitrnchulcnosphttrinnhanhnht,songlicthbinlunrngbtclcanocngcthlniphttrinnhanhnht.Dnhin,ngynaykhimivicri,tabitu-llcaphttrinnhanhnht.Song,nhngnguynnhnthtngsausphttrinnhanhhncaccxhiu-haralihontonkhngphilccnguynnhnmnhkhoctngtngcachngtavonm11.000tr.CNcthhnhdung.Phncnlicaschnybaohmcuctmkimhukhmphnhngnguynnhntht.

TCHNG2.Thnghimtnhinvlchs

rnqunoChatham,cchNewZealand500dm(khong800km,ND)vphang,dntcMorioritngsngnhiuthktrongclpnhngriligpktcctnkhcvo

thngMihainm1835.Vongy19thngMimtnm,mtcontuch500ngiMaorimangtheosngng,gygcvrublnquno,sauvongy5thngMihailithmmttunach400ngiMaorin.NhngnhmngiMaoribtuikhpcclngmccangiMoriori,tuynbrngtnayngiMoriorilnlcah,aiphnilhgit.GinhngiMoriorilctinhnhmtcuckhngchinquymthhncthnhbingiMaoribingiMorioringgpi.Tuynhin,ngiMoriorictruynthnggiiquyt cccuc tranhchpbngcchhabnh.Timtcuchpcngng,hquytnhkhngnhlingiMaorimxuthabnh,hunghvphnchiatinguyn.NhngngiMoriorichakparaxutthngiMaoritncngiquym.Ch

trong my ngy sau h git hng trm ngi Moriori, em nhiu xc cht ca ngiMorioriranunngrintht,btttcnhngngikhclmnlvchvinmsautygitchthuhtsngi.MtngiMoriorisngstkli:NgiMaoribtugitchngtinhgitcu...Chngtischtkhip,trntrongbtrongbi,nptronghdit,btcutrnhkth.Nhngvch;htmravgithtchngti,khngphnbitnngnb,gitrlnb.MtngichinhphcMaorigiithch:Chngtinmquynshutheophongtccachngti,chngtibthtngi.Khngaithotc.Mtvingibchy,nhngkchngtigit,nhngngikhcchngticnggit-thsao?ltheophongtccachngtim.HuqutnkhccasngnygiangiMoriorivingiMaori lracthd

dngtinonc.NgiMoriorilmtnhmngisnbthilmnhsngclp,chccngnghvccvkhthsnht,hontonkhngckinhnghimchintranh,lithiungilnhohaytchcmnh.NhngngiMaorixmlc(toBcNewZealand)ntmt vngngdn c gmnhngngi lmnng thng xuyndnhvonhng cucchintranhkhclit,ccngnghvvkhtintinhn,hotngdiquynmtnhmlnhomnh.Dnhin,khihainhmnyrtcuccngtipxcvinhauthchnhngiMaoritnstngiMoriorichkhngphilngcli.BikchcangiMoriorigingnhnhiutnbikchkhcdinracthgiihini

lnthgiicxa,khinhngdntcngngivctrangbttiuvinhngdntctngivtrangbkm.Tuynhin,cucxungtgiangiMaorivngiMoriorisoisngchochngtamtcchngbunrngchainhmnytchratmtngunchungtrcchaymtngnnm.ChaiuldnPolynesia.NgiMaorihinilhuducaccnngdnPolynesiatngdicsangNewZealandvokhongnm1000.Chngbaolusau,mtnhmngiMaorinyn ltmnh lidicsangqunoChathamv trthnhngiMoriori.Trongccthksaukhihainhmtchnhaura,htinhatheohaihngtringcnhau,ngiMaorioBcphttrincngnghvtchcchnhtrphctphn,ngiMoriorithtphctphn.NgiMorioritrlisngbngsnbthilm,cnngiMaorioBcchuynsanglmnngnghiptrithn.Nhngltrnhtinhatringcnhaunyquytnhhqukhihainhmnyrtcuc

iunhau.Nutacthhiunhngnguynnhndntisphttrinkhcbitnhaucahainhmxhihiony,y l tacmtmuhnh thuhiucuhi lnhn lnhnghngphttrinkhcnhautrncclcakhcnhau.LchsMoriorivMaorilmtthnghimnhanhtrnquymnhnhmkimchngxem

mitrngcnhhngthnolnxhiloingi.Trckhiccmtcunschkhocunhngtcngcamitrngtrnquymthtln-chnghnnhtcnglnccxhi loingi trongvng13.000nmtr liy -hnbncncsmbo - tcc thnghimnhhn-rngnhngtcng l thcsquantrng.Nubn lnhkhoahc

phng thnghimchuynnghincuchut,bnhns tinhnhmt thnghimnhvybngcchlymtnchut,chiaschutttinnyrathnhnhiuchungmichungcmtmitrngkhcnhau,nkhichutsinhsicnhiuthhthbnquaylixemiugxyra.Dnhin,nhngthnghimcchchnykhngththchiniviccxhiloingi.Thayvo,nhkhoahcphitmnhngthnghimtnhinmmtiugtngtcngxyraviconngitrongqukh.MtthnghimnhvydinratrongqutrnhconngidicsangPolynesia.Rirc

khpThiBnhDngbnngoiNewGuineavMelanesialhngngnhnokhcnhaurtnhiuvdintch,mcclp,cao,khhu,tnhnngsn,tinguynachtvtinguynsinhhc(Hnh2.1).Tronghuhtlchsloingi,cchnonynmngoitmvicakthuthnghi.Vokhong1.200nmtr.CNmtnhmngilmnng,nhcvibintqunoBismarckvphaBcNewGuineacuicngcngticmtviotrongsny.Trongvithksau,huducahnhchunhbtcrotnocthsngcThiBnhDng.Qutrnhnyhunhhonttvonm500,vibahnocuicngcngcnginhctsaunm1000.Nhvy,chtrongmtkhongthigiankhngdi,nhngmitrnghiohtsca

dngcchimlnhbinhngnginhcmttcuphtnguyntcngmtnhmngithyt.ThytttcnhngngiPolynesiangynayuccngmtnnvnha,ngnngvcngnghnhnhau,cngmtscytrngvvtnuinhnhau.T,lchsPolynesialmtthnghimtnhinchophptanghincusthchnghicaconngimkhngvngphinhngkhkhnthnggpkhintannlngkhinghincunhnglnsngdidnkhcnhauhngthuhiusthchnghicaconngiccnikhctrnthgii.Trongphmvithnghimctrungny,sphncangiMoriorilmtthnghimnh

hn.MtchothyccmitrngkhcnhauqunoChathamvNewZealandnhonnnnnhngngiMoriorivMaorikhcnhaunthnolvickhngkh.TuynhngngigcgcMaoriutindicsangChathamcthvnlmnghnng,songvcccytrngnhitiMaorikhngthmckhhulnhcavngChathamchonnnhngnginhcnychngccchnokhcngoitrlisngbngsnbthilm.Bilngisnbthilmnnhkhngsnxutralngthcthngdtiphnphihaydtr,hkhngthnuinnhngththcng,quni,quanlivttrngchuynlmviccamnhmkhngsnbt.Conmicahlhicu,sc,chimbinlmtvc,nhngloicthbtbngtayhaybnggyvkhngcnphiccngnghtinhxo.Ngoira,Chathamgmnhnghnotnginhvcchxanhau,chcthnuisngmtnhmngisnbthilmvinhnkhukhngquhaingn.Khngcnhnonokhcnnhc,ngiMoriorinhphiliqunoChathamvhccchsnghathunvinhau.Hlmciubngcchtbchintranh,vhgimthiunhngxungttimtngdodnsqungbngcchthinmtsbtrai.Ktqu lngiMoriori trthnhmtnhmnginhkhngachintranh,ccngnghvvkhths,khngcngilnhohocccutchcmnh.

Hnh2.1:CcoPolynesia.(Ccvng/octntrongngocnthkhngphilPolynesia).Ngc li,phnphabc(mhn)caNewZealand,nhmo lnnhtPolynesia, th

thchhpvinghnngcangiPolynesia.NhngngiMaorinoliNewZealandth

sinhsinyndnchonkhittidnshn100.000ngi.Hphttrinthnhnhngnhmdncngcthngxuynnhnhauclitviccnhmlngging.Vichlngthcthngdcthtrngvdtrc,hcthnuinccththcng,ttrngvbinhlnhlmvicbnthigian.Hcncvphttrincnhiucngcthuhochmamng,chinuvlmnghthut.Hdnglnnhngcngtrnhtltinhvivnhiuphoisngsng.Nhvy,ccxhiMoriorivMaoriphttrintcngmtxhittinnhngtheohai

hngrtkhcnhau.Haixhiphtsinhtkhngcnbitnstnticanhauvkhnghtipxclivinhautrongsutnhiuthk,cthti500nm.Cuicng,mtcontusnhicucacghthmqunoChathamtrnngnNewZealandmangvNewZealand thng tinvnhnghnoni binh, cmanno l c; aoh ln chtnhnglnlln;liclmqudukaraka...Dncrtng,nhnghkhngbitnhnhau,khngcvkh.Tinylquxui900ngiMaoridongthuynnqunoChatham.Hqunychothyrmitrngcthnhhngthnonnnkinht,cngngh,tchcchnhtrvknngchinucaconngitrongmtthigianngn.Nhtinhctrn,sngMaori-Moriorilmtthnghimnhbntrongmtth

nghimctrung.TacthhccgtccdnPolynesiavnhhngcamitrnglnxhiloingi?NhngkhcbitnogiaccxhikhcnhautrnnhngoPolynesiakhcnhaucnphicchngtalgiinninchn?Polynesia,vtngth,baogmmt lotiukinmitrngadnghnnhiusovi

NewZealandvqunoChathammcdChathamlmt thicc(ccngin)ca tchcxhiPolynesia.Vloihnhphngthctnti,ngiPolynesiabaogmtdnsnbthilmqunoChatham,nhngngitrngtrtchuynchtrngtry,chonnhngnngdnsnxutlngthcthmcanhsngmttrongnhngqunthdncdycnhtsovibtcxhiloinginokhc.NhngngisnxutlngthcPolynesianuithmcanhln,chhocg.Htchclclnglaongxydngcchthngtitiu lnphcvnngnghipvxynhngh lnnuic.CskinhtcaccxhiPolynesiabaogmnhnghgianhtnhiutcpttc,nhngmtsocngccnhnghiththcngbnchuynnghipchatruynconni.Vtchcxhi,ccxhiPolynesiabaogmtnhngxhilngxtngibnhngchonmtsxhithucloinhiungcpnhttrnthgii,vinhiudngdichatruynconnitheothbc,cngcpttrngvlpthngdn,aigiaicpnothchlyvlychngtronggiaicp.Vtchcchnhtr,ccoPolynesiabaogmtccvngbchiactthnhnhngnvlnghocblcclpchotinhngqucskhaitrirngtrnnhiuo,cqunithngtrcixmchimcchnokhcvtinhnhchintranhchinhpht.Cuicng,vvnhavtth,Polynesiabaogmtnhngxhichbitsnxutdngccnhnchonccxhixydngcnhngcngtrnhkvbng.Lmsaolgiicsadngnnhngny?GpphnvonhngkhcbitgiaccxhiPolynesialtnhtsutpbintmi

trnggiacchnoPolynesia:khhuo,loihnhacht,tinguynbin,dintch,ctxahnh,mcclp.TahyxtchuinhntnytrckhixthuqucthcachngiviccxhiPolynesia.KhhuPolynesiathayitkhhunhitihaycnnhitimptrnhuhtcco

nmgnxcho,chonkhhunhahuhtccoNewZealand,vkhhucnNamcclnhtrnqunoChathamvphnphanamcaoNamthucNewZealand.oLncaHawaii,mcdnmngaytrongvnghchtuyn,cnhngngnnicaocmitrngsngchoccloivngni,thnhthongcncctuytri.Lngmathayitcaonht thgii (ti Fjorland thucNewZealandvm lyAlakai trnoKauai thucHawaii)chonchbngmtphnminhvynhngokhnmckhlngtrngtrtgc.Loihnhachtcaccobaogmosanh,ovini,onila,mnhlca,

vhnhpgiaccloitrn.mtcc,vshnonh,nhccoqunoTuamotu,lnhngosanhphng,thp,chcaohnmcncbinchtt.NhngosanhkhcnhHendersonvRennellthlicnnglncaohnmcncbinrtxathnhnhngovini.Chailoiosanhnyukhnhciviconngibichnggmtonvichkhngc loinokhc,chc lptccmngvkhngcncngtthngxuyn.ccilp,hnoPolynesialnnht,NewZealand,lmtvngtc,adngvacht,mtmnhcalcaGondwana,cnhiutinguynkhongsntrongcst,than,vngvngcbchcthkhaithcthngmi.HuhtccoPolynesialnkhclnhngnilatrilnkhimtbin,chabaogilmtphnlcavcthbaogmhockhngbaogmnhngkhuvcvi.TuythiusphongphvachtcaNewZealand,cconilaidngtnhtcngkhhnccosanh(theoquanimPolynesia)chchngcnhiuloinilaadngtrongcnhngloirtthchhplmcngc.Bnthncconilacngrtkhcnhau.Mtsnhcaohnnncmatrnnivvy

cconyc thi titphnbit r rt, c lpt suvdngchy thngxuyn. ltrnghp cco Society, Samoa,Marquesas vc bitHawaii, qunoPolynesia cnhngngnnicaonht.Trongscchnothphn,Tongav(mcthphn)oPhcSinhcngclptmumvctronilarixungnhnglithiunhngdngchylnnhHawaii.Vtinguynbin,huhtccoPolynesiaucncnngvngmbaoquanh,

nhiuo livyquanhnhngmph.Nhngmi trngnyypc tm,sc.Tuynhin,bbinlmcaoPhcSinh,PitcairnvqunoMarquesas,cngnhybindcvxungquanhkhngcrnsanhkhinchocconycungcpthisnhnnhiu.Dintchcnglmtbinthinnhinkhc.T100hanhAnuta,hnoPolynesianh

nhtcngithngtr,choti103.000dmvung(7)catiulcaNewZealand.ahnhcthsinhsngccamtso,cbitlMarquesas,bnhngdynichiactthnhccthunglngdc,trongkhinhngokhcnhTongavPhcSinhlicahnhhimpmkhnggytrngigchovicilivgiaotip.Bintmitrngcuicngcnxtlmcclp.oPhcSinhvqunoChatham

nhbvxaccokhcnnikhicconngitchntiri,ccxhihnhthnhtphttrinmtcchhontoncchbitviphncnlicathgii.NewZealand,HawaiivMarquesascngrtxa,nhngtnhtthHawaiivMarquesasrrngcvisgiaotipviccqunokhcsaukhicngitchnnutin,vcbaubaogmnhiuo gn nhau nhng ngi sng trn cc o khc nhau ca cngmt qun o c ththngxuyngiaotipvinhau.HuhtccoPolynesiakhcutnhiucgiaotipviccokhc.cbit,qunoTonganmgnccqunoFiji,SamoavWallischophpngitailithngxuyngiaccqunonyvrtcucchophpngiTongatinhnhchinhphcFiji.SaukhiltquanhngmitrngkhcnhaucaPolynesia,gitahyxemccbint

nhhngthnonccxhiPolynesia.Phngtinsinhtnlmtkhacnhthunlichngtakhostutin,binltmnhnnhhngncckhacnhkhc.PhngtinsinhtncangiPolynesiabaogmnhiukthpkhcnhaugianhc,

hilmqudi,bttmcuasc,snccloichimsngtrnmttvchimbinanggiaophi,vsnxut lng thc.HuhtccoPolynesiabanu lni sinhsngcanhngloichimlnkhngbitbaytngtinhatronghoncnhkhnghbbtcloinosnntht,mvdnhiungibitnhtlloimoaNewZealandvngngkhngbitbaycaHawaii.Tuyccloichimnytnglngunlngthcquantrngchonhngnginnhcutin,nhtltrnoNamcaNewZealand,songhuhtchngbaolusauu tuyt chng trn tt c cco v chngqud sn. Chimbin giaophi cngnhanhchngstgimvslngnhngvnlngunthcphmquantrngtrnmtvio.TinguynbinlquantrngtrnhuhtcconhngoPhcSinh,PitcairnvMarquesas

thlikhngquantrnglmbidnccconysngbnglngthctsnxutlchnh.NgiPolynesiaxaxamangtheobaloivtthunha(ln,gvch)nnhngni

nhcmivkhngthunhathmbtcloivtnokhcPolynesia.Nhiuovngittcbaloi,songnhngoPolynesiaclphnthkhngcngimttrongbaloiyhaycnnhiuhnvy,hocvgiascchtrnxungkhngsngcncuicuchnhtrnhditrnbinhocvgiascmtkhichtthkhngthagiasctngoivothaythc.Chnghn,NewZealandbclpnnrtcucchcnmiloich;oPhcSinhvTikopiachcnlimig.Vkhngthtipcnccrnsanhhaynhngvngncnnggiuhisncnnhngloichimsngtrncnthnhanhchngtuytchng,dnoPhcSinhnhchuynsangxychunggthmcanhnuigiacm.Tuynhin,baloivtthunhagiilmcngchndmngybaba.Snxut

lngthccangiPolynesiaphthucchyuvocytrng,nhngccvcnNamccthkhngthtrngtrtcbittcccloicytrngPolynesiaulcyvngnhiti,cthunhanikhcrimicdidnmangnPolynesia.VvynhngnginhcChathamvvngphanamgilnhcaoNamNewZealandbucphitbdisntrngtrtcattinthngngnnmtrclitrthnhdnsnbthilm.DnctrnccoPolynesiacnlithclmnngnghipdatrnccloicytrngt

kh(nhtlkhoais,khoaim,khoailang),cytrngtinc(chyukhoais)vcytrngcthn(nhqusa-k(8),chuivda).Nngsutvtmquantrngtngicaccloicytrngnythayingktonysangokhctytheomitrng.MtdnccangilthpnhttrnoHenderson,Rennellvccosanhdotcnvtncngt.MtcngthpNewZealandckhhunhabiniyqulnhsovimtsloi cy trng Polynesia. Ngi Polynesia trn cc o ny vmt s o khc lm nngnghiptheolikhngthmcanhmlducanh,trnglmry.Nhngokhcctmumnhnglikhngcaocnhngdngchylnthng

xuyn,docngkhngthcknhmng.Cdncconylmnngnghipthmcanhtrntkhnncnphiutnhiusclcpnn,phbi,xoayvngcy,gimthiuhocloitrhnnhngthikbhatvchmscccnin.NngnghiptkhtrnncbitcnngsutcaooPhcSinh,oAnutabtvoTongaphng,thp,ningiPolynesiadnhhuhtdintchttrnglngthc.NgnhnngnghipcnngsutcaonhtPolynesialtrngkhoaiscccnhngc

titiu.Trongscchnonhitingdnnht,lachnnybloitriviTongadoonyccaothpnnthiusngngi.NngnghiptitiuttinhcaoccocctyHawaiigmKauai,OahuvMolokaivnrngvmtckhngchnhngdngchy ln thngxuynmcdnsngc thxydngcccng trnh.NhngngilaodchHawaiixydngcchthngtitiutinhvichocccnhngkhoaischonngsutn24tnmthcta,nngsutcytrngcaonhttrntonPolynesia.Nngsut ny n ltmnh li cho php thm canh nui ln. Hawaii cng l ni duy nht Polynesiasdng laongquymlnchonghthysn,xynhngaoc lnnuicmngvci.Dohquvicphngtinsinhtnclinquannbintmitrng,nnmtdnc

(obngnvsungitrndmvungtcthtrngtrt)thayikhnhiutrntonPolynesia.MtthpnhtlnhngngisnbthilmqunoChatham(ch5ngitrnmtdmvung)voNamcaNewZealandcngnhnhngngilmnngtrnphncnlicaNewZealand(28ngitrnmtdmvung).Ngcli,nhiuhnocnnnngnghipthmcanhtmtdnsti210-250ngitrnmtdmvung,Hawaiilnti300.Cccaonhtl1.100ngitrnmtdmvunghnotcaoAnutanicdnbinhunhtonbhnothnhtthmcanhnngnghipchonnchvnvnmthctamlnchtti160ngi,trthnhmttrongnhngqunthdnccmtcaonhtthgii.MtdnccaAnutavtcmtcaHLanhinnayvthmchngangngaviBangladesh.

Quymdnsltchscamtdnc(sngitrndmvung)vdintch(dmvung).Dintchykhngphildintchmthnomldintchcamtnvchnhtr,vncthlnhnhocnhhnmthno.Mtmt,nhnghnognnhaucthckthpthnhmtnvchnhtrduynht.Mtkhc,nhnghnoduynhtviahnhctxcchiathnhnhiunvchnhtrclp.Vvy,dintchmtnvchnhtrthayikhngchtheodintchmthnomctheomcchiactvtchbitcahno.Vinhnghnonhtchbitmkhngcnhngrocnlnivisgiaotiptrong

nibothtonbolmtnvchnhtrduynht,nhtrongtrnghpAnutavivnvn160ngi.Nhiuolnhnchngbaogithngnhtcvmtchnhtr,hocvdncbaogmnhiublckhcnhau,miblcchgmvichcngisnbthilm(nhqunoChathamvphanamoNamcaNewZealand)hocgmnhngngilmnngsngrirccchxanhau(phncnlicaNewZealand)hocnhngnngdnctrvimtcaosongvngahnhlmchmgytrngichovicthngnhtvchnhtr.Chnghn,dncnhngthunglngsndckcnnhauMarquesaschgiaotipvinhauchyubngngbin;mi thung lng lmt thc thchnhtrc lpgmdmngncdn,vhuhtccolncaqunoMarquesavnchiactthnhnhiuthcthnhvy.ahnhccoTonga,Samoa,SocietyvccoHawaiithlichophpthngnhtchnh

trtrongnibcco,choranhngnvchnhtrgm10.000ngihaynhiuhn(trn30.000iviccolncaHawaii).KhongcchgiaccocaqunoTongacngnhkhongcchgiaTongaviccqunolngginglgnrtcucngitacththitlpmtqucaobaogm40.000ngi.Vyl,ccnvchnhtrPolynesiathayivquymtdmchcnginbnvnngi.Dnscamtnvchnhtrtngtcvimtdnscnhhngncngnghv

tchckinht,xhivchnhtrcangiPolynesia.Nichung,dnscngngvmtcngcaothcngnghvtchccngphctpvchuynbit,vnhngnguynnhnmchngtasxtchititccchngsau.Ningngn,khimtdnccaothchmtphndn chng tr thnh nng dn, nhng h c huy ng dnh ht cng sc lm nngnghip thmcanh,nhc lng thc thngdngnui sngnhngngikhngsnxut.Nhngngikhngtrctipsnxutmchuynhuyngnngdnlccttrng,tngl,quanlivbinhlnh.Ccnvchnhtrlnnhtcthtphplclnglaonglnxydngcchthngtitiuvaoc,nhngvicnylicnggiptngcngsnxutlngthc.NhngdinbinnycbitthyrtiTonga,SamoavoSociety,ttcumum,mtdnscaovdintchtngirngtheochuncaPolynesia.NhngxuhngnyttinhcaotrnqunoHawaiibaogmnhnghnoPolynesiarngnhtvngnhiti,nimtdnscaovdintchtrngnnccttrngcthhuyngnhnglclnglaongrtlnkhicn.NhngbinikhcnhautrongccxhiPolynesiagnlinviskhcnhauvmt

dnsvquymdnslnhsau:Nnkinhtnginnhtlnnkinhttrnnhngocmtdnsthp(nhsnbthilmtrnoChatham),quymdnsthp(ccosanhnh)haycmtthplnquymdnsthp.ccxhinymigianhtlmlynhnggmnhcn;tchockhngcschuynmnhatrongkinht.Schuynmnhatnglnccolnhn,dncnghn,tnhcaoSamoa,ccoSociety,cbit l Tonga v Hawaii. Hai hn o va nhc sau cng ny c nhng th thuyn bnchuynnghipchatruynconnitrongcnhngthngxung,hoatiu,thxy,thbnchimvthxmmnh.Tnhphctpxhicngthayitheocchtngt.Lina,qunoChathamvcc

osanhcnhngxhinginnht,bnhngnht.TuycconyvnduytrtruynthngnguynthycangiPolynesialcttrng,songccttrngcahtchockhnghcnhngduhiuphnbitthyr,sngtrongnhngtplugingnhcathngdn,vcngttrngtrthaysnbtlngthcchochnhmnhnhmingi.Sphnbit

xhivquynlccattrngtnglnccocmtcaovnvchnhtrln,cbitlTongavSociety.TnhphctpxhicnglitnhcaoqunoHawaii,ninhngngilhudu

cattrngcchiathnhtmdngditheothbc.Thnhvinccdngdittrngnykhngkthnvithngdnmchkthnvinhau,ikhithmchvicanhchemrut, anh ch em cngmhoc cng cha. Thngdnphi ci rpmnh trcmt cc ttrngquyncaochctrng.Mithnhvincadngdittrng,quanlivmtsththcngcminlmcngvicsnxutlngthc.Ccuchnhtrcngtheongxuhng.TrnqunoChathamvccosanh,t

trngchngcnhiuquynra lnh, ccquytnhutc thngqua tho lunchung,vquynshutainmtrongtaycngngvitcchtonthchkhngphitrongtayttrng.Nhngnvchnhtrlnhn,mtdnscaohnthtptrungnhiuquynlchnvotayttrng.TnhphctpvchnhtrlcaonhtTongavHawaiiniquynlccattrngchatruynconnicnggnnhcavuachabtcninokhctrnthgii,taildottrngcaiqunchkhngphithngdn.Dngccquanlicbnhimlmtrunggian,ttrngtinhnhtrngthulngthccathngdnvtrngdnghlmviccccngtrnhxydng.Hnhthccccngtrnhnykhcnhautyo:cchthngtitiuvaocHawaii,cctrungtmnhymavlhiMarquesas,mttrngTonga,niHawaii,oSocietyvoPhcSinh.VothiimngichuutchnnPolynesiathkXVIII,ttrngquchaynh

ncTongatrthnhmtquclinquno.VbnthnqunoTongakhsanstnhauvgmmtsocahnhkhngchiact,nnmioucthngnhtdiquynmtttrngduynht;sauccttrngchatruynconnitrnhnolnnhtcaTonga(Tongatapu)thngnhttonbquno,cuicnghchinhphccnhngokhcbnngoiqunomhnxanhtcchnhng500dm(800km,ND).HthngxuynbunbnngdiviFijivSamoa,thitlpnhngimnhccangiTongaFijivbtutncng,xmchimtngphncaFiji.Vicchinhphcvcaiqunciquchioskhainythchincnhnhnghmigmccchicxunglnmichicchacti150ngi.CngnhTonga,Hawaiitrthnhmtthcthchnhtrbaogmvihnongdn,

songlmtthcthchnhtrchgigntrongmtqunoduynhtbivtrcckcchbitcan.TithiimngichuuphthinraHawaiivonm1778,sthngnhtchnhtrdinratrongtnghnoHawaiivmanhnhacvishpnhtchnhtrgianhiuhno.Bno rngnht -oLn (Hawaii theonghahp),Maui,OahuvKauai-vnclp,nmquynkimsot(hocdngmnhkhetranhnhauquynkimsot)cconhhn(Lanai,Molokai,KahoolawevNiihau).Saukhingichuun,VuaKamehamehaNhtcaoLnnhanhchngtinhnhhpnhtccolnbngcchmuasngvtuthuyncangichuuxmchimvchinhphcutinlMaui,sauOahu.RiKamehamehachunbxm lnghnoHawaii cui cngcnc lp lKauai,nhngcuicngttrngonytcmtgiiphpvinhvuathngquamphn,nycucthngnhtqunohontt.LoibintcnligiaccxhiPolynesiamchngtacnxtlcccngcvnhng

phngdinkhccavnhavtth.Vicminicnhngloinguynliuthkhcnhauctcngrrtnnnvnhavtth.mtthiccloHenderson,mtrnsanhnilntrnmtbinvkhngcloinokhcngoivi.Cdntrnochcnbitchtcranhngchicrulivmbngvtrai.thiccilplngiMaoritrntiulcaNewZealand,ctrongtaymtlotnhiuloinguynliuthvtrnncbitngchcchhsdngngcbch.GiahaithicclcconilaidngcaPolynesia,vnthiugranit,lavccloilcakhcnhngtnhtcngcnila,ngiPolynesia ch tcny thnhnhng chic rucmihaynhbngdngphtquangtlmrung.

Vccloivtdngchtc,dnqunoChathamchngcnglmngoinhngchicdicuivgycmtaygithicu,chimvtmhm.Cdnhuhtccokhcthtorartnhiuvtdngkhcnhau,gmlicu,ru,trangscvnhiuvtkhcna.Trnccosanh,cngnhChatham,ccvtdngnynh,tngingin,ailmrathcangiy,cnkintrcthchngcghnlnhngtpluns.Cchnolnvngdnthcnhngththcngchuynnghiplmranhiuthvtphmgyuythdnhringchottrng,chnghnnhngochongkhngtaybnglngchimdnhchoccttrngHawaiiclmthngngncilngchim.NhngsnphmlnnhtcaPolynesialcccngtrnhsbngtrnmtso-

nhngbctnglngdanhtrnoPhcSinh,mccttrngTonga,ccntlqunoMarquesas,ccniHawaiivccoSociety.NnkintrchonhtrngnycaPolynesiarrngltinhatheocngmthngnhcckimtthpcaAiCp,LngH,MexicovPeru.Hinnhin,cccngtrnhcaPolynesiakhngcquymbngcckimtthpkia,nhngiuchphnnhthctlccpharangAiCpcthhuyngnhnlctmtdnsnghnnhiusovittrngcabtchnoPolynesiano.Song,dcvyina,cdnoPhcSinhvnxycnhngbctngnngti30tn,chngphilvicdivivnvn7.000conngikhngctrongtayngunlcnokhcngoicbpcachnhmnh.Nhvy,ccxhioPolynesiakhcnhaurtnhiutnhchuynmnhatrongkinht,

phctpxhi,tchcchnhtrvsnphmvtth,nhngiunyclinquannnhngkhcbitvquymvmtdns,rinltmnhdnslilinquanndintch,ctx,clpcatngo,cngnhchisinhtnvchiphttrinnnsnxutlngthctrntngo.TtcnhngkhcbitgiaccxhiPolynesiaphttrin-chtrongmtthigiantngingnvtimtphnkhimtncabmtTrit-nhnhngbin thi linquannmi trng trn cngmt xhi t tinduynht. CcchngloikhcbitvnhanytrongphmviPolynesia,vbncht,cngchnhlccchngloiphtsinhbtcninokhctrnthgii.Dnhin,dybinthitrntonthgiillnhnnhiusovitrongphmviPolynesia.

Vocngthigiankhicdncclcachbaogmnhngngivndavocngc,NamMcngsinhranhngxhichuyndngkimloiqu,cnngiu-vngichuPhithtintidngst.NhngsphttrinkhngthxyracPolynesiabikhngmtoPolynesianotrNewZealandcqungkimloingk.Tiu-hnhthnhnhngquchnhoitkhichacaidicnPolynesia;NamMvTrungMthphttrinthnhqucmunhn,trongkhiPolynesiachsinhrachaiqucskhaitrongcmt(Hawaii)chhnhthnhsaukhingichuun.u-vTrungMphttrinchvitcaringmnh,cntiPolynesiathchvitkhngnysinh,clchngoitroPhcSinhsongngaycthchvitbncaonycngchraisaukhidnotipxcvingichuulnutin.Vynghal,Polynesiachotathymtltctnh-chkhngphitonbbctranh-v

tnhadngcaxhiloingi.iunyuchngcgl,biPolynesiachlmtltctnhcatnhadngalcathgii.Ngoira,biPolynesiachcnginnhcrtmuntronglchsloingi,nnngaycnhngxhiPolynesiacnhtcngchcvnvn3.200nmphttrin,tringcvitnht13.000nmiviccxhingayclcacngimunnht(chuM).GinhccthmvingnnmnathchchnTongavHawaiitticpnhngqucphttriny,nhlnnhauginhquynkimsotThiBnhDng,tsngtorachvitdngcaiqunccquc,trongkhingiMaoriNewZealandhncthbsungcngcbngngvstvodanhmcccvtphmbngngcbchvnhngchtliukhccamnh.Ningngn,Polynesiachotamtvdythuytphcvsadnglinquannmi

trngcaccxhiloingiangtrongqutrnhtintrin.Nhngtacngchhccrngchuyncthxyrabivnxyrari,Polynesia.Liuiucxyratrncclcakhckhng?Nuc,thnhngkhcbitmitrngnolnguynnhnchotnha

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thlngiralnhtratnchng.ChngthnhnrngngheniAtahualpaangiThngchCajamarca.Th lThngchh lnhtinqun.KhincngthnhCajamarca,chngtithytricaAtahualpacchchngmt l(9),nichnni.TricangiAnh-ing trngnhmtthnhphthtp.Hcnhiulunnittcchngticngnranhn.Chotilcchngtichahthymtcignhvyvngngn.NkhinttcngiTyBanNhachngtikinhsvbiri.Nhngchngtikhngthlmnhangshihocquay lngrt lui,binungiAnh-ingnhn thydchmtmymayyuuinochngtithngaycnhngngiAnh-ingmchngtimangtheolmngihngdncngcthsgitchngti.Vthchngtictratitnhphnchn,vsaukhicnthnquan st thnh ph cng nhng chic lu, chng ti i xung thung lng vo thnhCajamarca.Chng tibnvinhauhi luxemcnphi lmg.Ttcchng tiuyshibi

chngtitngiqumlithmnhpqusuvomtvngtnichngtikhnghyvnggctipvin.TtcchngtingpThngchbnxemshnhngrasaovongyhmsau.mhmychngmyaitrongchngtichpmt,chngticngmmiqungtrngCajamarca,nhnnhngnglangoitricaqunAnh-ing.Nhncnhtngymkhips.Huhtccnglautrnsni,gnnhaunnitrngnhbutrichichtnhngsao.mhmkhnghcsphnbitgiakquynuyvingihnmnhaygiabinhlnhchntvks.Ttculmnghavcanhgc,vkhlmlmtrong tay.HernandoPizarro, em trai(10) caThng ch, d on s binh s Anh-ing vo

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