jappyanese mental health system reform process and ...npo-jam.org/en/pdf/en_data_001.pdf ·...
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Japanese Mental Health System Reform p yProcess and Comparisons with Australia
Yutaro SetoyaYutaro SetoyaTadashi Takeshima
National Institute of Mental Health JAPANNational Institute of Mental Health, JAPAN
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Contents
• Current Situation of Mental Health and Welfare Services in JapanWelfare Services in Japan
• Mental Health Reform Process in Japan• Comparison of key data with Australia • Implications to Japan• Implications to Japan
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JJapan• Population:• Population:
128M (Australia 20M)• Area:• Area:
378,000 sq km (Australia 7,687,000)• GDP per capita:• GDP per capita:
29,400US$ (Australia 28,900US$)High population densityHigh population density.About the same GDP per capitaComparing the data divide by six to know theComparing the data, divide by six to know the
equivalent size in Australia
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C S fCurrent Situation ofMental Health Services in JapanMental Health Services in Japan
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Difference of health system Aus &JpnIn Japan there is…• No GP• No catchment area. Patient can choose
wherever they want to gowherever they want to go• Universal health insurance with copayment
F f i h f di l i• Fee for service scheme for medical service• Private and public hospital on same scheme,
with same price
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M t l H lth S i i JMental Health Services in Japan• Mental Hospitals (80% private)• Out patient clinics (private practice)• Home visit by nurse
Med
• Daycare center• Pt. and Family Psychoeducation/Social
Skill T i i /O ti l th
ical
Skills Training/Occupational therapy…• Half-way homes (rehabilitation facilities)
G H
Soc
• Group Home• Home help
Job coaching/s pported emplo ment
ial We
• Job coaching/supported employment• Care management
lfare
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Mental HospitalsMental Hospitals
M t l h it l 1 669 N f B d 350 000•Mental hospitals: 1,669. No of Beds: 350,000.28.1 beds per 10,000 people. (No of pt. 330,000)•Forms of the establishment: University hospitals 5%University hospitals 5%Public hospitals 15%P i t h it l 80%Private hospitals 80%. •40% of the inpatients are over 65 years old, and more than 70% are staying longer than one year.
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Mental Hospitals cont• All beds of national and public mental hospitals
Mental Hospitals cont.All beds of national and public mental hospitals accepts involuntary hospitalization.
• 68% of the private mental hospitals also have68% of the private mental hospitals also have beds for involuntary hospitalization.
• In Japanese mental health services privateIn Japanese mental health services, private facilities are playing a central role.
• Co-payment of medical services are 30% sameCo payment of medical services are 30%, same in public or private. For chronic mental ill patient, co-payment is 10% or less, depending on income. p y p g
• Most of the fund goes to Mental hospital. We must allocate more fund to community mental yhealth.
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Other Medical servicesOther Medical services• No. of mental clinics 3,682. Almost all of
h li i ithe clinics are private.• About 800 mental hospitals and 300 mental
clinics provide psychiatric day care.• Home-visit nursing by mental hospitals: g y p
total number of about 43,000 cases per month.
• Group therapy, Occupational therapy, and other programs are conducted at hospital
• Family psychoeducation is also widely conducted.
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Psychitric beds per 1,000 peopleAustralia
(OECD Health Data 2002
4.5
5Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech RepublicFinland
3 5
4
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
U.S.
S i l d
Finland
Sweden
Luxembourg
3
3.5 Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
JapanU.K.
Australia
Switzerland
2
2.5Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
L bGermany
Australia
1
1.5
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
P l
Germany
0.5
1 Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
SwedenKorea
0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
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Mental Health Personnel (Full time)Mental Health Personnel (Full time)at Mental Hospital
No. of person No. of beds per person
Psychiatrists 9,527 37.2Nurses 53,378 6.6Assistance Nurses 49 554 7 2Assistance Nurses 49,554 7.2Nursing aids 35,604 10.0OTs 3 832 92 6OTs 3,832 92.6 PSWs 4,503 78.8Clinical Psychologists 1,496 237.1Clinical Psychologists 1,496 237.1
2002 No. of beds 354,721We have many staff working at hospital.
We must move this workforce into community practice
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Length of Stay of Psychiatric Inpatientsg y y p500
600
300
400
200
0
100
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001
LOS No. of beds per 100,000
inpatient person-dayLength of stay =
1/2 (No. of admission + No. of discharge)Length of stay is gradually becoming shorter since 1985.
Length of stay =
However, it is still long due to long stay patients.
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Survival Curves of Inpatients Admittedp
90%
100%
70%
80%
40%
50%
60%
20%
30%
40%
0%
10%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
When seeing the inpatients admitted, • Half of the newly admitted patients are discharged within 2 months.y p g• About 15% of the patients are still staying after a year.
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No. of Inpatients by Length of StayNo. of Inpatients by Length of Stayover 20 years
5 years - 10 years
10 years - 20 years
3 th 6 th
6 months - 1 year
1 year - 5 years
under 1 month
1 month - 3 months
3 months - 6 months 2003200220012000
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000
under 1 month
Length of stay varies; 30% stays less than a year and remaining 70% are staying longeryear, and remaining 70% are staying longer.
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Age of Inpatientsg p2002
2003
2000
2001
1994
1996
1998
1990
1992
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100
1988
• About 40% of the inpatients are over 65 years old
under 20 20-40 40-65 20-65 over 65
About 40% of the inpatients are over 65 years old. • Aging of psychiatric inpatients are advancing.
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Number of Psychiatric Inpatients and y pLength of Stay (Summary)
• Among the newly hospitalized patients at psychiatric hospitals, 50% discharged within about 2 months, 14% stayed longer than 1 year. Of• Of the inpatients staying at mental hospitals, 30% are staying for less than a year, and 40% are over 65 years old This is because40% are over 65 years old. This is because the patients who cannot get discharged from the psychiatric hospital and move tofrom the psychiatric hospital and move to the other rehabilitation facilities are aging.
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Community care
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Rehabilitation and Residential Facilities in Community
• Welfare facilities are mostly private owned (social welfare corporations, medical corporations, NPOs)NPOs).
• Administrating finance is from public funds.• Users can choose the facility and are registered• Users can choose the facility, and are registered
to the facility. Usually the database of each facility is not linked with others.
• Entering the facilities, users must be assessed and have a care plan.
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Rehabilitation facilities• Half way homes with limit for stay• Half-way homes with limit for stay
(e.g.6months, 2years)• Units varies by function, from 10 to 30
users• Place to gather from home• Offers psychosocial rehabilitation such as• Offers psychosocial rehabilitation, such as
ability for daily living (e.g. cooking, buying, telephone use public transport )telephone use, public transport…)
• Some offers opportunity to work
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Group Homes
• Place to stay for long term, for those whom they can live on their own
• Units are about 5-6 usersUnits are about 5 6 users• Some is a big house with many rooms,
t tsome are apartments• One staff comes on daytimeOne staff comes on daytime
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Community Rehabilitation Facilitiesy
Target No of capacityg capacity
Facility for training in daily life*
Person without home and can not live independently 5,684
Welfare home* Person without home 3,165
Residential vocational Person without home and needs 806facility* vocational training 806
Outpatient vocational facility
Person who needs vocational training 6,271facility training
Welfare factory Person who can not work because of interpersonal reasons 462
C fCommunity life support center
Provides consultation and liaison with other facilities 452 places
Group home* Person who can live communally 6,404Group home Person who can live communally 6,404
*residential facilities
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No of Beds in Hospital and FacilitiesNo. of Beds in Hospital and FacilitiesAdult acuteAdult acuteAdult non-acuteChild & AdolescentAged
0 50 100 150 200 250
Rehabilitation facilityGroup Home
No. of beds for mentally ill people per 100,000 population are 28.1 in mental hospitals 0 7 in rehabilitation facilities and 0 4 in group home
Per 10,000 person
mental hospitals, 0.7 in rehabilitation facilities and 0.4 in group home. Though there are many beds in psychiatric hospitals, most of the beds are used by long staying and aged patients. Promotion of discharge changing hospital beds to community facilitiesPromotion of discharge, changing hospital beds to community facilities, and securing beds for acute care is an urgent issue.
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Home-visiting (Outreach) support• The importance of visiting support has been
emphasized. Home-visiting services done by p g ymental hospitals and clinics are increasing.
• Forms of home-visiting servicesForms of home visiting services-home visit by nurse/SW/OT/Drh i it b b f di h-home visit by nurse before discharge
-home help service by home helper
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C M tCare Management• Needs of integration of care is increasingNeeds of integration of care is increasing
especially in community mental health.• However, because of the insufficient liaison ,
between hospitals and welfare facilities, and lack of budget to support, it was not introduced to routine careroutine care.
• In 2006, new Law (Law to Support the Independence of People with Disabilities) wasIndependence of People with Disabilities) was enacted. It provides funding for making care plans, so it may increase the no. of care
t dmanagement done.
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Recent effort in Japan:Recent effort in Japan:Assertive Community TreatmentAssertive Community Treatment• Intensive form of care management. Case load about
10T t t ff d di tl f th ltidi i li• Treatment offered directly from the multidisciplinary team.
• The pilot study of ACT has begun in 2003.The pilot study of ACT has begun in 2003.• However, the main administration body and funding
resource for ACT is not decided.S t d l tSupported employment• “Place, then train” approach• Traditionally patient were trained in special settingsTraditionally, patient were trained in special settings.• This approach, assign the patient to a actual work
place, and job coach train them on the spot.Still i th h h• Still in the research phase
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Current Limitation (Before the reform)Current Limitation (Before the reform)• Too many psychiatric beds/ lack of community supportToo many psychiatric beds/ lack of community support
services. Inpatients due to the lack of support in the community = 70 00070,000
• Difference between disorders. Mental disorders not included to funding/service provision system for physical and intellectual disorders.
• Difference of service quantity and quality between areas.• Lack of vocational rehabilitation• Lack of vocational rehabilitation.• High stigma and lack of understanding of mental health
among the community.• Increase of the use of both social welfare services and
medical expenses for outpatient/ambulatory services led to scarcity of the funding. The system is not sustainable.o sca c y o e u d g e sys e s o sus a ab e
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Mental Health SystemMental Health System Reform in Japanp
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Reform of Mental Health and Welfare ServicesReform of Mental Health and Welfare Services- Recent Developments -
• 2002 Future Direction of Mental Health and Welfare Policy Report from the Sub Committee on Mental Health in the Social Security Council (advisory board to Minister of Health)
• 2002 Establishment of Headquarters for Mental Health and Welfare, headed by the Minister
• 2004 Reform Vision for Health, Medical Care and Mental Health2004 Reform Vision for Health, Medical Care and Mental Health Welfare
• 2004 Future Policies for People with Disabilities and Community Welfare (Grand Design for Reform)Welfare (Grand Design for Reform)
• 2005 Law to Support the Independence of People with Disabilities2005 R i i f th M t l H lth d W lf L• 2005 Revision of the Mental Health and Welfare Law
• 2005 Revision of the Law on Promoting Employment of the Disabled
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Reform Vision for Mental Health and Welfare ServicesHeadquarters for Mental Health and Welfare, headed by the Minister
“From Institution-based Care to Community-based Care”
Three main aims• Change the public’s attitude toward mental illnessChange the public s attitude toward mental illness• Reorganize and reinforce psychiatric medical services• Reorganize and reinforce community support systemsReorganize and reinforce community support systems
After hearing the opinions of local governments and related councils, etc., the MHLW revised the Mental Health Welfare Law in 2005.
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Framework of Reform Vision for Mental Health and Welfare Services
Implement the following to promote change from hospitalization to community life over the next 10 years:(1) Better public education (2) Reform of mental health treatment (3) Greater support for community life.
Public education
Better understanding of mental disorders and patients
Public education
Greater support for community life
Mental health treatment reform
Secure environment for former mental patients
Advanced specialization to promote early discharge
community lifetreatment reform
・Train more people to provide mental health treatment and welfare services, and develop standard care models.
Stronger foundation
・Expand benefits for better-quality home treatment services.
Basic stance: Shift from hospitalization to community-based life
The aim is to reduce the number of psychiatric hospital beds by about 70,000 over the next 10 years
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(1) Goal of Public Education Reform - Like any life-style related disease, mental disorders
also affect the general public. The goal is to raise public awareness to over 90%.
(2) Goal of Medical Treatment Reform
- Efficient treatment to promote patient discharge withina year of hospitalization.Lower the average number of patients who remainLower the average number of patients who remainhospitalized to below 24% (less than 1 year group) ineach prefecture.
- Promote the return to community life of the patientsPromote the return to community life of the patientshospitalized over a year.Raise the discharge rate (over 1 year group) to over29% in each prefecture29% in each prefecture.
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A f i h i i li dAverage Rate of Patients Who Remain Hospitalized (under 1 year group)Rate of Patients
Remaining Hospitalized
100%
Average rate
Actual rate
1yearMonths
0
Average rate of patients remaining hospitalized(under 1 year group)
=Sum of remaining patients every month
Number of hospitalized patients in previous June x 12
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Discharge Rate (over 1 year group)sc a ge ate (ove yea g oup)
100%Di h tDischarge rate
Patients staying over 1 year
b f di h d i (h i li d ) b h
1year0
Discharge rate(over 1 year
group)=
Number of discharged patients (hospitalized over 1 year) by month x 12
Number of hospitalized patients (over 1 year) in the yearg p) p p ( y ) y
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Dispersion of Average Rate of Patients Remaining Hospitalized and Discharge Rate (each prefecture)
The dots express the average rate of patients remaining hospitalized (under 1 ) d th di h t ( 1 ) l l t d f
35.0
1 year group) and the discharge rate (over 1 year group), calculated from 2000–2002 figures, by prefecture.
25.0
30.0
15 0
20.0
harg
e ra
te (%
)
10.0
15.0
Disc
h
0.0
5.0
0 0 5 0 10 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 30 0 35 0 40 0 45 00.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0
Average rate of patients who remain hospitalized (%)
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Expected Transition in Number of Hospital Beds 400000
Over 1 year group
300000
350000
Over 1-year groupUnder 1-year groupTotal
2 5 9 1 0 3 .4
200000
250000
1 4 6 8 9 8 .2150000
200000
1 12 2 0 5 .2
50000
100000
02002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Assumption: Number of admitted patients grows by 2.0%
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( ) f C S S(3) Enhancement of Community Support Systems
1. Reorganize support system for housing,li i d i i i i d h lifliving and activities, suited to each life stage
2. Establish a multi-layered counseling support( )system (care management)
3. Improve the structure to supply systematici b i i litiservices by municipalities
→ Revisions to laws supporting the independence of people with disabilities and promoting their employment
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Function Differentiation of Hospital Bed Function Differentiation of Hospital Bed Number of residual patients Present state
Program for housing, life support, and work
Making specialized acute units
support, and work
Promote discharge byImprove inpatient care by increasing medical staff, etc.
Promote discharge by intensive rehabilitation program
Patients with severe
Acute-phase treatment patients
Community settings
Assertive community treatment
,
Patients who tend to stay for a long time
Patients with severe disorders
Length of
Assertive community treatment
Length of hospitalization
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Law to Support the Independence f P l ith Di bilitiof People with Disabilities
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Challenges to People with Disabilities g pand Community Welfare
• Growing difficulty in maintaining the system asGrowing difficulty in maintaining the system as the number of users continues rising.
• Wide regional gaps (no nationwide rules; different fservice supply systems from one area to another,
discrepancy in municipal financial capacity).• Broad gaps in service quality and systems by• Broad gaps in service quality and systems by type of disability.
• Obstacles to people with disabilities willing toObstacles to people with disabilities willing to work.
Inadequate systems for people with disabilities to lead normal lives in the community.
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Points of Law to Support the IndependencePoints of Law to Support the Independence of People with Disabilities p
• Streamline three disorders• Service integration to more user-
oriented servicesoriented services• Enhance support for employment• Clarify benefit supply process• Secure financial source• Secure financial source
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Streamline three disordersCurrent situation• Haphazard approach to 3 disorders (physical• Haphazard approach to 3 disorders (physical,
intellectual, mental).• Implementation by two sectors – prefectures• Implementation by two sectors – prefectures
and municipalities.Law aims toLaw aims to• Streamline the approach to 3 disorders.• Allow the municipalities to handle the• Allow the municipalities to handle the
services.
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Service integration to more userService integration to more user-oriented services
Current situationHi hl l b di d t• Highly complex by disorder type.
• Gap between aim of the facility and reality.Law aims to• Reorganize facility systems. Create services
to support employment and help severely handicapped.
• Use available social resources while promoting deregulation.
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Enhance support for employment
Current situation• Few users graduate facilities by getting
jobjLaw aims to• Create more job support services• Create more job support services.• Strengthen connection to employment
li ipolicies
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Clarify benefit supply process
Current situation• No objective criteria to judge need for support• Unclear benefit supply processpp y pLaw aims to• Use a scale (to check disorder level) to• Use a scale (to check disorder level) to
measure the level of support needed. Cl if th f l d i i ki• Clarify the process of supply decision making.
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Secure financial sourceCurrent situation• Expected rise in number of users.p• Unstable government financial support.Law aims toLaw aims to• Increase the government’s financial
burden (1/2 the cost).• Stabilize the government financeStab e t e go e e t a ce• Clarify users’ share of the cost.
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New welfare service provision systemNew welfare service provision systemCare needs assessment by designated interviewer
Primary judgment by the computer
Doctors report
Committee for certification of need
p
Secondary judgment
User’s opinion
Service provision determined
Care needs is assessed in 7 categories no needs or careCare needs is assessed in 7 categories, no needs or care needs 1 to 6
Depending on the care needs type of service and fundDepending on the care needs, type of service and fund paid to service provider are decided
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Recent change on the nationalRecent change on the national fee schedule (2006)
• The fees paid to emergency and acute psychiatric unit are raised for those staying less than 30 days.
• Similarly, the fee usual psychiatric unit are raised for those staying <15 days and reduced for those staying more than 90 daysmore than 90 days.
• Nurse visit limited for 3 times/week but changed to 5/week for those who are less than 3 months after discharge.
• Psychotherapy for the family was included to the scheduleschedule.
• New setting of the short term (three hours) psychiatric daycare was established.y
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Image of changing the rateImage of changing the rate
new ratei tprevious rate
1 to 30 31 to 90 91 to 180 181 to 365 days
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Other recent reformOther recent reform• Revision of the Law on Promoting
E l t f th Di bl dEmployment of the DisabledAt least 1.8% of the employee must be person with disability Mental disorderperson with disability. Mental disorder included in 2005.
• The Act for the Medical Treatment andThe Act for the Medical Treatment and Supervision of Insane Persons Who Caused Serious HarmCriminally insane treated at inpatient and outpatient of designated hospitals S bsidiar paid hen mental hospital• Subsidiary paid when mental hospital changes their unit into rehabilitation facility
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Strategy to Reduce the Psychiatric Bedsgy y• Difficult because most of the hospital is private • Reduce the fee for long stay pt while increasing theReduce the fee for long stay pt. while increasing the
fee for shorter stay pt.• Promote differentiation and specialization in function of
the units• Money are paid when hospital changes their bed into
rehabilitation facilityrehabilitation facility• Setting medical goal (e.g. length of stay) for each
district to followd s c o o o• Introduction of new antipsychotic drug• Developing more community mental health services p g y
(home visits, half-way home…)• Most western countries closed mental hosp. without
developing community care Many homeless highdeveloping community care. Many homeless, high readmission rate….
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A bit about Australian Mental Health StrategyA bit about Australian Mental Health Strategy• Three broad aims identified
t t l h lth t di d– promote mental health, prevent disorders– reduce impact of disorders– assure rights of people with mental illnessassure rights of people with mental illness
• Early effort was directed at restructuring public sector specialist mental health services to:specialist mental health services to:– change the service mix to be more community-
based– integrate mental health services and bring them
together with general health care (‘mainstreaming’) reduce reliance on stand alone psychiatric hospitals– reduce reliance on stand alone psychiatric hospitals
– improve service responsiveness and respect of consumer rights
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The National Mental Health Plan 2003-08• Four priority areas:
– Promoting mental health and preventing mental health problems and mental illnesshealth problems and mental illness
– Improving service responsiveness– Strengthening qualityg g q y– Fostering research, innovation and sustainability
• Continuing effort required to position mental h lth ' h l f it ’ tt bhealth as a 'whole of community’ matter by:– reducing stigma, particularly targeting the media
collaborating with unions and employers on– collaborating with unions and employers on prevention in the workplace
– Health promotion programs eg Mindmatters
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Outcome of the NMHS in Australia
• Funding increased/more fund to communityHi h th f it t l h lth• High growth of community mental health services and NGOCl i f t d l h it l d• Closing of stand alone hospitals and non acute bedsRi f d ti i ti t• Rise of consumers and carers participation to servicesD l t f bli / d ti• Development of public awareness/education programs
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Comparison of key data betweenComparison of key data between Australia and Japan J p
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M t l H lth F diMental Health Funding
Australia Japan
Total spending 3 327M A$ 21 382M A$Total spending 3,327M A$ 21,382M A$
Per capita 166.35 A$ 167.05 A$
1A$=95yen→ Almost the same spending!!→ Almost the same spending!!
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Mental Health FundingMental Health Funding-Hospital and Communityp y
Hospital
Community
Australia JapanAustralia Japan
Need to allocate more fund towards community
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Comparison of Psychiatric Beds
Japan Supported public hous ing
Rehabilitation facilityy
Aged
Child & Adolescent
Adult non-acuteAus tralia
Adult non-acute
Adult acute
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Beds/100,000
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No Professionals per 100 000No. Professionals per 100,000 populationp p
Australia JapanpPsychiatrist 14 10Psychiatric Nurse 53 59Psychiatric Nurse 53 59Psychologist 5 7Social Workers 5 16
Source: WHO Atlas
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Service difference with
Child & Adolescent Services Adult Services Aged Persons Services Statewide Services
Victorian Service Framework
24 hour crisis response
Intensive youth support
Crisis assessment & Treatment
Intensive Case Management
Psychogeriatricassessment & treatment
Acute Inpatient services
Victorian Institute ofForensic Mental Health
Personality disorderservice
Continuing care
Acute Inpatient services
Management
Continuing care
Acute inpatient services
Extended careinpatient services
service
Brain disordersservices
Mother-Babyi
Rehabilitation services Residential Rehabilitation
Secure/extended care
services
Eating disorderservices
Dual disabilitySecure/extended careinpatient services
Psychiatric disabilityRehabilitation &support
Dual disabilityservices
Neuropsychiatricservices
( & )Residential Non-residential Planned respite Mutual support
Self-help
Dual diagnosis (D&A)services
Transcultural psychiatryservices
Yellow: Services not available or scarce in Japan
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Implications from Australiap
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Implications from Australia
• Funding shift towards community• Development of community mental health
services, especially the outreach type• Care management and Individual service plan• Specialization in servicesSpecialization in services • Promotion and Prevention
Q lit i t• Quality improvement
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Funding shift towards community
• Australia have shifted the fund to community in 10years, from 29.4% to 51.2%.
• Japan also needs the shift towards communitycommunity.
• More outcome based funding system required
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Development of communityDevelopment of community mental health services
• Outreach type of service is still scarce in JJapan.
• Especially, there is no team that can assess in the crisis situation. Family must bring them to the hospital, sometime with the police.
• Also, more rehabilitation oriented residential facilities are needed
• Vocational and housing support
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Case management and IndividualCase management and Individual service planp
• Introducing the new law, case management and individual service plan will be a duty for those who are living in y gthe community
• However quality assurance of it is• However quality assurance of it is necessary, and those for SMI, direct care giving by the CM needed
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Specialization in services
• Both inpatient service and community service needs specialization
• Areas include CAMHS personalityAreas include CAMHS, personality disorders, early psychosis, dual diagnosis dual disability etcdiagnosis, dual disability, etc
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Promotion and Prevention• High stigma among the community and
the mental health knowledge is lowthe mental health knowledge is low• We need various types of programs,
h i d tt Lif i fsuch as mindmatters, Life is for everyone, beyond blue, national drug strategy in Australia
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Quality improvement
• Community services framework is set, but contents are not defined
• Training of the staffTraining of the staff• Consumer and carer involvement• Outcome measurement
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Conclusion
• Japan is in the reform process toward community mental health
• Many policy law and regulation areMany policy, law and regulation are releasedH th t b• However there are areas to be considered more, and lessons from Australia’s reform is valuable.