jared diamond-Ο Τρίτος Χιμπατζής-01-(Μια Ιστορία Τριών...

8/20/2019 Jared Diamond-Ο Τρίτος Χιμπατζής-01-(Μια Ιστορία Τριών Χιμπατζίδων)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/jared-diamond-01- 1/28

MEPO: 1

ErveArouH Erao>Mprerroy Orue:rtroy

TA TToIXEIAIATo noTE, To rIATIKAITo noI nAvAMENAEIMA,TEivo ax6pn ei6og pey<i.lou On}.omtxof nporirrtow orrd rolover6tlv-av6ei{crg. ro npctro pt'poq c{er<i(owor peprxig onri rrqnopo6oorordg ev6ei{erg rng opxoro.}.oyrog, onoio pelerd on6-trr0c.rpevo md xor 6rornpn;.revo pyc.\ero, oO<,rqor ve<irrpcgev6ef{erq on6 ro xr,tpo rng poploKris proloyroq.'Evo

Boou<6 pdrrnpo qgopd ro piye0oq rov yevetrx6v 6ro_9op6v rrou Fog xt,lpf(ow on6 roug xrpnow(ri6eq. Me dllo trd-yrc, n6oo 6rogdpouv o yotr6r<ipog on<iexeivo rov xrunowZri-6trv, rot<i 10o/o,5oo/o9)o/s;@o o6woro0oope vo onowrioouuemo epornpo ov onl,og reprcpyo(ripomov npoorrnx<i ov0pr,l_nouq <or xrtrrnow(d6eg xor ro.roperporioope ro oporri xopoxtn_pronx<i roug, 6r6n noMfq yevrnxdq 6rogopdq 6ev dxouv rouiooporri enf6poon, evo or enr6pdoerg iMctveivor ooo<,rnxtic. ronop<i6:rytrro, r opqrsq 6rcgopeg ov<i;.reoo a pciroeq onir\ov6nog or poloooof xor ro nexrvou<i ivornotrrj peyo.trUtepeg n6

nq owimorxeg 6rogopig ovripeoo oe ep<iq or touq xr;rnowei_6eq. Eworftorq, 6l,o to oruhd ovixouv cno 6ro ei6oq xcOoq, ovroug 6o0ei n eurorp(o, (euyopcirvouv ero{U roug (mo poOp<inou ro (euy<ipclpo ivor pnxor.rxd sgrKrd) Kornopdyow y<ivr_poug cnoydvouq. Pfxvowcg pro potr<i oe go_l,ooooUq cr rr€Kr_



O TPITO: XIMNANTZH:

voud, voq drrsrpos ropornpnrriq eo 6topdpgorve nv ewdrroon<irryrvenx<i onixouv no-trri eproo6repo

on6 6oo or xrpncw(ri-6eq r<or or dvOponor. Ot opotiq 8rorpopiq ov<ipeoomrq pdroeqtov oxf.trr,rv oq rpoq ro piye0oq, q 8romdoerq ror to xpriporou rpxr,rpotog e{optrowor on6 o-xtttl<ti riyo yovi6to, o onoiodxouv opeintieq ouvinereq mn Bro.loyio nq ovonopoyoyriq.

Ms rrorov p6no, ,\orndv, puoporipe vo er<nprlooi,pa n yave-ttxri pcq cndmoon ond'rouq xrpnow(ri6eg; To npdBlnpo owdend.rj0nxe on6 poprororig Brol6youq p6-Lrg nv 're.\eutoio 6e-Ko€Tio.H on<iwnon 6ev aivor p6vo onpdopevn ond 6rovonttxricinoryn, oM<i sv6ixsror vc dxer xor oplol-livsq npcxrxiq n0r-K€qoL'virr€lsqmov rp6Tro pe tov onoio petoxerpr(dpome ouqxrpnow(f6eq. Oo 6ofp: 6tr, po.Lovd'n t yovl6roKis Srogopiqov<ipeoo oe ep<iq ol rouq xrpflow<i6eq eivor pey<i,Leg uryr<plu-r<i pe exeiveq ovcipeoc mouq oilxpovouq ov0pr,rurvouq Lneu-opofq rl ov<ipeoo mrq p<iroeq ov oKt].ov, rropoFivouv prxpigoe oxion trre'ng rorpopdg vdpeoo oe no,ll<i <i-l-trovriprpo (erj-yn oulryevxrov et6drv. An' 6,rr rpoivercr, opropdveq .tr-Loyiq eprxpd noooor6 rou y€vs-rlKof poypcippotoq ov xrpnowEn6ovsfiigspov rspciorreg owineteq mn oupneprEop<i og.'Exoup€rniong rorop0toorr o poOpovopriooups n yrvruKJlqndoroontoq npoq o xprivo. 6rvorroq s rol glo npoos \Ttorrxri ld\"rnonmo epr,rtnpo ou n6re epeiq r<oror xrpnow(ri6sq 8roxoprmi-

rope on6 rov rorv6 poq np<iyovo: wd tpoiveror o owipn nprvorci 6 it.rc 8 rr<oro;.r;.rr -ipropovro.

llopd'n to nopondvro onote.Liopoto rnq poprorriq Bro-\oyioqpoq npoogipow evo ytrrxd Fr rpo r nq ysvsrtKnq ndmoong xctou peoo).opoi-woq p6vou, 6sv poq ive rinote yro trq oxprpeig6roqopig poq on6 rouq xrpncw(f6eg, oite yro ro udre orrriqepgoviotnxov. 'Eror, 0o e{er<iooup€ Tt srnrr-}.iovorouaio p<ig

npoog€par n psf,.irn rov oorctv rcr epyoleiov nou cignoov ni-oo rouq 8rdgopo 6wo pe ev6rcipeoo opoxtnprmrxri ov<ipeoootov nrOnxoet6i npdyoy6 poq rcrrov orJlxpovo <iv0porno.Oro,\-loyig mo oorci ouotalofv rnv rropodootoKri rporn fLn rnqguoll<riqov0pono,\oyioq. Xrnv npoxerpivn nepinroon, t6roire-



ENAAKOMH EIAO: METAAOYOHAA:TIKOY

pn onpooio €ixov n ofqnon rou Fsy€0ouq ou syK€qcif,.ou oq,

or oKs-LsrrK€q-lloyig rrou oxsriEowol p€ rnv 6p0ro pd6ron Korn aL(ifitoon rou rrcixouq rou rpovfou, Tou 1rsyd0ouq 6lv 6owrovKorrov puov rnq 'y.vd0ou.

O peydioq poq eyxigo-loq ovoprpipolo mrip{s npoouorrot-pevo ylo vo ovorrli{oupe y}.r,looo <or <peupenx6rnro.'Iooq ouepipeve xoveiq dtr to opxeio tr,lv ono-Lr0op<ir<,rv nor<of,.inruertn merri ouoxirron cvcitrreoc mo ou[npivo piye0og tou eyxerp<i-Lou t<ot nv no-Lunlox6tnto torv epyoLeirov. E6r,t xprjBerot n moonpdopevn xnln(n r<or o peyo).rjrepo inlpo tng ov0p<,inrvnqefihlng. To i.i0rvo epyoleio nopipervov r6roitepo xov6poer6riyro erorow<i6eg xrir<i8eq pdvro og6tou oi.or-lnpr,r0nxe xriproof{non rou pey€Oouq rou ayreg<iLou pog. M<ihg 40.000 xpd-vro rlprv, or Neriwep'rc-tr ixov eyregd-Louq eyolfrepoug cn6'rov oilxpovr,rv ov0ponov' eworjtorq, to epyo).eio ouq 6ev 6ei-xvolrv rovivo rxvoq ergeupenr<dtntog or tixvnq. Or Ne<iwepro-L6ev irqv nopri €vo ox6pn ei6og pey<i-lou nloorrrori. Ar<6pnror 6ex<i6eq ri.ui6eq xp6vrc orp6rou x<inoror<il,Lotov0pornvorn-ln0uopoi onixrnoov ouorqonxd oilxpovn orele'rxri ovcro-pio, to epyoi.eio ouq nop€pevov e{foou Boperri pe ereivc rcovvecweot<i,Lercov,

To uopri6o[o olrrd 6(vow ox6pn peyo-h;repn Bopt.funtomooupnipoopo nou ouvciyercr ond rn poproxrl protroyic. Xro trn-xpd nooom6 rng 6ra<pop<iq vcipeoo mo yovi6r<i roq xor ro yo-vi6ro tov xrpnow(ri6ov npiner vo xpriperor vo or<dpn rxpd-tepo nooom6 nou vo pn oxeti(etar pe to oxripo tov omrirv poqol,L<i o euOrjvetot ro ro onor-Lerotrx<i v0p6nrvo yvopiopo"rotnq e<peuperx6rnrog, ng rdxvng or rov nolfnlorrov epyo-Lei-ov. Toutroxrmov mnv Euptonn. o l.vtopio;,roror,rti ;rqovrmn-xov e '"rclt.rgogvrrri. xorri rnv rloxri rnq onrx.o dmoonq trv

Ne<iwapto-}, nd touq Kpo Movrdv. Exeivn tnv enoxn n<irpopeenrri-Louq o eipome 6vo or<6pn i6oq peytitrouOn.LomrKod.ror€).oq ou uprlrou pdpouq 0o 8ronmtooo pepu<6q xooieg yo ronoteq urnip{ov or -Liyeq -\-}.oyiq ou nupo8drnoov rnv cu6ropndvo66 pog mo ovOpr,imvo nine6o.



t E N A ]

Mta rcr o pio'v pr<itt 4maw(h6 a,t

THNEnoMENH opA noy oA EnttKEorEtrE NAN oo^oflKo KH-no, 0upnOeita vo nepdoere on<i ro xLouBr<iov rn0rixov. (Do-r"romsire dn or niOnxor efxov xdoer ro peyo.Lrirepo rripog tou

tprxopor6g rouq, Kol tjn oe ivo 6rnlovrl x-troupi potoirwovxdnoror onrxeiq <ivgptonor ou 6ev goporloov porixo xor 6evpnoporioov vo ;ll6oouv, o-l,tr<i ot<i ra <i.Ll,o rov guoro.Loyr-xo(. flpoonoOime rcipo vo powiryere n6oo pord(ouv mo yo-vf6rd touq owoi or n(0mor pe eptig. A6you xdpn, 0o powefctedtt o xttrrnow(riq porp<i(etor pe tov <ivOpono o 1oo/o, o 50o/oto 99olo ou yevemori rou npoyp<ipporog;

Avopotn0eire ror6mv yrorf or ev -L6y<,r i0nxor r<poto(rworoe x.LouBrd, xteOerpivor oe xorvf Oio, ror yrori <iMorxpnorpo-noroirwor no rctprx<i nerptiporo, rnv <ilpcnou rinote cn<i to6rio 6ev exrrp€rretor vo yfvetor oe ov0ponoug. Av crro6errcu-6tov <itr ro yovi6rc r(,)v xrpnow(iaov eivor Ko-td 99,9o/o oyo-por6nmo pe to 6x<i poq, 6n or onpowrxdg 6rc9opfq ovtipeooorov <ir€p<,ruo or toug xrpnowQi6eq ogeri.owcr oe .Liyo p<il,rgyovf6ro, r6re 0c e{oxo-LouOorioote o nrmefere 6rr eivor ooor6vo x-treivoupe pnow(ri6eq oe x-louprd xor vo nerpopol(tipooren<ivo rouq; Xxegreite roug orxeiq, 6rovonnxd umepnpivouqovOpclnoug ou eivqr no-Lri Lrydrepo cvoi on' 6,tr or ni0nxorvo en .fouv npopfuipoto, vo gpowi(ouv rouq eowofq touq,vo enlKolvovoLrv, o ouvdTlTouvKolvouKac oxaofr( Kor vo ol-



O TPITOI XIMNANTZH:

o0dvowor ndvo. Mr fiolo .troyrKd noyopsferol vo 6u{dyowol

nerp<iporo oe cworiq touq ov0p<irnouq, -l-ki emtpine'ror vo 6r-e{riyowor oe nrOrixoug;

'Io<lg onowrioete 6n or niOnxor eivor <(r,ro, evo or <iv0po-nor eivor dvOponor, or 6rr owri opxei.'Evoq 0rxdg xcl6rxoq rorn petoxeipron ov ov0pr,rnov 6ev 0o inpene vo erexteivetorae tva <(tio>, ooxitrog 'rnq opordtntoq tov yovr6(ov ou pe to6rrd poq ror ooxirtoq rnq rxov<itnrriq ou vc ow<inrer xorvo-

vrxig oxdoerq or vo oro0<iveror 6vo. Molovdrr ou0oipcrn, nontiwnon ourd eivor owoouveniq xor 6ev pnopotipa vo rnvowtnopdl,Ooupe efrolo. fro dnorov tnv evmepvi(eror, to vopci0cr rproodrepo yro rrq rrpoyovrxrg cg ouyyivrreq rrropeivo pnv evixer n0rxiq ouvinereg, 0o rrovonouioer dpcig tn 6rovonnxri 'rou neprdpyero o xotovorioer ond nof npoepxdpo-me. K<i0e ov0p6nrvn xorvov(o xer oro0ovOei n po0rti ov<iyxnvo xorovofoer rnv upodLeuoi tnq xor ixer onoxprOei e owivovorrrfooowos tn 6xri rnq roropio rnq Anproupyioq- H <tmo-pio trov rprov xrpnowQi6rov> efvor n rmopio tng Anproupyioq'rou xorpori pog.

EaoKAtAtoNE EXEI no:AoHNllTEl s noro rrspinou pdpoq ou(orrof Boori,eiou evrcoodpome. AvfKoup€ epgcvr,ig oro 0n-iomx<i, 'rnv op<i6o c6rov ou xopoxrnpi(eror ond ).vopioFo-ro dnog n nopouoio tprxc6porog xor o 0n\oop6q rov pxpdrv.Ewdq rov 0n,Lootrrov, pgovoq ovriroupr oro npr,lreUowo,tnv opd6o nou neprlapp<iver q poipo66eq or rouq mOrixoug.Me to tm6.lorno nporefowo porpo(<ipome no.lu<ipr0po opo-xrnprmrr<i o onofc orrouor<i(ow oud rc neproo6repc dMc 0n-tromrx<i, 6noq n).on<i owi yro yopy<i vuxro, xipro rot<i}-Ln-Loyro lop6g, awixerpo nou owrtriooetor mo un<i.lorno iooepo

8rirtu.Lo xor ndog nou xpiperor eleri0epo owi vo npoooptri-ror mnv xod.rti.'H6n ond tov 2o or,rvo p.X., o iMnvoq yrorpdqfo-lnvdg unoi,<iyroe p0<i n Odon nou rot<i npooil"yron xori-xoq.re orn <Drion tov, ovordpvowoq 8rdgopo (t:o, 6ronim<,roe6rl n poipof <npooopord(er o-Lrl ou ovOpr,lnou mo <rn-Ldxvo,



MIA :TOPIA PIONXIMNANTZHAON

rouq puq, rls oprnpisq, rrs qliBrq, ro ver.ipoKcl rn popgrl rov

omov).E{ioou efi<otro 6rommrirvoula tn 0ion nou r<otixoqre ewdq

rov npoteu6wrov, r<o0oq or<i(oupe og6g neproodt€po mouqm0rixoug (yiBBoveq, upoyxo'rdyxoug, opil-Leg or xpnow(i-6eq) ncpci mrg pniporj6eq. Or pciporj6eq, r6you xcipn, xow ou-pri -yro vo ovoEipoupe €vo ond tc nLiov opot<i 8rogoponorcilwropioporo-, evri ep:iq ror or ni0nxor 6xr. Eivor anionq {er<<i-

0cpo 6tr or yipBoveq, e to prxpd ouq piye0og r<or o no.LrJ o-rpt<i rouq xdprc, rcr€xouv x<,rprmri O€onond rouq rm6lornougurOrixouq, or 6rr or oupoyxotdyror, or xrpnow(ri6eq, or yopil-.Lsq or or dv0p<lnor oulryeveriouv eproo6repo peto{f rouq on'd,rr pe toug yippoveq. Eworjtorg, n neporripro 6repefvnon <,rvorryyevrxr'lvpog oxioeov ono8erxwetor onpoo8dr<nro 6rioxoi.n,ror €xer nporc-Lioer prc 6r"rovn ernmnpovrxri owrnop<i0eon nonoio neprmpigeror yripto on6 rpio sporriporo:

floro eivor o -trerrropepiq rrcoyeverord iwpo T<ov rl"yevr-rrov oxioerov pero{f rov ov0p<oucov,ov (drwrov r0rixrov <orr<ove{ogovropivov npoyorrx<ov 0rirclv; loroq on6 rouq (16-weq nr0nroug. \<iyou<ipn,ivoro orcvorrpoq r,1'yewig oql

flcirc (noc o nro npoogoroq olvoq poyovoq ov ovOpr,r-Trov KoLTou o ravorapou orl"rovouor-ryycvn oq, dnoroq on<itouq mOrixouq or ov eivor ow6g;

Tr pepog ou yevenxori oq rpoyp<ippotoq otpo(dpoote ecurci rov orevcirtpo @\.1old r,l"yFvrioq;

Er< pdrtnq 6ryeoq, 0o dporo(e guou<6 vo or<eEtoripe itrronpr,rro epotnpc ixer ri6n oncr"rn0ei cnd rn ouyxprtrxri ovo-ropfo. Mor<i(oupe rOro{repo e toug yopi}-}.eg Kor rouq xrFrro-

w(ri6eq, ov xor 6rogipoupe on6 owofq oe noi.i.ci yvr,lpiopoto,pe nro epgorri rov peyo-Ltrrepo yxiEoi.o, tnv 6p0ro mdon xorro no-Lri .ry6rapo oopotrx6 tpixopo. Ewor.norg, ot6nrv npo-oertrxdtepng e{dtconq orro6erxvue'rcr -n ou-rci q ovoroprrd6e6op€vc 6ev €xou'v onogcormrxri onpooio. Avri).oyo norouq

3 l



O TPITO: XIMNANTZHI

ovoroprKofq xopoKrripeg 0eopei roveig onpowu<6tepoug xor

noq toug eppnverier, or Broi.dyor6riorowor oq npoq'ro

xot<iudoo ouyyevefoupe neproo<itepo F€ rous oupoyKor<iyxouq nperoyngorioo dnoryn), on6re or xrpnow(d6eq xor or yopfMeg6rox-Lo6immov ond ro oxoyevaroxd pog 66wpo npotoU epeiqonoxoprorolipe ond toug oupo'yxotriyxoug, i xor<i n6oo Bproxdpome rowfrepo moug xrpnowQi6eq ror touq yopiMeq (nni.eroryngorioc <inoqrn), pe roug npoydvouq tr,rv oupolxotriyxov

vo rxouv rpopri{er rov xr,rprm<i pogo rouq vopfrepo.Arrd rous pro.].dyoug ou oul'r<iooowor pe tnv utrerorynrporl-oo tinoryn, or neproo<itepor e<oporioov cpo6oorox<i rr or yo-piMeq xor or xrpncw(ri6eg por<i(ow neproodrepo rrero{riouqorrd <ioo por<i(ow pe etrr<iq, p<i1pc rrou tmo6ntrojver 6n epeiqSror}o6rmfrcpe on6 to orxoyevsrox6 iwpo npoto0 or yopri.-.Ieg ror or xrpnow(ri6eq onoxoprmofv peto{U rouq. To nopo-n<ivrooupripoopo cwrrorornpr'(rr rnv xorvri <iroyn drr or xr-pnow(ri6eq xor or yopitr-treq noporiv vo ewox0ouv orlpn6dv oepro xcrnyopio nou ovopci(eror <ni0nxour, v<iepeiq onotei.ofpex<itr 6rogopetrxd. Ev6ixeror om6oo vo 6ivoupe tnv ewfno-on dtr 6rogipoupe 16oo no.L0, on-Log xor pdvo srrsr6d or xl-pnowQi6eq rcoror yopiMeg 6ev <i-Llo{ovewrmoorcx<i ou6 rnvrnoxri rou xorvod;.roq poycivou, n orrypn nou epciq xouptuuosre( onou6oieg o-tr-Loyig e opropivo onpowrx<i xor nepf-onto lvr,lpiopoto, dnoq n dporo m<ion xor to piyeooq tou e-yxeg<ii.ou.Xe titoro nepirrroon, 0o pnoporioope vo poui(outrreneproodtepo pe touq yopiMag, Ii va porri(oupe neproo6tepo perouq xrpncwQi8eq, f ror or rperg vo 6rogdpoupe mn ouvoi.xriyeveuxri poq 6opri xov8prxd o i6ro.

'Eror, psroqf rclv ovot6pov 6ev tmdpxe ouptpov(c yripo cn6ro nprirto epdrtnpo, ng .Lerrropipereq ou ou(oyav€rcKori oq 6d-

wpou.'Onoro

cipoq 6rwpo xor ov nporrtrrd ov€ig, Lniq Ko-0curig or cvotopu<dq peliteg 6ev trroq noro-Lfnrouv rirlorsyro to 8eirrepo xorro rpiro epc)TnFo: ro n6te onox-Livope on<itoug nr06rouq ror ro n6oo orrixoupe yevem<i on<ioworJg. Avxor n pe.Litn tov onoLr0op<itrov ev 0o pnoporioe vc enrtr0oer



MIA I:TOPIA TPION XIMNANTZHANN

ro <irnpo rns y€verlKiq orrdmoong, 0o pnopofoe, xot' cpxriv,

vo en .doer o (nrriporo tou npoo6ropropori ou op0of npoyo-vrxori poq 6iwpou r<or nq xpovrrcig nepr66ou xord tnv onoioilope xopo n cndx.Lrori oq. Me <iMo <iyro, ov eixope rig0ovoono.LrOcipata, o pnoporioope o e.Lni(oupre tr 0o Bpioxope rooerp<i povo-Loynp€vtov noh0op<itov nproroovOpdrnov cl plooerpci povo-Loynp6v<ov nohootrr<it(,v rpo)roxrprow(i6<,lv orono(eg vo ouyx-Livouv e ivov rorvd np6yovo, mo 10 s(oroppf-

pro xpdvro mo nopel0dv' orn6g 6e, mo 20 exotoppripro xprivrooro nope.L0dv, vo ouv€xltve trreprc oerp<i rroLr0op<it<ov poto-yopr-l,Icov.Aumr.rxroq, r e-Lni6eg ou Booi(owov oro opxeio rrovono.trr0op<irov no6eix0nxov gpof6€q, xo0cbg ev ixer Bpe0eioxe66v xovivo ono).i0opo nrOrixoumnv Agprxri po tnv xpiorpnnepio6o trov 5 ioq 14 sKoroppupiov etr,rv ond ofpepo.

H AnANTH:HTA nApAnANo PoTHMATAx€rrKdF€

rnv rrpoileu-oi poq 6p0e on6 pro onpoo66xnrn xotef0uvon: rnv €qoppo-yf rnq poproxriq prolo,yroq mnv ro{rvoprKri rov rrrnvr,lv. prvon6 tpr<iwo xp6vrc nepinou, or poproxoi pro.Ldyor ipxroov oouver6ntonororiv 6tr or xnpxiq ouoieg nou ow06touv to gwtixcr tc (oo 0o pnopor.ioov c .lertoupyrioow oov <poldyro>, ;rero onoio vo perp<ipe evetrriq orroordo€rq Kqrvq xpovotroyori-pe e{e.lrxtrxdg onor.].ioerq. H r6do xar oq e{rig: Yno0dme dtrtmripxer pro xotnyopio popfov ro onoio onoworiv oe riLo to ei-6n, ror rrlv onofov n r6roitepn 6opi oe r<i0e ei6oq xoOopf(eroryevenx<i. Yno06me emnldov 6tr, e{orriog yevenruirv petoMd-{erov, oro nipcopc ero'roptrrupir,rv trovn 6opf all<i(er ;re rovi6ro puOp<i e 6-Lo o ei6n. Ario ei6n nou npoixr,Irov on6 xorv6npdyovo opxrx<i 0o gipow novopor6runeq popgiq tou popi-ou, trq onoieq 0o ixouv x-lnpovopfoer on<j ov ev l<iyto upd-

yovo. Kcrdnrv dtrroq outrrBoivow petcl-\<i{erq, ove{<iprnrc mc6fo e(6n, or onoieq npofevoriv 6oprxiq c-l,l,cy€q ro trr<ipro. gex rourou, or ex6ox€g ou Uopiou io 6io ei6n 0o qrroKlivouvpo0proio oq npog tn 6op6 touq. Av yvopi(ope, xotri pioo dpo,n6oeq 6opu<dg -lloyiq npolpotonoroirwor xriOe 1 exotoppr.ipro



O TPITO: IMNANTZH'

xp6vlo, eo pnoporioope vo xpnorponouiooupe nv tpixouoq 6r-

ogopd orn 6opf tou popiou psroqf 6fo orrorov6rirror€ or,\T€-r.rrclv (owcirv er6r,rv ov ivo poLdr, o onoio 0o p€rpd ro xp6voTIoupsoo-Lcipnos rr6 rnv enoxi 'rou rorvof rouq npoy<ivou.

@er,lprime, .dyou xdpn, 6rr rywr.,rpi(ope,n6 rn pe-tri, rovofio].re(,)pdrov, roq ro f,.sowdplo Koror riypsrs oniK-Lrvov rprvond 5 sKoropFfplo xp6vro. Eoro 6rr ro pdpro mo .treow<iproritov rct<i 99olo ovopor6r.mo 6oprKd p€ ro owimotxo pdpro

ortq riyperg,611 r€gepe p6vo rord lol0. Av xor<jmv norpvs Ko-v€iq 6Uo si6n dl.vomnq orlo).reoporxiq roropicq ror 6rouioro-v€ 6rr ro pdpro mo 6rjo ei6n 6ri<pepe orti 3ol0, 6re ro popro-Kd poldl 0o uno6ri.Love dtr ondx-Lrvov prv ond 'ro tprn.Ltiorottov 5 exotoppupir,rv etr,rv 6nLo6i, nprv on6 15 sKorotlpfploxpdvro.

'Ooo xopry6 ror ov porci(er ou-r6 o ox66ro oro xcpri or Br-ol6yor xper<imnxe o xoropci).ow no).rj xdno yro vo ei.iy{ouvrqrd n6oo .lertoupyei ornv np<i{n. lpotot {exrvdoer n egop-iroyrirtov poprorov po.troyrov, r emonipoveq npene npr,rto voxcivouv rfooapo updyporo: vo ovoKc-Lurpow o r<o,h.:tepo <ipro'vo cvoxohiyouv €vov ypfiyopo tpduo pirpnonq rov o-l,Loytovmn 6opri rou' vo ono6ei{ouv 6rr to po-}.6r xrtmci opo-}.d>, tr6nlo6ri n 6opi rou popiou 6wr,lg e{e}.looetor pe rov i6ro puOpdoe xriOa paLetofpevo ei6oq' r<or o perprioouv o pu0p6 or.rrd.

To npdrto 6fo npophiporo end.U0nxov n6 poprororig pro-tr6youq yuprooro 1970. Ano8eix0nre drr ro xorollnl6rspo 1rd-pro eivor ro 6eo{uprpovoux-Leir<i {6 (DNA),n 8rcionpn ouoiotnq onoioq tn 6opi ouorpurrroypcignocv or James Matson KclFrancis Crick, 6exvowoq 6tr owrmotor oe pro 6rn}ui .Lrxopo-pirovxor <pipvowog encv<imoon mn pei.ftn rng yevenruiq. Top6p1o ou DNA orrore-Lairor nd 6fo oupnlnpopotxiq ror e{or-

petrxci poxpr€q o).uoi6eq oul"u0ipeveq on6 riooepc ei6n pxpr,tvpopirov, n ol,\n-Louxio ov onoftov mnv o-Luoi6o pneprixer ootivo).o tnq yevenxriq n-hpocpopiog nou peroprp<i(eror cn6 rouqyoveiq mo nor6rd roug. Mro ypriyopn pi0o6og pitpnonq rov o.L--trcyrov n 6opri rori DNA l'Kslror mo vo ovop€iqsrq o DNA6fo



1\4IA:TOPIA TPION XIMNANTZHAON

sl6clv Kor vo lmoloyioslq rnv s-LdTToon ou onpsiou rri{nq tou

prxtori (uppr6rxof) DNA oe oxion pe ro onpeio rri{nq xo0oporiDNA ipospxdFevou on6 ivo ex r<lv6to er6cbv. p€0o6og wIiouvriOoq ovotrr<i(etor uBpr6onoinon DNAll.'Orr<,rgno6erxvrje-'ror, elcirroon 'rou onpeiou d{ng rot<i 1 po0pci Ke}.oiouonpoiver 6rr ro DNA rclv 6fo ar6riv 6rorpipar nepinou rorci 170.

KATA HaEKAETIAoY 1970, or ueproodrepor poproroi BtoLdyor

xor or neproo<itepor o(rv6por 66erxvov e.Lcixrmo v6roEdpov rFev yrq rn 6oulerri 'rrov6e. Xroug .Lryoororiq o{rv6poug nouovolwropr(ov n 6wn'rrrri roxf tnq viog texvrxng uBpt6onoin-onq DNA ouyKqro].ey6rov o Charles Sibley, opvrOoLdyoq, ou t<1-te rmnperofoe rog xoOnl.ntrlg opvr0o,\oyicg ot 6teu0uwriq moMouoslo @uoucriq mopioq Peabody ou llcvenrornpiou Yale.H rofivoprrfi rnnvrirv onote].ei 6foxo-Lo owxeipevo ipeuvog,e{olrioq rov oumnpdrv cvotopu<riv nepropropov nou emBtl-Llarn ntdon. Ynripxouw,\iyor p6nor oxe6roopoli ev6g nou.hof u<c-vof, i.6you xtipn, vo nrdver wopc ev nrrioer, pe onordleopo,ove{optftroq tnq xotoyoyiq touq, rrouLrci pe nopdporeq otro-Loyxiq onortdoerq vo reivouv vo ixouv nopdporo ovoropio. ftonop<i6erypo, oLov6rr or dmeg nq Apeprxnq rrord(ow oe apg<i-vlon Kor ouprr€prgopri pe toug ldmeq rou llo-LcroriK6opou, orptoi.6yor xow dronrmooer 6tr or trp6tor oul"yevetouv pe rouqnetropyotic tot ot 6aU-rrpor t ro yspoKro. oron ol ol.lolo.rn-riq'roug ogelLowor mov r<orvd p6no (ofq'rouq. Anei.mopivorond rrq o6uwopieq ov nopo6ooroxr,lv peO66ov e{orpiproongtov oullrev:rciv pero{f rov nrnvov, o Charles Sibley <or lonAhlquist (ouw<i6el9oq ou Sibleymo Yale) mpcignrov, to 1973,mo po.Ldl oU DNA, npolporonordrwoq rn po(rx6tepn 6<o9 ri-trrepo goppoyn pe066rov nq poprorriq pro.Loyfoq nv ro{rvopr-

xri.'Enpene vo rgt<iooupe to 1980 npotori or Sibley or Ahlquistopxioouv vo 6npoorerior.rv c onore.Lioporo rnq ipewdq rouq,n onoio re-Lrxri upuepri-LcBe nv egoppoyri ou po.LoyrorioriDNA o€ rl€pirlou I . 700 ei6n rrrnvov ---oxe66v ro U5 t<ov(owovov er6ov rou r6opou.



O TPITO:XIMNANTZHT

flop<i ro pvnpert'r6eg eniteuypo rov Sibley ror Ahlquist, 'ro

dpyo touq opxrr<i npoxd-Leoe rreyriln 6xo1wopic peto{ri rov e-nrmnp6vrov, xoOog aldxrmor 6r60erov rov oncrtolipevo ow6u-ootrr6 er6rr<irvyv6oeov npoxerpdvou vo ro xorovorioouv. I6orjpepx€q rtmu<€g owr6p<ioerg i.lov pou emmnp6vov:

<lExro ope0ef o oKoUoyro 6.Loourti.'Ex<o dqrer o 6ivoonpooic oe on6duote yp<igouv woi or t(mor>. Avor<lpoq)

<Otp€0o6oi oug 6ev e(voreo<po-Lpiveq,-l-L<iro uoro tr6yovo 0itrer rove(g vo r<iver citr 6oo popet6 6oo d,\n owi n-rq-{rv6pnon rrnvcov;>.Moprox69 ro}<iyog)

(To quprr€pdopord ouq ropouold(ouv ev6toEdpov, ,[,Ldrrp€ner o elelx0or3v 6re{o6rxdpe d-l-leq e0d6oug porori tornqriqroqr€). (Ele.trrrrrr69 rotr6yog)

<To orro-rd\iopord roug e(var e{ ouoro}riqreog ofui0ero, xorxo&i 0o x<iverg o to rnordyerq>. (Ieverrorriq)

Exrrpr,i <irr rno oKprpfs 0o ono6ex0ei n rs.Lauroio <inoryn.Oropxiq orrq orroirq pooiE€rol ro po.L6l of DNA eivor o6ropgr-opftnteq' or pd0o6or ov Sibley xor Ahlquist otrvrmofv rnv rs-trarrroio tri{n rng r€xvo}.oy(oq' xor n owinetc rrou spgoviEowol psrpriosrs Touq ylo rn ysvsrlKriondoroon nrproo<irrpov on<i18.000 Bp16rrcov euyov DNA rrrnvov l.loprupri rnv s].KUp61n'rorov ono're-tr op<itov touq.

Onr,lq o AopBivoq €ix€ rn ouvson vo ouMi{rl orpdwoxrootorxaio yrq rnv rroK oFopgio rov nfioli6ov nporori npoy-porerlrsi ro gtriyov (6mpo TnS ov0p6rlvnq norxr-Lopopgioq,iror ror or Sibley xor Ahlquist, Kord ro Feyo-Lrirspo dpog rovrpdlrc)v 6iKo €r6v tng €pew<ig toug mo poLdl rof DNA, spyd-mnrov ottox-tr€rorrKd ndvt,r oro rrrnvd. Anpooieuoov ro npdr-to oupnep<ioporo on6 rnv egoppoyi tov pe0d6clv ous mnvKoroyolai rou ov0p<,inou rr6lrq o 1984, xqr o€ srrdFrvo dpeporouq ro p€lriooov. H pe-trftn roug Boor(dtov mn o(lxpron rouDNATou ovOponou Kol d.Lov ov mevr,lv ol11rvov pog: rourorvor-i xrpnow(ri, rou rrL.ypoiou xrllrrovr<f , rou yopiMo, rou



MIA I:TOPIA TP TN XIMNANTZHAON

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OrxoreNrrero ArNrpo rol ANotrpor.r flportvor.rror

Elxi,tq 1. AKotroueiae ni0e QtiyoEaoyxpotov aritepattr rpateu6-

wolt lexp tn laipn Kovxri6anoo ra

ow6tet. Oapfip6E aa aptor-

pd anororxei ornt noooanaia nqopd avQteoa ota pripn rou DNArav ovlK€Kpryiv@vvyxpotav poteu6wan, eud o apflydg on 6efidawvtoqei otn xpovtrrt rcpio6o (ermoppipta xpitn nptv) rard muonoia ntpdrat 6n t(noe o rro np6ogaroq ordg toug nprjyovog.nrapdietypa 01Kotyoi ,at ot uylniot xrpraw(i6e9 6ngtpow ao0,7ao tpnou tou DNA ou| Ka ncr)tvav no rov xowo oug pdyo-w tpl atb 3 exaropyipta xpdtna repirov' eyelg tatptpouye and rovg

6io xynaw(iieE ao 1,60/0 Epinou ot) DNA pag xat arorT/vaye ardtov xorvtj oug nptiyovo prvand 7 tKatoyyipta xpdwa ntp nov Kat olyopltr),eE ntptpow oto 2,3o/o rEpirol) roo DNA toug dao anl epdg iooxat ano rovg nynan(i6tg xat anrr<)tatt and tov Kotlrd rac pdyovotprv aft6 10 eKaroyltipw xptjvw Trepinou,

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O TPITO: XIMNANTZHI

oupoyKordyKou, 6rjo er6drv pppdvov Kol €rrrd €166v poiFoli-

6ov rou flo.},ororj Kdopou. To onote-Liopcro oworyi(owor mnvErx6vo 1.'Onoq 0c npoipLene x<i0eovotdpog, n Fsyo.Llrrspn €vrrr-

r<ri6togop<i nou onorc,Lfntetor orrd rn psyd.Ln rroon moonpsio r66ng -rof DNA- €mtd<€rol ovdpsoo mo DNA r(,)v Fo-rpoU6ov, 0116 n Fio, Kqr ro DNA rou ovOpcirnou or 6-Lov ovnrOrirov, 0116 nv d-l-trn. Aur6 on-trroq rEp<i(er oprOpntrrri x<irr

yro ro oroio olor oupgtovouoov nd rn mrpri nou rylvr \.vo-mf mnv €Tnmipn n irnop{n tov rnOixov: 6rr or <iv0pofior Korol rrienKolor,Jyevefouw :proo6repo 1r€roqd ouq orrd 600 ouy-yevefouv, sirs ol pev €irs or 6e, pe ug poipori6eq. ro tnv or<pi-Bero,or poipori6eq porp<i(owor pe roug ov0pc,inouq ot rouq m-0frouq ro 9370 nq 6opdg tori DNA rouq -6roEtpouv oro 7o/o.

Aev npo{evei ixnln{n ofre n 8eritepn peyo-\ritepn 6toqo-pd, rnq rdqec)g ou 50lo, vdp€oq olo DNArov ytBp6vov Kol roDNATou oveponou xor rov un6lornov nrOrirrov, Kor oe ounirnv nepirrroon empeporrirveror ono6errri dnoryn 6rr ot ytBBo-veg 6rcgoponorofwor neproo6repo on6 touq rm6.Lornouq 0li-xouq, rcr dtr epeig or.r'1"yavefou1.re eproo6repo pe rouq yopil-Leq,touq xrpnow(ri6eq Kar ouq oupoyKot<iyr<ouq.e 6,tt ogopd nq'rperq te-Lewoi:q op<i6eq r0rixrov, or neproodtepor oilxpovorcvc'rdpor 0eopofv 6tr or oupoyxotdyror 6rogoponorotr"ror xd-rros rreproodrrpo on6 toug un6i.ornouq, oupnipoopo nou yro<iLMn io gopri ouprptivei pe to 6e6opivo rof DNA: ro DNA rovoupoyxor<iyxr:rv rcEdper on6 ro DNA rov ovep6nov, trov yo-pr.l-trov or r<lv xrpucw(ri6ov rot<i 3,6010. Broyeoyporpio m-BeBorover n or yopil-Leq or or xrpnow(ri8eq cnoxropimnr<ovou6 rouq yiBBoveq Kor rouq oupoyKordyrouq nprv on6 cprerdxorp6: or (ror"rcvoixor or ono.Lr0opivor yrppoveqxor oupoyKo-

tciyror onoworiv cnorlermtr<i mn voloovoto.hxri Aoio, evoor (r'lwovoi yopitr-Leq or xrpnol"r(ri6eq, <o0og ot or nprirrporonoi.rOopivot <ivOponor, epropi(owcr mnv Agprrui.

Xro ondvowr <ixpo, lnog 0o ovipeve xoveiq, o n}€ov dporcp6plq DNA eivor exeivo tou xorvoU xor tou mrypoiou xrpno-



MIA I:IOPIA TPIONXIMTIANTZHAON

w<ri, ro orroio rolrri(owol rcotd 99,30lo 6rog€pow p<iLrg o-

to 0,7o/o. Ta 66o ornti ei6n xrpuow(ri8r'lv trror<i(ow rdoo no).rlo'rnv epg<ivrod oug rirore pixpr to 1929 ol cvordFot 6av eixovxov croOov0ei nv ovclyxn vo toug 66oouv xorpro'r<i v6poto.Or xrpncn(n6rq nou (ow mo re nptro Zoip, mo uqroq ouIonpeprvori, ovopci(owot <nuypciot xtpnowQi6egr, 6r6n eivorrorci p€oo 6po nro prxpdoropor xot €xouv rno lentoropopdvnor,lporxri xototoprl ror porpurepo n66rc) ond rouq eupUtapo6ro6e6opivouq urorvofq xrpnow(ri6eg>, n yer,rypogxn e{<in}o-on rov onoiorv exteivetot oe of,.dx-lnpo o n-Lritoq nq Agprxriq,p6i.rq p6pero ou Ionpeprvot. Ewourorg, xoOr'lq o telewoioxpcivro u{ovol.rcv or l'voorlq FoS 1ro n oupn€prgopq tov xl-pnow(ri6ov, r<otiotn oogdq 6'n or prxpiq ovctoprxdq 6roEopiqpe'roft tov nr4poirov rqr tcrv xotvd,v xtpnow(riSov ouyxo-lf-rnouv onpclrrKdg 6rogopdg mnv ovcnopcytoyxri touq BroLoyro.'Onoq epelq, oM<i oe owi0aon pe touq rotvofq xrpnow(ri6eq,or nuypoior xrpnow(ri6eq xoipouv ptoq peyding norrctrioq mri-oeov owouoiog, outrrneprloppovopivng nq mcionq np6or,rnope np6o<ono' n nproropoui.io yro ouvouoic pnopei vo .LngOeir<oron6 ro 6rio 96lo'to 0n-Lux<i ivor oe{ouo-trx<i er<ttx<i<c-r<i ro peyci.ritepo pipoq tou privc (ror dxr oe pro o(rwopn p<ivouepio6o mo pro<i ou trrrivo)' or toxupoi 6eopoi oxnpoti(owor16oo peto{f opoevrxrirv ot6pov 6oo rcor perofri 0n-Luxrirv i op-

oevrxriv xor 0n.Lurrirv ot6pov. An' d,tr rgoiveto; 'ro i.iyo erceivcyovi8ro (0,7olo) ou Ototpoponorollv oug nurypoioug ond rouqxorvorigxrpnow(ri6eq ixouv pey<i-Lequvineteq mn guoroi.o-po rnq ovonopoyoyrig cor mouq oe{ouo-}.rxofg dloug. To i6ro06po -dvo prxpd noooor6 yovr6roxov 6rogop<irv e pey<ilegow€n€lrq- 0o movtl,rgovrmai r<ioo or ou'r<i ioo rot mo er<i-pavo regcidoro, oe ouv6eon pe ng yovr6roxig 6roqopdq ovdpeoo

moug ov0ponouq ror toug xtpncw(ri6eq.Xe d.treq rq neprntdroerq nou ovigepo ios r6pa tmfpxov

uermrx€g ovorotrru<dg v6eiferq yro nq oxioetq ou1'yiveroq, otro oupnepcioporo nou :{dyowov cn6 tn pe}.€tn of DNA srn-pepoir,rvov 6oo efxcv f6n oqrnep<iver ot ovor6por. H palitn



O TPITO' XIMNANTZH:

6poq rou DNA prr6peoe o emtrrioer ot to np6B.lnpc mo onoio

n ovo'ropio eixe onorrixer: tnv etoxpiproon tov oxioerov ou1ryi-vetoq ov<ipeoomov <iv0p<ono,ov yopi,\Io ror touq xtpfiowQi-6eg. Onoq Eciv€rcr ornv Errdvo l, 6rogipoupe cnd tov xorv6KCIrov fir,-yFoioxlprrowqfi nepinou oto l,60/o ov DNA Touq(pog), xor porpo(6poms ro 98,4%. O yopil-Loq6rorp€per dnclgrr€ploodT€po, or<i uepirrou 2,3o/o, 6oo os oxdon pe epriq dooror pe xo0dvov on6 roug 6rio xrpnow(ri6eq.

Aq xtivoupe1lo

rrofon ciore vc epne66ooupe pepu<dg n6'ug ouvdnereq orv Bcpuoripow<,rv wc6v cprOpctv.

O yopiMog npdner vo 6rox-Lo8iornxe nd to ou<oyevercr<ipoq 6iwpo eLtixrmo nporori epeiq onoxr.oprmofpe n6 rov ror-vd ror tov nuypoio xrpncvr(ri. Xtev6repoq ouyysvris poq 6€veivot o yopil,\oq oi-trd or 6rjo npnow(i6eg. fto vo to 0iooqre6ro<gopetrx<i, r€vdrspog oul"yevriq rov xrpnow(f6rov 6ev ei-vor o yopiMoq ol,\<i o civ0ponoq. H nopc6ooroxd ro{rvoprKrievioxuoe nq cv0porroxel"rplKiq poq trioerq cno8ex<ipevn pto0epe-trrr,l6n rogop<iovripeoc mov rpov6 <iv0prono, ou mixerp6voq rou ryn.trd, ot rouq rropcKolovoriq nt0rixouq, nou 6.Lorpo<i Ksirowor ornv <iBuooo nq xrnvri6oug <prlonq oug. Ot ro[r-v6por tou pi-tr-Lowoq oroq 6or.rv o npcilpo'rc ond tn oxonr<i rounpnow(ri: Flo plKpi 6rogopri ov<ipeoomoug elogpoq ovctte-pous meriKouq (toug tperg xrprcl"r(ri6ag, oqrneprlopBovop6-

vou tou <ov9prlmvou xrpnow(ri>) xar rov eLogpc6q crdrrepovnr0rirov (yopil,\oq, oupoyKordyKos, fBBoveq). nopoSooroxri8rrixpron peto{ri <m0rfuov> xrpnow(ri8eq, yopi}.loq r<.}n.) orov0ponou 6ev oworoxpivrro rrnv npo1lor xdrnrc.

H yevetrxri on<imoon (1,60lo) ou poq xr,lpi(eron<i ov nuy-poio r<or ov xorvd xrpnow(f eivor p6Ltq 6rn.Ldoro ond erei-vn nou xropi(:r rous 6fo xlprrowEf6eq (0,7olo). ivor pxp6re-

pn on6'rnv

ondmoon qvdpsoo oe 6rio ei6n yrBBdvrrv 2,2o/o)ovdpaoo oe ei6n ntnvriv tnq B<iperoq peprrciq doo oulT€vl-K6v 600 ro €pu0p6qeolFq ror ro l.eur<6g0o,\po ipxo (2,9o/o).To und).orno 98,4o/o ou DNA poq 6ev eivor nopci own0lopivoDNAxlpfiow<i6ov. fto nopd6erpo, n ruipro orpooEorpir.n og



MIA I:TOPIA PION IMNANTZHAON

-n nporsivn flou p€rogiprl ro oqLrydvo ol 6ivsr mo oil]o ro

K6KKrvo p(il.lo ou- €ivcr rrqvopordTL'rrn ormrq 287 povd6eqTnq ps rnv qrpoogotpivn tov npnow(ri6rlv. And or.rni rnv tino-Vn, 6rroq Kor 0116 rq neproodtepeq iMeq, ev eipome nop<i vorpiro si6oq xlprrow(ri, Kor 6,n opp6(er orouq Korvofq Kot rousnuytrroiouq rpnow(ri6eq oppd(er xor os spdq. Or onpowrrdqopotiq 6rogop6q poq ond rouq <i,l,\ouq lpnowQi6sq -n 6p0rom<ion, o peyci-Log yxf<po).oq, opr-trio, o hyomd rpixopo Koror o-tr-L6xoteg e{ouollKig

EoiSpog-

npiner vo oulxewpr,rvo-wor Fdfuq mo l,60/o ou yeverxof pcq rrpoypdpporoq.Av or yevetu<ig 6rogopiq pe'rc[f rttv sr66v ouooopslftnKov

oro nipoopo tou xpdvou ps mo0ep6 pu0pd, 6te 0o ommof-oov to ov<i,\oyo svdq po-^.oyrot rou rrtm<i opo-I,<i. o p6vo noueo xpero(6tov npoxertrrivou o petorponei n yeverrxri cndmo-on mov <orr6-truto> pdvo nou peooi<ipnoe on6 rov re-Leuraioxorv6 np6yovo 0o drov pro pc0pov6pnon, rnv ofioio eo pfio-porioope vc npoyporonorfooups xpnorponotrirwog vo (euyoqt r6ov yro ro onoio 1'vr,rpi(ou;..raar n yrvn rxri crdmcon ral roxpdvo rnq orr6K].rong, povoi,oynpivo ova{dprnro pioo orroh-0clpdtov. X'rnv npoypcru6Tnro, yto to ovrirrepo npror:fowo6ro0&oupe 6rio ove{tiptnteq poOpovoprioerq. n<i n pto peprri,or poipori6aq or or nionxor 6rogdpouv uepinou mo 7,30lo ouDNA rouq xor on€x-Lrvov ptv orrd 25 iroq 30 exoroppripro xpd-vro. An6 rnv dtrln, o oupoyKordyKoq nixirve on6 rous xrpro-wEfl8sq Kol ro yopi-l,\c rprv ond 12 oq 16 sKoroFpripro pdvto,rtn ofpepo 6rogoponoreitcr oq npoq ro 3,6%0 rspiTrou ou DNArou. Xulxpivowoq ro 6fo ourd nopc6eiyporo, plinor,pe 6n o6rntrooroopdg ou sqs).rKrKorj xp6vou, ro0c6g oveig nnyoivetofi6 ro 12 roq 16 oro 25 irog 30 er<o'roppripro pdvro, o6nyei oe6rni.ooroop6 ng yeverrrrig orrdmoonq (on6 ro 3,60/o to 7,3o/o

rou DNA). Enopdvoq, oro ovrilrepo rporsfowo, ro po-Ldr oriDNA xrLTd ps oxerxd moOepd pu0pd.

Xpnorpouorr,rvtog rq nopourivro BcOpovoprioerq, r SibleyKol Ahlquist roriln{ov ornv oK6.}.ou0n povrrri x-Lipcxo rng

€l t l l{ r iq FoC:Egooov n yever r r r i oq olc ioroon onci ouq xr.

4 1



O TPITOI XIMNANTZH:

pnowEf6sq ( 1,670) (vor nepiuou n ptori rnq on6moong ov<ipe-

oo orouq xrprTow(ri6eq or rov oupoyxotciyro 3,60lo), piner vo6ror.uoulr ov xtoprorci oq 6popo yto fispinoL o pro<i no rol2 6clg 16 erotoppfpro xpdvto -rot<i ro onoio ouooop€(rrnKsn ysv€lKri 6rogoponoinon p€raqf oupoyKorriyxou xor xtpno-w(ri6ov. Me tl-l-Lo.L6yro, r e{e.}.rxmdg poppig tou cvOpr'lnouxor rrov <<<lMrovrpnow(ri8row Sroxopiormcv nprv on6 6 6oq 8excroppfprc xpdvro. Bdosr nq l6loq ou.I-Loyrmrxriq, yopi.I-LogorloxopimnK€ 0116 ov rorv6 npdyovo rrou porpo(6pom€ spsigor rp€rq xrprrow(ndeq nprv on6 nepinou 9 exo'roppripro pdvro,€v6 o rruypoioq Kor o rorv6q xrpnowEfq orrix-Lrvav p€roqri rousnprv on<lnepinou 3 exotoppfpro xp6vro. Xe ol"riOeon r€To rro-pou<ivro, 'rov o 1954 nopor<oi.ou0ofoo o pdenFo rnq guorruiqov0pt'lno-Lopoq og nprotoe'rriq gorrnrliq mo Ko.L6po, o rrporsr-v6pevo eyxerpfdro ypoEov 6rr o dvOpronoq niK-Lrvs 116 ouqrn0rlxoug nprv ond 15 doq 30 sKoropptpro xp6vro. To po.L<irofDNA, trorrrdv, nopixer oOevopf tmomripr{n oe ivc cpglLeydpevooupnipoopo, ro ofioio owdyaror Kol arr6 opKsrd cil-\o poproKdpo,\dpc nou Booi(owor os o1rlvoqxiq o.tr-trn-Louxieq poreivrov,oe plroxov6prord DNA Kor os qrsu6oyovi6lo o<porprvov. d0epoL6r 6slxver 6rr o dv0pronoq xer o(rwopn rmopio oq 6roxprt6€i6oq 0116 rougu[6.].orrroug nr0rixouq, uo-Lriouvrop6repn on'd,u uni0etov or no.\orowo.Ldyor ord ro nops-Le6v.

Tt ynoAHAoNoyNAYTA AAnoTEAE'MATAlo rn eion poq oro(otxd pooii.ero; Or Broldyor rotot<iooow ro iprBro6wo oe re-popxrKiqKornyopieg, xo0epic ).ryd'repo torprtri on6 tnv end-per.n: .moei6n, i6n, yi\rn, orKoyivsreq, mepoxoydvereq, ri{etq,x.Ldoerq cr gdto. H Encyclopedia Britannica, Koedrq Kor 6.Lo rcproi.oyrxci lxerpi8ro nou ppiorowor mn prphoeriKn pou, ypd-

qouv 6rr o dveporroq xqr or ni0nror ovriKow otnv i6ro t<i{n,ro flporsfowo, xor mnv f6ro unepotroyivero, ro Hominoidea(cvOptonoer6ri), -Ltr<i rq xr,rprmiq orroyivereq Hominidae (ov-0poni6eq) ror Pongidae nolryxi6eq).To xorti n6oo to ipyo trovSibley xor Ahlquist ovorpiner rl <ixr owd tnv rot<ito{n e{oprdror



MIA I:TOPIA PIONXIMNANTZHAON

0116 n glLoooEio rou Koesv6q yripcl ond tnv to{rv6pnon. Or

nopo6ooror<oi o{rv<ipor <ototriooow o ei6n oe repopxr<i ovo-'repeq xornyopieq p6oro oxerrrci unoretpevrrriv exnpfoeov yrorn onpooio rov Srogopriv pero{ri roug. T€torolrotrv6por to-nogerofv rov riv0pr,lno oe xoprmri oxoydvero e{ortiog opropi-vov 6roxprrrirv .Lertoupyr<riv 1w<,rprop<irrovou, <inc,lg pey<i.Loqeyxdgotroq or n dp0ro m<ion' or petpfoerg tnq yevetrxriq ond-moong 0c <ignvov ovennpiomn rn ouyrerprp€vn rorriro{n.

Mro <i,\-lnoxofui ro{rvdpnonq, ou6oo, nou ovopd(eror x-Lo-6rmrxn, 6roreiveror 6n n rotdro{n oger}.er o eivor owxerpr-vrxrl xor opor6popgn, vo pooi(eror 6e mn yevenr<f ondmoonf to xp6vo on6x-Lronq.'O.Lor r to{rv6por oupgtovoliv dtr r<orroepu0p<ig0o-\po ipeo r<or o leuxdrg0olpo Bipeo ovrirouv oroytvog Vireo, cr drr ro 6r<i<popoi6n yrpp6vov ovfrouv mo yd-vog Hylnbates. wor.norq, 16oo mo pipeo 6oo xor mouq yipBo-veq, ro 6rtigopo ei6n ondxouv yevetu<ti peto{f touq neproo6-tepo cn' <i,tr o tivOponog on6 toug <iMoug 6rio xtpncw(ri6eg-pe <i-l-Loldyro, cndrltvov vopitepo. Bdoer ou-rori, -Lorndv, o<ivOponoq ev ouvrm<i 6rorprni orroy€vero, oure xov 6rorpr-T6 yivoq owi0ero, qvmer oro i6ro y6voq pe tov xorv6 xor tovnuypoio xrpnow(rl. Xupg<lvo pe rouq r<ov6veg ng (roo.loyxnqovopotoi.oyiog, ro dvopo tou yivouq yog, Homo, xet npore-por6rnro ivowlrou ovdpcroq Par4 nou ono660nxe mouq n<i}--Louq> rpnow(ri6eq, 616u npor<i0nre nproto.'Etor, 6ev rmdpxet€vo o-\-Ld pio ei6n tou yivouq Homo mn fn oripepo: o xorv6gxrpuor"r(riq, Homo troglodytes' o nurypoioq xqtno:'.l.(ng, Homopaniscus' <oro tpitoq xrpnow(rig (o ovOponrvog rpuow(rlq),Homo sapiens. qooov o yopili.og 6rcgoponoreircr e.\<inoro ne-proodrepo, 6xororircr oxe66v e{ioou vo Oetopeitor o tdtoptoei6oq ou ydvoug Homo.

Evtorirorq, ox6pn xor orro{rv6por nou ono6ixovtorrnv r.lo-6rotu<f 6ror<otixovtor on6 ovOponoxevtpropd, xor ovoprgiBo.tro0o 6uoxo.Leurofv vo <<xo'ronrorjv>nv rclrv6pnon ovOprlnouror xrpnovr(ri8cov oro i6ro y6vog. C)or6oo, 6ev un<ipxer op<pr-Bo-Lio n, 6-rov or xrpnovr(ri6eg 6r6ox0orjv <.Lo6rotrxfl, i 6tov



O TPITO: XIMNANTZHI

ro6rvdFol orrd ro Ardornpo srnoKsErofv rn fn Kor Koroypd-

qrouv ouq Kc'rofKouq nq, 0o uroOerdoouv venrgfLcxro rn vioror<iro{n.

notA EYTKEKPtMENAoNlatAatAoEpoyNMETA:Y v0prinou Kor xr-pnow(r16ov; nporori €{€rdooupe owri tnv epotnon, np€nernpoto vc rotovoriooupe tr oxprB6q <iver o yevetrx6 pog u.l.r-K6. ro DNA.

Mey<ii'o (ooq to peyo-Lrftapo- p6poq rori DNA pog 6svixer lvoord .lerroupyio xor ev6ixetor vo pnv onote.le( nop<i<poprox<i xor.mi6rc>: 6pro DNA,6n-Lo6f, o ono(o dxow rmo-orei 6rntrcoroo;.roriq 6 exouv ono).ioer rrq rrp6r€peq €rtoupyiegrouq Kor ro onoio 6€v e{ogovicrnxov o116 n guorxri en .oyiener6d 6ev poq npo{evoriv rox<i. H nipro -Lertoupyio ou un6-.LornouDNA oxetf(eror pe tn ofv0eon rov poxprdrv o-Luoi6ovo;rrvoldrov nou ovopci(oupr nporriveg. Oproprveg nporeivegouyxpotoriv pey<itro dpog mg 6opriq rou otipor6q poq (6noqn xeporir.n trov rprx<,iv ri ro xo.tr-Loy6vo ou ow6:rrrori rcrof),evcl <ii-Leq, ou onoro.Loiivror iv(upo, ouv0irow xor droonofvto neproo6tepo on6 to tm6.Lorno p6pro tou or6potoq. H oi.-lntrouxio tov prxpdrv popirov vouxleon6rxiq B<ioerq) ou ou-yKpororiv ro DNA Ko0opikr rnv ol-trn-Louxio r,rv cprvoldt'rv onqnpoteiveg pog. A-tr-tropipn rou lertoupyrxoti DNA suefvowor

yro tov dtre1xo nq np<lreivoofv0aonq.An6 to nopotnprioll.ro xoporcnprmx<i pog, euxoi.dtepo pno-

poriv vo yrvouv xotovonrd ond yevenxri dnoryn exeivo nou o-ge owcr oe pepovopiveq npoteiwq xor pepovr,rpivo yovf6rc.fro nopci6er,ypo, orpoogorpivn onoretreirot on6 6rio oluoi6eqoprvo{irov, xoOepio er tov ono(ov xoOopi(eror on6 dvo pepo-v<opdvo oppdrl DNA(ivo pepovopivo <yovf6ro>). o 6Uo ow<i

yovi6rc 6ev ex6ni.ovouv <i.\-Leq opotnpiorpeq em8p<ioerq i-pov rou xo0oprqrori ng 6opriq nq orpoogorpivnq, onoio ono-w<i onoxtrermrxci ro epu0pci rcq orpoogoipro. Awrorpdgarg, n6opfi tnq orpoogorpivng oOopi(etor e{o-}.ox-tripou n6 ro ou-yxexprpivo yovi6ro. To tr tpote xor to n6oo 'yupv<i(eme no-



MIA :TOPIA PIONXIMNANTZHAON

p€i vo €rrnpsdoouv nv rroodTnro nq orpoogcrpivnq nv orloio

rropdyr e. c.,\.trdxr rrg ,\rnropiprrrq rnq 6opriq nq.H nopon<ivo napinrroon eivqr n orl.Lorimapn uvotri r.m<ip-

xor.rvdprog ror yovi6ro nou 6ev ennped(ouv ivc ol,L<ino-l-Lrinopornpiorpo xopoxtnprmu<ti. ro nop<i6erypo, mn v6oo Tay-Sachs, ro 0vnory6vo yevetrxri 6ro'ropoxri, urreroipxowor no-L--Liqoupneprgopxig xor ovotoprriq ovropo}ieq: rctdoxetn or-d.dpporo, <iropnrn mcion o6pcroq, xttprvr,lnd 6dppo, orgrioxn

ov<irnu{n rng xegofuig, xor <il-}.o o0o}oyrx<i,ywopiopo, . Xtnvnporerpivn nepirrroon, qvtopi(oqre 6n dLeq ourig or fioporn-priorpeg enr6p<ioerq poximrolrv trre ciuorov rp6no on6 olloyigoe ivo povo6rx6 v(upo -n 6opri rou onoiou xo0opi(etor ondto yovi6ro Tay-Sachs-, o-l-Lri ev yvropi(oupe oq oxprpcOg up-Boiver owd. Egdoov ro ouryxexprpivo v(qro onow<i oe uol--Lorig otoriq rou o<irpor6g og r<or6roonri ivo xorv6 xwtopr-16 oumotrxd, rrxdv o-l,loyig oe ow6 ro ivo iv(upo em<pdpoweupfroreg xor ev tiLer 0ovorng6peq ouvineteq. Awrotp<igog,opropdvo vtopioporo, dnoq to uyoq ooq xot<i tnv evn-lxioon,ennpe<i(owcr rowdxpovo on6 no.tr-Lti ovi6tc oMri ror cn6 ne-prBo-l-Lowrrorlquopriyoweq (-trdyou tipn, tn 6ro'rporgfi ocq ro'rcirnv uor6xri n-\u<io ac).

Mo.Lov6tror ernmripoveq xorovooriv pe i.ernopipeto tn .Ler-roupyio nolu<iprOpov yovr6iarvnou xoOopi(ow tn 6opri yvto-mov pepovropivrov ipor€ivdv, ewor.rrorg yvtlpi(oupe noi.ri ).t-ydrepc yro rn .Lerroupyio ovr6iov to onoio unero€pxol'tor oexopoxrnprmxd nou xoOopi(owor pe noLfnloxo tp6no, 6noqor neproodtepaq upneprgopiq. Oo rirov nop<i-Loyoo oxerptotipe 6tr xcpoxrnprmrxci ywropiopoto ou ov0pr,rnou, noq n ri-xvn, n ylcirooo xqr n enr0etx6tnto, e{optr,rwot ou6 dvo po-vo6rrd, crvd nepinroon, yovi6ro. Or oupneprgoprxiq 8rogopiq

pero{ri pepovclpivr'rv ovOponov npogovcig ennpeci(owot on-powrxci ond to neprB<ii-\ov, ivor 6e r6roitepo op<p ey6pevogo pdi.oq nou noi(ouv ro yovi6ro oe tdtoreq pepovopiveq 6ro-gopiq. Ewornorq, orlq ouFrlsprgopiq nou 6toqipor.x mo0epciov<ipeoo oe xrpnow(ri6eq xor ovOpououg eivor no}f nr0ovdv



O TPITO: XIMNANfZH'

vo uneroipxowor y€v€rrKiq 6rogopig, po.Lovdr 6ev pnoporipe

ordpn vo npoo6ropiooqre oe noro yovi6ro ogerlowor. fro no-p<i6erypo, o yeyovdq <irr or <ivOp<uor rrnopouv vo pr-Lotjvo-tr-l<ior xrpnow(riDeg dxr oEeiletor oogo-trclg e rdnoreq 6rogop6qmo yovi6ro nou ro0opi(ouv rnv ovoropio rou .l\dpu1"yo ar tnouv6eopo).oyio ou eyxep<i-Lou. Evoq veop<iq rpnow(riq nouovorpcignxe mo onirr ev6q rprxoi.dyou po(i pe tov owoprii.r-xo yro tou qrr-xoL6you, 6ev incqre vo ;ror<i(er rre rpnow(6 ror

6ev poOe or.rre o prld offr vo rrsprrord 6p0roq. To xot<i n6oo6;r<oq voq <iv0ptlnoq 0o pr-trripe erxipero o1"y.hx<i i xopec'nx<i6ev e{opt<iror on6 yov(6ro o-L}.<i nox-lermrxd onri to y.loooxdrou neprBd-tr-Lovot<i tnv nor6xri rou n.tru<io, noq 6exvow ory).ooorxig 6elr6tnteq ppegarv Kopeorarv ou uro0erri0nxov n6ol"yldgrovouq yoveiq.

'Exovtog ourd Kord vou, rr ;rnopofpe vo nodpe yro to l,60lorou DNA poq rrou 6rogdper on6 tov xrpnovt(ri6ov; fvopi(oupe6rrro yovi6rd poq yro tnv xfpro orpoogorpivn 6ev 6rogipouvro06-\ou, ror 6tr pxpdq 6rogopdq nopouor<i(ouv opropivo <iL-.Loyov(6ro.Xrrq ewio npr,xei'vrxdg .truoi6eq ou cv0p<irnou orrou xorvori xrpnovt(f nou dxouv e{eraorei pdxpr oripepo, pdirqniwe cn6 tq 1.271 uvo).rr<ioprvo{io 6rogipouv: ivo oprvo{rioc pro nptorcivn rov pu<irv ou i.dyrtor puoogorpivn, dvo o€ Fro6eurepefouoo oi.uoi6o tnq orpoogcrpivng nou triyeror o).uoi6o6i.lto, xor tpio oe ivo iv(upo nou ovo;r<i(ercr oppovtrfi ovu-6p<ion.Aevyvr,rpi(outrre polqoxdpn noro rpriporo rou DNA FoSeuOtvovtor yro trg .lertoupyrxd onpcvtrr€q 610gopiq peroqfrou ovOponou xor rou xrpncvt(f, trq onoieq 0o ou(ntfooupeoro Keq<i-Loro ir,og 7i -trs 6rogopiq oe yvopioporo duoq ropiye0oq tou eyreg<|Lou, n ovoropio tng trexcivnq, ou ).ripuyyoror trov yewntrxtirv opy<iv<ov, 'rprxoguib tou oclpotoq, o ippn-

vog xUrcLoq or n eptr.rnvdnouon. r on;rov'rrriq outiq 6rogopigoogofu,iq 6ev ogeiLovror oro niwe 6rogopetrx<i oprvo{io nou€xouv evronrorei pdxpr oipepo. En( rou nop<ivroq, pe oryouprcipnoporipe vo notpe pov<ixo o e{riq: 6tr peyci.lopipoq tori oNepog eivor <ixpnoro 6tr pdpoq tou.L<ixrorov ou 6togoponoro0



MIA :TOPIATPINNXIMNANTZHAON

1,6010ou DNA pos sivor srrionq dxpnoro KordTr or .LstroupyrKd

onpovrrKiq 6rogopig npiner vo ogei.Lovror onor-L:rotrxd oex<inoroprxp6 x-Ldopc or.i 1,6010,o onoio 6ev ixer p€xpr oflpe-po npoo6roprorei.

Xto prrpd outd 6rocpoponor6 -Liiopo orj DNApoq, Kdrrolss6rogopiq ixow peyo,\ritepeq winereg yro ro orotrro oq on' 6,tr<iMeq.Ko-r<i pcotov, o nsproo6tepc oprvo{io rrov nprortivrovro0opi(owor ond 6rjo tou.tr<ixrmov rogopetrxig o-l-trn-Loux(eq

voux-Leorr6rr6vdorov

rou DNA. Or oMoyiq tc.rv voux-Leotr6r-xt'.lvp<ioerov nd pro titoro o.tr-ln.Lor.rx(c e rdnoro evo-l-Loxtrxfowtmorjv notonnpig> p:roitr<i{erq: 6ev uopriyow xotrrio oMo-yri mrq oprvo{rxig o.\-trn-}.ouxiaqr,rv np<lreivr,rv. Ardtrrn 6;roq xor6'rov n oMoyi oe pro p<ion6woq nporolei tnv owrxcr<imoonevdq oprvo[ioq on6 ivo tLLl,o, n<ipxer mOovdtnto ro 6to opr-vo{io vo ixouv no}.rj nopdporeg nprxiq t8rdtnteq, evo ev6ixe-tot to oprvo{r.i ou owrxoOiorotor vo

trrnpioreror oe euofo0nro

rpdpo tng nporeivnq.Opropravo ipn ;rroq porrivnq, dpoq, xouv xpiorpn onpo-

oio yro rn ).erroupyfo nq. Xe ivo titoro pipoq, n ov'nxot<ioro-on evdq oprvo{ioq on6 x<inoro xnpx<i ovdporo oprvo{t eivorntOov<jv o :nrgdptr ovrxvefor;:eg ouvdnereq. H trreooyeroxriovorpio, .dyou x<ipn oo0ivaro nou ouxv<i ono6errvferor 0o-vorngdpo-, ogei.\etor oe pro petopohi rnq 6rolur6rnroq rnsorpoogorpivnq nou npoxfnter on6 tnv otrloyfl ev<iq rihq ondto 287 oprvo{io rnq, n onoio pe tn oerp<i ng ogei}.eror otnvo-L-\oyri v6q on<i ro tpio vouxtreorf6ro rou npoo6ropi(ouv toouyxexprpivo oprvo{ri. Me rnv o-\-\oyri cutri, ovrrro0iorotqrivo opvnrrxti <poptropivo oprvo{f pe ivo pn goprropivo, ;re-top<ili.ovroq dror to nlextprx6 goprlo oldr,Lnpou rou popioutnq or;roogorpivnq.

flopdrr 6ev yvropi(oLJrs oro ouyxerprpivc yovi8ro ri noregouyrerprpiv:q voux-LeotrSrxiq Brioetg xow xpiorpn ontrrooioyro ttg nopotnporipeveq 8rogopiq poq on6 touq xrpnow(ri6eq,undpxouv no).u<iprOpo ponyoOpevo 6nou o.tr-Loyiq e ivo rii.iyo yovi6ro enrgipow gey<i,leq winereq. Avdrpepo dfug rrq



O TPITOTXIMNANTZHT

rro.\-Liq, nFawrKiq xcr opatig 6rotpopiq ovcipeoo orouq guor-

o.\oyrxoriqovOpronoug or mouq ndoxoweg on6 rn v6oo Tay-Sachs, ieg ar tr'lv onoir'lv npoximrouv pe r<tinorov pdno on6trricpovo6rrui o-Llcyri oe ivo 6v(upo. llprixertcr yro dva nop<i-6er1po 6rotpop<irv ero{rl cr6trrtov ou cvrixow mo i6ro ei6oq.'Ooo yro q 6rogopiq ovripeoo oe oul"yevrrci i6n, 6vo xo.l6 no-pd6erypo ;roq upoogipouv or xrx-Li6eq nq -Li;rvnqBrrrcipro, ornvAgprxri. Or xrx.Lf6eq ivor dnporprfui pdpro ov evu6peiov, pe6roxrioronepinou ei6n vo onawoUv onox.Lermu<d n pic orrrd.\ipvn -dnou e{e-}.ix0nxov n6 6vqv povo6rx6 np6yovo, rn0o-v6roro pdoo oro reLeurofo 200.000 p6rro. To 6rox6oro olrr<iei6n 6rogipow mrq tpoErxig toug otruriOereg oo 6rogipouv ortiyperq on6 trq oyeki6eg. Opropdvo pdrve gfxn tou piv0ouq,<i.\.Lopove y<ipro, evdr <iLl,oow0l,iBow oo.Lryxcipro, pigoworpe n-Loyrrdv, m<ivow €wopo, quoonoUy -ro -\inro ci-tr-Larvyo-pu,lv e{er6rxerjowor mo vo opn<i(ow ipppuo rpoprr,lv n<i rqpntipeq touq. Ewofrorq, or xrx.Li6eq ng lipvnq Brxt<ipro 6ro-rpdpouv ot<i pioo 6po p6.Lrg to 0,4o/o .rovpdo€ov rou DNAnou ixer e{etomei. Me d-l-tro tr6yro, onortofwov .Lry<itepeq e-verrx€q pero.LL<i{srqro vo F€rorponei €vo q<iprnou ow0lfBeroo-Lryr<iprc e 6vov e{er6rxeupdvo o}ogdvo Fopov qn' 6,rr yrovo npoxurpoupe epeiq on6 x<inorov ni0nxo.

EXoYN PA|E ANEAEYPHMATAro rn yrvrrrrri pcq on<imoonond rouq xrtrrnow(rl8eq euprrrepeg w6nereq, ndpo ond rexvrxdq rprioeolq ponipoto yrjpo ond to{rvoprxdq ovopcoieg; Oronpovur<orepcq ooq or,vcnereq gopol,rv ov rpdno oxcynq ;roqoxelxd pe tn Oion rou ovOpdrnou or tov nr0drcov mo X0pnov.To ovdpoto onote.Lofv x<irr neproodtepo onri texr,rriq .l.errro-trr6pereg xgpci(ouv xcr 6nproupyorJv wrLriryerg. fro vo ner-

otefre, eurxerprlo're c orroxo-Lioere on6rye ov/rn oivrpog6ooq <oy<inn ou> ri <youpofvr>, e rnv i6ro xgpoon xor tov i6rot6vo grovriq.)To vio eupripoto 6ev 6reuxprvi(or,w roqoqal),ouytvo oxe<ptdpome ro tov <iv0pono xor toug nrOdxoug. Om6oo,<inrog xove ror n Kamyayi tav e66v rov LopBivou,nr0ov<iro-



MIA I ITOPIA PINNXIIVINANTZHAON

To 0o errnp€d<ow ov rpdlo p€ rov olroio drrrog xtgtdpome,

xor m0ov6roro 0o xperomei vo nspdoow opK€Td pdvro npo-rof cnovonpoo6roplooqre tq owdriryerg poq. Oo ovogipro vop6vo nopci8erypo vdq opgrlay<ipevou e8iou nou ev6ixetor voennpeomei: o 'rpdnoq pe rov onoio peroxarpr(dpoot: touq m-0riroug.

Xripepo rcivoupe pro 0epei.uir6n tcixpron ovtipeoo oto (oo(oupnrp .oppovopivov rov m0irtov) ror rov <iv0pcono) orcru-

ri opilxt tov nOrxd pog rt66rxo ror o6nyei rrq npri{erg pog. fronopci6er1ryo, norq euroripovo otnv opxn tou xe<po).oiou, eo-peiror ono6exr6 vo r<porcipr m0ixouq oe x-l,oupr<i g erOiporooe (too.Loyrxoriq nrrouq, o-lld dxr vo xtivoupe o i6ro oe cv0pro-nouq. Avoptltripcr noq 0o oroOcv0ei o xotv6 6Tov, orov (roo-loyrxd ruino, n iv6er{n oro r-LouBi ov xrpuow(ri6<ov yp<iger<Homo roglodytes,. x6pn, ov 6ev ritov to oioOnpo oqrnd0eroqyro touq mOrixouq nou yerwritor oe noLlofq cvOpr,rrouq imepcon6 pro enioxeryn mo (oo.loyrrd rrino, ev8exopivoq vo tmripxeno.Lt .Lry6tepn 6npdoro orrovoprxri unoorripr{n otrq npoonti-0ereq ov naprBo-l-lowrmcov c npomoretoouv touq me dxouqornv <ivoro@fon.

Enroripcvo enionq vopirepo 611 0eopeircr yalrrci cnoSexrdvo unoB<i.l-Loupe reriKouq, l-ld 6xl ov0ponouq, oe Oovotngd-po nerp<iporo o rouq oxonoUq rnqlqlplKnq pauvoc, opi( Tnor-1.r<or<i0eoriouq. To xivnrpo yro tn 8re{oyroyri ov ouyrerpr-pivov nerpcprirov ouvimotor orprpr'rg mo yeyovdq d'n or nf-Omor ixouv 16oo pey<i.trn evelxri opor<irnro pe rov <ivOpono.Ilpoop<ll}owor on6 noMdg orrd rlq ooOdvsrss ou npoopci-L-, \ouv or ep<ig , or o ocopo ouq rorp iv t ror o rouc no0oycivouq prKpoopyovropofg e nop6poro tp6no. Og ex toLtou, oeotlryxpron e to nerp<iporo oe onoro6fnore <il-lo (roo, ro ner-

pciporo oe m0ixouq npoogdpowor nohi neptoo6repo yrd rnvovoxcirLuqrn e.ltrr'rpfvr'rvpioov Oeponaioq ro oo0ivereq nounpoop<li-low rov <iv0pcono.

H n0rxn qurr i nr t royn roq ipvr r o r r rp€ToTTouqt svo ordpn 6uoxo.L6repo p<5Blnpo s rrpog ov ayrLerop6 ur0ri-



O TPITOI XIMNANIZHI

Kov or <oo-LoyrKoris riTrouq.To KdTo r<dtr,r, oi.ov6tr tortt-

x<i xleivoupe oe ri.ouBr<ieroroppfpro eyrlnpotieq Kdro 0116xerp6tepag ouvOrixeg uyrptnx<i pe eKsivsq ou prcivouvor ni-Onxor ov (oo.Loyrxrirv rirnov, 6ev urrdpxsl KdTroro orvovrrciono6errd ovOpd)firvo vritroyo ng torprKriq dpsuyoq orq <60,polovdtr n 6re{oyoyi 0ovorngdprov nerpop<itr,tv e ov0p6noug0o nop:ixe orouq aflrorripoveq no]ri neproodt€po rro].trrpeqn.Lnpogopieq rr' d,rr n 8reloyoyf ov<itroyorv erpo1r<irov a xr-

pncvt(ri6eg. Evtourorq, c cv0p6rnvo rrsrpdporo nou 6refrlyo-yov or vc(i yrorpoi oe orpor6ne6o ouyrivrpoong ouyxoro-tr€yo-vrol) Kord rorvri opoi,oyio, oro rrliov crrorp6noro eyr.Lripororov NoEi. ro noro Ldyo 0aopeiror ooor6 vo 6re[tiyoupe iroronslpdporo os xrpncvt(ri6eg;

flpiner vo onogoofooul.ls os rroro onpeio rou tpcioporoq ndLopoxrripro st,rq ov dvepalno 0 vq oKorooouFe vor g<ivoqKol ro vo gcipe rovrpo-hop6g. Or neproo<i'repot drow ro 6propeto{rl ov0p6nou rar <i.}.ovov tm6).ornov (tirrov. iop' 6l,c ou-rd, opKsroi dv0ponor eivcr xoprogdyol ror opvor.ir-ror o gdveonoro6fnote (clo (ov xcr 6ixowor vo gdvs qurd). Kct r.mcip-xl pro oloavo rno eopupo6nq rLoqrntpio, ou €vrdoorlol oroxivnpo rmip rov 6rKoropdTov <ov rirtov,n orroio owrrie€Tororn 6rs6oyoyi rotptxov rrslpopdrov a€ <6a -i o€ optoFivorou].dxrorov (c6o. To ev ,\dyo Kivnpo owrri0sror rupirog otnvipewc oe y<iteq, orftrouq xor npoteriowo, ev6rorpiperor rry6re-po yro ro rrovtiKro, or :v yiv€r ororrci oe <i,l ogop<i o iwopcxor ro Bqruioro.

Av o nOrrdq poq K66lKoq oflo6ixsror prc cpryr,tq oueoips-Tn 8rdKpron ovtipsoo mov <ivOpono Kor os d-Lo c und.Lornoei6n, rd're ixoqre ivov xc66rro o orroioq Booi(eror oe onporri-Itmto eyorotrrd ol mspsiTor onorou6finore urpn-Ldtapou 6eci-

6ouq. Av owi0e'rc 6pr,rg or 6roxpio:rq rou xo6u<<ipog Booi(owormnv ov6T€pn euguio poq, mlq Korvovxiq trroqox6oerg <or mnvKovdrnrci Foq vo croOcvdpome o6fvn, rdre 6forolo pnopori-Fs vc urrspoornmoile ivcv rcir8rxo tou t(mou <6-trq i rinotc>nou 8roxopi(er rov dveporro ond 6-Lo o urr6Lorfio (r'ro. Aw'



I\,,1IA:TOPIA TPINN XIMNANTZHAON

ourot, 0o dnpene vc roxiouv 6ro<popetu<oi 0uoi uepropropoi

yrc Tnv ipeuvo enf 8ro<popetrxov orrrov er6rov.'Iooq ioo ondrnv unepdonron tnq nopoxopnong er6rxr'lv 6xotr,rp<itov mcItbo nou otl"yevafouv neproo6repo pe ep<iq va pnv rpripetornop<i o eyonop6q pcq, ovo6u6pevoq pe vdo opgieon. llop' 6i.oorrrd, 0c pnopor.ioe oveig, pooropivog moug uopriyoweg noup6hq ovigepo (euEuio, rorvovu<ig oxioerq r.Ln.), va toxupt-orei owxerpenr<ti 6tr or xrpnow(ri8eq xor or yopiMeq xpri(ow

6roqopelxng n0u<rig wrperdrnronq oe oxion pe to iwopa Kotto pcxrriprc. Av r-urcipxer vo :i6oq (6ou nou oripepc xpnorFo-noreitor oe rcrpxti nerptipoto xot ro onoio 6rxoto).oyeitor voonox-Lermei .trrlpoq n6 our<i, o ei6oq owd ovopgipoi.o eivoro xrpnow(rig.

Xrnv nepintoon tou xrpnow(ri, to n0u<d ilnppo yfpro on6tn 6re{oyr,ryri nerpop<irov o: (tiro :wsiv€ror arrd ro ysyovdq 6rlnp<irertor yro cnslLofpevo ei6og. Xtnv nporsrp€r,n n:pirrroon,ro rorprrci nerpdpoto 6ev orotdrvouv on-Lrirq propdvo <itopc o-L-).ri oneri.orjv vo e{owooow o.Ldx.lnpo o ei6og. Arrrd 6ev onpci-ver 6tr or onortIioarg nq ipeuvoq ouvrmofv tn povo6rrri oner-.trn ro touq nln0uoporig xrpnow(f6tlv mnv dyprc @rion mrqpeyd,laq onerl€g or,-yroto.L€yowor n xotcorpogri rov evdrottn-p<irov touq xor n oxpo-Lotrorl rouq yro sTKi.sloFd oe (oololn-xoriq xrinoug. AM<i ror pdvo ro y:yov6q 6r or oncrrrioerq nqipelrvog ouvrmoriv onpcwxri onelln opr<ei. To nOrxd 8ilnppoeweive'rcr nepcrripo ror on6 cil-Louq op<iyoweq: l xot<i pf-oo 6po ororovowor opxeroi tiypror xrpncw(Ii6sq nporarpivouvo ou.l-lnE0ei ivog (owov6g xrpncw(riq (ou.xvrixrinoro vecpd<iropo rm6 rnv npoorooio rnq pntdpoq tou) r<or o patcgep0eioe epewntrrd epycmrlpro' dtr ot totptxoi epewnriq ixouv noi-{er prrpd potro oLnv npoond0eto o npoororcurofv or <lyptor

n.\n0uopor xrpnorr(ri6r,rv, nopd ro npo,povrq oLllrpipov ouq oeouro xor oLr or xrpnow(ri6sg iou xpnolpo olouvrolyro spsuvnrrrofg oronorjg ouxv<i potofwor un6 er6ex0eiq uv0rireq.O npr,rtoq xrpnow(fiq nou ei6o vo xpnorponoreitor ytc rotpuriipeuvo eixe exteOei oe dvov 0ovotng6po rd ppo8eioq 6p<ionq



O TPITO: XIMNANTZH:

Kor, pixpl vo rrsedvsr, Kporoliwov yro opKsrd xpdvro o.LoFd-

voxoq, xopiq Kovivo rrorxvi6r, os €vo FrKp6cuifuo xlouBi moE0vrxci vmrrofto Yysioq rov HnA.

H ev oxpofu,roic ertpogri xrpnow(d6ov yro sp€uvnfiKotqoKonofs TropoKdprner rq evm<ioerg rou srnKolouwol Tn p€i-toon rov nlnOuoprov oug otnv ciypto Qtion. Aev prrop€i 6poqvo npootpiper .fon mo poox6 6i,\nppo neproo6rspo ond 600pnoporjoe vo 6u<orol.oyfoer n 6rorripnon tnq Souleicg otrq

HIIA Tou 19ou qrrovo o 6tr or 6of.Lor ltov nor6r<i poripov nouyswdenr<ov sKsi F€rd rnv xcr<lpynon ou ogprKot'rKof 6ou].s-trrnopiou. tc noro .Ldyo 0eopeitor ono6err<1 o 6tef<iyoupe er-p<ipoto mov Horr o troglodytes oNtd 6xt rxov Homo sapiens: Andrnv <irl-h pepr<i, r,lq0o a{npiooupe mouq yoveig nor6rciv nouxrv6uvefouv vq neO<ivouv nd oo0ivereq or onoieq pe-Lerdwcroe xrpnow(r16:q ev orxpotrrooio tr ro nor6r<i oug eivor Lry6te-po onpcwrxri on' 6,rr or xrpnow(ri6eg; Xe relrrri

ov<i-Luon,qrpopepiq owdg onog<ioerq 0o unoxpeo0oripe vo rrq .L<ipoupeepeig, o rorvri, xor dxr or emmdpovaq. To p6vo oiyoupo eivor6tt n ondgcori poq 0o ro0oprmei on6 rnv owilnyri poq yro rov<iv0pono or rouq rn0riroug.

Tilog, or o-tr-Loyignq mriong poq on€vcwr moug m0fixougiooq ono6eu0ei xpiorpn yo to r<otd n6oo or niOmor 0c emBr-tooouv i 6xr mnv <iyproQfon. Xfpepo, or n.lnOuopof ouq oner-i.oirwor rupioq on6 rnv rorcorpogf rov ev6tortnp<irrov ouqmo 6rion ppoxriq ng Agpxrig ror rnq Aoiog, ror on6 ug vdpr-trreg or nop<ivop:q orxpc,\rooieq cr 6oLorpovieq. v n tpixouootdon 6totnpn0ei, t6te, pixpr vo onogorrrioouv ond ro oxoleio'rc onpeprv<i rrog dmo, o opeoiproq opilioq, o oupoyxorriyroq,o mi.otpdpoq ipp ovog (Hylobates ileatus), yi$$ovo9 ou Kloss(Hylobates lossii) or m0ovoq pepxoi ordpn ni0nxor 0o tmdp-xow pdvo oe (r,loi.oyrxoriq uinoug. Aev cprofv ro xnp{rypotomrq rcupepvfoerq nq Ouyxriwog, rov Zoip ror rng Iv6ovnoiogyro rnv n0rrri touq unoxpioon vo npomotsrioouv roug riyprougnr0ixouq rouq. Tc xpcitn or.rr<i ivor gtoxti, xor n 6nproupyioxor on'rripnon e0vxciv nciprcov omi(et. Av epeig, o tpitoq xr-



MIA I:TOPIATPIONXIfuINANTZHANN

prrovrEfg, arrogoofooqre 6rr or dMor 6rio npncw(r16eq o[i-

(ouv vo ool0orlv, t6te 6oor (oripe orrg ntrorioreq xc6peg npinervc emgoptrmor3pa pe to peydtritepo pepiSro tou x6moug, le6,tr ogop<i toug mOrixoug, n onpcvnx6tepn owCnero rov 6o<,rveoxdrog pdOope yro tnv rmopio tr,rv tprr6v xrpuow(n6orv 0cgovei mo n6oo np60upc 0o 6arroripe vc nlnpd)ooqre ro Lo-yoprcop6.

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