japanese for busy people iii revised 3rd edition

8/18/2019 Japanese for Busy People III Revised 3rd Edition

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Plain

forms are

used

in a number of

sentence

patterns.

VERB

present.

affirmative

#<

VERB

present.

negative

VERB

past

affirmative

VERB

past

negative

-/ ADJECI IVÜ

present

affirmative

-/ ADJECI IVÜ

present

negative

-/ ADJECI IVÜ

past

affirmative

A-^^^-ofz

-/ ADJECI IVÜ

past

negative

±^ < ^X^^-^fz

-N A AD..I

ECTIVE

present

affirmative

-N A AD..I

ECTIVE

present

negative

-N A AD..I

ECTIVE

past

affirmative

imti-^fz

-N A AD..I

ECTIVE

past

negative

' < ^

IJ

NOUN H-

t "t

present

affirmative

:^tz

NOUN H-

t "t

present

negative

NOUN H-

t "t

past

affirmative

NOUN H-

t "t

past

negative



Present-affirmative -na adjectives and nouns +

T t

foll ow four connective patterns when directly

preceding conjunctive and sentence-final expressions.

i;;;: :ii.^::-:'i(-iv':

BASK: I'AiTERIMASK : I'AiTERIM

^ 9 T ' t O

(hearsay)

BASK: I'AiTERIM

.•/}^h

(reason)

BASK: I'AiTERIM

.

K (conditional)

•mn

/ ^ T t o

-^X (0 T

PATTERN

••-

•mn (DT

^X (0 T

PATTERN

••-

•mn

NOUN-MODII-YINti

PATTERN

mn

noun

NOUN-MODII-YINti

PATTERN

mn

^ $

NOUN-MODII-YINti

PATTERN

mn

J : 9

OUN-MODII-YINti

PATTERN

mn

u-f

NOUN-MODII-YINti

PATTERN

mn

fzió (IC)

X'

L X 1 PATTERN

m^}

T

L

^

9

o

X'

L X 1 PATTERN

m^}

'

L X 1 PATTERN

m^}

'

L X 1 PATTERN

m^}

'

L X 1 PATTERN

m^}

'

L X 1 PATTERN

m^}

'

L X 1 PATTERN

m^}

'

L X 1 PATTERN

m^}



J A P A N E S E F O R B U S Y P E O P L E M



J A P A N E S E

F O R

R e v i s e d 3 r d E d i t i o n

B U S Y

P E O P L

A s s o c i a t i o n

for

J a p a n e s e - L a n g u a g e T e a c h i n g

A l A L T

KODANSHA INTERNATIONAL

Tokyo o New York

«

London



C O N T E N T S

PREFACE XI

INTRODUCTION xiii

HUMANS & PETS

HUMANS & NATURE

CRIME & EDUCATION

BUSINESS

COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

APPENDX

275

ANSWERS TO EXERCSES

AND

QUIZZES 276

JAPANESE-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 286

ENGLSH-JAPANESE GLOSSARY 295

INDEX 303

A

L O S T

P E T 2

G R A M M A R

I. Expressing Suppositions & Wondering Aloud

^ T L J; 7 . f : 6 i

II. Expressing Impressions (1)

III. Conveying Information Gained Elsewhere

^

^ 9

10

12

IV. Describing Actions Done or to Be Done in Preparation 14

for the Future

^ ~ T f e <

D I S A P P E A R I N G C O O K I E S

26

I. Expressing Certa inty 31

II. Expressing Beliefs or Expectations Based 32

on Information Gained Elsewhere

III.

Expressing Impressions (2) 33

IV. Expressing Ideas tha t Run Contrary to E xpectation (1) 35

T H E

P E T I N D U S T R Y 46

Expressing Causes of or Reasons for Situations

or Outcomes

^ tz^

( IC)

. Describing Change

(1):

Changes Coming into Effect

^ Xl \'m>

I. Describing Change (2): Continuous Changes

|=> ~ T o <

49

50

51

Q U I Z 1 (Lessons 1-3 ) 60

A

V I S I T T O M R . N A K A N O ' S

F A R M ,

P A R T 1 64

G R A M M A R

I. Nom inalizing Sentences

II. Indicating Means or Attendant Circumstances

^ ~ T / ~ T \

- ^ X ^ T / ^ - f l C

III. Describing Deliberate Effects

^ - T ^ . ' S

IV. Expressing Purpose (1)

^

Xl\Z

69

70

71

72

• Asking about Something You Do Not Under

stand

• Pointing Out Something You N oticed

• Presenting Know ledge You Have Acquired

' Explaining Preparations and Procedures

R E A D I N G

aWRITIMG

Kanji Practice

^ ^ *

24

ff\ ^ i t m

« P ointing Out Something You T hink Is Strange

e Making Suppositions

<•

Stating Your Impression Based on How Things

Appear

Kanji Practice

PP

4 4

>

T alking ab ou t Changes in Everyday Life Kanji Practice

'

T alking about T hings You See around Tow n ^ M.

>

T alking ab out Changes While Referring to a

Graph

58

Soliciting and Stating Opinions

Explaining Procedures

' T alking abo ut How Facilities Are Used

R E A D I N G S W R I T I N G

Kanji Practice

f f ^ i c « : ^

82

« ^

A VISIT TO MR. NAKANO'S F A R M ,

P A R T 2 84

I. Expressing Completion/lncompletion of Past, Present,

or Future Actions

II. Describing Change (3): Effected Changes

^ ~ < / I C t ^

III. Expressing Purpose (2)

^ tz^

( i c )

IV.

Describing Simultaneous Actions

87

89

90

91

G L O B A L

WARMING loo

I. Expressing Ideas that Run Contrary to Expectation (2) 103

II. Expressing Lack of Obligation

i04

< T è

O O

III.

Giving Examples of Events or Actions 105

^ --tz -tz U

iV.

Stating Decisions

io6

V. Making Suggestions Based on Supposition 107

•=> ti:h

QUIZ 2

(Lessons

4 - 6 )

118

A S K I N G S O M E O N E TO T A K E O V E R

V ^ O R K 122

GRAMMAR

I. Describing the Actions of Giving and Receiving Services

125

II. Expressing Intention (1)

128

MY P A S S P O R T V\fAS S T O L E N

138

I. Using Passive Structures 141

II. Expressing Intention (2) 144

III.

Indicating a Span of Time During Which an Action 145

or Event Occurs

^ *,o/-c (IC)

P R O T E C T I N G O N E ' S C H I L D R E N 154

1. Using Causative and Causative-passive Structures

156

QUIZ 3 (Lessons 7-9) 168

\



•

T elling News Kanji Practice

. Explaining about Careers ^

^

M ?é ^

>

Asking for Reasons or for an Explanation of

How a Situation Came to Be

e

T alking abo ut the We ather and Its Effects Kanji Practice

»Talking about Global Warming it ^ M ^-^ ^ ^ ^

e Talking about Environmental Problems

'

Asking Someone to Do S omething for You

• Expressing Gratitud e for a Service

' Making Excuses

'

E-mail

R E A D I N G & W R I T I N G

Kanji Practice

^ i\ ^ i^ ^ ^ ^

136

•

Talking about Awful Experiences

'

Explaining Circumstances

'

T alking about Things that T rouble You

Kanji Practice

§^ j$ m ^ M m rt

152

• Talking abo ut Education Kanji Practice

• Asking for Permission to Do Something

jaji

^

^ l ;

^ ^ ^

i g .

$s

> i

»

Talking about W hat You Wish Your Spouse/

Partner Would Do



B U S I N E S S G R E E T I N G S 172

G R A M M A R

I. Hon orifics (1): Key Expressions 177

^ O b - , L ^ ' S

II. Honorifics (2): Basic Patterns

iso

III. Honorifics (3): Hono rific Verbs for Giving and 181

Receiving

1:1

L E A V I N G A N D R E L A Y I N G

M E S S A G E S

193

I. Leaving and Relaying Messages

II . Using Plain imperatives: Do and Don't

II. Honorifics (4): Auxiliary Honorific Verbs

196

200

T H E

S T O R Y O F

V A L E N T I N E 'S

D A Y 209

I. Exp laining Reasons

^

( ~ i ± )

^^^hti

II. U nderstanding W ritten Styles

III. Understanding Spoken Styles

212

213

215

Q U I Z 4 (Lessons 10 -12 ) 228

G R A M M A R

M

l

A C A L L F R O M TH E

H E A L T H

OFF IC Ë"

^

A FEV\ / W O R D S F R O M TH E H O S T 248

A T

A R E C E P T I O N 263

Q U I Z 5 (Lessons 13 -15) 273



• Greeting People; Introducing People

i Expressing Gratitude

'

Apologizing


Kanji Practice

* ^

?^

#

» * X

191

Leaving Messages

Giving and Quoting Commands

Kanji Practice

* l #

^ ^ m ^ m

207

>

Talking about Events

> Engaging in Conversation with Friends

Reading ab out Customs and Special Occasions

218

Kanji Practice 226

t l

n Pl

i t

JÏ.

# ^ * «

Complaining

Making and Responding to Apologies

Asking For and Responding to Explanations


Reading abo ut the Reasons behin d Customs 244

Kan ji Practice 246

t a

^ a £ 7 t ^ ^ 1*1 M

Formal Invitations

Casual Invitations

RSVP Postcards

'

E-mail

Kanji Practice

i t * *

1+ «1

261

Expressing Modesty

Expressing G ratitude

' Apologizing

' Introducing People

' Asking How Someone Is Doing

Kanji Practice

@

ah

1 ^

271



P R E F A C E

T O T H E R E V I S E D

3 ^ ^ ^

E D I T I O N

For busy working adults, progressing to the next step beyond "survival Japanese" is not easy. Books II and

III of the

Japanese

fo r

Busy People

series were first published in

1990

for learners seeking interm ediate to

advanced proficiency in Japanese. Yet even with the aid of these volumes, many people still found it dif

ficult to master complicated Japanese syntax and vocabulary in the few hours they had available outside

of other commitments. Over the years, we at AJALT have continued to look for new ways to help learners

overcome this barrier, and in the process we have developed and implemented numerous improvements t o

our lesson plans and supplementary teaching materials. Such experience is put to full use in this extensively

revised edition of Japanese for Busy People III, designed to better enable adult leamers to pursue their study

of Japanese to the point of intermed iate fluency.

Japanese

fo r

Busy People III,

Revised Edition incorporates many new ideas developed carefully over

time

by AJALT instructors. We hope that busy people will find this textbook an enjoyable tool for learning

Japanese.

A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s f or Japanese for Busy People III (1990)

Four AJALT teachers wrote this textbook. They are Miyako Iwami, Shigeko Miyazaki, Masako Nagai, and

Kimiko Yam amoto. They were assisted by two other teachers, Kumiko Endo and Chikako Ogura.

A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s ior Japanese for Busy People III, Revised Edition

(1995)

We would like to express our gratitude to the foiiowing People for Preparing the new editions of Books

II and III: Miyako Iwami, Shigeko Miyazaki, Masako Nagai, and Kimiko Yamamoto. They were assisted by

Mikiko Ochiai.

A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s for Japanese for Busy People III, Revised 3'" Edition

Japanese fo r Busy People III, Revised 3'" Edition was w ritte n by AJALT instructors Emiko Aral, Yuko Harada

Kaon Hattori, Reiko Sawane, Junko Shinada, and Emiko Yamamoto with assistance from Mariko Mishima'

Makiko

Nakano, Mikiko Ochiai, Naoko Takatori, Shigeyo Tsutsui, Miyako Utsumi, Yoriko Yoshida, and

Tetsunosuke Sakurada.



I N T R O D U C T I O N

A i m s

Japanese for Busy People III, Revised 3rd Edition is designed to enable learners wtio worked through Books I

and

11

t o complete their mastery of b eginning Japanese and progress smoothly into the intermediate level.

Book I covered "survival Japanese" for getting through common everyday situations. Book

11

taught

learners skills for conversing ab out their present and past lives and other personal topics w ith people around

them at work and elsewhere. Book 111 will equip learners to talk meaningfully about larger social topics by

expressing their own opinions while asking others for theirs. It will also treat language needed for dealing

with fairly sophisticated business situations.

Furnished with extensive explanations, CD recordings, exercises, and answers, the book is fit for both

instruction in the ciasSróom and self-study.

Major

F e a t u r e s o f Japanese for Busy People III, Revised 3rd Edition

Learners who completed Books 1 and

11

sh ould already be able to converse ab out a significant range of things

in Japanese, if not entirely perfectly.

In

Book III, their goal will be to further improve the naturalness and

efficiency of their communication in the language. Toward this end, the book introduces conjunctive and

sentence-final expressions for conveying a wide variety of meanings. Also covered are passives, causatives,

expressions for the giving and receiving of services, and other constructions distinctive to Japanese. Finally,

the book discusses politeness, writing and speech styles, and other things learners will need to know to

adjust their language according to situation and audience.

Up throu gh Book II, the lessons were designed so that learners could practice using the language pre

sented immediately in their own speech. Since the dialogues and examples in Book III are considerably

lon

ger and more complex than in previous volumes, however, for this book learners should first work toward

gettin g themselves to recognize and unde rstand new expressions whenever they are encountered instead

of trying to apply them right away.

Like Book 11, Book III is divided into five units consisting of three lessons each. The themes and objectives

of the units are as follow s.

Unit 1

The theme is "human-animal relationships." Through content dealing with recent pet trends, the future of

the pet industry, and other animal-related topics, learners will be introduced to expressions for remarking

on things they notice, offering conjectures, reporting information, and making comments. In this way, they

will gain the skills to initiate conversations a bout things or events they come across in daily life. By the end

of the unit, learners will also be able to join in on conversations abou t topics that interest the m.

Unit 2

An interview with the owner of an organic farm and passages about global warming form the heart of

this un it, focused on the theme "humans and na ture." Here learners will encounter expressions for seeking

information about facilities, institutions, and people as well as for stating their own opinions about issues.

In this way, they will gain the skills to co nduct even quite complicated inquiries on th eir ow n just as long as

they make the right preparations.



U n i t s

T his unit talces up episodes involving crime , discussions over childrearing issues, and other co nten t related to

the the me "crime and educa tion." Learners will become familiar with expressions for describing the giving

and receiving of services, for reporting on the details of damage done to them, and for talking about coer

cion. In this way, they will gain the skills to e fficiently characterize participants' involvement in and attitude s

towa rd the events around them.

Unit 4

Organized around the theme of "conducting business," this unit shows how to carry out formal business

exchanges, give and relay messages, and deal wi th other work-related concerns. Covered wi ll be ways of

giving greetings, showing gratitude, making apologies, reporting information, and passing on messages

throu gh expressions proper to the circumstances at hand . While the unit does outline th e basic characteris

tics of hono rific language, emphasis is placed on fam iliarizing learners with often-used expressions that can

be combined with the desu/masu style to produce the appropriate register. At the other end of the scale,

the unit also treats casual Japanese used among close friends and family.

Unit 5

This un it provides a comprehensive review o f e verything covered in beginning-level Japanese, from books

I through III.

Lesson 13 gives learners one final practice in listening to spoken Japanese and then summarizing what

they were able to understand in their own words.

Lesson 14 takes a final look at formal speech and wr itin g, starting wit h some basic patterns for deliver

ing a speech in a forma l setting. It then turns to w ritin g to explain ho w to give and respond to invitations to

parties and other events. Sample texts range from a highly formal letter exemp lifying established protocols

to exchanges of e -maii.

Lesson 15 presents some final points about conversational Japanese, drawing on examples of "party

talk" to illustrate how to initiate and wrap up social exchanges.

T he S t r u c t u r e o f t h e L e s s o n s a n d H o w t o A p p r o a c h E a c h Par t

As already me ntione d, each of the five units listed above is divided into three lessons. The lessons, in turn,

are organized into the following parts:

Target Dialogue

Grammar & Pattern P ractice

Practice

( 1,

2, 3 . . .)

Kanji Practice

Target Dialogue. The T arget Dialogues (for some lessons there is a T arget Reading instead) in Book III

are written to be slightly more difficult than what is usually provided at the beginning level. In Book II, the

expectation was tha t once learners finished a lesson, they wo uld be able to converse at the same level as in

the T arget Dialogue for that lesson.

- By contrast, in Book

111

the goal set for most learners is to reach the point not where they completely

master the Target Dialogue but where they grasp it well enough to be able to answer questions about it

after reading or listening to it.

First listen to the dialogue. Although you will probably not get all of it, there are bound to be at least

some parts that you can get. Try sorting out what you were or were not able to comprehend. Even native

speakers might not always grasp everything that was said if they lack the necessary background informa

t ion, the speaker did not enunciate clearly, or there was a lot of noise; in such cases, often w ha t they do is

to reconstruct the who le by using wh at they did get to ask questions about an d fill in the missing parts. For

your first time w ith the T arget Dialogue, it will be sufficient only to make sure that wh at you think it says is



indeed correct. Do not spend time forcing yourself to figure out the parts you did not understand. Simply

set them aside for the time being and return to the dialogue after completing the lesson. By then it should

begin to make sense.

Grammar & Pattern Practice. This section introduces the lesson's key sentence patterns and offers exer

cises for trying them out or otherwise internalizing them.

The conjunctive or sentence-final expressions covered in Book III (see Contents for examples) include

many wit h confusingly similar m eanings. Where one expression overlaps in fun ction wi th another discussed

earlier, the te xt duly notes this and sets out th e distinctions betwe en th em . Pay attention to the expressions

as they are used in the T arget Dialogue and other examples to see how they fi t the explanations given. See

also the fron t endpapers.

Practice. Each lesson comes w ith several Practice sections made up of W ord/Phrase Power and /or Speaking

Practice. (Lessons 7, 12, 13 , and 14 also have Reading P ractice.)

The Word/Phrase Power section groups together words and/or phrases important to talking about the

theme fo r the lesson. Read each item aloud w hile making sure you understand wh at it means. Do not try to

memorize everything; instead, concentrate on the vocabulary you think migh t be useful to you, familiarizing

yourself with them until you can say them without referring back to the list.

The Speaking Pracfc section presents several sample dialogues related to th e them e of the lesson tha t

are written to be a little less advanced than the Target Dialogue. First listen to each dialogue on the CD,

then read and make sure you understand w ha t it says. Refer to the English for any vocabulary you do not

recognize. Pick out the new constructions featured in the lesson, paying attention to how they are used

with in the context of the conversation.

If you have a practice partner, try co nducting conversations wit h th at p artner using what you learned in

the Grammar & Pattern P ractice and P ractice sections. There is no need to adhere closely to the models pro

vided in the Speaking Practice.

If

the aim

is

to talk abou t recent fashions and trends, for example, then freely

express your o wn opinions and thoug hts based on wh at yo u have observed in real life out in the streets or

through th e media.

If you do not have a partner, write d ow n w ha t you m ight wa nt to say or ask should you have someone to

practice

wi th .

Take note of anything you cannot figure out how to say. Keep this list and get into the habit

of thinkin g a bout it whenever you have an opportu nity t o ask someone or you encounter similar expressions

elsewhere in the text.

Kanji Practice. The Kanji Practice for each lesson features ten kanji

(150

in total) selected mostly from the

Target Dialogue. Weight is given to kanji taken up in level 3 of the Japanese-Language Proficiency Test.

Once you master the kanji in Books

11

and

HI,

you will have covered all the characters needed for this te st.

As in Book I I, the basic meaning(s) of each k anji are given in English be low th e character, usage examples

and writing instructions to the right of it. The examples are all drawn from vocabulary taken up in Books I

throu gh III. Occasionally a word will be given be fore it appears in the main text, however, and for these you

should consult the glossary at the back of the book. Printed be low each example are the readings [furigana)

for the kanji, which in this text are given all in hiragana.

Adjectives and verbs are listed in their dictionary forms wi th verbal suffixes

(oicurigana)

provided in hiragana.

The w riting instructions come wi th numbers to indicate the order of strokes and arrows to indicate direc

t ion. Take care to writ e each kanji exactly in the way th at is prescribed.

Note

a b o u t K a n j i

We have provided furigana for all kanji appearing the tex t, regardless of wh ether their readings have been

previously introduced, so as to accommodate learners who choose not to memorize kanji or who wish to

learn the characters presented in this text at a more leisurely pace.

Kanji rather than kana are given for all words normally writte n in kanji once the characters that make up



the word in question have been introduced. For example, the characters ft and ièi, which form the word

ftii, are both introduced in Lesson 1 , so from that lesson onward these kanji, ft and iói, are used instead

of hiragana whenever the word ftÜ comes up.

Beyond that, kanji also appear in such elements as titles, proper names, signs, and set phrases used in

invitations and other formal writing, regardless of whether the characters that comprise the word or words

have been introduced. These kanji are presented for recognition purposes only

Introducing the

Cast

John

Mills (35 years

old),

a

Canadian, is a

member of ABC

Foods'

sales department.

He

Is

single.

Mke Smith (32

years

old), an

American, is

an

attorney for

ABC

Foods.

He

is

single.

Marie Martin

(25 years

old)

is

from Paris, France.

A

member

of

ABC

Foods' sales depart

ment,

she used

to

live in Japan

as

an exchange student.

Shika Chandra (30

years old) is

a

member

of

ABC Foods'

sys

tems department.

She

is

from

Mumbai, India.

Keiko Sasaki (53

years

old),

a

Japanese,

is

the manager

of

ABC

Foods' sales depart

ment.

She

is

married

and

has a

daughter, Aiko.

Akira Kato (46

years

old),

a Japa

nese,

is

the section

chief of

ABC

Foods'

sales department.

He

is

married and

has a

son,

Taro.

Mayumi

Nakamura (26

years

old),

a

Japanese, works

as a

secretary to

Ms.

Sasaki. She

is

single.

Daisuke Suzuki (24

years

old),

a

Japanese, is a member of

ABC

Foods'

sales

staff He

is

single.

Mei Chan (30

years

old)

is

from

Hong Kong. She works

in

ABC

Foods'

sales department.

She

is

single.

Frank

Green (56

years

old),

an American,

is

the president

of

the Tokyo branch

of

ABC

Foods.

He

lives

in

Tokyo, with

his wife.

Michiyo

Kato

(45 years old) is

Akira

Kato's wife. Her

hobby

is

tea

ceremony.

She

loves

tradi

tional Japanese art and

has a

deep

interest

in

environmental

issues.

Yoichi Inuyama

(42

years old)

works in ABC

Foods'

develop

ment department.

He

Is

very

knowledgeable about animals.

xvi



Pet businesses are b oom ing in Japan

Some people enjoy pets as part o

fashion by dressing them up or

b;

keeping unusual types, while other. '

seek comfort from them by treatinc

them like part of the family Althougf

this un it focuses on pets and animals

you should not feel yourself limite(

to talking about this particular aspec

of Japanese society. Use the skill:

covered in Unit 1 to freely describe

trends, changes, or anything else you

notice or observe at home, at work,

or while out about town. Also learn

how to develop conversations by

sharing in formation you have gained

from other sources or by inviting

people to think along with you on

questions tha t concern you.

Wh ile at home eating dinner, the Katos notice strange sounds coming from their yard.

•^oB ( # ) : i ^ ^ ,

. p .

10

(A) • ^ ?

(fefens) ( i ^ ^

tzo Wz6±o

^- i : ^ J."V N

?

- p . 10

The next day, the K atos go to show the creature they caught in their yard to Mr. Inuyama, who is

knowledgeable about animals.

^r-r. 0 ^ 0 - 7 ( ± : l b T 7

I j

^ <D i l l <

| C j £

- p . 10

—

9 •Ó\

fz

Sl/CK^

Z

^-(D

fz <^^hlz

I f / c

^ T ^

L

9

^p. 12

( # )

:

^"'9

L

Tc b V NV N T

L J:

i

j}- KT o t

Mrs. Ka to: Say, there are strange sounds coming from th e

yard.

S omething seems to be there.

Mr. Kato: Oh? {Mens) You're right. What could it be? Isn't it just a cat?

Mrs. K ato: Shh. It's crying. Sounds like a bird.

Mr. Ka to: It's not a cat, is it? I'll go out a bit to see.

Mrs. K ato: Are you goin g to be all right? Take care.

Inuyama: This is a fennec. It usually lives in the desert in N orth Africa . It's a type of fox and has a

cry like a bird.

Mrs. Kato: Is that so? But why do you suppose it was in our yard?

Inuyama: It probably ran away from someo ne else's house.

Mr. Kato: From wh at I hear, the number of people wh o keep unusual pets has been grow ing

recently, isn't that right?

Inuyama: Yes. By the way, how did you trap it?

Mr. Kato: I placed a cage in the yard and left some cat food inside it. A little later whe n I wen t

to look at how things were, it had gone inside and was eating, so I closed the cage

quietly.

Mrs. Kato: W hat do you think we should do?

Inuyama; You should probably conta ct the police. The owne r may have reporte d it missing.

say ..., look/l isten ...

usually, normally

there is a sound

North Africa

sound

i i f <

desert

seem,

be like (see p.

10)

fox

wha t could it be?

VN-o L 1$

a kind (of), a type (of)

(plain form of T* L J: i; see p. 8)

X l m

seem,

be like (see p. 10)

cat

X'l X it)-"

(see

p.

8)

isn't i t . . . ?

probably

shhl

I C i f ( R 2 )

run away, escape

^^-<

cry (of animal)

iÖ-f

LV

N

rare,

unusual

ft

bird

^^9

keep

(a

pet)

ft

Inuyama (surname)

^ 9

from what 1 hear, from w hat 1 under

stand (see p. 12)

"7

i ; f

y 7

fennec

Kz6r

by the way

É X. -2) (R2)

trap,

capture

^ — V

cage

+ + -7 h 7

—

K cat food

~ T ^3 < (see p. 14)

''^^L LX after a little while

^ -oY.

quietly

l t 0 ; 5 - 0 police

tl^^^'S. owner (of a pet)

^ bl'Tt'S

(R2)

report

1. THE STYLE OF THE CONVERSATION

The two parts of this dialogue are spol<en in different styles. The first conversation, between a

couple eating dinner at home, is carried out in the plain style, while the second one, between the

couple and Mr. Inuyama, is largely in the desu/masu style. You will study the differences between

these styles in

Lesson

12 (p. 215).

2 . 6/^}-

Lir

6

i-Z

ir h,

which by itself means "to do," combines with a variety of words to convey various meanings.

For some examples of such

"f

h combinations grouped according to meaning, see the Usage Note

on p. 6.

3 . ¥\i)^\^hhfz\^

Normally we would expect to heat; T ' t after /c o . However, as noted above, this conversation

is carried out in the plain style, so instead of

X'-f

we ought to hear

fz.

But Mrs. Kato omits

fz.

Women tend to omit

fz,

or use

fzh,

after nouns and -na adjectives in colloquial speech.

Foreign terms such as 7 x 7 :7 are writ ten using katakana, as you have already learned. In

addition to these loan words, plant and animal names are often written in katakana, regardless of

origin, to signify that they belong to the scientific realm or because their kanji are difficult to read.

Usually in a given text there will be a policy for how plant and animal names are written, i.e., in

katakana or in kanji, and the style will be consistent throughout. In this text we use kanji for the

animals and plants whose kanji we teach, e.g.,

%

, and katakana for all others.

5. ; f r? i : ^ t ^ N ?

This utterance, spoken with a rising intonation, is a plain-style negative question equivalent to ^-

3 T ( ± è ^) t^L-h^ ox r{~.:3L ^ t f V N T - f (both meaning roughly the same thing, with

the latter being somewhat more colloquial than the former). When forming questions in plain-style

speech, you can usually omit the question marker In asking the question ^ - L

^ tt v N ? ,

Mr. Kato, who at first thinks the animal in the yard is a cat, is looking to Mrs. Kato for agreement.

His next utterance, 4- ^ L ^

tt

o is a straightforward negative statement that he makes upon

hearing the animal's cries and judging them to be those of a creature other than a cat.

tL' V N

T

.5)

is a contraction of

' ^ H ^ T o /g) ( B O O I < 11,

p. 206). The verb

tl'

< means "to cry" and is

used of both humans and animals (though with different kanji).

T ranslatable as "someone else's house," C fi^(D fifzi is used in situations like this wh en it is

unclear where the house is or wh o it migh t belong to.

In

Book

11

(p. 218), we introduced

t i l

^ i f v

H ^Ti't)^

as an expression for asking someone

how to solve a problem.

^ " 9

L 7c

b o \ , ^X'ir-é^

is a similar expression that we also commonly

use. In the example here, Mrs. Kato uses T L J; 1 instead of T"tf '^ to stress the feeling tha t

she is consulting Mr. Inuyama for suggestions on what to do.

^ ^"

I f

-?)

here is used in the sense of "to report." While the basic meaning of

~ I - ^ ^ 'T " t h

is

"to deliver to," the phrase can also be applied to repo rting things or submitting documents to gov

ernment offices and other official bodies.

Please deliver some beer to my house.

I will take the wallet th at I picked up to the police box.

^ Uiyy hi7-K^^x< Lfzh. -tCZ 1 1 1 X ^ 7 ^ - V ^ ^ z }i tl'Hfzlli

If you lose your credit cards, you should repo rt it to the police box a nd the credit card compa nies

right away.

5



/ U S A G E N O T E \

noun +

Here is an overview of the different types of noun + ' f •è combinations that you often hear in

Japanese.

1.

things tha t can be perceived throu gh th e senses +

"f"

-?> :

'é'^'t i>, 'f^'^^'^ ^ >

arid I¬

V ^f^^'-f 6 may be translated as "I hear," "it ta stes" [lit., "there is a tas te"] , and "i t smells,"

respectively (see pp. 17-18).

2.

period of time +

't h :

indicates passage of an equivalent amount of time

I phoned again after about thirty minutes.

3. things that can be worn on the body + ' t : to put on accessories, scarves, gloves , and

other small items

^•^7 ^ 4 i X ^ ' t - f o (Book

II,

p. 36)

I am wearing a tie.

T .

It's

cold,

so you should put on a muffler and gloves.

4.

occupation i ' t : used in stating one's occupation

htzl

I am a lawyer for ABC.

5. price +

' t h

; to cost

This watch is a brand item and cost 3 m illion yen.

I

ll

Express ing

S upposi t ions & W o n d e r i n g A l o u d

1 . Using T L J: l / fzh •)~\ wi th a falling inton ation to express a suppo sition

tz o X .

>f Z-f]-<Diitz<t]-h\z [i'tz LTL

11.

l t o ^ ' ^ l C ^ ^ b

< Ltz{ilf)'^'\^TL X

9o

T

L J: 1 is one

ofthe

inflections of T't.

T't

expresses an asse rtion, TL

X

1 the presence of

some uncertainty,

fzh

1 is the plain-form equivalent of T L J; 1.

*

Present-affirmative

-na

adjectives and nouns +

T't

follow irregular patterns whe n coming

before expressions such as TL X 1 that fo llow plain forms. This text organizes these patterns

into four types:

1)

the basic pattern, 2) the ts: <D

T

pattern, 3) the noun-mo difying pattern, and 4)

th e

T L J;

7

pat'teVh. (See

the

front endpapers

of

this book.)

T L J: 7

is

used to express a supposition about future,

present,

or past events.

Nights in Tokyo a hundred years ago were probably very dark.

If something is sure to happen, you should use T ' t / t ' t instead of T L J; 7, even if the event is

still in the future.

Mr. Mills will come tomorrow.

T L J; 7 statements may be modified by adverbs such as

$ o ^

or tz-V^L to express degrees of

certainty.

Mr. Mills will definitely/probably come tomorrow.

T L J; 7 in its plain form ,

fzh 1,

may also be combined w ith

1

when it is necessary to clarify

that wh at you are saying is your ow n speculation.

^ )\.xiL\t\w-m\'-nhfzhi ^ . m o ^ - r o

I think Mr. Mills will probably go back to his [home] country during the vacation.

* L / c l ± ^ ± ; o T L J: 7o

Tomorrow will probably be cold.

1

O O ^ t < 7 5 ^ ^ J ±.

^ ^ T è < h-^^-^tzTLx lo

I l l X i L \ ± ^ L t z ^ t - t o

I J V / ^ L l i i h

L /c $ O

)::/tzsl^L^h

T L

J;

7 o

-oZ definitely, certainly

T L J; 7 cann ot be used wh en talkin g abou t your ow n actions. In such cases, other expressions

need to be used. For example:

I am thinking of going back to my [home] country during vacation.

htz I < IC ¥i.

I may go back to my [home] country during vacation.

2 . Using T L J; 1 / fzh 1 J' wi th a rising intonation to ask for confirmation

The follow ing examples appeared in Book II:

^ o T t

4 '

H L H) o J; 7 T L J; 7 o (p. 82)

You leave on a business trip to China the day after tomorrow, right?

7 • ^ T L J; 7 o (p. 139)

This is a photo

I

took fro m a plane when

I

we nt fro m Paris to Greece. T he ocean is bea utiful, isn't

it?

In the first sentence, the speaker is trying to confirm something he understands to be true, while in

the second he or she is seeking agreement. Both, then, are a request for confirmation and illustrate

anoth er use of T L J; 7 .

3 . Using T L J: 7 ('J^) / fzh 1 ifl^) ~\ w ith a falling intonation to ask questions of yourself

or others, or to raise an issue

Wzh

7

o

^•"7 L T 7 ^ < / ) | C ; b l C ( 7 x ^ - y ^ 7 j < )

v ^ / b ^ T L J : 7 ' J \

Questions formed wit h T L J: 7 fl^/ fzh 7 fl are used to wonder aloud to oneself about some

th ing,

or, if there is also a listener present, to simultaneously raise an issue with that person. People

ofte n om it the question marker if the sentence already has a question wo rd in it.

Could that be Mr. Mills over there?

The meeting just won't end, will it? When do you suppose we'll be able to go home today?

I wonder how much this car costs, roughly.

'(pfi ^v NV NX"

L J;

1-0^

(Book II, p. 5), used to ask someone for a suggestion regarding a choice, is

another example of this usage of

T L J ;

IV''.

4.

Using

T L J ; 9 fl^~\

with a falling intonation to softly pose a question

T L J : 9 may also be used to put forward a question without sounding too direct, as in Y L'^l

.^ < hTL i 1 •é''

(Book II, p. 32, where a salesclerk is speaking to a customer), or W^^ft.^

X -oU X6l^^TL X it]^ (Book II, p. 150, where an employee is speaking to her boss).

Complete the sentences by connecting the words in parentheses to T L J; 9 (in part 1) or T L

J;

9

' 'Min part

2).

Q Expressing suppositions:

1)

UZiiX^) g g g < ^ ^ (15f '^"^^

2) {lYLY:(DA-ö^^<D^zL-7.t: ( L ' j i - t ^ • ^ )

3 ) F U T A T J ^ " ^--^s

4 ^ H x ^

X ~ ^ - 7 >

K i c # $ i

I X I .

(^;t-vNT-t)

4) it .

L

V

N

7°c7 >; X

^

h i c ( ± ^ ^ ^ / 'j X h

(TJ^TJ^ ' j

i t )

0

Posing questions:

1)

i<

X 1

L^<OCDy°U-^-'&ZhLtz<D[±

( / c - ^ T t ^ ^ )

2) - A T W t - S c T ) '.

{^MLX-ft^)

3 ) ^\zW

( A ' 5 T v N ^ ^ T - f T J ^ )

^ 4 X ' — — 7 > F Tokyo Disney Resort

-

h-f break

,J^7i-lJ rather, considerably S U A ('i")

dangerous

3 X 1 » cost

^

J: 9 L classroom

i l l E x p r e s s i n g Impressions (1)

1. Using J; 1 /^fz^^Xo describe some thing based on your perception of it

You use ct 7 / « ^ 7c V N to state your understanding about a situation or state based on what you

have actually seen, heard, felt, or otherwise perceived. J ; 7 and < ^ 7c v are nearly identical in mean

ing and function, with the distinction being that

<^

7c v is slightly more colloquial. Both follow plain

forms, with J; 7 taking the noun-modifying pattern and

<^ /c

v

M h e

T L Jt 7 pattern (see fron t

endpapers). J; 7

/ < ^ / c V

^ themselves conjugate like -na adjectives.

* ^ ^

^ (±fe -i-x-fj-i iHV NT V N §

J ; 7

T - t / t V N T o

^ ^

7cV N T t o

The baby seems to be hungry.

zmtfim^<nh-fK%(n(i:>l

7

X"f/h'fK%<DMz\^-t'to

Someone seems to have left this

behind,

[lit., "T his seems to be something tha t someone forgo t."]

2. Using J; 1 / <^fz^^ to make similes or figurative comparisons

A^T^cVN^i-^o

may also be used to make similes and figura tive com parisons.

^ JlX^ ^ l ± 7 — v y c o

J ; 7

T t o

Mr. Mills is like Superman .

z<Di^t,K>. m^fz^'ic^^t^^'lti-o

This tea tastes like medicine.

cti -r

Mr. G reen is as good at g olf as a professional player.

Using the adverb ± -?> T intensifies the figurative feeling.

J ^ T ^ ; b a 6 ^ | , T v ^ ^ J ; 7 T t o

I feel just like I'm in a

dream,

[lit., "it feels just as though I were seeing a dream."]

10

get hungry

Superman

taste

just like

i

Comp lete the sentences using X l / ^ t z ^ ' snó the proper form of the words in parenthe

ses.

1)

f-ömz^t-fo Y-'-£^)(Dfmzf-:M^ r - t .

( v^ i - r )

2) ï^^^ ' -^v

NT V N i -rO # t f t l± t n

T t o ( f ^

O

T

V N i

3 ) f--^-^ A ^ ^ x b L i L / c ; * ^ i - t f ^ o T t o

t T t )

4 ) 5

7bX^

AI±-tfX-tfX/-c i ^ - f e - ^ i -d:ô /-c i C ' T J ^ . T t o

(|C7^<TTt)

5 ) L t ' ^ ^ T t ^ o f t f t t z i ^ l t t l T t ^ o {ntLtz)

6 )

# l±5<:^- t fX- t fXI ^

L i - t i : ô T t o ( f e Z o T v N i t )

7 ) J: < # ^ T v N i t o g-t :v^^7^|±^::T^.(:/J:

9

liX'*^:

T t o

i

Com plete the sentences using J; 9 ^£:/hfz\^-^£ and the proper form of the wo rds in paren

theses.

1) * ^ X i t o

( M T t )

2 ) ^-h^ L i L

O

(fe i L /c)

3 ) ( i A

^9<7

) | è(±/ i < ^ ^ * ) ' j i t o ( 9 - t T t )

0 Com plete the sentences using J; 9 l ^ / ^ / c ^ M C and the proper form o f the words in paren

theses.

1) 4 ^ 0 l± ^/-c/cv^HNTto

( ( i - S T t )

' i l

ï

2) 5;bX-ÂI± i Ï 9 U'^l^< ^ L v N T t o ( - < ^ C X T t )

3 ) 9l t':^lt<7)AI± fe^j.X3^li"^< ' J ^ X L i L/co

7 J ^ V ^ T t )

0 Read the follo win g examples of commo n Japanese figurative expressions wh ile ma king sure you

understand wh at they are saying.

1) \±W^(nXl\'-fz{^ hh-^X. / c V ^ ^ ^ T t o

2) i r Lv^ r /y t ° ^ - ^ - y - A I ± ^ > r ^ J ;

9

\-%^t L/co

3 )

YXt-y-h-KX\^fzXiX\

A J i L A / c ' J :

9 I ^ ^ T w i L/co

^ ^ ' f A doorbell

• t i : ^ ^ ^ / ^

T t b - f

ring, sound I / J t ^ l i X

ICj^-fT

( j.-) disliked, avoided 1^

iiZh

get angry ~ | c < ^ 9 L o

L^-t f^^^^^

new product

product

C

Y.

11'

word

reputation < 'J

'S^X-'t

repeat

lie, falsehood

$ N

machine

be knowledge-

3 V

f : i .

—^'— A

computergame

able

about

I Conveying Information Gained

E l s e w h e r e

1 Is

used to pass on information that you have gained from some other

source,

it follows plain

forms in the basic pattem (see front endpapers).

^

j itself conjugates like a

-na

adjective, except

that it never appears in past, negative, or adverbial forms. Statements using - t 9 typically reflect the

speaker's own summary or rendering of the information being relayed.

From what I hear, Mr. Mills is going to be a lit tle late.

* L Tc ( 7 ) ^ l i ( ± 2 B#7j^ f , / - c ^ 9 T 1 - 0

From what I hear, tomorrow's meeting is from two o'clock.

To specify the source of the information you are relaying,

use

— IZ X 6 Y

or

— <D U

TU

lite L

f M ' ^

-^^^^ ^

>

K^^

7 T T A ^ ^ V N o/ j. -< ^^ <^

-ofz^i

T t o

According to the newspaper, there was a large tsunami in Indonesia.

To hear Shika tell it, in India people study mathematics a lot from the time they are children.

To straightforwardly quote something you heard or read, use ^ 1 " o T v N J i " (Book II, p. 122) or

^ # v

N

T ^ ' j i t (Book III, p. 71). The former is used especially when stressing the identity of

the person who made the statement.

Mr. Kato said that if a million cases of Chocolat-Chocolat were sold, a bonus would be issued.

The more colloquial

o

T is commonly used when giving hearsay in everyday speech. Women often

use it in combination with

desu/masu.

<D^~^r^<- h (Dm^ ^ /Clil Vi» -o J:

9 4

fi-oXo

t: 11*

9

I hear that Mr. Tanaka of Nozomi Department Store is on a business trip right now.

7 i ^ — ^ X ^ < ^ l i ^ ^ T t o T o

T

I hear that there is going to be a bonus given out.

- o l i ^ i - L T I i

according to

to

hear tell

i t .

Indonesia

tsunami

-f y ]'

t *t>1=} X T % n> n

o T

India

on a

business trip

(colloquial form of

the

quotation

particle >1)

m

n Answer the questions by using ^ with the proper form o f the words in parentheses.

1) Q •.mi^^/Hi^Bi^^Ti-f)\

A

: XXo Tto L

/ c )

2)

Q :

/ c ' ;K7j^*'&ATt'J\

A : ; i X o

t *

? ^ ^J . ' ^ OT

J ^

C

;^-^-^

y^^)^:

Tto

( * ' J i t )

3) Q : - f t ^ ^ c T ^ ^ - i - l i ^ ^ IC < T V U N T L J: i f i \

A : ; I X . vNVN^,^.vNii-o / ' j - 7

5

A l ± l ^ < U J: 7 'J

Tt^^bo

( A t ^ T t )

4) Q:' ^ 5 ^ 7J ^^^/ '£^N ; ^ ^ " ^ )o / c^Tt^\

A : ; l ; i o 7 - F7 xT I ± Tto ( ^^ ^L Tt )

A :

X;io

^

J:

9 L^^; Tto (^-S^NTt)

0

Read the following sentences while paying attention

to

their meanings.

1) ^ n X a i i r . X 6 Y .

^ ; ^ l ± ^ ^ W o J ;

<^i>^- t9Tt o

2) |R(75T^7 7 7 l c J ; ^ ^ .

^

i3g Z L J : 9 T

€ *r J ^ ~ ^

i o

Tv

9 Tt o

3)

v i j - ^

A w T(±, 7 7 7 X T * ; H ^ < 7 ) T ^ ^ I ± A ^ ' ^ ^ ~ * ) ^ ^ 9 Tto

|i4 -L 1: IÏ/C l -C S

^

o author

Vi}''\^ autograph session

^

S 1 ; < Korean-style barbecue

I [in forecast

ZLK-

tonight

wind

announcement

L f i j i ^ C L j ; - ) train-car breakdown

L V 'j

J:

T train car

C

L Jt

9 breakdown

T — anime,

animation

13

Descr ib ing A ct ions D o n e

or to Be

D o n e

in

P r e p a r a ti o n

for the

F utur e

In

its

basic

sense, the

-te form

of

a verb

+ fe <

(hereafter

~ T fe' < )

means

to

perform an action

and

then to keep the effects of that action g oing. Depending on the context, it may also mean to prepare

for something, to do something in advance, or to ma intain some state in readiness for the future.

I'll make restaurant reservations in preparation for our dinner party.

Please photocopy the documents before the meeting.

In conversation, ~ T feX (TfeX ) may sometimes be pronounced ~ ^ < ( ^ ' < ) .

t i z r - y m < o ^ $

i-fo

i X T toi

I'll

send

the

data

[in

p reparation

for

you

to

see] sometime today.

i

Read throug h

the

manual thoroug hly beforehand.

Complete the sentences using ~ T fe' ^ .

1) zLi£/i:k.tzt>^^^6(Dr\^-Jit i t o (UK^-f)

2 ) ^ ^ ^ ^ f - ^ " " t / c ^ 7 j < | | o T $ i t o

tiA.iïl<DX4 yi-iXUX

^mt

t

L

J;

7o {^fzfzi66)

3 )

h ( ± 9 l t ' 5 l t l C * , V N 7 ; t fe [ : ^ ^ , ^ | C <

4) I t vN / cVN lcg l l j lJ^

i t o

{ Y i 6 '^-f make cold, cool down h^^i L a-i-u-e-o order

tzLitn

heater

'^\Ln>L

order of

A C

T C F

"

t Discussing

Things You D o IMoi; Know or Understand

P H R A S E

P O W E R

Inviting others to join you in

thinl<ing

about sonnething:

What could they be?

Could they be bears?

W hat do you suppose they're doing?

Why do you suppose they're standing up?

II.

Examples of how to respond to the above:

®

They're lesser pandas.

®

T hey're probably lesser pandas.

(D

Aren't they lesser pandas?

®

^ ^ / v

N T ' - f e t c

T hey're n ot lesser pandas.

®

3 They seem to be lesser pandas, but

®

1 don't know.

^ -7

bear

l/yi)-—y<yf' lesser panda

15

SPEAKING PRACTICE

I. Ms. Martin and Mr. Suzul<i see a mysterious box that has been sitting in the office since yesterday.

V H N T L J : 7 -h^o

H A : v ^ v ^ ^ l : ^ ^ J . - v ^ T - f ^ \

v / u ^ y :

^ o l f i J i n l ^ A o T T i

- V N o - f T T

t v N V N T L j ; 7

I ^ A

:

^

^ " ' 7 T L J:

7 -h^

Mart in:

What could this

box be?

Suzuki: I don' t know. It's been here since yesterday.

Mart in: {picks

it

up) It's

light. There doesn't seem

to

be anything

in it.

Do you suppose

it

would

be

all

right

to try

and open

it?

Suzuki:

Yes,

it

shoüld

be all

right,

I

imagine.

Mart in: Just as I thought, there's nothing in it. Do you suppose i t would be all right to throw it

away?

Suzuki:

Hmm, couldn't say.

II. Dinner at the Katos, Part 1: Ms. Martin sees something in her dish that she does not recognize.

- 7 / i y y : z K l i i ^ T l x i ^ \

i J i X : u=ty\:K't'K r-t \

• 7 ; i y y : L

^ ^ / o T - f J i o

7^^fe 1; ^ . - ^ . ^ . ^

N

^- ^ ; ^ o | | . ^ X . , z t i l i i ^

T - f ^ \

^ o p

( # )

:

l l ) - f T - f J ;

o

{sliows her

a

whole one)lih. Zfl

T't

o

Mart in: What could this be?

Mills: Isn't i t a lemon?

Mart in: It

can't

be

a lemon.

It

smells different. Mrs. Kato, what is this?

Mrs. Kato: It's a

yuzu

citrus,

{shows her a whole one)

See, this.

Mart in: What a lovely scent

•^o l f ' J

sure enough, as expected (colloquial form of ^ l ± U )

life

look here

i;*? T 'L

J:

-7

I wonder,

couldn't

say

U^rV

lemon

fP'f yuzu citrus (the juice and rind of which are o ften used in cooking)

P v A C T [ C- C H

Dosoi

ibinn Sound'-.. Smells, ."snd ïf.stos

[ ü » ^ | | |

W O R D

P O W E R — -

I. Sounds:

y -y

^ <75-t

i •

KK

I hear a

piano,

[lit., "T here is the sound of a pian o."]

I hear children's

voices,

[lit., "There are children's voices."]

Smells:

: fevN

V \ \. N | C f e V

y -y knock

i^A-t£') thunder, lightning

i , L >i footstep

l i - ^ " L

C*

X.

sound of conversation

hh^^z ^ sound of laughter

1 laugh

•ij." $

C*

X sound of crying

< cry (of person)

•tf

o

I t X./ soap

^ f" (tk') unpleasant

C i f ' i . ( R 2 ) burn (of food)

17

I smell soap.

\

'r

U^y<D^^ \ZL\Z{<D^^ Lxli}<<D^

i>t

i i :

i,t

* i V N

^ ^ b V ^ L f e ^ X V N

t o l f o

lt tastes like lemon.

' ^ — 7 ' herb

< garlic

L J:

9

'5''* ginger

LH

-fi^iyK^ salty

"t-olf^^ sour

ic^S '

^

bitter

®

A

^ ti'-^b^ LÈ Lfzo

*

There was a loud sound.

@

t )^<^'^X 'J

7J'~fe

i^tzXl

•^ '^ '^^ ' L i

L

Tco

There was a sound like lightning striking.

(^^"^{Z^VXUÛ^tîrp-Ö^Lt Ltzo

Late at night there were voices outside

J: ^ - i : l i t

speaking in whispers.

® - ^ A t t M c f e v N ;^X i - t o

It smells strange.

® ^ 7^^7^j,'7JM ^ o / c J ; 7 ^j-McfeVNTjX i t o

It smells like rotten fish.

® ^ ) i

V N |È<7? Tj^fe

' j i

t o

It smells sweetly of flowers.

lite

®-f'£^-f)^L\ NP^;^< L i t o It has a nostalgic taste.

® M < 7 ) J ; 7 ICICT^^'V N T t o It is bitter like medicine.

*

A $

tt" =

A $ V

N "

big."

Although

A $ v

N and

V

N are both -/ adjectives, occasionally the

an aa aa t n

V N may be replaced with tt' when these words modify nouns.

SPEAKING PRACTICE

I. Ms. Chandra notices the smell of cigarettes on entering a meeting room.

^^yVy: - < ^ f M . / d f c < 7 ? i c f e v N ^ x i t = f ^ o

H A

:

^ 7

T t 7 j \

# A : ï ; i o

•f-f

*

Chandra: This room smells of cigarettes, doesn't it?

Suzuki:

Oh, does it?

Chandra: May I open the windows a little?

Suzuki: Go ahead.

II. Ms. Nakamura notices a good smell while being treated to Ms. Chandra's home cooking.

4 # : \ ^ t z f i ^ t - f . L l L ^-^£'o^¥ L i t J ^ o

t i l l

o< i:<'<o

fefeS^X big

ï.'î'h'' middle of the night

X/Û-i in

whispers

<-ii> rot

\y— curry

A ? hmm?

icAy/i^

something

(colloquial

form

of J.-|C7}^)

o>

L

$*

(•^0

mysterious, amazing

X ' •> -f X spice

ïS^ Tv^ home, household

Nakamura:

Chandra:

Nakamura:

Chandra:

Nakamura:

W hat a lovely smell. This is curry, isn't it?

Yes. Please, have a taste.

i

wil l .

Hmm? It has something of an exotic taste.

I made it wit h my m other's recipe. It has special spices in it.

The taste of Indian home co oking . Delicious

III.

Ms. Nakamura and Mr. Suzuki hear loud noises.

{crashing sounds)

•r-t i

v>t

4 ^ : t^^ti:

'j

^ ~fe i i f z X i ^j."-t-T L/zUo

{sirens wailing)

Suzuki: W hat was that sound just now?

Nakamura: It sounded like lightning striking, didn 't it?

Suzuki: Oh , sirens. There seems to have been an accident. I'll go take a look.

IV. Dinner a tt he Katos, Part 2: drinking win e

1 9 S 5 j W v - f h - A B C T t o {pours) \^t^^'Tir^\

-t-t

é

-ot,

•7)l9y: X7 ZK. ^L-^x\zÜ\^-ö^Lt^L-ö\

tn^ (^) : {takes a sip) [ I L Y i t i o {inspects the cork) ^ . ^'U'tio t < ^ i - t i r

A o ? ^ l ± 7 ^ > - f e 7 - ^ ^ • ^ J . - v ^ ^ T t o

^ J i y y :

1 1 * ^

A .

i / H " i / - c ^ A $

J:-7 7 ^ ^ X ' J t e v N j ; 9 T t J ^ a o

Mr. Kato: Mr. Suzuki, I understand that you've recently been studying about wine. T his here is

a 1985 Chateau ABC. {pours) What do you think?

Suzuki: Um m, it has the bouquet of the ground in a forest. An d . . .

Martin:

Huh? Doesn't this smell strange?

Mr. Kato: {takes a sip) Oh, you're

right,

{inspects the cork) Oh, there's mold. I'm sorry. We

do n' t have a wine cellar, you see.

Martin: It looks like you still have a lot to learn, Mr. Suzuki.

•^4 \yy siren i^lf mold

V +

chateau 7 ^ y - t r 7 — wine cellar

LL—

(said when smelling wine)

•fe soil, ground

IILI n 1 i S ^

P W

A

T I C F '">

Re la t ing or Pausing o n Information G a i ne d Elsewhere

S P E A K I N G

P R A C T I C E

I. W hile out wa lking in the park, Ms. Nakamura sees police officers and a large crowd of peop le.

T « 0 A :

ZZ

T 7 - A^Jn ^^îTirXo

atZ vt

A

vt

i-ptji,

ut

±(DA

:

UYlv^tir-fno

ah-fi vt

...l.t'l'L

Nakamura:

Has something happened?

man: From wh at I hear, there's been someone who saw a crocodile here.

Naka mura: W hat? Really?

woman:

Yes. It's frig hte nin g, isn't it?

Nakamura: Could it be a pet that g ot away?

man: I don 't know. It may be tha t the person keeping it abandoned it. I understand tha t

there are quite a lot of people w ho abandon pets just because they find th em to o ha rd

to take care of.

woman: W hat a horrible thing .

II.

Mr. M ills calls the o ffice to say tha t he is stuck in a traf fic jam and wi ll arrive late.

DVX :

l i l X r - t o iKt-fo 9 9

y - \ z ( D ' ^ t z h . Ly^ntz^^r

ï j ' ^

:

h-ö^^)tLtz.

§3 -ft . 5 ) l X i ATJ^

^

m M ^ ' h 'J

i

L

/ co

L fe < K -S ^ 9 T - f

c

it^y^: ^1

T - f

h-é^

'j i L / c <

Mills:

This is Mills. I'm goin g to be a little late. I'm in a

taxi,

but there's such a traffic jam . . .

I think I'll get there around

9:10.

I'm sorry.

Nakamura: I understand.

Nakamura:

Manager Sasaki, there was a phone call from Mr. Mills. He said he'd be a little late.

Sasaki: Is tha t so? I und erstan d.

îjEPjil'IlflliV^ 7

i

crocodile, alligator I t

o C

-) quite (a lot of)

irXfz<D-6^t Lilt-it Ay it may be that (someone) abandoned (something) JAi: ' \^ horrible

~

« 4 L iff^" V

^

it may be

that

(giving an explanation)

^ïSî^j-oT Just

because

(colloquial form of fe ^ v

^-p

T ) 21

III.

Mr. Kato relates a story from the office to his wife.

^ 0 »

( ^ )

: •^y = f-/iyzL<^)(D ^ < D ^ ^ ^ t L t ^ L f i Z Y h ^ l

tn l i t f i i: ^ J:

txiU (#) : t]-b^LUo

7}-

i:-)

it-it S J : 7 < H > L < . 114-L

; ^ D » ( # )

: ^L-i-xXf-, < 'J

L T v N / b T L J;

i

?

^

7 X

V(D^y^AZ[ZXtzhia.

Mr. Kato:

Have you ever read Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince

Mrs. Kato:

Yes, a long time ago.

Mr. Kato:

Today at the office 1 talked about how 1 caught a fennec in our yard.

Mrs.

Kato:

Everyone must have been surprised.

Mr. Kato:

Yes.

To hear Marie teil it, the fox in

The

Little

Prince

was a fennec.

Mrs. Kato:

Really, is that right? Come to think of it, it did have long ears and looked like the

fox in the illustrations.

•y-y = - r

^ ' i ^ ; L - N

i; Antoine Salnt-Exupéry

(French author,

1900-1944)

i>t) yes (used by men)

f l i L « f e 9 i : ^ t J

The Little Prince {in }apanese,

The

Star Prince)

- t ^ v ^ x i f

come to think of It

L star

-f -^ X F

illustration

prince |C-?)(R2) look like, resemble

^

PRAGT

ICIE Descr ib ing P reparations or Advance s tep s for Doing Something

S P E A K I N G

P R A C T I C E

I. Ms. Ma rtin sees a photograph displayed in the Katos' home.

tm

( ^ )

: 9 ^<75ic;bT-retc lc ^| c/ N°y^ fe \N Tf e

< AT-To ^ L T . / h , *

tn fe-,

Martin:

Mr. Kato:

Martin:

Mr. Kato:

Did you take this photograph of a

small

bird,

Mr. Kato?

Yes,.

I like photogra phing birds.

Wh ere did you take it?

In our

yard.

I put some bread ou t

in the

yard.

Then I wait patiently

for birds to come.

II. Dinner at the K atos, Part 3: Ms. Martin is eating the K atos' home-cooked fish.

tn -o t t «-/C

-7iV9y

AM

-t- tn -oi

ZL t: -oi

Martin: This fish is incredibly delicious. Ho w do you make it?

Mrs. Kato: You put the fish in miso for tw o to three hours. T hen you broil it.

Martin: So this taste is miso?

Mrs.

Ka to: Yes. Little by little you pu t soy sauce, sugar, and sake in w ith the m iso and mix

everything up

well.

T hen into this you lay the fish fillets.

Martin: Hm m, 1 see. I'li try making it myself next time.

ZZ^] small bird

I

o

i

patiently, quietly

very Q^X t spoken with

emotional emphasis)

A

miso

o l t - S (R2) marinate

t-\t'i> (R2) mix

i l j A- fillet

hmm, I

see

23

K A N J I P R A C T I C E

feliiiuippinnit%

Pjj

n

sound

at

l i

—V

feliiiuippinnit%

Pjj

n

sound

at

\

-\

voice

• *

V V

*

1

'. ..

taste

1

'. ..

bird

z t<i

'1'

P

bird

z t<i

A

te

\ i i ]

t

-fif/f

1

i t

—

te

\ i i ]

t

-fif/f

/ |

s...

l ive

/ |

s...

place

m

•—

5

f f

place

m

/' '

;

i

1

B if

—(-

1

B if

: ^

ost

: ^

^ >

<

} l

near

recent

<

} l

appearance

Mr., Mrs ., Miss

fe«

•h-i,ii

t

r

appearance

Mr., Mrs ., Miss

fe«

•h-i,ii

I ;

Lf> UA

—*•

t

Lf> UA

owner

lord

Ms. Nakamura notices tiiat the cookies she left on a desk are missing.

L Jt < W ^ 7 > n ^ | ^ - p ,; ; T / t —

-.p.31

T j - l t ^ " o

^

y l / X

i (bursts into laughter)

ê^y^: ^ ^IX'^ L . ^ v ^ x ^ ^ f z / C T i - f } \

T -r s .,p, 33

T - t o

^ ^ T \

i-iriöfz(Dlz^ ^<fxf)^'o f z L T - t n . Ur: \ tL\

I

UI

H

) I

Nakamura: Do you kno w [anything abou t] the cookies that were on this desk?

Martin: Cookies?

Nakamura: Yes, they're samples of cookies for pets. Someone from the pet food development

department gave them to me yesterday. I'm sure

I put

them here . . .

Suzuki:

Um , were those cookies for pets?

Martin:

Did you eat the m, Mr. Suzuki?

Suzuki:

Yes. I tho ugh t they were souvenirs from someone. I wond er if I'm going to be all

right.

Nakamura: They're supposed to be lo w in calories and very good for you. H ow did they taste?

Mills: {bursts into laughter)

Suzuki: Did you know about this, Mr. Mills?

Mills: You were munching away like you were enjoying them so much, it was difficult for me

to tell you.

Suzuki: So that's why you didn't eat any even thou gh I offered you some. How mean

I

V O C A B U L A R Y

L i

< t A A < H i | i T .;;

< (R2)

l i

- f

T V .

lev

pet-food development

department

' food product

give (to me)

oughtto,

should (see p. 31)

low in calories

low

in

calorie

good for you [lit., "good

for the body"]

b

L

V ^

supposedly apparently (see p. 32)

fe V ^ L 9 |C as if finding something delicious

• f :9 ( t t ' ) look, seem (see p. 33)

difficult (to do)

that's

why...

offer, urge

even though (see p. 35)

how

meanl

(emotive particle; see Note 6 below)

-t-fiÖ^

( R 2 )

<D[Z

'tc

;v

NV

N

good for -

1. < Kfz

( Kfz, th e -ta form (plain, past, affirmative form) of the verb ( here means "gave to me ."

i K6

is used when the recipient is the speaker, in which case

^UK

can be om itted . For more

on verbs for giving, see the Usage Note on p. 29.

2 . Z(D-^ < /^(Oy-y ^-

Z(D and^<D

are both demonstratives.

Z(Dr) { ^

refers to a desk there in the office, near Ms.

Nakamura. ^ CO ^

-y +

— refers to th e cookies th at Ms. N akamura is lookin g for. By saying

^<D,

Mr. Suzuki indicates that he knows what cookies Ms. Nakamura is talking about, even though the

cookies are not there at the moment. (See also the Usage Note on p. 30.)

3 . /c'v N l : J ; 9

S^i^ti^

You use T

^^-tC^,

a combination of the question marker and the emotive particle

tC,

at the end

of a question you are asking aloud to yourself. You can lengthen the

tC

to

tC h

for emphasis,

-h^

27

t t ' ^ connotes wonder, doubt, or hesitation. It usually does not appear together with desu/masu.

Women sometimes use the equivalent expression L b.

Could this book be interesting, I wonder.

Should I buy it?

Should I or shouldn't I?

The

-masu

stem of a verb +

|C

< \,

N

(hereafter

|C

<

V N

) means "difficult to do." For the opposite

meaning, "easy

to

do,"

use-masu

stem + - ^ t v \ In the dialogue, Mr. Mills uses

|C

< V N to express

his reluctance to tell Mr. Suzuki the cookies were for pets, given how much he was enjoying them.

In

addition to such difficulties arising from internal abilities or inclinations,

IC

<

\ "^/K"^^

^ may

also be used to state your evaluations

ofthe

external qualities or attributes of things around you.

IC

< V

N

/ - V ' - f ^ conjugate like -/adjectives.

UL « « J:

This book has large print and is easy to read.

On snowy days, the roads are slippery [lit., "easy to slip"] and difficult to walk on.

Printers nowadays do not break down easily.

means "that's why." Mr. Suzuki uses it with ^

T t

f l to think back on yesterday's events

and to indicate that what he found puzzling then has just now been cleared up.

tc here is a sentence-final emotive particle. You use it to comment mainly to yourself about your

own feelings or opinions. It is the same particle as the one that appeared in Note 3 above, except that

here it follows a declarative sentence, not a question. By using tC, Mr. Suzuki conveys his feelings of

protest against Mr. Mills for failing to tell him about the cookies. tC usually comes after plain forms.

Verbs for G iving

In Japanese, different verbs are used to express the action of giving depending on who the

receiver is.

GIVER RECEIVER

/ O

(to person of higher status)

O

- O

(to person of equal status)

\ O

(to person of lower status, animals/plants)

O

-O

(from person of equal/lower status to speaker)

\

O

(from person of high er status to speaker)

The basic meaning of the verb h

I f i s

"to raise." Raising one's hands outw ard is the typical

motion by which one gives something to someone, hence the use of h (f •2) as an expression

for giving. When giving something to someone of higher status, the verb

^

L

I f -?>

(the

humble e quivalent of h I f

•I);

see also p. 181), meaning to hold som ething up

high,

is used. As

part of Japanese culture, however, people will generally avoid referring openly to giving things

to those of higher status.

As for

^ -S),

the traditional verb for giving something to someone of lower status or to

animals or plants, many people today, especially women, tend to favor using

^

I f

-?>,

owing

perhaps to the condescending nuance of ^ -5) . Thus, today h\ih is increasingly replacing

^

in expressions tha t should properly use the latter, e.g., ^ I C ; l

^ ^- ^

' j i "f, "I will

feed [lit., 'give food to'] the dog,"

^

^iH water [lit., 'give water to'] the

flowers," or ^ 9 ^ |c;f:^ ^ 'J i - f "I will give my younger brother the bo ok."

< m h (see also

p. 181), historically mean ing to be stow to someone of lower

status, is

the

honorific expression for

{Ki>.

29

D emonstrat i ves

Japanese demonstratives include tlie

following:

refer to objects

modify animate and inanimate objects

refer to places

refer to directions, inanimate objects, people, and places

(polite use)

casual form s of C

^ ) b, ^) b,

an d

^

b

refer to attributes

refer to situations

ZK hK

Z(D ^(D h<r)

^Z h ^ z

Zt>h ^ ^ b ^ ^ b

Z-oiy

^1

Ih-ot,

hh

- 1

To summarize some basic points regarding the demonstratives taken up so far:

1. W hen th e speaker and listener are conversing at some distance from each other, C -de mo n

stratives are used to specify objects near the speaker, -demonstratives to specify those

near the listener, and

^)-demonstrat ives

to spe cify those close to neither (Book I, p. 20).

2.

When referring to things that are not actually there but only came up in the conversation,

speakers generally use -demons tratives to specify things that the other person brough t up

earlier in th e discussion (Book I [Kana Version], p. 23 2; [Romanized Version] p. 233 ).

3. Again in discourse, -demons tratives may be used to specify someth ing either the speaker

or listener brought up that the speaker expects both of them to already be familiar with

(Book III, p. 27).

30

I GRAMMAR & P A T T E R N P R A C T I C E

I' II

E x p r e s s i n g

Certainty

l i t is used after an assertion that you have grounds to believe should be true. Though it is never

used without an accompanying modifier,

l ± - f

is a noun. Thus, words before it take plain forms in the

noun-modifying pattern (see

front

endpapers) just as other noun modifiers do.

1 . IVIaking assertions based on reason

I i - f

is used to make an assertion about something you believe should be true based on logic or

reason.

Isd^lfzi

l i v N t / X T l c ^ j - ^ ^ f c

<

'j

t L/cTj^b. ^ \ZY)C{ l ± - f

T-To

* i Ï i:»Ï

I sent the package by courier service yesterday, so it should arrive sometime today.

I practiced for my speech over and over, so I should be able to do it well.

2. Expressing feelings of suspicion upon encountering circumstances different from what you believe

should be true

l ± - f can also be used in cases where you find a situation to be different from how you expected it

to be. In such cases,

l i t

connotes feelings of suspicion.

X-

<f

^ X

s

I hear voices, although everyone has left and there should be no one in the room.

^(nn. U i ; L

J:

(75i ^"^F*1*^T'Jf

o / ' c i i t ' i X T - t ' ^ ^

i t^ * / -c t fw^

v N / c A T - t o

I was sure I closed the office windows before I went home yesterday, but when I came in this

morning, they were open.

Read the following dialogues while paying attention to the uses of

l± - f .

0

: fc(ï;lTvN^I±-f

T - f o

H ^ . m MT i § L i

L / c ^ ^

b o

4

T•

h \i*i

£S t •

I f

L j

; 5

^ ^ " ^ ' i ^ b t t

' V N

< ; ) ^ ^ è LJK^-^±^^tao

7 i ^ ^

good a t, skilled

I I'

L J; place

B

^ E x p r e s s i n g Bel iefs o r E x p e c t a t i o n s B a s e d o n Information G a i n e d

E l s e w h e r e

U(D<y hM<Dy y ^ - l i ) iÈ,^?^^)

- T \

YX ii^\Z\^K^h

L v ^ T - f

J;„

h L

V N is used to state something tha t you guess or suppose to be true based on other in forma tion,

but oftentimes with the intimation that you either do not wish to be held accountable for or have no

significant interest in wh at you are passing on . L v comes after plain forms in the T L J:

9

pat

tern (see front endpapers),

b

L

^

itself conjugates lil<e an -/adjective, except that it does not appear

in negative forms wh en used in the sense discussed here.

i-uLï-

Zh f Ih

The new produc t that company is putting out is supposed to be fantastic.

Mr. Mills is supposed to have been a popular hockey player while he was a student.

A second func tion of t L V N is to follow nouns to mean "characteristically like" or "typically like"

that noun. Compare this usage with that of J ; 7 :

Z t l V

This summer it is not very hot, but today is a typically hot summer-like day.

i

<-o i i i u

Altho ugh it's still April, today it is as hot as summer.

The former talks about a hot summ er day being the way it should be, wh ile the latter describes a hot

day that feels like summer even though it is not.

32

< a hole opens up

^ L hole

popular

I ;

A c f

popularity

hockey

Read the following dialogue while paying attention to the uses

oi ^ 1, b L ^ \

and

o

T .

K-tlt L

* *

' i - i i - f i . L

L f ^ J : ?

L

I t A

T L

XZ-fxhfih

9 o T O

E x p r e s s i n g

I m p r e s s i o n s (2)

i i \ ^ l ^

1

\z^<X\^fz(r)X\ - t^Hc

<

T j ^ o T ^ c A T t o

tz V '

^ 9

is used to express what the state of a person or object you are observing seems or feels like to

you. Typically ^ 9 statements concern immediate impressions or feelings, not reasoned or thought-

out assessments. Whether what is said is actually true is of no concern. Elements before

^

9 take

the following forms:

verbs:

(fl^/^^O -l-'^) ^ 1 (-masu

stem)

-i

adjectives: fc

V ^

(_

v N

fc' L 9 (plain form minus the -/ ending)

-na adjectives:

-^X^'J

("^")

- • • ' ^ / C ' J ' ^ 9

(plain form minus

the-na/da

ending)

Since

-i

9 expresses a state, it cannot appear with nouns. Be sure not to confuse this use

oi ^ 1

with that introduced earlier for indicating hearsay (p. 12).

These cookies look delicious, don't they?

This shirt seems like it would look good on Mr. Mills, doesn't it?

9 itself conjugates like a

-na

adjective.

fcv

N

L

- t

9 tt^ ^ -y ^

t b V N J

L Tco

I received some delicious-looking cookies.

'"•'M

L

L

^

J ; 9 branch president o/cX4(R2) inform, tell

U--by°->g> reception

i : ' T L

/; LX'-f-h^

is something the matter?

V

^

o

address,

speech

i-f

i

k

Mr. Suzuki seemed to be enjoying the cookies that he was

eating,

[lit., "Mr. Suzuki was eating

the cookies as if they were delicious."]

W hen follow ed by 9 , the adjective \

n

N and the negative N become 1 and ^ - t

9 , respectively.

z(DUxvyy. X i ^ i r i - n . z z i z t t i x i ,

This restaurant looks good, doesn't it? Let's go here.

This kimchi doesn't look very hot, does it?

Z(DJ^\Z\iil^\si,(D-Ö^-*-£^^lT-fo

This store doesn't look like it has anything inexpensive.

In addition to using ti.' ^ ^ 9 , negative ^ 9 statements may also be forme d by negating the who le

sentence.

3 <D^<y i ' j \m 9 T l ± ' j i -drAo

This bag doesn't look very easy to use.

Z(Di±^\ttJ-rii^L < T . \z\ir^^i\z/i,h^)t^L.

This job is so difficult, I don 't think I can do it.

The verbs appearing in the examples above have so far all either been potential verbs or verbs that

express states. When the -masu stem of a verb besides these combines with

^

9 , then the pattern

expresses the idea that someth ing looks likely to occur at any mom ent or is indeed just abo ut to do so.

m

^-l^

'J ^

9

T t o

It looks like it's going to rain.

The books on the shelf look like they're going t o

fall.

Finally, ^ 9 may be used to state wha t is likely to happen based on wha t you have seen or heard of

a situation or state.

It is very cold this winter, so it seems like it'll snow a lot.

Z <D\±mi^B ^ \Z^h ' j ^ 9 T-fo

L zlt it. ton a

I'll probably finish this work

today,

[lit., "This job is likely to get finished sometime today."]

+ kimchi

/c j.- :

shelf

3 4

Complete the sentences by connecting the words in parentheses to

^

9 , 7

tt",

or

^

9 k , as

appropriate.

1 ) A : t T $ ^ j . > U X h^ y T - r ^ o Z Z ( c L i L J : 7 o

B :

T-rx. ti^'\:x iS^rirt\

( i ^ ^ O

2)

D V D T t ^ c

( f c è L ^ o )

3 )

^Jl^'UL^/HzX-^X^'i-tX. T-rUo

( $ ^ , ^ « nN VN )

4 )

C ( 7 ) o - 7 ° l ± ^ ; l i L ; ^ c ^ ^ t C ^ a r

L i v N j L /co

( i : J : iS^tc)

5)

T j ^ - d r T ^

-f > F

Jl<DX^''.

T t o

t y

:

t m^^X

<

^ v

I>

L

1

E x p r e s s i n g Ideas that Run Cont r ar y to Expecta t ion (1 )

Earlier in Book II (p. 152), we introduced <D T as the conjunctive form of

A T t .

<^ I - is the cor

responding adversative conjunction. Before (D \Z comes a description of circumstances or events tha t

have already occurred, are occurring, or are certain to occur in the future, w hile follo win g it comes a

statement that goes contrary to what would normally be expected from the foregoing information.

(D \Z connotes feelings of puzzlement, dissatisfaction, or regret. It comes after plain forms in the t t '

(D X pattern (see fro nt endpapers).

^m^yyyx-ö-h^h<nx\ { T K ^ ^

^ ' j

i L / co

My parents are comin g over from France, so I took a holiday.

^m^yyyx-/)-h^h<D{z^ \^î)<L < T ' H ^ J ó i - l f A o

My parents are coming over from France, but I'm so busy I can't take time off.

i^^-fx<Diz^ Y:'zizi>ni-fi^L.

I have some time off, but I w on 't be able to go anywhere.

^ A L t j - 7

L^x^ô/-cc7) |c.

ii<xmfzo

I did well even though I did n't practice.

' ^ ' ^ monkey C J; T . i -

(îO

* è ^ > n * v v feelgood

^^yh'll'

candle

D —

7° rope

iK6

(R2) break, snap (of things that are elongated

and pliant, such

as

string)

sturdy, strong

O Complete the sentences using <DlZ and the proper form of the words in parentheses.

1 )

'J J : 7 ' J ^ ^ Y c <

^

A

n i > - k < ^ K i ^ / L r i f z o U

tl' iz fz

2) / M x - y h ^ - ti - ^ /v N A T - fo ( L T v N i - f )

3 )

Clxt

- t f X - t f X o r J ^ o T ^ i - t f A o

( I v N i L / c )

4 ) ^^iri±^^

L

tci-fKlitc 'j i

- t tAo (H

B Ï H T - f )

5) / U - > ^ A i ± H

: ^ l

& 7 j ^ : - t fX - t fXoT j^^h^XVNAT. - fo

6) L-f^^^X

MtYXtih^^'T-to (HiTlfz)

7 )

^-^^^^ ^m^n< / i r i r f ) \ (^^^T- f )

0

Read

the

following dialogue while paying attention

to the

uses

of <7)

IC.

Just past

5:00

p.m.,

at

the office:

l - K

:

(±^'--o

(sighs)

^ ; l / X " : ^ 7 ' ^ X T ^ C A T ' T ' J ^

m,^: ^<Dj.^jK'<^<tlX\'fz<Dlz^ t)-<D[: xy()'^tctj''^fzLriro

2 ^ F j t j • ^ x ^ ' f z < D \ z ^

^tct)^o/cAT-ro f ^ s t m i | ^ L

i : ^ <

a^xvNATto

^ ; l . X ' : mf)^h-ofz<Df)^t L / K i - d r A c t o t C T ^ ^ ° - h iz^-o X<^fz 13.11)''

P R A C T I C E 1 Expressing Things that P uzzle or Trouble You

P H R A S E P O W E R

Complaining about common troubles:

T

There's no hot w ater.

(R2) flow, flush

X'L

^

battery

^

U

X. (R2) change, replace

The l ights wo n't come on.

h4 ^<7)7JC^</J . - rJm^J,-v^^Ti -o

Ai -

The toilet won 't f lush.

The l id wo n't open.

I can't find my ticket even thoug h I'm sure I put it

in my pocket.

This electronic dictionary still doesn't wo rk [lit.,

"I still can't use this electronic dictionary"], even

tho ugh I changed the batteries

37

G e l l i n g

Sonie'il iii ig Ciccired Up in Your Mind, Mailing Excubos

S P E A K I N G

P R A C T I C E

I. Mr. Mills and Ms. Nakamura are talk ing ab out Mr. Suzuki.

^ f - ^ A

^ : : 7 > - + ^ -

M c

^ ^ f c 9 ^ , ^ > o T .

^^'^^ y h iM-o fz<D

IC. ^<DH, lrP'ot>Xl\Zti:r>TlÈ',fzLti^lTiro

htzl.

Mills: Mr. Suzuki has been do wn recently, hasn't he? Do you suppose any thing has hap

pened?

Nakamura: From wh at I hear, he bough t expensive tickets to a concert, thinking to invite Aiko to

it ,

but ended up having to go on a business trip that day.

Mills:

So

that's"

why he gave me those tickets.

II.

Mr. Mills and Ms. Nakamura revisit the topic of Mr. Suzuki.

l)VX:

W ^ o / b A T L

J:

f o

i i t i l ZLiïLikMz^^^T.

F^1uTAJ

;9o

Mills:

Mr. Suzuki has become his usual spirited self

again,

ha sn't he?

Nakamura:

Yes. It seems someth ing g ood happe ned to him on his business trip .

Mills:

I wond er wh at could have happene d. I know I'll invite him to go out for a drink wi th

me tonigh t, and I'll ask him.

III. Mr. M ills is looking for something.

Y:i^^LtzLTiri)\

•t-r

i

DIX: ity^^^ Li}-hh-f-6^'^tzX^^z:<D\iLzn-ö^i-j:\^LT-to

+

lc

^ X

7

7

L

$ ^ b V

N <;)

I

c

„

c i

O /c

^ j . -

O

Suzuki:

Is something the matter?

Mills: The English man uscript tha t I go t from M s. Sasaki is missing. An d I have to check it by

today. I'm really in a fix

Nakamura: Oh? You hadn't checked it yet? I th oug ht it had been done, so I handed it to Ms. Sasaki

just a while ago.

' i l t z \

I know

<OMz^^l Invite (someone) to go out for

a

drink

I f Xy

C

1 manuscript

f • ^ L ' t ' i ' ^ ^

have to

(seep. 216)

L <^ -3 h I 1 \Z-t£ Zl have a business trip coming up

^ t

(0 Jt

7 lc

as

usual,

like always

L t j i o ^ i T - J ^ destination of a business trip

~

•$ S destination, receiving end

^ ACTC E 3 Descr ib ing App earances and Impress ions


It looks heavy.

^^6^1 T-fo

It looks light.

It looks like it'll be fu n. It looks like it'l l be scary.

L * ^ - t i : ^ 9 T t o i . A / - c V ^ ^ < * , ' J ^ 9 T t o

They look happy. They look like they're having problems.

RestftMCunt

ID m m

Resta u mnt I

ffl ffl ffl

This restaurant looks better [than that one].

fcVNL^9 I

It looks delicious

ilLY 1 l C f c v s L ^ 9 ^ j . - y - + T t ^o

It really is a delicious -looking cake, isn't it?

1

I

Delicious

| | * ^ 5 A . ( i A ^ 9 l C f c v N L ^ 9 i c t i : < ^ t t ^ c

You really look like you're enjoying wha t you're d rinking, Mr. Suzuki.

Li,b^(f£)

happy, blissful

C o t , CO this one (colloquial form of C <7); points to one of two things singled out for

comparison)

7 i ^

N

:

delicious (more colloquial than fcv

^

L used primarily by men)

Everyone is

wall<ing

along looking busy.

Everyone is walking along looking as if they're enjoying themselves.

fc^^9

Tto

He looks like he's going to

fall.

(The tree) looks like it's going

to fall over.

<

-fK^

1 T t o

(The stack of papers) looks

like it's going to fall over.

(The button) looks like it's

going to come off.

X ' j - t ? T t o

(The ball) looks like it's going

to go in.

tztiiflh

(Kl) fall dow n, collapse

X fi branch

Üili> (R2)

14

3—C

/ / / m.

(The candle) looks like it's going

to go out.

(The branch) looks like it's

going to snap.

$ t L ^ 9 T t o

(The rope) looks like it's going

to snap.

(m^^) T t o

(The sake) looks like it's g oing

to spill over.

m i r - t .

(The flowers) look like they're

going to bloom.

break, snap (of thinqs that are elongated and

hard, such as branches or bones)

< -fJtli, (R2)

>^Ki>

(R2)

ZlïKi, (R2)

i <

fall apart, crumble

come off, become detached

spill

bloom,

flower

41

r

S P E A K I N G P R A C T I C E

I. Ms. Nakam ura is carrying a heavy-loo king load of papers.

Mills: T hose look heavy. Let me help you .

Nakamura: Thank yo u, wo uld you please?

Nakamura: Thank you , Mr. Mills. It was a big help.

Mills:

N ot at all.

II. Ms. Nakamura and Ms. Ma rtin are trying to pick out a birthday present for M s. Chandra.

fM : Z

<DO

-t-i7y-7°liY:'iri-t \ i ,

$ t L V N / - c L .

-tx^tiY

-7)19 y : i i x - ^ Y t i ^ l z < ^ 9 T-r^o

:

(tries

tiolding

it) 1

-

L

^MC

i , ^

|C

< V N T t

Nakamura: How a bout this coffee cup? I think it's lovely, and wi th pretty colors, too . The design

looks like something that Shika would like.

Martin:

Yes, but it looks a little hard to hold, doesn't it?

Nakamura:

(tries

holding It) Hm m, it certainly is aw kwa rd.

l—L hmm, let';

42

III.

Mr. Kato encounters a neighbor while out walking.

ti z tl li<c A

Kato: It's gotten warm , hasn't it?

neighbor: Yes. The cherry blossoms in the park in 3-chome look like they're about to bloom.

Kato: Then cherry-viewing might be early this year, migh tn't it?

IV. Later, M r. Kato converses wi th the same neighbor about the outloo k for a cherry-viewing party

scheduled for that evening.

i-

ti

iii

l i * * * »

i m

:

^ i T - r n o

^ 9 L i L J 9o

ti

Kato: Today is our day to go cherry-viewing, but it's raining, isn't it.

neighbor: You're right. And it looks like it'll be cold, too.

Kato: T he rain seems unlikely to stop,

neigh bor: Shall we postpo ne it?

Kato:

Yes, let's.

• ^ t ) stop (of rain)

x L i - f i ) postpone

know

L

L

t, ML

know

L

L

t, ML

-

o n

article

goods

'fe OD

i

< VL

\\

n u

o n

article

goods

'fe OD

i

< VL

a n

—>

i r 1 — 1 ~T- . .

F l E

r

r

r7

l E

f

•

open

f

•

L

r

close

A

dog

i^fz:tttX < ^ ^ M - t J t o f M # ^ l % T I ± . t ^ # ^ A F B l ^ | 5 ] i : i t A ^ ^ ^

- p . 51

According to a 2006 survey, approximately 33 percent of households across Japan keep pets. More and

more people are regarding pets as members of th e family, resulting in new/ pet-related businesses coming

into e xistence.

The number of apartments and condominiums where people can live with pets is increasing. Cafes

and spas intended exclusively for dogs [and their owners] have been opened. Specialty stores selling pet

goods have also opened, and one often comes across dogs wearing fashionable costumes. At veterinary

clinics, it has become possible for animals to receive the same exams and medical treatment that people

do .

T here is even pet insurance.

In Japan, where the number of children is decreasing, more and more people are spending money on

pets.

All kinds of pet businesses are likely to go on thriving in the future.

V O C A B U L A R Y

^ J: 7 ^ survey, inves tigation

across the co untry, nationvi/ide

due to, as a result of (see p. 49)

relating to

goods

specialty store

specialty, specialization

store

selling

come across, (happen to) see

{-fx)

veterinary dinic

human

(medical) exam

medical treatmen t

become able to , become possible for

( s e e p .

50)

insurance

thriving

continue to -

( s e e p . 51)

, g o o n -

-ing

0 T V ^ i L /cc C (7) x t°V - K

7j<

IC

tl.-

' J ,

3

(Dm^r mtzo ^

l±t f ^ ' ê - ' b - ti r c T ^ m ^ L T M T t c

1

* If

L i

Hi7rt\i

Fronn time immem orial, dogs have been man's best friend. The photograph to th e right is

ofthe

statue of Hachiko, which stands in front of Shibuya Station in Tokyo. This dog, Hachiko, used

to wait at Shibuya Station every day for his master's return [from work]. Even after his master

passed away, he continu ed to w ait fo r him a t the same place. This story became famou s, and this

statue was built. N ow the statue is well know n as a meeting place.

V O C A B U L A R Y

1

good (same as

^;

used often in writing )

partner

statue of Hachiko

Hachiko (name of a famous dog)

statue

of

^Y\^l

x t ° V -

called , named •

d i e , pass away

F episode, story

appointment, arrangement to meet

~ ^

L T

as

, in the capacity

of

47

1. # F m t T $ / M l c / x i J

Often in writt en Japanese, the verb of a clause stating a reason or cause will end in the -masu stem

instead of being put in the conjunctive -fe form .

2. mt^fz^

^K'èM'fz^

is e quiv ale nt t o | j | ^ ' # T V

• ? > ^ .

For a verb whose past form expresses ongoing

effect, both forms may be used interchangeably.

un ut

a person w earin g glasses

3 (75 / \ ^ - ^ and 3

(Dj^

both refer to the photograp h that is actually there on the page. C

<D

^

t" V —

K

points to the overall content of the story that was previously discussed in the text. In

this way, C-de mo nstrative s may be used to collectively refer to wh at you stated so far. The an te

cedent of ^ C in ^ 3 is Shibuya Station, me ntione d in an earlier sentence.

4.

> ^ f - 1 Ï ^^v ^9 +no u n

C 7

^ ^

V

^

7 informs readers that the dog in the photograph is named Hachiko. The pattern

S.7

"proper name +

^ ^ 7 -i -

common noun" functions to introduce the name of a person, place,

or thing that you believe your listener does not know, or that you yourself are not entirely familiar

wi th .

^ V ^ 7 is a combination of th e quotation particle

Y.

an d ^

7,

"to say," here meaning "to

be called."

^ 7

wh en used w ith this sense is typically wr itte n in hiragana instead of in kanji

("t"

7

).

^ V 7

may also be used in the form

~ ^ V i

- f to introduce yourself to someone you

do not kno w, e .g ., A B C 7 —X"C O ^ y l /X " ^ ^ H ^

i - f ,

"I am Mills fro m ABC Foods."

In addition to when giving names,

i

may also be used in the pa ttern "clause + ^ V ^ 7

+

common noun" to provide details on the content of that noun.

/ N f - ^ / M i ^ H N ^ ^ - f

- 0

^ # o T o / c ^ v

^ 7

J ^ t ° V -

Yb<h

' j i t o

= 7 *SL i

There is a story about how Hachiko continued to wait for his master.

^ li Lt

Y. LX indicates a role or capacity.

^ JlXi/LU0f[ L^^v°o/:c9 \(n&-y\L

L T A ^ : ^ ^ ± i c * i

Ltz.

iitzt, tii ii

L Lv

i

Mr. Mills came to the Tokyo branch office as the chief of the new project.

48

G R A H H A R 8- P A ï ' T E R N P R A C T I C E

E x p r e s s i n g

C a u s e s

o f o r

R e a s o n s

fo r S i t u a t i o n s o r O u t c o m e s

Mvt^^xittKtLfz.

•j

tz *^ indicates a cause or reason.

T l ie

cause or reason is stated before tz the effect(s) or conse-

quence(s) after it. Though it cannot stand alone in a sentence, unmodified by another word , 7c * ) is a

noun and so follows plain forms in the noun-m odifying pattern (see front endpapers). W hen it is neces

sary to emphasize the reason, the particle |C is used with / c * b , e . g . , 7c 4 6 1 - . A further use o f / c

<S6,

tha t of indicating a purpose, will be covered in Lesson 5 (p. 90).

The autograph session was canceled due to the author's sudden illness.

{sign on

a

wall) i - ^ ^ (Dtziö.

Z

(D cîîlYi^Kt ^

Zn U t » - )

This road is

blociced

because it is under construction.

-tf V ^ T is similarly used to express a cause or reason. It underlines the feeling th at the consequences

of something were negative and the person or thing that b rought them about blam eworthy.

t ' ^ ^ V c < ^ > ^ ' ^ / • c - ^ f v ^ T \ € # ^ ^ ~ ^ i o T ,

milZflilt^LTLtzo

i* S T A L f ')tzn v^

All because it snowed a lot, the trains stopped and

1

could n't go on my trip.

fc^Mf T , another related expression, indicates positive results. Both -tf T and fcTjMf T follow

the noun-modifying pattern, just like 7c* ).

^mtm'tzi

^ ^ > ^ - ^ / c f c ^ M f T ^

^{7.^-t}<tz<DLi>ht itzo

z tl i *S ti-<<

Thanks to it snowing a lot this year, 1 was able to enjoy skiing for a long time.

^

7 ^ X " ^ ^ < 7 ) f c 7 J M ƒ T \ i±mHiK^ < ^ h ^ } i L/co

Thanks to Mr. Mills, the job got done quickly.

Read the dialogue while paying attention to the usage of 7c4 6|C , fc/^/^ lfT, and - t f v ^ T .

A :

\i\^tz^^-/)\l^^ 1 Ltztziölz^ ^\^t}^-o7. 9 4 il-^H'^-^^^-^Ltj^h-o tzY\^

1 ^tt:%f^t Ltzo

B : {ILYiX-tn. \i\^tz\'(Dii-/)^\iX\ \'^'or%i±^(Dmf^'ht}-h<DX\

/ \ : ^ l X i - t \

l ± l t v ^ 7 ^ cV ^ < 7 ) - t f v ^ T \

t^m^ h KL < -Ö^h 6 <D

htzl

îr %t),n -h-x-lf

X\ iL^'^jX-To

$ * 9 t / J : T

sudden illness ~(7 )-l+^ vT allbecauseof ,

J . , . ,, „ . through the fault

^^y-\lll

cancellation of -

ZnLi^Hsl

under construction ~ ® f c 7 ) M f T '

thanksto

Z i t

construction

,l-* n>n-fi

become widespread

•i

)V style

i L

article

iiLLL ( ' i ')

reassuring, safe

9

^

5'

IJ

T- r

be

sick

(of), be

fed up

I I ' ;

Describing Cha nge (1): C h a n g e s Coming into Effect

The pattern "plain form of a present-affirmative potential verb

+ X 1

iztch" expresses the idea

that something that was not possible before has now become so.

1 m.mruh ^'^xm%i^

hXi

\z

-i-x^)tLtz.

In one week I became able to read hiragana.

The verb

ht^h

appears in the dictionary form before

J ; 1 l^-^X h

for the reason that it in itself

already denotes potentiality.

t

^ L H ^ L ^

X 1 I t z h .

J^t,^MK<DV-'i

y-fi^h-h^hXi i c ^ x ' j t L/co

Once I studied kanji, I became able to understand the signs on the roads and at railway sta

tions.

When an ordinary verb ih the dictionary form comes before

J ;

9 1C

. 5 ,

then the pattern expresses

a change in habit or manner of doing something.

Since I got my job, I have gotten into the habit of reading financial newspapers every day.

^ ^ < 7 ) Zy^^ X I TV N°V Z2yt-^-b-lXl\Z+£^)tLfzo

Elementary schools have started using computers in their classes.

For both uses, negative statements are formed with the -nal stem of the verb +

tt '

•(

tt '

.

I grew fat and became unable to run as quickly as I used to.

ftii, - f -

t ij^h X

U

>i\Xh^

If <

'J

i L /co

i^-iL

z

^t

Recently children have begun to not play outside very much.

Use

=t

9

I-

and the proper form of the words in parentheses to complete each sentence describ

ing a change in state.

n

Changes in ability:

1)

^i-oYiii^.

t t - ' J i L / c o

( ' f e - ^ l t i t )

3 ) ^ : B ^ L ^ X I Vfz<DX\B^%mm-h\ i L/bo ( 1 ^ 4 6 i - f )

t v - l c t

l :

[XL r ILX.L I

^ Ay sign, signboard

.ï> Y. h get fat, gain weight

^^£•z>'>Ll natto

(sticky fermented soybeans)

' J ' ^

t l

lj rehabilitation

4 )

y

<V

O

y-h^y

I J

LX./

-)li)\

t t ' ' j i

L

fzo

( f c < Kt^L)

5)

^^sl-.Y

^XliX

.%\zK

'oX

\^hy.ti-V-h\

^ x ' J i L / c o ( l±

Changes in habits and ways of doing things, lifestyles, and trends:

1)

m L l i i f

- J i y y y Y Y . ^ ^ ' j i L / c o

( i t ^ ' J ^ ^

L i t )

2) * i i < 7 ) H : ^ A I ± L J;

^ ' ^ ^ •o i c .

^ x ' J i L ; ' c o

iMt^L)

3 ) / - ;b7^<>^$ 9 L T . A/LtchÈ ^) X^'^t ^ x U i L / c o

D e s c r i b i n g C h a n g e

( 2 ) : C o n t i n u o u s

C h a n g e s

zM-hi\^6^'6is:<y h ^iy^^x^'^^-Llz^x-oX^^ < Tlx lo

In Book li (p.

202), ~ T -5)

was introduced as an expression for indicating a process of ch ange.

Ap^b^l^^X^t

L

/ - C O The population has increased.

The population has decreased.

The - te form of a verb that expresses change + ( i indicates a change going on continuously from

the past to the present. The -te form of the same type of verb + V < , by contrast, indicates a change

starting from some point tha t continues on into the future .

ZM-hUAx^^'^-oX^' < T L J: 9 o

From now on the population will probably go on decreasing.

I M v ^ ^ ^ ^ < 7 ? ^ | J J l i f l ± ^ x ^ ' X < 7 ) ^ / " T v ^ <

T L

i

9o

Lh 1 A

Sales of the new product are likely to go on growing and growin g.

Use ~ T V ( wi th the verbs in parentheses to complete each sentence describing a process of

change.

1)

h V 3

t - y

/ ^ t

' S A I i i

- r i t T L J ; 9 O G ^ ^ X ^ )

vt

2)

t ^ X < 7 ) 7 ^ ^ - f ( l i t i - r

T L J ; 9 O

{ ^ ^ )

3 ) ^ts(0)i%<DmzL\iij'^Y ^^^;Lai

-^+^o

{Xb^^)

4)

mmHi-iJY.

i^ ( 7 )« - f - |±^X^X

i t o

5) ^tY6lz-DKX. nLfzL-ö^L^^^-^-ö^ i t o {-/J^h^)

tl

skirt

have

a

fight

rapidly, greatly

Internet shopping

t ' t

t ' t

increasingly, more

and more

land, property

price

progress, proceed

YLiYii become older, age

~iZ-z>iXX as (some process takes

place)

51



P R A C T I C E 1 Discussing Changes in Your Life


It has becom e possible to shop 24 hours a day.

(D

2 4 B f F B ^ f c ^ ^ ^ - f c 6 ^ 6 X i \ z - ^ j : ^ t l f z o

t ifh PU

It has become possible to with dra w money 24 hours a day.

(3)

2 4 0 f F ^ . i ^ ' J

Z^b^r^^Xl iZ-fx^) t L/co

It has become possible to m ake bank transfers 24 hours a day.

It has become possible to eat warm boxed meals at any time.

It has become easier to send packages.

Children have begun to go out shopping late at night.

* Question word + = any-, v ' ' O T i means "anyt ime" (Book I I, p. 247), ' f n l T t "any¬

th ing." O ther similar expressions of the pa ttern "question wor d + T f i " include T ti (any

where),

tzH-X'i (anyone), a nd ^ ' X t i - ^ T t (a nyth in g a t a ll).

llj

'lj ^ A depos it (of money into someone else's bank accoun t), transfer (of money)

52

|TL|-;;{.aciii;l


lr. Kato begins a conversation w itli Ms. Nakamura, who has recently moved to a new apart

ment.

Ti-

ti

x.Xo

T t . | | I±J;

< 'J J:

7

'J

th^^-ofzLX-f-hK f\l^L^L\Vh^£

<

^ / o T

L i v x i

L/co

# 5 r / y e - T K' : . / b # ^ - ^ - < T v ^ - S ^ T - r o

i v - i c * ii - t « tz

(±l±l±o

Kato: How is your new condom inium, Ms. Nakamura?

Nakamura: I have a big kitchen, so it's very good. There's a convenience store on the first floor.

Kato: T hat must be handy

then.

Nowadays you can buy anything

at

a convenience store and

do a lot of other thing s there besides.

Na kamura: Yes. But I used to cook a lot and now I don't anymore. Every day I'm just eating things

that I bought at the convenience store.

Kato: Ha

ha ha.

II. Ms. Nakamura begins a conversation with Mr. Kato, wh o own s a dog.

: ^<7?fc/-c < X\tXti)^'oX\^^^lX^ia.

* i i - i ; f e

Pti v- f t

%m'- ; t x . o

li -

ti

^ #

:

t ^ - = ' $ 7 j ^fc7

^,^ >oT v^ ^^ T to <7o Z

L T - < y

h ^ ^ X - S

J;

7 lCt(,-o/c<7)Tc

;^^o^:

^

7 T t ^ \ | ^ g l ± v ^ u T - r J lo 7 ^ T I ± ^ ^ ^ ^ - o T ^ X .

tpw^xt Ltzo | | l ± x ^ ^ ^ ^ l c i f < j ; 7 \z+£^xl ï v ^ ï ^

i,t

MLZ 7 lc

t V N O ^ T c V ^ T - t o

Nakamura: I understand that you keep a dog at your house, Mr. Kato.

Kato: That's right.

Nakamura:

I'm

thinking

of

getting a cat. Since

I've

moved,

it's

become possible

for

me

to

keep pets.

Kato:

Is

that so?

It's

good

to

have animals around. Since

we got our

dog,

our

family

has

started to talk to each other more [lit., "the family's conversation has increased"]. And

since I've gotten into the habit of taking it on walks every m orning and even ing, my life

has become m ore regular. Meals taste more delicious after walks , and all in all it seems

to be good for my health, too.

^•yf-y kitchen

^L•^T '^ l

anything

V ^ h Lie various, all kinds (of) (colloquial form of v».z, v ^ .5

'^')

^ i li'/ C morning and evening

$ < L I

^

regular,

orderly

i ^ { rule, regulation

tztzL^^ correct, orderly

53

P R A . d i C ^ ' 2 Ta lk ing about Trends and C omm on Sights


I. Comm on sights in Japan

Out on the town:

There are all kinds of vending machines.

You often come across dogs wearing fashionable costumes and dresses.

VtiWh Vfi')

<4i

There are quite a number of cars with left-side steering wheels, even though traffic is to the left.

Inside trains:

ut fei-

There are lots of people sleeping.

J: ^

You often come across businessmen reading manga.

fe/.'/

ut

h

You often come across young wom en putting on makeup.

Xi

Z

PL ff

, Late at night you ofte n come across drunke n businessmen.

U I ± A $ vending machine /• 7 ; ' j ' ^

y

HVl' left-side steering wheel

J : - o l f t ^

getdrunk

l-'UX dress ^ ^ y H ' ; ^ handle, steering wheel

'Jr — A V 7

h game software

X>fz'')-h^h'^l to-left traffic t Li)'- manga, comic book MK'h become popular

o 9 C

-) traf fic, passage -f"

7

'J

— V

businessman

II.

Talking about trends:

Game software that grownups can also enjoy is popular.

The Beatles were popular in the 60s.


I. Ms. Chandra and Mr. Suzuki remark on vend ing machines.

0 ^ :

i-f i

i-^y Yy

i-^y Yy

IC (iA l i t

vt i)>

tA

at

ti vt

i . l i l io T t . ^ c l f c ^ ^ l t < 7 5 L ( i A $ l ± v ^ t ^ j . ' v ^ ^ , ^ a N i t o

^

9

T - r I t M ^ ' J T V V N ^ ^ i -f It

Chandra:

Suzuki:

Chandra:

Suzuki:

Chandra:

In Japan there are all kinds of vending machines, aren't there? T he other day I was

surprised whe n I saw a vending machine selling flowe r bouquets. I wonde r wh at

sort of person would buy from such a thing.

Maybe someone who remembered in the middle of the n ight that it was his

wed

ding anniversary?

Ha ha. But I think that vending machines for cigarettes and alcohol are unnecessary.

Do you think so?

I

think they're goo d, since they're convenient.

It's not good th at even children are able to buy from the m.

Ms. Nakamura and Mr. Suzuki remark on a dog they see wearing a yukata.

i-i-

i

^ ^ ; b V ^ V ^ T - r ^ \ îZiiiÖK^h < 6

9 ^

V N

i - f I t

^'"o

at

i7tfTtmtffzî^t)^\-ft-t^^

ft

Nakamura: Look, how cute T hat dog's wearing a yukata

Suzuki:

Is it cute? I thin k it must be annoying for the dog .

Nakamura: N ot at all I think the d og is glad [to be wearing it]. Do you come across dogs wearing

clothes in Canada, too, Mr. Mills?

Mills: You don 't come across it very ofte n.

6 0^^l^/cV

^

the(19)60s fe^/ ^^ fc'-f remember

flLfz^'' (a

certain) era, (a certain) \ \ ^

pged

I t ^ '

ecade

t*—h^l/X

the Beatles

Z(Di}\^tz the other day

(used afte r

an

o pinion or as

sertion to make it sound less

forceful)

>^'-^h { {-tc) annoying,

inconvenient

tL-îZt-i-iK^ that's not

so

Jii'.i,

P R A C T I C E

3 Referring to Graphs


r

A

B

Cy-X h ^ p ^ n F f f l M [<y h izMi-6 m 4 f è * J M ^ 1 0 0 0

A

^ X b T • t ^ J . ^ ^ 3 . 9 %

3

1 .6%

t J

6 4 . 5 %

3 3. 2% 6 6. 8%

Lt<UL

r7>7>'j

98

99 00

01

02 03 04

0 5

06

07

^

UA

® m^k/y^H

$

Al ± 6

4 . 5 %

T - fo

64.5%

of the people [questioned] like animals.

® m^^^H $ T

t

$ b V N T

t

^XV N A l ± 3 . 9%

T t o

Those who neither like nor dislike animals are 3.9%>.

®<y

h ^ ^ ^ - ^ T v N ^ A I ± ^ # < 7 ) , i 5 ^ 3 t ' j T t o

vt VLtz\- 'C< bl)

Those who keep pets are roughly 3 0% of the whole.

1 t,

® 2 0 0 3 ^ i T ( 7 ) ^ / ' T v ^ i i/zo

UL

[Sales]

had

been growing until 2003.

© Z C t 9

^ f c X T $

T v N i t o

UL

For several years now [sales] have been dro pp ing .

® 2 0 0 0^-ö-ij'yi-r-^(DïfX^t

L/bo

UL

-fz

Since 20 00 [sales] have grow n little

by

little.

® 2 0 0 4 ^ i c \^yuy\ ^ t ö ^ i L / c o

UL

In 2004 [sales] surpassed those of "Wan-Wan."

®Z-kl-Ö^hij(DtfX\'<TLxio

[Sales] wil l probably con tinue to grow from now on.

i t - p ï } ^

regarding

result

subject, respondent

neither

ii^L'i^

canned food

^ y j y

Wan-Wan (fictitious canned pet-food

product)

l t ^ C • 7 7 > 7 >

Healthy Wan-Wan

56

• f $ T t $ ^ T ' t t L ' V ^ neither like nor dislike

- t + X / b i *

the

whole

'j

ten

percent

ZZ-ti^L

i-dUL

these past few years

numberof years

surpass, exceed



S P E A K I N G

P R A C T I C E

I. Mr. Inuyama is referring to a graph while giving a presentation at a mee ting.

Inuyama:

Martin:

i>tó t i

vt A

W ell then , next I'll explain abou t this graph . Please direct your attention here. T he

numb er of people w ho keep dogs has been increasing, as you can see. T here is a rise

especially among people in their forties and fifties. 1 thin k the pet industry will keep

on greatly expanding in the future .

This data is interesting, isn't it? You certainly do see a lot of people in Japan who

treasure'their pets as if they were their ow n children.

At the same meeting, Mr. Inuyama discusses the low-calorie cookies for pets that he has just

developed while holding up some samples.

t m

P tn

•t 9

T L J;

9 O T t ^ X ,

: i oT v ^ - S A T t o

n

t,

« t

Inuyama:

I hear that the number of overw eight pets is growing recently.

Kato: Actually, I've been at a loss because our dog has been ge tting fatter recently, too .

Inuyama: I'm not surprised. T hat's why I thin k th at sales of low-calorie cookies like these are cer

tain to grow in the future.

/ • 7 7

zcnX 11:

graph

like this, in this way

from forties to fifties

(a certain) generation

love, feel great affection fo r

too

fat

too

X-t4^

t

that's why, for this/that reason

57



K A N J I

P R A C T I C E

whole

aU

•t fX

.;:

* A * X

i r

•^B^l H L

whole

aU

•t fX

.;:

* A * X

• i

house

t

house

1- • • >•

> -•

-•

y

•

Kh

t i

Kh

garden

r r

tribe

clan

r

r

f

F

PT

gate

• - '

(

i; \

1



sick

ill

Vl •) 4

^ 1 %

tA'j: i\-L

n

r r r

r

sick

ill

Vl •) 4

^ 1 %

tA'j: i\-L

Y

• ;

1

all , house

institute

• ;

1

•

have

possess

place

scene

I f

L i

l f * i -

0 0 0

77

..1

V

0

59

Fill in the blanks w ith the appropriate particle.

<f*-

l±\- f:

2)

? È < 7 5 ^ , i v ^ , J ^ ^ . M J

(

)

L i t e

3 )

J ^ ^ , ^ ^ ^

( ) o i t T * . ^ $ i i - o - t H T ^ X . ^ ^ i t o

4)

t i c O i - ^ ^

i J ( ) V N 7 ^ ^ ^ p - , T v N i t v J \

liEL

m

U

I Ï A L

5) Z<Diiii^. IC7J<<T^^^ ( )

J; 7 T - t o

Choose the most appropriate word from among the alternatives (1-4) given.

1) h^î=,'C/L^mX^'6<Dr\ K T ^

( )

ffiöilfzo

l . - f o J : ^

2.

L o ^

3 . $ o ^

4 . ^ - ^ ^

2 ) A : t € 7 f I R T i : Z - ^ < * , 'j i L/bo

2 . ^ H T 3. ^ ^ i c 4 . ^ ^ I ±

3 ) A : ^f^<-f- 4 -^'h6<Dr^È^/..^\

B ; k / c X ^ f 9 ^ < ^ < 7 j < * > ÂT - f -c

A : i : ( )

t ^ ^ / H X

t .

r \

N o L J: ic j ^\

tt

1 .

Z<7 )

2.

^ ( 7 )

3.

h<D

4 .

^""(T)

4 ) A : * i j ± l f l ± ^ > L t X T - f ^ ^ <DU'X^X^^t-fo

B :

( 2 A J i

7 T - t ^ o T 'C LTJÎC

( )

i^^ 'o

T $ Tv

N

i

t ^ o

1./-£X/HX

2. ^ X ^ X

3 . i

-r

i

-r 4 . - t f X ^ X

5 ) * ^ i T I ± ^ ^ - f ^ ^ ^ x T v ^ i L; c7^^ ( ) o T v N < T L J: 7 o

1 . Z / K ^ X I ±

2 . ^ t L 7 J X ±

3 . 3 a 7 J X t

4 . ^ > K ^ X t

Change

the

form

of the

word given

in

parentheses

to

complete

the

sentence

in a

way that makes

sense.

1) UlKDUTU. ^ P - f t ( ± 4 ^ H

( ) ^ 7 T - r o

o c^T-r)

2) f ^ l i i t z ( ) J ; 7 T X o ifh-^X^îÂ.)

3 )

7 ) n 7 i j - ( 7 )

( )

^ j f j : ^ - ^ l ± f < t ^ / i o (f^}'Xi-)

4 ) ur:\^ ( )

0 1 c .

^ ^ i i c ^ f ^ ^ ^ ^ M t ^ f i i i X U i - t f l o (^^-tf'T

-r)



I

\

7

mmm\% ®< imam

Topics surrounding Iiuman beings

and nature are sure to become only

more relevant not just in Japan but

all over the world. No doubt every

one has their own thoughts and

points of view on this topic. Use this

unit to gain the necessary vocabu

lary and skills to thoroughly under

stand others' opinions as well as to

state your own on such environmen

ta l issues as food, health, and global

warming. Also covered will be ways

of conducting and participating in

simple interviews and of confirming

information as you make your way

through a complicated conversation.

I T T O

1

ABC Foods plans to develop a new product for health-conscious consumers that uses ingredients safely

grown without pesticides. Ms. Martin is visiting an organic farm to do research.

Arriving at the fa rm, M s. Martin calls out to the man sitting inside the office.

:

v y l x ^ y ^ A T - r ^ o

^ ' f f T - f o

-7119 y : - ^ S l i i b ^ - t f ^ b l c ^ x U

i t .

* i n

^Jiyy

:

^ ± ^ x M M M l A A ^ i t .

fz^^-^-o

^xz

^tz

^^m^^iir,

-p .

69

^3f :

è Jt 7 HI

Out in the fields:

^ 9 T - t o ^ m ^ i o / b

< j ^ ^ ^ j - n ^ T M ^ o T v ^ i - t o

« ^ ' ^ ^

- p .

70

T l i . l i / • c l t l c r ^ , ^ ^ J . ^ ^ L i - t o ^' 9^ 'o

'niV. ti

. * i~

'f'

T

V

'I)

^ ^ ^ V

T ^

'j

i t o (app roaches the guide map and points)

- p .

71

3 Z ^ T t o

<r> -tz nïK'i -o-h-

-p . 70

-o-h-

LA

r 7 ^ ^ - - t f v ^ ^ ^ T $ ^ J :

9

I C . t o

9

L T v N i t o

- p . 72

* # - l i « m T - t i : v ^

^ T $

^ 9 T t o

-7)iyy

:

t l f b L v N T t ^ ^ o

^ ' ^ ^ ^ o T ^ t ' S A T t ' J ^

^ f f

:

9

t / < ^ o T t o

l i ( i ( ± o

# # # #

( Ö ®

© ^ l o f p j i n i i i

# # #

O Ö

^ ^ \VVf

O Ö

Mart in: Hello. I'm Ma rtin from ABC Foods,

tlie

one w ho called you the other day.

Nakano: Ms. Ma rtin. I'm Nakano.

Martin:

Thank you for your time today.

Na kano: Please, I should be thankin g you.

Martin: I think th at g rowing safe vegetables is an impo rtant th ing to do. Please, by all means,

teach me a bout all kinds of things today.

Nakano: All right. Feel free to ask me about anythin g.

Martin: T hank you. To begin right away, are all the vegetables here pesticide-free?

Nakano: Yes, that's right. I grow them w itho ut using any pesticides at all. Well then , I 'll show you

to my fields. P lease come this way.

Nakano: That is a guide map to my farm. It has written on it what is being grown in which field.

{approaches the guide map and points) Here is where we are now.

Martin:

This farm is certainly big. Oh, there's an apple orchard too, isn 't there? I heard th at it's

difficult to grow apples wit ho ut using pesticides.

Nakano: That's correct. I do use pesticides a little on my apples. I try not to as much as possible,

though.

65



Martin:

Actually, we w ant to develop a new produ ct using safely grow n apples. Is it impossible to

make apples without using pesticides?

Nakano: No, not at all. For a long time I've been doing research so I can produce apples that taste

good and are safe to eat. Next year it looks like I'll be able to produce some without using

any pesticides.

Martin:

How won derful How wil l you grow them?

Nakano: That's a trade secret. Ha ha ha.

V O C A B U L A H V

z

r.

mm

Nakano (surname)

at all, entirely

thank you for your time/assistance [lit..

(see

p.

70)

"I'll be receiving your assistance"]

farm

I'm the one (see N ote 4 below)

^Xh6

(see p. 71)

(see

p.

69)

(see p. 71)

apple orchard

please ask

apple orchard

that's correct, exactly so

ask

a

questionsk

a

question

as much as possible

to begin right

away,

without further ado

as much as possible

produce

right away

research

with out pesticides, pesticide-free

trade secret

without

, -free

secret

pesticide

1. zL\zt,\t

Z Ay\zt){X can ofte n be used not only as a greeting but also to call out to others to let them

know that you are there.

2.

^ H , meaning "a day in the not-so-distan t past," is ofte n used in formal situations. In casual speech,

Z(D is com mon ly used.

h^ tz

- -{ihlzti: i>,

meaning "to receive someone's assistance,"

is

often used

as a

form of business greet

ing.

It also frequently shows up in telephone conversations. Different tenses are used depending on

the state of the relationship between the speaker and listener. They can be summed up as follows.

fc^-tf-^blc^x'J t i r :

used when initiating a business relationship and also while the relationship is going on

i i ^ b l Z t C ^ j t l f z :

used when thanking someone at the conclusion of a business relationship

used when greeting someone during the course of a business relationship

The above expressions are also commonly used outside of business, in greeting someone who has

dealings with members of your ow n family.

(to a teacher of one's ch ild at school) -f ^ X

J- ib

-tf ^9 |C T

^J

,^ o T V ^ i -f

o

My child has been receiving your assistance.

(to a colleague o f one's husband) S.A'Ó^io-^hlZti: o T "> i f o

My husband has been receiving your assistance.

3 ^ lo Z ^ is used in polite conversation to reciprocate a greeting , expression of gratitud e, etc. It

is roughly translatable as "the same goes for me."

z'm<tz^v^,

C

' F^T

< tz^\^ is a politer way of saying V[f^ L T <

/c 5

v \ "please ask." The pattern "C " +

noun + < Tc O V ^ " can be used with any number of nouns to convey similar polite requests and

recommendations.

C ' ^ A f p <

<tz^\\

Please contact me.

The pattern "ii + -masu stem + < tz^^^" also conveys a polite request.

iii^^'<tz^^\

Please use it.

Please take a rest.

^

o

^ < T - f

is a set phrase comm only used in business transactions to enter into the ma in

topic of discussion. Although ^ o < is similar to -f <" in that it means "right away," unlike "f

it applies only to carrying out actions planned or expected beforehand. Thus it cannot be used

in unforeseen situations, such as when calling a doctor "right away" to attend to an emergency

patient.

't:(D {ttz\irm\'f'yX\^^-/}^

The pattern "plain-form clause +

•/)'"'

can be used to form noun phrases. W hile pa rticles may appear

after such phrases, they are usually omit ted .

A ^ t t A C * fc-L

Please tell me w ha t time the store will ope n.

i-\- a 4IC

Let's decide who will explain what at the mee ting.

8. Z 3 ^ ^ ^ C

6

T - f

This sentence offers the new information C , "he re," as an answer to the question C -t)^'^\

-?)

^

C -5 T ' t

'h^ (Where [on this guide map] are we now?). While Ms. Martin did not explicitly

ask such a question, Mr. Nakano still talks to her in this way because he infers from her looking at

the guide map that she must be wond ering w here on it they are.

CO ^

' j ,

"exactly that way ," effectively m eans "w ha t you said now/ is correct." As can be seen

from this example, ^

' J ,

aside from its basic meanings of "passage" (as of traffic) and "flow" (as

of air), can also mean "same in con tent." In this sense, it may be used in the follow ing w ays.

Please tell m e everyth ing e xactly as you heard it.

Please draw things exactly as you saw th em .

10.

T-$^/-c l t

T

^

/c

I t carries the connotation of doing as much as can be done with out unduly emphasizing

the things that fall outside this boundary, /c" I t is a particle used to delineate range or limits.

1 1 .

^L+s

:Z^\th^) t ^ h

^ /utxZ ^ l±

^

' j

i 4 f / y is a set phrase common ly used whe n negating something the other

person has said or when brushing o ff a compliment.

^ A^tCZ Y.,

"such a thin g," is a demonstra

tive used to refer to a pa rt of w ha t someone said or something you otherwise heard. Whereas ^

<DZ)1 points to a specific piece of inform ation itself, ^

/ C ^ ' 3

Y. either refers more generally to

things like that information or connotes that th e information is surprising or should be denied.

12. * ^ I ± M * T - H : V N ^ A T $ ^ 9 T - f

As in

FÜTj'^^i^

'J ^ 9 T ' - f ("It looks like it's going to rain"; p. 34), the pattern "-masu stem of a

verb + ^

9

X"f" indicates your impression of wh at som ething seems or feels like to you . Using it

to talk about the prospects of your own work, as Mr. Nakano does here, conveys the nuance that

you are just about to succeed in accomplishing something.

68

G R A M H A K

8 o<

f t

Adding 3 ^ after a plain-form verb, adjective, or sentence conceptualizes the content an d turns it

into a noun phrase. For example, A $ V ^ + 3 ^ results in a generalized noun phrase mean ing "t he

fact that something is big." As such, A/^^^Z Y is to be distinguished from

A

^ , a nominal-

ization of

TV?

V ^ that simply means "size" [li t, "largene ss"].

growing safe vegetables

^ ^ W ^ ^ ' ï ^ ^ C K

li.

fz\^^-^-l-l

Z

Y. tzY^K ^

i to

*A*X -o<

I think gro wing safe vegetables is an impo rtant th ing to do.

In Book II (p. 136),

<D

was also introduced as a nominalizer. But compare the follo win g:

Ask me anything that you don't understand.

Which problem is it that you don't understand?

^)V-Ö^iiL^tL\zX^ZYt:^v-,X\'t-f-Ö\

Do you know that monkeys take baths in hot springs?

I saw a monkey taking a bath in a hot spring.

hi^ 'j.n N

C ^ and • y - / ' ^ ^ ^ ~ ^ ^ ^ - d r ^ l C X ' 2 ) C Y both refer to abstract generalizations, i.e.,

"thin gs th at are not und erstoo d" and "the fact th at m onkeys take baths in hot springs." By contrast,

h-^^ h • 'V refers to a particular problem that is not understood and fl'd'^ti ^,lZX

to a particular scene of monkeys taking a bath in a hot spring, or in other words to specific

phenomena. In this way, Z Y

\s

used to explain or describe things in generai terms. Thus in a sen

tence such as the follow ing about a general topic, CI ^ , not must be used.

^A<Dlyp^li. I'^-l/LiY^ZYT'to

My hobby is taking photographs.

When

C

Y follows a noun, then it means "things having to do w i t h " that noun, e.g.,

0

^<D Z Y,

"things having to do w ith Japan," or i±^<D

Z

Y , "things having to do with work."

Fill

in

each blank w ith either Z Y or CO , as a ppropriate.

2) Â<Dî6li^<K^Z i^^/Llz-fj:^ ( ) T t o

3 ) i±^b'i^h6 ( ) l ± 7 H f r X T t c

4)

n^'fz<DLK^

( )

^

L i

L

Jt

9o

5 )

•;ktzt>^'^6

( )

^ # - ^ T v^ ' & ^ T

-fo

I n d i c a t i n g M e a n s or A t t e n d a n t

C i r c u m s t a n c e s

mm^Â

^ ^ x v N T M ^ ' f ^ ' J

i t o

T wo

or

more clauses strung toge ther in their -fe forms indicate several differen t possible kinds

of

rela

tionships (see also Book 11, p. 158).

^<Dj (D^%.

^1

i: ^

L

T . - t i : ^ / c i i l t l f z o (order

of

actions)

Yesterday afternoon I cleaned house and then did the laundry.

1 bought a house by acquiring

a

loan from the bank.

Ë

L^îy^r'^'y h^-#T. ^ % t l - ^ T ^ i Ifzo (attenda nt circumstances)

I went to the o ffice wearing a new jacket.

The particular relationship expressed by a series of clauses will depend on the context. Whatever their

relationship, though, the clauses wil l always occur in order of temporal occurrence. The latter two

usages of "means" and "attendant circumstances" are discussed here for the first time , but bear in

mind that you can usually indicate how or under what kind of circumstances events happen just by

describing them in the order they occur.

^ / c X l

- ' K

- ^ T , ' f e ^ ^ ' L i t (order

of

action

+

attendant circumstances)

_ *

Ljt< u

1 will meet my friend and go out to eat with her.

Care needs to be exercised in forming negatives, since negatives of -fe forms vary depending on

whether they indicate cause or means/attendant circumstances. ^ T (e.g.,

' f e ' ^ t i . ' •(

T ) is

used

for

cause, wh ile ^tC^^

T

(e.g., •^•^ iC v

T ) is

used

for

means

or

attendant circumstances.

i±^^^h-oX. ^<-7^ 4-Izni-ft-^/iTLfzo (cause)

I couldn't go to the party because 1 had work to do.

V

i

Lfzo (means)

+ V y

I- jacket

i ^ ' T^' ' ' V N T V i - f is a straiglitforward report made upon observing tliat the windows are

open. M l t T

•?),

meanwhile, indicates that

B

(or someone else) intentionally opened the windows

in preparation for cleaning the room.

B

could also have said ^ I t T

V •>

(p. 14), in which case the

focus of the sentence would be on who opened the windows, not on the fact that they are open.

Complete the sentences using T -S by changing the forms of the verbs in parentheses.

1)

« i c

L J: <

>r:o^</-c <

^ ^ h 'J i - t o <)

2)

/ ^ X ^ < $ K o | c * , U i t o

( h ^ l )

3 )

K^tizA^K^x^'.

* , ' J i - f o

( T

^ M t ' S )

4)

Xx=nzi;^vi:>^^\ * , ' J i t o

5) ^Y:ijm<DXf-^liA^i <

^ ' J i t o

(^6)

I E x p r e s s i n g Purpose (1)

=t

9

is a noun that cannot stand by itself but is combined with other modifiers to mean "situation"

or "state." In Lesson 1 (p.

10), J ;

9 was covered as an expression for stating perceptions and for lik

ening one thing to another. In Lesson 3 (p. 50), it appeared in the expression X 9 iztc ^, meaning

to change to a certain state. In this section, you will learn how to use

J ;

9

I -

after a description of

some desired state to mean "so as to " in a sentence about your ef forts toward realizing that state, ct

9 I - follows desired states, not specific goals, and so is typically used in speaking of something you

are working to bring about or prevent but that you ultimately have no direct control over.

I am studying every day so I will become better at Japanese.

X

<

n t J K 6 X i \z. n 6 ^ \ z ' } ' ' i f i ^ [ - f i ^ < ^ t ifzo

ix.

-tz <D

I drank a little alcohol before going to bed so 1 would be able to sleep well.

Lzizhhtc^^Xilz. ^t-^iiX <tz^^\

Please look out for yourself so you don't get into an accident.

=t 9 I

- 1

-S and

J ;

9

1

LX^^^ both mean to strive toward a certain state.

^ 0 .

m ^ i - k ^ ^ X i l z L X ^ ^ X - t .

I try to eat vegetables every day.

L Jt < . ï ' o plant l±-S post, put up

livingroom ch^ meet (here used in the sense of "encounter a negative

, , , _ , „ ,

, event,"

as an

accident or earthquake)

vHj i> (R2) hang

I , ,,

$ ? ' 3 l t ' i i take

care,

look out

L b-tr notice

Read the sentences while paying attention to the uses of ct 9 \Z.

It i;

P l \ . A C

. l t ' L I Asking roi

dnd

G iving O pin ions

PHRASE POWER ^^ . . . ^ . . . . . . ^ . . ^^^

I. Common phrases using Y.:

There's something I'd like to ask you to do.

There's something I'd like to ask you about.

® 7

^'^^^ 'fz^'ZY^^h6<D T-fb^'o

There's something I would like to inquire of you. (polite for ®)

® i±^0 ZYT^l fzL^^h ^LT-r^K

I'd like to consult you about work.

What is it?

What kinds of things are you researching at university?

7^9 -yV staff

* * 9 l t o L o lounge

C

handwriting,

character,

print

9 Tj jJ-io

V

» C

i::

something

I

wan t to

ask

9 -/j^-d^n ask (humble for tz-fhi>, p. 80)

L C ' i i O C Ü T about w ork



II. Questions, requests, and opinions:

Are you interested in .. .

Are you interested in .. .

Do you know a bo ut . . .

®

~ z J::icovNT.

Y:'i:^^'t-t-ó\

Wh at do you think ab ou t. . .

Please give me your o pinion on . . .

I think it 's a good thing .

It's a good thing , don't you think?

® ^/•£"}:::,^^vNito

I think it 's a horrible thin g.

® fz V

^-tiro^x

Z ^ /•£ ^ ' i - f o

K i

I think it 's important.

® ^ X

^

^ . • t " ; l i - t i : ^ o

I can't say one way or the other.

®

n-r^^ L V

N

è V ^ tz Y ^ t t o

I think it's a difficu lt issue.

I have nothing to say to you.

® y - o / y hTto

I have no comment.

74

( C ' ) v ^ l t ^

have an interest (in), be

concerned (about)

opinion

cannot say one way or the other

no comment

I LESSON

4

S P E A K I M G

P R A C T I C E i

I. Mr. Kato approaches Ms. Martin at the office to

asl<

a favor of her.

i- Kl ixi

T-rt/'o

tm^ • ^ 9 T - r i : ^ . ± ; ' j T-rUo ^ J ; o ^ ^mn^^^ ^j^itczY tc

Kato:

Marie, are you busy today? T here's some thing

I'd

lil<e

to

ask you

to

do.

Martin: W hat might that be?

I

have a

lot of

things I have

to

do today.

Kato: Is tha t so? You probably w on 't be able to take it on, then. It's something that looks

like.jt'll take some time.

Martin:

I'ni

sorry.

II. Mr. Suzuki strikes up a conversation wi th Ms. Ma rtin at the office during their lunch break.

H:

$ ( 7 ) 7 .

L ^ V N C

^

^ F | $ i

L/'co

v / l . ^ y : t , X L ^ v N Z ^ o T . rL^x

z

Y r - f t ) \

:

-tir^H^

t ^ X ^ 3 h L J: < l c ^ 7 J < * o i o T . oyT^xhiir

•fi" i lloi

^Jiyy.^^o ütl^^'Ti-üo

^ X T ^ A

^ / 3

^ ^ M v ^ / c ^ T - r ^ \

: ^ ' ^ ^ T t o ^ ^

- ; f -y

h (Dy'tJ fré/Cfz^ 1 T to

i-t' i ici'tlt, i

Suzuki:

I

heard some thing interesting yesterday.

Martin: Som ething interesting? W ha t is

it?

Suzuki:

From wha t I heard, chocolatiers from all over the w orld are going to gather to hold a

contest.

Martin: Oh? How interesting . Wh ere did you hear such a thing?

Suzuki:

From Ms. Na kamura. She said she read about it on a blog on the Internet.

L i < icA

craftsperson

contest

75

III. Mr. Suzuki strikes up a conversation with Ms. Martin at the office shortly after New Year's.

•7/iyy:î^^'t-to

L ^ .

v N o L j : l C 7 ^ X i f ' j i

L J ;

9 o

Suzuki:

Marie, wh at is your resolution for this year?

Martin:

To develop a food product that tastes good and is good for you.

Suzuki:

Is that so? Actually, I was thinking the same thing , too. Don't you agree that from

now on people are going to become more and more conscious about their health?

Martin: I do. Well then , let's work hard together [to achieve our goal].

IV. Mr. Kato strikes up a conversation with Mr. Mills at the office during their lunch break.

t'.-Kt, hkl

tit

:

. r x ^ ^. /bv^^'^^J.•^L^^/v^TL

J - i u m i f C < D H ^ ^ L < D Z Y

Ki

z

rirt>\

* n » :

^ 9 t t X T i - o ^ A ( ± l ± A / - c V N / j . X T t ^ ^

#(±Ln>

<7j<ï7oJ; 9 / - c ^

DIX: hf-^ /LUr:iti:LTi-t)\ fz^'^^t-^X^'^/LTi-^\

tarn • * A I ± ^ X ^ T X V n N J; 9 ^ j -XTto

Kato: W hat do you thin k about elementary school children going to cram school every day?

Mills: Every day? I do n' t thin k it's a very goo d idea. W ould n't you say tha t it's imp orta nt for

children to play, too? Is this abo ut your ow n child?

Kato:

Yes, it is. I'm against it, but my wif e says tha t he needs cram school.

Mills: W hat about your child? Is he saying he wan ts to go?

Kato: He himself does n't seem to care one way or the other.

il {

X

1

goal,

resolution

I t A C - j L c ; ? health-consciousness

tzîâ

rise, intensify

L Jt 7 < -tirv

\

elementary school kid

li^7cV^ opposition

i i

^ I C

A the person himself/herself

^*

T

^

T t V

^

o don't care one way or the other

V" R

A

C t"

t

C ^ È • 7 'S ''^'O'» -

V/ciyi

of rjoing

Things

S P E A K I N G

P R A C T I C E

I. Mr. Suzuki starts talking to Ms. Martin while drinking coffee together during their break.

Suzuki:

Do you always drink coffee with out putting anything in it, Marie?

Martin:

Yes, I always have my coffee black. W hat abou t you, Mr. Suzuki?

Suzuki:

I drink it after adding plenty of milk and sugar.

Martin: (laughs)

T hat sounds just like a child.

II.

During their lunch break, Mr. Mills approaches Ms. Nakamura, who is looking thro ugh a hotel

brochure.

'• {looking through a hotel brochure) X. X.

o

'l-'i-ffc * A .5:

J ; f

<

^ / U X ' :

- s ; l o #A ^ l ± ^ / c V ^ T t ^ o i ± ^ ^ . - f . ^ L ^ j . n N T i f

<

( T ^ ^ ^ t ^ T -

t o

# v N T ^ ^ b .

i * , ^ ^ ^ v N T .

^ l c x - p / b t ^ r / ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ~ t ^ T - t o

Mills:

Looking for a hotel, I take it. Are you going [somewhere] for summer vacation?

Nakamura: {looking through a hotel brochure) Yes.

Mills: Do you go on trips after reserving everythin g beforeh and, Ms. Nakamura?

Nakam ura: Yes, I go after reserving eve rything , from plane tickets to hotels to ren tal cars to res

taurants.

Mills:

Really. T hat's the opposite of me. I like to go w ith ou t reserving any thing . Afte r I get

someplace, I walk around town and look for a hotel I like.

7 -7 -/ 9

black

plenty

(of),

a lot (of)

(onomatopoeia expressing the sound of soft laughter)

III. Mrs. Kato comes over to her husband while he is surfing the Internet.

tarn (#)

Ki o i

iiaB (^)

i' Ki h-:,K

iivB («)

i-

Ki -ot

tuB (^)

i- Ki JjoK

tvB (#)

Ki r,t

t m m

Ki it-^K

Mrs.

Kato:

Mr. Kato:

Mrs. Kato:

Mr. Kato:

Mrs.

Kato:

Mr. Kato:

W hat are you doing?

I thoug ht I'd buy a new shirt and tie , so I'm choosing.

Over the Internet?

T hat's right. You can choose a tie tha t seems to fit this shirt, and match them on

screen to see how they look. S ee, wh at do you think?

Oh,

that looks nice.

I'll order these, then.

IV. Mr. K ato comes over to Ms. Ma rtin du ring their lunch break after trying the dessert she brough t

into the office.

t m

'•

i' Ki

t m

'•

Ki

o<

^IL

Y. J ;

< hh-^X.-h^hti^-^+£\^Xi^--Xy\zKKh.

Kl ici;i».5,i:A

^

1 x-to

Kato:

Martin:

Kato:

Martin:

These baked apples are delicious. How did you make them?

I looked at this recipe and made them exactly as it was written here.

Let me see .. . "Rinse the apples we ll and

put

them in the oven wit ho ut peeling. Bake

for 20 m inutes at 180°C. When done , slice and pour honey on th em ." Is this all you

need to do?

Yes.

Simple, isn't it? But I understand it's im portan t to use good-qu ality apples.

fit, go well with ^ ^ ^ 9 ^ , ^ • t • i . order :^ — 7'y oven

ï 5 « i 6 ^ l : J : ^ T

on-screen LZ' baked apple ~ i i ' C degrees Celsius

< A^^h-it 6 {R2) put together, combine, match i^h peel

(n.)

honey

oh (used by women ) t < peel (v.)

75Mt-&

(R2) pour

P R A C T IC E 3 E«plainii ig How to U se Facilities

W O R D P O W E R

® t ^ S ? K

9 : 0 0 - 1 7 : 0 0

®

V 1; J:

i <•<;

®

i;

c

L o

® P l è * '

•iltolt

® » 3 f t S

L IJ J: 7 L o

® È^m^m

® i t t f f l ^ ' ^ ° V = ' > '

ltAi<J;-)

i n - 4

L o

® X n

o f c A L o

guide map

office

restroom

stairs

reception desl<

reference room

vending m achine

lounge

computer catalog

emergency exit

meeting room

entrance

reading room

service hours

nïi<

i-

t;

registration

circulation

return

open access

restricted access

79

I. Mr. Mills is at a foo d research institute to view som e reference materials.

^/IX: ABCy-X(D i JlXT-to L ' j

J;

i (D^-o h A.\z^t Ifzo

Vt fi- ix-

I JlX

: l±v

^„ (writes) Z KTX 6

L

\'Ti--/)\

i$<DA:li^\ h^)b''Yi Z'^\îir. h^zizh/^tc^'-f^'h^) tto Y:ZIZ

i-ii^n vt

^ JlX : ^7J^tj i

L

fzo h 'j i}^Y 1 z:^\ tLfz.

Mills:

I'm Mills from ABC food s. I've come to view your reference

materials,

staff: Perusal of materials. Please write in your name, affiliation , and contact information on

this

card.

Mills: Yes. (lA/r/te) W ill this be all right?

staff: Yes, thank you. You'll find a guide map over there. It has wr itten on it wh at materials

are where , so please take a look.

Mills: I understand. Thank you.

II.

The sta ff mem ber explains to M r. Mills how to search for reference materials.

DIX :

L ' j

J;

9 ^ ( t ^ ^

<i-6ztlb'T^ i i r ^ \

1 1 ^ L j ; r < | c ^ i c t *

9 'J

J; < L T

<

/ - c ' ^ v N ^

Y:tj:tz^<ii':>fz^^h^î

Xiiz.

g 9

J l ^ ^

9

6

<

^ f c ^ ^ ^ n v L T ^ ^ i t o

^ ;IX

:

M-^) tltzo

#<7)A

: Wh-Ö^h^£^'ZY:ö<h^) i Ltzio. atz-fî tziW

vt 41=

Mills: Is it possible for me to search for reference materials?

staff: Yes. T here you 'll fin d a comp uter cata log. Piease insert this card to use it. Once you

insert the

card,

the registration screen will come up, so please enter your name and

affiliation.

We ask users to register so we kno w w ho used the catalog.

Mills:

I understand .-

staff: If there is anything you do n't understand , please feel free to ask.

80

viewing, perusal

staff member, person in charge

duty, responsibility

affiliation

please write in (politer way of saying

1: I*

9 " f

-i) write in, write down

l t ^ ^ < - r - 5 .

search tor

C ;

T J ' T S

^, (R2)

can, be able to

atz'fixi

/ c ^ ^ * please ask (politer way of saying

fz-rUi,

(R2) ask

III. The staff member calls out to Mr. Mills as he comes out of the reference room.

staff: Were you able to find the materials that you were looking for?

Mills:

Yes, I foun d the m. By the way, you have a lot of potted plants placed here, do n't

you?

sta ff: Yes. T hey've been placed here and there because they're go od for the eyes. In addi

t ion, we use bright lighting so it'll be easier for people to read small print.

Mills:

Is tha t so? The [print] certainly was easy to read.

^¥l<r) that you are/were looking for (politer way of saying

^

L

•h-'LX

T

L

i

< ö-'? plants appreciateci primarily for their leaves

'ht^Z% here and there, all through out

' " ' ^ ^ 1 A V I S I T T O M R . N A K A N O ' S F A R M ,

' P A R T i i

T A R G E T

DIAL

• l . l l

Ms. M artin interviews Mr. N alcano to fin d out Iiow he came to start his farm .

- p . 87

-7)19 y : ^ 1 fi- fzLX-f-h^

fzis- fz f)-hf-: hi_^p

89

- p . 90

< ' y y vry\z-^x^) t ifzo

• v j i y y

:

< y 9 ^ ) r y L

(0

: 7 j i y y

t f f :

(0

l i ^ " ' ^ b T ?

^ I f :

l^'Lm^(D^iê

i ^ - o f z ^ ^ t ^ ^ ' h . M^^liLfzo ^

- p . 91

<^^(i9

« i C i i T ' <AêJ : 9

(i-i

l i 7

IÏ7IÏ-7

i; é iv>

*

IÏ7li-7 A

li f, :' IÏ9

t f f

: 1

^ T

- r

O

' j ( t ^

z 9 I C U

i L

HL

Martin: W hy did you start this farm , Mr. Nal<ano?

Nalcano: Actually, u ntil ten years ago I used to ope rate a restaurant.

Martin: Was tha t so?

Nakano: Yes.

I

was eating nothing but foods high in calories, and ended up making myself unwell.

So to regain my h ealth, I became a vegetarian.

Martin: Really, a vegetarian?

Nakano: Yes. After becoming a vegetarian, I we nt around the entire country looking for vegetables

that w ere safe and goo d to eat. Whe n I offered the dishes I made with the vegetables t ha t'

I found back at my restaurant, they proved very popular, so tha t eventually, every nigh t my

restaurant was filled with reservations.

Martin: T hat's impressive.

Nakano: Because I had more customers, I started n eeding a lot of vegetables. So I thou gh t of sta rt

ing a farm on my own . I left the restaurant to my wife and started studying how to grow

vegetables.

Martin: Wh ere did you study?

Nakano: 'f studied while helping out at organic farms. I studied at farms all over the place, and

foun d out th at there are many different methods of organic agriculture.

Martin:

Are there really so many differe nt methods?

Nakano: Yes. Like combining different kinds of vegetables to plant together, or drawing upon the

powe r of insects and birds. It's important to find the method th at fits the soil and vegetable.

Martin:

I see. And w ha t about your health?

Nakano: I became entirely healthy in one year.

Martin: Is tha t so? W hat you eat really does matter, does n't it?

m

V O C A B U L A R Y

why

operate, manage

nothing

but,

only

hi

tz>6\Z

damage,

hurt

make (see p. 89)

to. In order to (see p. 90)

85

i

/ ^ " - t f ( R 2 )

l i - i l ï - i

vegetarian

full

entrust, leave up t o

organic agriculture

while (see p. 91)

method

9

X . • > (R2)

ti>f,

1 . 0 l t ^

(R2)

plant

power, ability

find

I

see,

I understand

entirely, completely

(colloquial particle that emphatically

identifies the topic of the sentence)

1.

tt'-tf-

"0: -tf means the same as Y:'

1

L T , w ith the distinction being that 7 L T is used more ofte n in

everyday speech, •^'-tf' is frequently employed for questions embedded in a longer statement, e.g.,

^ ' - { f ^ tL^^^o tz<D-fj^X

<

h-^^hti:^ \ "I don 't understand very well why he didn't come."

^ j tz-o tzLt-t is one com mon way of responding to an explana tion of the reasons or cir

cumstances be hind some thing. It often indicates surprise over unexpected information about som e

thin g that happened or was decided upon some time ago.

3.

-h^^)-(n%\^i,(n\ti)-^)^<X\^fzh

tz-h- tz

I f ' J , "nothing but," expresses the idea of performing a certain action (in this case, eating)

repeatedly with just one thin g.

4. - - ; t o <'yy

' j r y i c

^ X. is an interjection made upon hearing an unexpected piece of informa tion. The follow ing utter

ance, 9 ' j T y | - , goes to the heart of wh at Mr. N akano has just said and confirms its

significance. Such reiteration conveys to Mr. Nakano what part of his comments Ms. Martin finds

important and interesting.

In this sentence, Ms. Martin takes out

V ^ 6 V ^ ^ '^X'^^^b^h ^,

the crucial part of Mr. Nakano's

earlier statement, V ^

N

^ j . ' : ^ ) * ' ^ ^ " ^ . ^ZY h^'-^^ ' j i Lfz, to reflect it back to him in

the form of a question. By doing this, Ms. Ma rtin signals to M r. Nakano wha t part of his comments

she finds imp ortant while encouraging him to speak more on the topic.

^ -1]^

is used to list examples of something you are trying to give details abo ut. Below, for instance, it

gives tomatoes and lettuce as examples of vegetables. Particles after

Y. vj are

frequently om itted.

Y.

-Z)^

shows up m ostly in speech. In wri ting and in formal situations, '^•^ '^-^^ ^ ' is used.

h(DMX\i. V7Vr.-ö\ uyxY^^ ((D) m^'&i'^'^x^'ti-o

At th at farm , they grow tomatoes and lettuce and other such vegetables.

G R A M H A R

8. PATTERN

P R A C T I C E

E x p r e s s i n g

Completion/lncompletion of

P a s t ,

P r e s e n t , or Future Actions

Be careful when choosing between

~ T

V

-?> and its

past form,

~ T /c, to

convey tense.

—

T

^ •?> indicates that an action either goes

on or is

repeated over

a

period

of

time. The form ~

T

V '> -?) is

used

for

actions

in the

present and future,

~ T V 7c for

those

in the

past.

I am using the computer right now.

I always use

a

computer when

I

work.

L

zn at o i -

I have been using this computer ever since I started working here.

^<Di<D^'A. Z(D^<Voyî^^X\^tLtzo

Z' Z' oii-

I

was

using this computer yesterday afternoon.

^m.<D±mBiX\ Z^y^Voyti^-oX^'tlfzo

I was using this computer until last Saturday.

A second function

of ~ T -?> and ^X^^fz is to

express completion,

i.e.,

that

an

action is/was/

will

be

completed

at

a specified point

in the

present, past,

or

future. The negative forms

~ T ^

''"0.'

V and ~ T ^ ^'•^^ o /c

indicate that

the

action is/was/will still

be

incomplete

at

that point. This

meaning

of

"completed action"

is

particularly easy

to

see with verbs showing

not

ongoing action

but

states in effect.

o

Present;

i z i j - o i i i j 1

<

1 Z l K^K^X^ t-f.

o

My luggage has arrived

at the

airport already.

izt-olittzi 1 Zl l c#^^Tvî - t^r

ô

o

My luggage

has not

arrived

at the

airport

yet.

87

Past:

hfzl n

- 7

Wh en I got to the airpo rt this morning , my luggage had already arrived.

Wh en I got to the airpo rt this morning , my luggage had not yet arrived.

Future:

h l f z . ^U^H

1

Zjiz^\^fz>::^. l c t o ( ± ^ ( c # v N T ^ ^ ^ T L J: 7o

hfzl

n

ii

n

Wh en I get to the airport tom orrow , my luggage will probably already have arrived.

h l / z . ^k^H 1 Zl [Z^K^fzK^.

i c i o l i i / • £# ^ ^ T ^ ^ ^ J

, H

^ T L J: 9 o

hfzl n n

Wh en I get to th e airport tom orrow , my luggage will probably have not yet arrived.

Complete the sentences by changing the verbs to the appropriate forms.

1) f c x . i 1 -

B.^<DiK^rx.\^Z't:

^ * ^ i T . ^m<DX^r^K^Z't:

2)

I t o Z A L i t

-> B^lZ fz):: . i j 1

IC l i A *

-> B-^\z^tz>li. i/c

IC

aL i

3) ^ i

- r

-> ^Ar><$<7)9

7

i ^ iC ' j f

o / c ^ $ , # I ± ^ | C

hfzl

oi

ii

4 )

* ê i U

i-r

i t i :

^ I t ^ .

r

L / f ^ o l t / c ^ ^ . - i - X l ± ^ j 9

5) u

i

-r

^ A ^ ^ - # ? ± l C # o / - c ^ $ I C i i .

# t f t | ± / b o X

T L j ; 9c

hfzl

f>'\^lf

o ini

*•

88

L E S S O N 5

i

ll D e s c r i b i n g

C h a n g e

(3): E f f e c t e d

C h a n g e s

The adverbial form of an adjective (e.g.,

± i

< ,

tl^ ^IZ

) +

ir ^

expresses the idea of making

something change into a certain state. In Book II (p. 117) the pattern "adverbial form of an adjective

+

tc 6

was

introduced

as

meaning

to

change into

a

certain state.

The

difference betwe en

the two

isthat ~

< / i C - f - S

is transitive

(e.g., A $ < t

, "to make something big"), while ~

< / I C

is intransitive (e.g., ±^ < ts:6,"to become big"). iZt 6 and iztc^ may also be used

with potential verbs and verbs that express states, e.g.,

6X 1

l c i " ,

X'^ 6X 1 iZtci.

The example above from the Target Dialogue, if-^^ t:M< I t i - , is virtually synonymous w ith

' 'M

< tc 'j

i

ir.

Although Mr. Nakano did not actually intentionally "make" himself unhealthy,'

he still uses M < "f to express his belief th at he became unwell as a consequence of his own

actions.

fi-

^ i - .

g <

I t i r X o

Could this table become cheaper?

Yes,

we'll make it cheaper.

alesperson:

Complete the sentences as in the example.

m )

«^L^^HN

- ^ f m m m ^ t ^ ^ i L T <

t ^ ^ ^ . ^

1)

^^^'SVN

2)

->

K

l / X ( 7 ) x + P / y-^

3 )

4)

^ X / : ^

5 )

89

E x p r e s s i n g P u r p o s e (2)

fziö as used here indicates the purpose of an actio n. In Lesson 3 (p. 49), 7cA6 was introduced

as an expression for indicating a cause or reason.

7c *6 ,

like

=t 1

(p. 72) a noun that cannot stand by

itself, means "cause"

or

"reason." Since fulfilling a purpose constitutes one reason

for

doing som ething,

the "cause" and "purpose" meanings of 7c *^ ( i c ) may be regarded as being intrinsically the same.

* ^ K 7 7^c* )lC, :^

J : $ ^ L T ^ ^ i - r o

\>i i¬

I am saving money to buy a house.

I Started working part-time at a Chinese company t o practice my Chinese.

7c<i6|C is

some what similar to

ot

1 IC . T he difference

is

that J;

7 IC

expresses a state you

hope

will

eventually come about, while 7c *^ IC indicates your purpose for doing something.

0 9 ^ < izfxJn^Xi \z. ^B^^'Z'tmm L T ^ ^ i - f o

' t\^zt, <Lixi

I am stud ying English every day so I can become an interpreter.

0 9 ^ < | C ^ j .- ^ /- c A6 | C , ^ S X . V ^ r ' ^ M ^ LX^'t-to

I am studying English every day to becom e an interpreter.

Complete the sentences using 7c

*6

1) ü L v ^ ' f e p " p ^

C

and the proper form of the verbs in pa rentheses.

. 7 ° D V x ^ h ^ - A ^ ^ ^ ' j i L7'co

2 )

. 7 H # l c ^ 4 ± | c ^ i

L/co

3 )

< i z i i z ^ m i

IJJ: 9

LA

^ ^ i ^ l ± ^ < t b i LT 'C O

li-u L <• T

4 )

0

9 ^

<

<;)

L <

^

( ^ ' j i - r )

Ji'-3C9

5 )

f ) t

L v

^ c ^ i c

J : 9 - t i : ^ L i - r )

. ^ ? i

^ ^ < 6 i

L/co

<H>

L "C

r ;U/<-f

h

save money

part-time job

attend, commute

r L E S S O N

5

D e s c r i b i n g

S i m u l t a n e o u s

A c t i o n s

nnili mCii

X

'<Liiö

The -masu stem of a verb + î . 5^'' ' h indicates tw o actions perfo rme d simultaneously by the same sub

ject. In the example above, Mr. Nakano uses ic-^^ t> to explain how he studied organic agriculture,

i.e., while helping out at organic farms. ~ T (p. 70) also indicates means, but differs in usage fro m

ti:-l)^h, as illustrated below.

^^X ij^^-l-X-ó-'^tz<DX\

V

T I R lC ^ f $

i

L / c o

The bus didn't come, so we walked to the station.

L i-A

Xi

m,.

We were short on time , so we talked while w alking tow ard the station.

Here ~ T and ^ each form a subordinate clause tha t modifies the follow ing main clause. ~

T indicates the mea ns/attendant circumstances oft h e action in the main clause, while ^^7^< b high

lights the simultaneity Of the actions in the main and subordinate clauses. Thus, h^^^X describes

the speaker's means of going to the station, while hî'^X't^h gives focus to wh at the speaker

did while wa lking tow ard the station, i.e., talk.

Complete the sentences using -f)^ h and the proper form of the verbs in parentheses.

1) AÎC

T

J^J; 9

< 7 ) ( ± / b v ^ - s

^Ttô ( l ± / c b < )

2) o v ^ f e ^ 7 ^ ^ - < ^ a^'l^'0-t-t1ktJ<D^H^Xi-.

( f O

3 )

Z<Dii/L-\±/Hi. o^t:

^ ^ o ^ ^ l c X

/ K i - f o

(tC^'iöi)

4) Z(D^ X l^'^Û.Y-l^t: ^^'Z'<Dmm^'X^ti-o

(fz<DltJ)

ici''16 i,

(R2)

gaze at, look at

teaching materials

91



\\ A

(

V

(J t"

i

Giving and

Listening

l o Ne-.vs

PHRASE POWER

li L Breaking news to someone:

Actually...

Have you heard already?

I imagine you may know already, but. . .

I imagine you are aware of this,

but.

. . (polite)

I

® z ^ ^ ' / L \ : ^ ^ i i K t ^ / L ^ '

' You may be aware of this, but. . . (polite)

As you are aware ,. . . (polite)

I. Responding to news:

Really?

®^iti:/^Ti-^\

Is that so?

®^ltz'^/z/LTi-^\

Was that so?

That's interesting, isn't it?

I didn't know that.

®^X.

W*^TM$ i

Lfzo

Really, that's the first I've heard of that.

® ^ ^ ^ ^

7

i c

^ 9

^ x A T t ' J \

Is that really so?

®

L ^ l :

b^i-tf/Cc

I can't believe it.

Z'^'Aj C X"t'

know, be aware of (politer way of saying L o T ^ *

•5)

L

A l :

(R2) believe

92

I. Mr. Suzuki informs Ms. Ma rtin of some news tliat is going aroun d the office .

I ' t L

L L<. i i - * 5 L ZK t x

Suzuki:

Have you heard, Marie? I hear tha t Mr. Simon of the Paris branch office has been

selected to represent his [home] country in the marathon at the next Olympics.

Martin:

Wh at? Mr. Simon? No, I did n't know . Wh ere did you hear this?

Suzuki: I just got a message thro ugh the employee mailing list. Do you kno w Mr. Simon well,

Marie?

Martin:

Yes. He used to go runnin g every morn ing before wo rk even wh ile I was at the Paris

branch office.

II. Ms. Nakamura informs Mr. Mills of some news that is going aroun d the office.

+-f

4 4 4 * 9

f£*'hh ULtX i- Ki t-jh

9 T - f o

l)\^X: ^ 7 / c ' - ^ / c ^

T-f ^ \

-f o

^ 7 ' c ^ ^ - s ^ / c o / :^T- f^o

Nakamura: Um, you may be aware of this already, but Mr. Kato's mother passed away last night,

I've been told.

Mills: Yes.

I

just hea rd from Mr. S uzuki, and I'm surprised. Was it sudden?

Nakamura: No, from w hat I understand she had been hospitalized for th e entire past

year.

Mr. Kato

was at the hospital nearly every weekend to look after her, from what I hear.

Mills: Is tha t how it was? He must have had it hard all tha t time .

v ^ '

>•

Simon (surname) L ' i 'v —

;U

9

(^')

sudden

: t U > t : - . y ^

Olympics employee mailing list „ ^ ^ , . x . - t be hospitalized

L,^cLv.^

close, on familiar terms (with) , ,

•77

V

y

marathon

+-, + +

^^^^AJ^-7^-f^

look after (someone

J . - , , 7 . , - , „„ t , t ; „„ tofl^ftïï mother (respectful way of

refer-

wh o

is

sick), nurse

fz^'Ui-}

representative ring to someone else's mother) 93

\^t\ Ax

TI'

~ r L '^'"'"8

Histories

W O R D m W E R - - - -

i ± < L r - 9

^

L

-t f

V

^

'J

L

C 9 ICAT^H ^ l tv N

L

O L

J/'J:

9 L

^

J; 7 ' j

L

\1L% < l

C

9

X

L L J:

( ^ ^ ^ <

L j : 9 l t ^ r ^ | J X h

1/X

h ^ y ^ f f f K

{At

L 9 i c i * 9 ^ p i - S

(7)9

'J J: <

^ ^ T J ^ - t

pass (an exam)

l i A ^ <

L

V

translator

Jt

license systems engineer

L * 9 L C' 9

master's degree

L

J:

7 l t A r - f

i-

investment analyst

l ± < L C ' - 9 doctorate systems analyst

-tf V

^

U L

tax accountant

• t f o i j - p t - ? .

set up, found

' L

certified public accountant open, establish

O L doc tor mass media

t / J : 9

L beautician,

hairstylist

~75^Al t^<«Lc' i : *- f

work in (a job field)

(licensed) cook become independent

\1L% <

L

architect

L *

-5 i c i * 9

income

L L

J; librarian

X -ï . (R2)

gain, earn

75< l t ^ n ^ ^

curator

« 9 U

J:

<

ability, qualification

'5-7^< L ^

interpreter

putto

use, take advantage

of

~ L v -er, -or, -ant (person w ho

performs

a certain

job)

I. An interview er questions an applicant during a job interv iew.

« i

\i

L ï -

I Ï L f

interviewer: W hat kind of w ork are you doing at your present company?

applicant: I 'm wo rking in software development.

interviewer: W hat kind of w ork w ere you doing before you joined your present company?

applicant: I worked part-time at a convenience store. Wh ile work ing pa rt-time, I attended school

and g ot c ertified as a systems engineer,

interviewer: Wh y did you think of joining our company?

applicant: I've always been interested in the software being developed here.

H. A magazine reporter interviews the president of a venture company founded wh ile the president

was still in college.

4 - 5

L

S

L l f ^ - K L Ï - ;S<<<fvi i t i ;

*

4 o L i

Lf

l : A

50At.

S T L

S

L ip

^ m t -ft

KL

/c A T -r O

reporter: I heard tha t you started this company in your college years .. .

president: Yes, I foun ded it during my second year w ith a frien d taki ng the same seminar,

reporter: So you were running your company wh ile also continuin g your studies at university?

president: Yes. It too k a lot of hard wo rk, but by the time

I

was in my fourth year, the company

had grow n quite large. I had a staff of over

fifty,

reporter: Fifty, tha t many.

president: Yes. So I quit college. I decided to concentrate on my wo rk.

interviewer

applicant

software

college years

•t? i seminar

5

0 I - X t

as many as fift y people

-tf

^1

/ / " f

concentrate, focus on

95

; P R A C T I C E 3

Althing

foi

Reasons

and

Hismries


I. W hile at a bar, Ms. Ma rtin calls out to Mr. Ho nda, the barkeeper, to remark on his collection of

car photographs.

Sè < T 4 - t t x . ï - . l i

< 4 *

7i<<-tt\> T

j ^ f f l

:

-7

)19

-^m :

ti

H A feA*x 4 v ' K 4 < 4 4

# ^ ^ " 7 ^ ^ ± S T ^ f o T L i o / c A T t o # ^ ( 7 ) ^ X l t v N ^

l j

Yl-f

7 c < ^ i c . ^ - x l c t t i ^ < 7 ) ^ ^ * ) / c ^ T - r o

T

-?)\^9y : ^ 7 / c " o / c ^ T - r 7 ^ \

Martin: This place has a lot of photographs of cars, doesn 't it? T hey're all racing cars, no?

Honda: Yes. T hey're all cars I've driven myself.

Martin: W hat? All cars you've driven?

Honda: Yes, that's right. I started entering races in my college days. I've even entered some

races abroa d.

Martin:

Really? T hat's incredible. Do you still race even now?

Honda: No, I quit three years ago. My wife left me because I kept on thinking about nothing

but cars every day. I quit entering races to rebuild my relationship with my wife.

Martin:

Was tha t so?

VOCAniLARY

96

U—X race

\iLtz

Honda (surname)

-7 7.9—

barkeeper

\^1L

no (shortened, colloquial form of v n ^ x.)

leave

with -

A visitor to a private photograpliy exhibit calls out to the photographer.

i : :

i±i;

J v ^ f c T l^^^"^>'E,<7)7J^-^;t7'c^Ti -o

^ ^ T \

C 7

v ^ 7 TcT

A '

T - r

O ^ » ^ ^ % \

tf

I s

^ ^ \ /c < ^ ^

c 7 V

Mm^'<D z

T v ^ i t J ; o

visitor: These are spectacular photogra phs,

photographer: T harik you.

visitor: It's interesting to see photograp hs comb ining [images of] old Tokyo w ith Tokyo

today, isn't it? Since when did you start taking such photographs?

photographer: From three years ago. Up until then I was workin g as a businessman, but one tim e

wh ile I was walking around Tokyo I came across an old temple standing next to a

high-rise building. So I decided to capture photographs of these kinds of structures

before they disappeared.

visitor: These are houses from the early Showa era, aren't they? Wh ere did you ph oto

graph them?

photog raph er: All in Tokyo. There are many houses like these ieft in areas such as Asakusa and

Shinjuku.

^ i j l i l : * ^ . (R2)

photographer

these kinds of

start taking (photos)

high-rise

i l h

the Showa era

(1926-1989)

be left

over,

remain



K A N J I

P R A C T I C E

Mm

f ijti

4

m

f ijti

V

\

''

ingredients

fee

V

\

''

# ®

X

.n

1)

—V

J

®

X

.n

1)

It

eason

ration

It

ftm

—>

—*

ffi

— ^

ftm

ffi

ffi

.

• . '

:

bad

ffi

ffi

.

• . '

:

t i M f A

c A l t X

1'

IT

B g

i M f A

c A l t X

sight s

/ /

la

ndeavor

la



l E S S O N 5

o i

—>

1

r

strong

o i

c +

law

method

"•J . •

tl

X t

tr

power

force

X t

ground

base

4-p T

t

-p T

cut

' " I G L O B A L

WARMING

T A R G E T R E A D I N G & D I A L O G U E

ï t ( 7 ) ' N V N $ A ^ i a ( ± .

1 O

O ^ t l

J;'j O . 7Jt> X

<

i:^

J ;

9

I C ' j

i

L/bo B ^ T ï ^ .

1 2 ^

IC

IC

iï L

^p,103

-.p.105

\zU6<Dm'i'-'fc

'J

L T V ^

i - f O

i T ^ c . « ' i ^

< ^ T \ z 9•f^^^7)^^^f'^'^^"^s$Tv^ito

M5 t ^,^^/•£^^l:^.^^f C Y c < ^ l C . ^ A / c ^ ( ± i 5 l ^ ^ ~ T $ ' S < ; 5 T L J ; 9 7)\ Z

l i l :

L^xltH(f^j."'j

i-ti:^o

Global warming is a serious problem for the wo rld in the twen ty-first century. According to the IPCC,

average global temperatures today are over 0.7 degrees higher th an they w ere a hun dred years ago. Just

a fewye ars ag o, when w e heard that average temperatures had risen, the reality of it did not strike hom e;

but recently we have begun to strongly feel the effects of global warming. Even in Japan, we see such

things happening as autumn flowers con tinuing to bloom even into December and spring flowers bloom

ing in January. Moreover, floods and droughts are occurring

in

many parts

of

the w orld.

W hat can we do to prevent global warming? All kinds

of

endeavors are starting up w ithin the interna

tiona l com mun ity. We , too , must recycle was te, conserve electricity, and do whateve r else is possible for

each and every one of us to do.

W hile walking around town wi th Mr. Kato, Ms. Martin notices a solar panel installed on the roof of a house.

i' Hi

100

T AU J: < ><oL<._p .,Q4TXU J: <

T A S

^

T A

S U J: 7

*

A

\:->\X.

4^j^7 ^ ^ o i t ^ Z ^ i c L / - c /CTto

' ^ ' ^

-^p.106 . p . 107

H>TI;A -tz f- f

•7IV9

y

: ^

7 I i ^ > v 3

y r t ^ ^ i ^ o

Martin: Those are solar panels on the roof of that house over there, aren't they?

Kato: Oh, you're right. These days, homes wi th solar panels are on the increase.

Martin:

How is the cost performance?

Kato: Quite good, I hear. I heard this from a friend employed at a solar panel manufac

turer: on days when the weather is nice, the panels apparently produce sufficient

power, so you don't need to buy power from the electric company. Moreover, if any

power remains, you can sell it, apparently.

Martin:

Is that so? So the electricity bill gets cheaper, does it?

Kato: That's right. In fact, we want to put solar panels on our own home in the near

future. If you're interested, I can introduce you to that friend of mine. You will prob

ably be able to buy panels [from his company] rather cheaply.

Martin:

But I live in an apartment building.

Kato: That's right, I forgot.

^tfe jo

fz

global warming

M,':>-l}^L'fy^h

{ seem real

2 1 ^ V N $

I PCC

i

Ü A

warming

twenty -first century

to , for (see Note 1

on

next

page)

serious, grave

Intergovernmental Panel

on

Climate Change

average

temperature

hi

; i v v $

i

7

feeling of reality

arise

effect, influence

feel

even if (see p. 103)

continue to bloom

(see

p.

105)

also, moreover

many

places throughout, all over V

y ^ )V

each one, each and every person

solar panel

flood

drought

prevent

i

V

^ i-è" International comm unity

society

Y. ^) i ^ measure, endeavor

-if OAf^ < -f/S conserve

OX h^'^7:t — cost performance

y

—

t

— manufacturer

sufficient, enough

generate electricity

electric company

electricity

be left over

9 & m

1. 2 1- t i

:VN

$(7)i«:#| ,cJioT

{ZY^X indicates

the

standard

for a

judgment

or

an evaluation that follo ws.

lc

ML

c'

This Japanese-language test is not difficult for Mr. Mills, but it is difficult for Mr. White.

I

2.

' fp f^ ' ^^ ly lc

Attaching

the

question marker

to a

numerical question wo rd (e.g., f\^^'^,

j ^ ^ ^ ' ^ ^ . j ^ , S .

''ikiX^Ki

''£KI\-K'

V

< O T J

^ )

gives

the

meaning

"a few"

(years, people, days, things,

etc.).

3.

^ I t T

(compound verb)

Attaching

the

-masu stem

of a

verb

to

another verb results

in a

compound verb. Common com

pound verbs using ^

<

include, in addition to ^ $ I t

•?>

given here, ^ $ •?), "to

begin bloom ing,"

and ^

'^^hh, "to stop blooming."

4 . xi<h(nxL i i-h^

As covered in Lesson 1 (p. 8),

XV.

I l-h^Xs used to raise an issue with or to consult someone. In

writing meant to raise awareness of a problem, such as here, it forms a rhetorical question inviting

the reader to think abo ut that problem.

5.

V-y-^^^-^}\yX^ i n

J;

^ is an ending used in spoken Japanese to ask someone for confirmation about a statement one

has made. Here Ms. Ma rtin uses it merely to strike up a conversation wit h Mr. Kato, for she know s

full well that what she

is

seeing

are

indeed solar panels.

6 . ^ i X l f z ^

Saying ^ 9 Xlfz^ in response to someone's statements tells that person you "already k new "

or "were just reminded of" tha t information.

E x p r e s s i n g I d e a s that R u n C o n t r a r y t o E x p e c t a t i o n (2 )

1

2

^ l c / x o T t . ^^(DmîS^-o-îiX^'i-to

11*

~

T (the - te form of a verb/adjective + th e p article

i )

is used to make a statemen t about some

thing that goes contrary to what would naturally be expected from the set of conditions described

before

~

T i . W hen coming after -na adjectives and nouns,

~

T becomes

~

T è .

Ya< Xt. ^6^'xniÈi-o

I'm going to walk there even if it's far.

I don 't g et it very well even after reading the explanation.

I won 't go to the party tomor row even if I have the time.

I'm going to go golfing tom orrow even if it 's raining.

Earlier (p. 35),

<D

[Z was introduced as an expression for joining together two statements that go

against each other. The difference between <D\Z and ~ T is that <D \Z connotes feelings of sur

prise or regret, wh ile

~

T t conveys either a positive or neutral attitud e. Thus

(DlZ

cannot be used

for making requests or invitations, while

~

T

^

can.

mUX/LXi. fi^^'f)'ii:ii^)t-^/LX

L

fzo

My cold didn 't go away even after I took some medicine, (straightforward statement of fact)

mtikLfiOlZ^ fl^WfCii^jt^LX L fzo

My cold didn't go away even though I took some

medicine,

(stresses the feeling th at s ome thing

is wron g)

Îfz ii^m^m

< T

t . r7-Vl.

7

IC^T ^ i

L

J; 9

o

T A S hi u

Let's go golfing tomo rrow even if the wea ther is bad.

Complete the sentences using '~

T

with the words

in

parentheses.

1) 'T-^-^fz <

- t f X - i f Xo ^ ^ ' j

i ^ A o

{^^r^)

2) "tcn^mt. i y y

(L t -^ /S)

- ^ - y h T.

^ o ^ ^ l J t^Lo

3) C 9 o 9

C(7:>îcî<^/cVNJi^^ôito

U^-<A)

4)

t L ^ L 7

,

^ * 6 ^ XV N T

-oo l t i to

(^tA'LvN)

5)

t;-f7^^LvN

j:,ÂNi-to (W/£")

E x p r e s s i n g L a c k

of O b l i g a t i o n

%tl ^%i--h^h%tl t%h->-£<

T

t v N 0 ^ 9 T

-fo

~' 'J. '

•(

T

^

V

u

N

conveys the idea

of

not having

to

do something. The opposite expression

is

I t ^ i f ^ /

f j ' j

. ^ v N,

"must."

~ ^ J . ' < T è v ^ V N and

~ ' j . - l t ^ l i : t L " b t( . n

N

often come up when

talking

or

asking about social

or

institutional rules and obligations.

I t ^ l i ' ' ^ ' "

b

">

connotes

that you feel what you must do

to

be a burden,

T v

that you feei yourself free from

such a burden.

# H l±/c io^^-^£\1K\l+£

'J i - t i : ô

(need)

I

have

to

work every day.

• ^H

l±/c I^TJ^^J.'

<

T ^) V

u

N T - f o

(no need)

I don't have

to

work every day.

To state whether

a

certain action can

be

done (i.e.,

is

permitted)

or

not, meanwhile,

the

following

expressions are used:

\L)\^(nt\\'r ^-^Y.> hXij\

u N T I - O

(permitted)

You may park your car

in

front

of

the building.

e ; K 7 5 | f | C #

^

J i * : )T I±v^ l t ^ - t i : ^ .

(no

iX < ht

You must not park your car in front of the building

Read the sentences while paying attention

to

the uses

of

the expressions introduced above.

1) ^

y ^ ^ - ^ . - y h T K v N # ^ - r ^ l f \

m'-\l-h-+S:{Xi^^^^^X-f.

2) ^t^^ { ± 1 7 0 9 ^^<L^} •>-£<DX\ ^^^%h-^£ <

T

è V NV N T t o

3) | | i c i ï ^ T ^ ^ / c i ^ T I ± . Zi^-^-fX^Yi. iîZ'^Yi^^fc^'Z'J^

l c V l t ^ j . ' l t a i f t - ' j

t-^/iXLfzo ^ i p L X ^ ' 6 i i i { i f l i t £ < T*,VNVN

^ / s t a t i n g

D e c i s i o n s

As covered in Bool< 11, Lesson 2 (p. 23 ), tine verb L is used wlie n stating a decision made from

am ong several alternatives.

3 L i " ^ o (e.g., whe n selecting something at a store)

I'll take this.

C Ji |C L i / h

means to decide to do something.

It

is typically used to inform people abou t

decisions you have already m ade, and so often appears in the past form, i.e., C J i l c L i L 7 c / L

7c. In the first sentence below, for example,

C Ji |C L i L / c

conveys the speaker's decision to go

study abroad.

t v > i a A

I have decided to study abroad in Great Britain next year.

^^ i^âó/SC J i ic

L i Lfz-h\

i / - c ^ | 3 * | C | ^ L T v ^ i - t i - ^ o

I've decided to quit my job, but ha ven't told the de partmen t manager yet.

3 Ji |C

-5 7c, meanwhile, expresses that something is/was decided upon.

In

short,

3

Y.\Z-/j:^

is intransitive, while

Z KiZir ^

is transitive. W hen talkin g about decisions, Japanese

people tend to say C J i C- f ^ and 3 KlZtc^ more often than they say $ ^-? >

or

^ i

-?>.

^ % t ^ ^ < i 6 ^ Z

J i lC

L i

L 7co

I have decided to quit my job.

^îiKî^6ZY\Z-fxi) t lfzo

It has been decided that I am to quit my job.

The first sentence above makes

it

clear that the decision

to

quit was the speaker's own, while the

second leaves

it

ambiguous whethe r the decision was dictated by the company or other outside cir

cumstances.

^ - i j

X IC IJ 7 ^< < t ' i . 3

Ji

\Z-fX IJ i

L

7Co

È>i>«A

It has been decided th at I am to study a broad in Great Britain next year.

^ ^ ± < 7 ) ( Ï 9 L ^ T \ 7 ° D v = x ^

h

^ ^ , 1 * 9

L- f -SC

JÎC^X'J i L7 'co

It has been decided that we are to cancel the project in accordance with the wishes of the com

pany.

VOCABULARY

'j tPÏ-ó^<-f6

study abroad

l i

T L

A policy

106

' ^ P Mak in g Suggesti ons Based on Supposi tion

J :

7

î^hh+£i^. ^(DÂt: L J ; 7

'^n

N L

i

L J : 7 ^ \

U A

In Book II (p.

222)

you were introduced to 1 as the cond itional form of a -na ad jective or noun +

T - f . ^ ' 1 also follows the plain form s of verbs. It is used to make a sugge stion in reaction to what

someone has just said or based on w hat you suppose they are thinking.

A :

miX7--^t^<X 7

^;^>oi- fo

B : ip. A B

C 7 - X

' < 7

) X x - +

V - ; ^ ^ j i o T<^T <

A: I think I'll eat steak tonight.

B: If you're going to eat steak, try using the steak sauce from ABC Foods. It'll taste better.

Read the dialogues while paying attention to the uses oi tC .

1)

A : ff,

L

v V >

< y o y t : % i i i Y m ' o X \ ^ h L r ^ - h \

<~

T A

S T A i ' A

è » T t c

L A - t t o

2)

k :

-^mT^^T)\'^'fmitz\^LX"t-f)\

B

: t^sv-)\^(D^mt-f^-'-£i^. ^ y ^ - ^ - y

h

^ 1 | ; t l ± > ^ 7 t : ^ T - r J ; o

3 ) A :

g

: ^ ^ ^ ^ o $ - j : 7 L /b I T ^ ^ ^ ^ t v N < ; ? ^ ± ^ ^ L / c v ^ ^ T t o

B : I T ^ ^ ^ l t v ^ ( 7 3 ' ^ ± * ^ L / c V N ^ / b . \l<n\±-^tLX\î^KtLx

X - r — + y — X steak sauce

<^

""^ T ' A

$ Nozom i Electronics (fictitious store)

I

T

information technology

P R A C T I C E 1 Di i tuss inp, Weather and

li s Effects

WORD P O W E R

1^ t L

(D C

c j

SÏÏ] a

(

|m

mjD

SÏÏ] a

(

o

m

SÏÏ] a

(

o

m

(0)

3 7 - f v

VOCABULARY

108

l i ^ i sunny

< t IJ cloudy

< è

•?)

become cloudy, cloud up

iTi^-tfïS^Ï-< wind blows

/ c ^ v ï - T typhoon

b

L

storm

CfcijTj^ll^.

CfciJ

7S ' ;it-i>

; i t ^ > (R2)

snow piles up

pile up

ice freezes over

freeze over

ice melts

melt

S P E A K I N G P R A C T I C E '

I. W hile preparing to go ou t on a rainy day, Mr. Suzuki is stopped in front of his apartm ent by the

building manager.

t ï I A

: MtUf ^ts:^'X

9

lc L T

< /c"^ v v; ^

i'L 1) KL.

manager: Are you going o ut, Mr. Suzuki?

Suzuki: I'm goin g to go see a soccer ma tch.

manager: W hat? Are you going even whe n it 's raining this hard?

Suzuki: T hat's right. In soccer, matches are held even wh en there is

rain.

So we supp orters also

go .tó cheer our team no matter how cold it is.

manager: Take care you don 't catch cold.

I. Mr. M ills and Mr. K ato are about to leave the o ffice to go on a business trip to K yushu.

tm •

Mills:

Kato:

Mills:

Kato:

Mills:

X X .

LtzU.

( i 7 IC

J ;

^

^m^9h m \zit

O V n T v N . ? ) b Lv N T - t o

UZi^

| ± - J ^ ^

Y:ii

U

IC

Y

o > T

Lxi-f}\

UZi i^^Y\f-fx{ T t . \z9h m \zm^-fx\iK\t^X^)t^L

Xo

LL-fi'L^L i X T to'i

o

The sky has suddenly started to cloud up, hasn't it?

Yes, the w ind is starting to blow, too. According to the w eather forecast, there appar

ently is a typho on approaching Kyushu.

Will the plane fly as scheduled, do you suppose?

Even if the plane doesn't fly, we still have to get to Kyushu sometime today.

Shall we g o by the Shinkansen, then? We'll ge t there today if we take the Noz omi.

ZL

-^£\z

rL-i-£\zii]<.xt

to this extent, this much

so,

therefore

supporter, fan

no matter ho w cold it is

no matter how . . .

cheering

ïS^-tf'J'^T'ï)

wind starts to blow

i tf Ï

1 * 9 Kyushu (southernmost of Japan's fou r

largest islands)

^

750 < approach, come near

<n

-ï* A

Nozomi (the fastest of the three types

of shinkansen trains running between

Tokyo and Fukuoka)

109

III. Mr. Suzuki and Mr. Kato are in tine office, chatting.

•f-r h

z

tl i'n ipi

^ D

» : ^ 7 V N X

( f .

# ; ^ ^ 5 ^ l ± « ^ t L . * o L A T L / c

^ f i o

( t ^ < 7 ) # M l c J ; J i

4 L i l ( 7 ) f O IJ T'S<D^' 7 J i l t

: ^ ê * ^

/c b L V N T - f X o

7 - ^ / T ^ ^ ' ^ V N T V N i t

L

^ f l o

V N 'S 1^, L v N T - f J:o

Suzuki: I

understand that this year we're having

a

warm winter and

the

ski resorts don't have

any

snow

at all

even though

it's

February.

Kato: That reminds me, you're from Hokkaido, aren't you,

Mr.

Suzuki? According

to the

paper

this morning, the snow statues at the Sapporo Snow Festival have apparently started to

melt,

Suzuki:

It's

really unusual

for it to be so

warm

in

Sapporo.

Not to

mention that

in

Tokyo, too,

the

plums

are

blooming already.

Kato: Businesses

are

supposedly being affected,

too,

what with winter coats

and

other things

not selling at all.

IV.

Mr.

Kato

is

asking about solar generators from

a

friend

who

works

for

an electronics manufac

turer.

i)~

ItnTL

i

linTL

# f f i : o v N ; i . S7 i<< t o T v N J i .

^ m T $ i

- t f ^ o

«

:

^ 7 ^ / ^ T - f 7 J \

7 ^ . l c - o l t / - c i ^ .

J i • ~ ( ; ) < % v ^ ^ m T $ ' S ^ T L

J: 7 ^ \

^m:

7 ^ (7)^%t<o- y-^

h T \ y I a-U-iyay-r^zY-ö^r^x^Xo

tt L i I:»-)UJ:< iiLt-L I t o T / C

^^=b7j^ij i-fo

; ^ D » : ^ 7 T - f ^ \ i : ^ . ^ o T < ^ i

- f o

li-

Kato:

Can solar generators produce electricity even when

it's

cloudy?

Aota: No, they can't generate electricity when

the sky is

clouded over.

Kato: Is that right? How much electricity do you suppose we could generate if we installed one

on

our

house?

Aota: You can run a simulation on our company website. Once you enter the location of your

house and

the

shape

of

your roof,

you

can find

out how

much electricity you'll

be

able

to

produce

in

one year.

Kato: Is that so?

I'll try it

out, then.

fzLt. warmwinter / plum

i : i —•> a

y-f"^> run a simulation

7,^—\lX l

ski resort

l l ' ^ T ^ c *

generator

-b^tz^ö

shape

~ L ^ ^ - : ) L ^

from thUIz

Aota (surname)

^-^ •^~|c

to that extent, so

.. . •y-'f

F website

P R A C T I C E

Z DiscussingülobalWarming

^ l :

J:

9H

the Earth

the environment

nature

global warming

developed countries

developing countries


i :

ÏL i- tzL t

tz\^^ <

IC

* A

T i-

tzL t

J t u 4 IC i A / i A *

causes

greenhouse gases

carbon dioxide emissions

countermeasures

regulate carbon dioxide emissions

conserve (natural) resources

effects

carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases

the climate changes

the polar ice caps melt

glaciers disappear

.\'Wi.y:llJI/;l >Vl

developed country

developing country

cause

greentiouse

gas

greenhouse

gas

carbon dioxide

emission

countermeasure

l±v \ L tji-o lj J: 9 amoun t of emission

L l t X

iZi

tcL^X <

lint X <

regulate

(natural) resource

air, atmosphere

climate

South Pole

North Pole

glacier

111

The follow ing dialogues depict a schoolteacher answering questions from students about global warm

ing. Study the dialogues and practice asking and answering similar questions about specialized topics.

.Global warming:

il'i

L

il^

L

^4

tz

tzt>/ti:6ZY T-to

i^tltzti/tciY. m^zt^z Yt>î)6<Dr-tt>\

XXo ^é^ttl'^tztztl/tC^Y. VN^VN^7^XFu1M^<^BC 'J i t o

f^^^_<D^Zjf>H^h'^X.

L i t o ^ 9 t ^ ^ . L j t<

/HVc ^ j .

< tc

o

/-c l j . ^ ^^^^^

X

tz

' j L i t o

9 t v N ^ ^ ~ j ^ $ / - c ' J . ^ X i ± 0 7 j < ^ a $ / c U

student: Teacher, what is global warming?

teacher: It's wh en the Earth gets warm er.

studen t: Is there any thing to be concerned about if it gets warmer?

teacher: Yes. All sorts of problems come up wh en the Earth gets warmer.

student: What kinds of problems?

teacher: Climates change all over the w orl d, so tha t floods and drou ghts occur, for exam ple. T hat

leads to other things , such as plants failing to grow and illnesses spreading.

II. Effects of global warm ing:

ilo

I

iioi

^p^^_ii/LtzUtt)^z<Dti-ti-tJY. i^mi'r:' tcôrix 11)\

zWtÈ-tirtJY. loo^mzii. - . v ^ ï ^ ^ $ a ^ < 4 ^ J ;

lj 6 ^ M - h i ^

<

tc^î T-to óJ^yA _h

<

ti:i>Y.^ m ^ i b f e (DZii^) t>^Y i-fx.

f tlTfzi- flix< ll->il<

^ H ^ a 6 ^ ^ < 6 ^ 0 T - t o ihX-oY. ti^/it)'XT<^

T<tz^^\ / H ^ < ^ ^ ^ < ± ^ ^ - ^ Y : / L t i : z Y t j ' ' ^ z 6 Y m ^ ' t - t t \

f^t^(D

IJ

< tot/'f-tc < tc U i t o

a IJ

T t o

V N

< 07J

^<7)

L i

ic(±, AmHîötc

<

^ / o

T L i 9 ^

I c A l f A +

1

T-to

student: W hat will happen to the Earth if global warm ing goes on the way it is doing now?

teacher: If global warming goes on this way, then from wh at I understand, a hundred years from

now average temperatures will rise to over six degrees from what they are now. If tem

peratures rise more than six degrees, then the ice at the South and North Poles will melt

and the level of the sea will rise about sixty centimeters. Now try and think a bit. What

kinds of things d o you thin k w ill happen if the sea level rises?

VOCADULAIIY

112

Zff)i±

happen, occur

grow

in this way , as is

sea level

It

centimeter

land

island

student: The area of land on the Earth will decrease.

teacher: That's correct. I understand that people will not be able to live anymore on some

islands.

III. Causes of global warming:

:

'&&^t'x Y\^j<Dli. YlL-^xffTs T-f-h-^o

M : (±vNo v N ^ v s ^ ^ i J i - r^^

- - # £ v N ( 7 ) ( i .

-m\m^rto K^i^'.

< * * T

S * i

C A S T

s * -5

fet;

student: W hat are the causes of global warming?

teacher: The

caus&of

global warming is greenhouse gases. When the level of these gases in the

atmosphere increases, then temperatures

rise,

studen t: W ha t types of gases are greenhouse gases?

teacher: Good que stion. There are many, but the one that w e have the most of is carbon dioxide.

This is the gas that is given of f w hen you do thing s like use fire or drive cars. Its levels sud

denly rose because the population of the world increased and industry developed.

IV. Countermeasures to global warming:

•trv ii jj>

lixi-o

•• ^(nfz>^K^ ^hfz%\z-x:^ ^zY.-h^h^) t'f-ti\

^ j .HNJ : 7 IC

L

/ c ' j

L T

- t i r V N T

^ ^ o L i

L J: ? o

student: W hat should we do to prevent global warming?

teacher: First we need to reduce greenhouse gases by trying not to em it carbon dioxide,

studen t: Is there an ything th at we can do to achieve this?

teacher: Yes, there is. Let's try as much as possible to go ab out our lives w ith ou t using electricity

or riding in cars, among other things.

I±v^

{i-ofz-o-ti

good question

Industry

develop

\^ i V [

C~

[' '3 Talifiiig aboj l E nv i ronm e nl a l Issues


I. Mrs. Kato comes up to T aro while he is at the sink washing his face.

taUr ( # )

: i S S ^ i / ^ ^ - x ^ - x i ^ i - l c l i .

UY ^) UY ^) ti'Ti 6Z K t: Itc^^Yo

7*: ^-i

Mrs.

Kato: Taro How wasteful You shouldn't leave the hot w ater running w hile you wash your

face.

Ahd'when you leave a room, always turn the lights off. You mustn't waste

energy.

Taro: I 'm sorry. I keep on forg ettin g, even thoug h I know I should n't.

Mrs. Kato: To reduce greenhouse gases, each and every one of us needs to do wha t we can.

Taro:

I get it. I 'll try not to waste energy from now on.

t

^ w asteful, uneconomical

fz L o liti' L left running (of water), left

lying ou t

'^%,K'fzi6 shouldn't

(colloquial

fo r~LTI±vM-t±- t i :A)

always, without fail

I f L -5 V

^

turn off (imperative; see

p. 198)

energy

atzK'ti'

waste

unintentionally

t, -f decrease

L < L ' v * i ^ must do, need to do

II. Wh ile looking th rough the newspaper, M r. Suzuki remarks to Mr. Mills about an article he just

read.

O C

J i ic

L / c ^ T t o

^/bX':

^ K®<73J

LT(±, v ^ 7 ; ; ' - ( 7

) $ ^ v N

^ L T o ^ J : z 6 7 * < £ v s T i - J : o

H*:

^ 7 / c ^ 7 T - r ^ o

T t ^ ^ ^ î ê i ' S r J^t L=K ^fô

Suzuki: The price of oil has gone up again. Gasoline is goin g to get expensive.

Mills:

If you thin k tha t gasoline is expensive, the n just don 't drive cars. In Tokyo you can get

around all right even if you don't have a car, you know. I've decided not to buy a car in

Tokyo.

Suzuki: You have a poin t, especiaiiy considering how expensive parking fees are, too .

Mills: A lot of cities abroad place restrictions on private cars.

Suzuki: T hat's wh at I hear. Maybe restrictions like tha t will start up in Tokyo sometime soon, too .

- t f J f *

oil

ilî^') price rise

f^'V 'I y gasoline

^

L city, metropolitan area

-74:^-

private car, one's own car

115



K A N J I

P R A C T I C E

7

V

T

J t

J t

V

J t J f

all

J t J f

it

.iX

i'

- i t

•6'

1

1

it

.iX

i'

- i t

•6'

change

-zation

-tt h

« - ^

-tt

in '

^ , f

tt h

« - ^

-tt

in '

world

world

bounds

-tt

i)n>

w

+

-tt 1>H >

C »

-)

•

>

world

bounds

-tt

i)n>

w

+

-tt 1>H >

C »

-)

'1

f • •

title

theme

mm

f j l

a

0

0

9

title

theme

mm

0

IL

in:

E



warm

/ T i n

c a

/TTTj?

e r r

/

C H

C H

y

C H

PA

from

than

yA±

C i

i

i>

feu

'1

-

PA

from

than

yA±

C i

i

i>

feu

rise

^ romNiH

stand

base

^ romNiH

stand

base

wnd

/cO

,5-7

/

n

A

n

wnd

/cO

,5-7

fl

i ' J I

Fill in the blanks wit h t he appropriate particle.

1)

^

< W I C K ' S ( )

^ a o T o i i - T ^ ^

2) L 'j J- 7 L o ( 7 ? L

i 7

UtzKT ( )

X ' ^ b ^ T ^ i t o

3) L- ti rXm^*lc|±o^v^^1i• :^Ji ( )

^ ' j i t o

4)

^ l ^ ^ ^ - ^ z t 3

J

:

( ) L i

L / c c

5)

Z ( 7 ) ^ i i T i ± ' J ^ : : " • ^ ^ ^ *

( )

-tiro^

^ L T v ^ i - r o

Choose the most appropriate wo rd from among the alternatives (1-4) given.

1) - ^ - X ( ) éW^-^^'X^'^îTi-o

ÂZY^X

, 2 . I c o v n T

?>.\zlhY

4 . l c J : o T

2) ( ) z w i t A ^ 7 l± l: ; - f ' )Xv^Ji,^ .oito

L l c j ^ o T

2.ICOVNT

a . i C c t ^ J i 4 . c J : o T

3) A :

^ ^ ± ^ ^ * ^ / c ^ T - r ' J \

B : ^ H v n Ï Ï ' L < -ti:X-tfX^^*:)^j.-^ô/cAT-ro ( ) ^ ^ ± ^ ^ * ^

/ c ^ T t o

l . ^ a T 2 . - t ^ l c 3 . ^ ^ l ± 4.^^^^^"

4) A : ^

J:

o J i H $ / c O ( ) 7^<^^^Tt^^~o

B :

g r

L i 7 ' { ' ^

1. <7)

2.

C J :

3.

t <7)

4.

^

5) A : i 5« ^' ff l +^^ l cô/ c ( )

l i vN-^Tt^^

B : $ (7) 7 T t o

1. 2. C Ji 3. t <7? 4 . ^

i f t t l i

Change

the

form

of

the word given

in

parentheses

to

complete the sentence

in a

way that makes

sense.

1) Z(n%:-^\z^ 11 ( ) +£h. L

J:

IC Li-^+^75\ ( ^ U i t )

2) hlfz^%-i)^ ( ) T t . r7Vl .7 |c#$

i t o ( , l o T t )

TA i

i>

hi

3) J : < ( ) l i \ z . ' j | é L T < / c - ^ o „ ( ^ ^ ^ i j i t )

4)

' < ^ r • L l c

( ) fz^Kz. ( i 7 ^ - ^ ( 7 ) ^ ^ ^ . ^ L T o i t o ( ^ i - 'J i t )

5) ^W-i-s:\^(nX\

U i T

( ) l ^ : L i L j ; 7 o

( ^ - S ^ i t )

118

Choose the most appropriate wo rd or phrase from a mong the alternatives (1-4) given.

1 )

fr:'t(Dt)^-rf/<-.^T^^^ZY{i

( )

t A / H " o T t o

2 ) y-y-^^^^/lt-oiim. ^m'^'^^Bim^m^f)'

( )

l . - t o ^ ^ ' j

2 . - f - ^J i 3 . ^ o ^ < 4 . i - ^ / c <

3 ) c<7)z 9 1 :

J:

9

T i ± # ^ / c < ^^ (7) - t fv^ r / ^^ ( ) L x o i t o

2 . - ^ f o ^ 5 ^

3 . l t o ; i v N

4.-ti-o*^VN

4 )

f

J t > x / £ X ' f b < 7 ) ( )

^<L^ l±^^T•to

b

3

»))

"7

tJ''

1 . l t ^ C 9 2. ^$ - J :9 3 . x o $ j : 9 A.UxjU/i

5 )

^&^^.^,^^/£Xjt^

( )

/c^^ic,

T $

c

J:

^ L

i

L

j :

9 „

1.>i^-tl:C

2.ii^6 3 . o l t ^ 4 . ^ 5 ^ ^ ' - r

^ Fill in the blanks w ith the correct reading of each kanji.

1 ) i ^ t i i ^ H v v i L/co

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

3 )

^;^^<7?*,o*:):^^|ScxT

< /£^o„

( ) ( )

4 ) ' - s o ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 5 ^

Px±

; * < ^ / ^ ( ; ) ( ± . A^tcmmr-t.

i ) i ) ( )



We live in constant interaction with

others. It is therefore important for

us to be able to appropriately convey

ou r

feelings—gratitude,

frustration,

dissatisfaction, whatever they may

be. It is also important that we be

able to express our attitudes toward

social issues such as crime or child

education and safety (covered in this

unit) when they rear their heads.

Here you will learn au thentic expres

sions for effectively relaying your

emotions in Japanese. Study how

the expressions are used, then try

them out on your own. Your Japa

nese is sure to sound much more

natural after completing this unit.

{curtain bell)

Nakamura:

Suzuki:

Nakamura:

Suzuki:

Nakamura:

Suzuki:

Nakamura:

Mr. S uzuki, there's a little som ething I'd like to ask you to do fo r me.

Yes,

w ha t is it?

Actually, the catalogs for the new products are set to be delivered today between six

and seven p.m., but som ething has come up. I'm sorry, but w ou ld you [stay here and]

receive them for me in my place?

By "something," do you mean a date?

Well, more or less. I suddenly got tickets to a concert tha t

I

wan ted to go to. [l it . , "The

tickets for a concert that I wa nted to go to came into my possession sudden ly."]

Is that so? In that case, I'll [stay around to] receive them. I was actually planning to go

to the sports club,

bu t .

. .

I'm sorry. I'll take you out for a meal sometime in return.

Nakamura: Thank you for inviting me today.

Smith: Was everything all right at work?

Nakamura: Yes, J;had Mr. Suzuki fill in for me , so it's all right.

(curtain bell)

Smith: Oh, it's starting . Let's go [inside].

(R2)

i\h

'J IC

between

come into existence, come up

instead

receive

iiave (someone) do (somettiing) (see p. 125)

more or less, sort of

be obtained, come into one's possession

iïLY 9 l±

o t J

mi

truth be told . . .

Intention, plan

I'm sorry

gratitude, return for a favor

treat, take out to eat

do (something) for me (see p. 126)

take over, fill in , cover for

1. 6B#^^b7H#<7) IC

t: i; * v > 7 ï

, meaning "inte rva l," may be used in either a tempora l or spatial sense.

Between the bank and the books tore there is a bakery.

2.

ZY[zti:^x^'6

Z

YlZ-fj:

-0

X ^

indicates tha t something "is to be so," for example because it is dictated by

rules or customs based on precedent or because arrangements or preparations have already been

made for it. As used in this dialogue, it indicates that e verything has already been set for Ms. Naka

mura to receive the catalogs at the app ointed tim e.

S G R A M M A R & P A T T E R N P R A C T I C E

3

D e s c r i b i n g t h e A c t i o n s o f G i v i n g a n d R e c e i v i n g S e r v i c e s

As discussed repeatedly elsewhere (Book I, p.

110;

Book III, p. 29 ), the verbs ii ^ 1, <, , and ^

I f

-S

express the giving or receiving of objects. The -te form of a verb + ii ^ 1 / ( i t ^ / ^ i f

6

(hereafter ~ T

i j ^ 1, —X <. K6,

~ T ^ l f - S ) , mea nwh ile, indicates the giving or receiv

ing of services (i.e., doing something for someone or having someone do something for you). These

expressions, in essence, allow you to describe the exchanging of favors or benefits. The constructions

introduced here apply to w hen the b enefactor and beneficiary both belong to the same social level.

Those for wh en the tw o are of different levels will be covered in Unit 4 (pp. 181 -82).

1 .

~ T

t

b 7

ti hfzl

A-tt 4

tx

KL

My friend told me the name of the store.

• ^ A l i ^ / - £ ^ l c ; ^ < 7 ) ^ t u ^ f C X T t

b V N i

L/co

hf:l tt Ai f tx.

fL

I had my friend tell me the name of the store.

Changing the first sentence above by adding ~ T b 9 while p uttin g yourself in the subject posi

tion allows you not only to state the fact that your friend told you the name of the store, but also to

convey that you received benefit from and are grateful toward this service.

~

T

è

b 9 is ofte n,

but certainly not always, used to talk about things done for you by others at your own request. The

benefactor is marked by the particle |C.

~ T è b 9 can describe favors exchanged not only between you and others but also between th ird

parties.

t ' W ^ ^ l ± # * ^ ^ | c t t • ^ ' ^ ^ = b o T ^ . b o i L / C C

ti-jt-ft, -t-f i I z:t

Ms. Nakamura had Mr. Suzuki take over some work for her.

~

T 9 is also frequ ently used to make requests, in wh ich case it changes to the poten tial for m

and becomes

~ T

l ) X .

i

Conversation be tween tw o diners at a restaurant:

B : ^iXirUo {to the waitedt^t -^L.^^a.-^t'^X^Xth^È -t^\

A: I'd like to have dessert, how ab out you? Shall we ask to get the menu?

B: Yes,

let's,

( to the waiter) Excuse me, will you bring

us

the menu?

125

The form

ii t>

o i -ti: is used by A to suggest to B that they get the menu , ~ T ^ b X i

't'é''

by B to

asl<

the waiter to perform them a service, i.e., bring the m th e men u.

~ T ^ j b X i t ^ ^ sounds nearly lil<e a command, so that in asking someone to accommodate you

it is more often so ftened to ~ T b X . i

^ + ^ ' ^ ^

"wou ld you [please]. . . ?" or ~ T ^ IQ O

V

^LTi'-Ó^,

"I'd appreciate it

ifyou

would . . ."

~ T

< indicates a service done by someone tow ard you or membe rs of your family. Because

the benefactor is the subject,

—X ( i l ^

carries the feeling of the service having been perform ed

spontaneously on the person's own initiative. As such, you can use it to thank people for actions con

ducted on your behalf.

tt hf:l HI

My fr iend taugh t me how to ski.

tt •

l i l i t/tJi'.^A,

My friend too k my m other to the hospital for me.

Thank you for holding my bags for me.

~ T

<

Ki-^/L-é^ may be used to form requests. But because it effectively calls on someone to

do something for you of their o wn volition, you should only use it whe n speaking to those close to or

younger than you.

r>t hi

T

wife: I 'm sorry, but give me a hand for a second, will you?

husband: Sure.

^X^lf6

T

^

I f indicates a service done by the subject tow ard someone else. W hen the beneficiary is

someone of low er status or an animal, then ~ T is sometimes used (see also p. 29).

I taught Ms. Tanaka French.

hf:l

T

I helped my younger brother with his homework.

~ T ^

I

f implies doing someone a favor and so runs the rislc of sounding pushy when said directly

to the bene ficiary of the action. Thus ( |±)

~

T

* I f ^

should only be used towa rd family or

those close

to

you.

In the

form ~

T

( f 'T

<

/c ^ V

in

which

the

speaker

is

asking their listener

to perform

a

service

for

a third person,

^

if

6 may be

used,

but

only

if

both

the

recipient

and

the listener are junior staff members or others of lower social status than the speaker.

Please explain

the

contents

of the

report

to Mr.

Suzuki.

D Complete each sentence while pretending to be

%

1)

ht:L

i

^A

(±

^ /IX^/Llzi

( )o

( ) .

JA (±11*^

^ l c ^ / • £ ^ ^ L j ;

7 ' ^ n

N L T

H Read the following while paying attention to their meanings.

V

J :

LA

i::*7.ï'':>

2) ^^L\:^'-h^^C,tc < X Zt -oX^^fziy. m^^tcA^mX-X <Kt Ifzo

3 ) A : i-X^^xzJ-hT-rn.

4 ) k: ^<-y-

^-(n\L^

LXf. fz\^^LP:-otzXL

11

1

B : •Kfit,-h^^-of-:^x < Kfz(nx\

t

'J t L /co

\iz.\\

content

carry

zoo

I,

Illl E x p r e s s i n g Intention

(1)

-oil ^) is used to indicate inten tion, or in otiier w ords som etliing tha t you have already settled on

doing in your mind w itho ut being certain whe ther it will actually be carried out. i 'j behaves like

a n oun, and so verbs preceding it take plain forms.

# H ^mWiM mix.

I X I

i ^ o + | S | f ( 7 ? 0 7 ^ <

izfc^-^i ' j T - f c

I intend to study Chinese every day and someday become an interpreter in the language.

I intend n ot to smoke anymore.

A : * ^ < ^ i t ^ ^ l c lyP'^'Xt^ liir-ó\

B : X X , '^(D'ot 'J T - t o

A: W ill you attend the New Year party next week?

B: Yes, I'm plann ing on it.

For things you are definitely going to do in the near

future,

use the -masu form or dictionary

form,

not

IC

(75o

T o ^ < D T \

fi^) fzi^zt,io^^h^mtiro

I ' 4

T XL

V tl

h

I 'm on the train now, so I'll call you whe n I get o ff.

In Book II (p. 166), we introduced ^ 1 / X 1 Y ^-o X ^ È i' as an expression for indica ting

plans for the future .

^

'j carries a stronger sense of determination than

''^ 1 X

X 1

Y. ^-o

X

o i i " ,

which is often used to talk about plans you still are not definite about or that you just came

up with right then and there.

^J^^^Ymi-"èlXl Y^-^X^'^LTiTo

(Book II,p. 164)

I 'm thinkin g of traveling with my parents.

I'm hungry, so I'm th inking about going o ut to eat lunch. W on' t you come wit h me?

W hen used in the past tense, as in the example from the T arget Dialogue, o t 'J indicates tha t

something you meant to do did not come to pass for some reason. As such, it is often used to make

excuses.

X 7 t - : - y

^

y <'^i.'}tz'^fz(D{z^

^-X^"

J; i T l f

I t t i . '

< tc ^)Xlfz.

I meant to go to the sports club, but couldn 't because I had to wo rk late.

VOCAIIIJLARY

I honestly meant to do it, bu t just never had the time . . .

Itp-o^^-ti

attend

128

Read the follow ing w hile paying attention to the uses of th e expressions introduced on the pre vi

ous page.

1) A

:

tJ<7)^, < uximr-r^^

< ( ± # : < ^ # ^ è o

TV

N < o

lj T t o

<D in

hk

L

4 ) ^ . i V N ^ ; ; ^ | i ' ^ - : : / x O ' : ) ^ ; l j / • co / c < 7 ) I C , fc^^L^7 / •CO / :<7)T\

- ^ T L i v N i L / c o

"

i L;

^,•oTV^<

letter, character

farming, agriculture

take,

bring

P R A C T I C E 1 Rcqu esi ing Ser'.'icos

P H R A S E

P O W E R

Will you repair my computer for me?

W ill you exchange this size

S

for a size M for me?

W ill you change these dishes for me, since they're dirty?

Would you please come pick up the package for me sometime today?

® [zij-yi^B<D5^lz Y ^ ' I t T i h^i^L-é\

i

t.

Ï

I .

Would you please deliyerthe package for me at five o'clock today?

® L A ^ 0 ( 7 ) f

,i^<7)HtH^7)^XT

t i ^ v v / b o A T - f o

I'd appreciate it if you'd change the time of my doctor's a ppointme nt.

S P E A K I N G

P R A C T I C E

I. Ms. Martin asks for an item she is buying at a department store to be delivered.

•7/iyy:

zK. am'^'lti-o XU^'y

ht-<DX\ -o-o/ix-ij

h^tt^^

J^M.-

L J : 9 ^ L i L / c c .

^4;tyy

:

z<Ditff[\zYr:\ixi h^'fz^'Lr-t^'-

Martin:

I'd like this. It's a gift, so wil l you w rap i t up for me?

salesperson: Of course.

Martin:

I'd like yo u to deliver i t to this address for me.

salesperson: T hen please write [the address] here.

VOCABULARY

130

J:

Z'Ki

(R2)

repair

become dirty

medical examination

I I é

. Mr. Suzuki requests repairs at a com puter

sliop.

L t *

9

'J lXi^h^tir^\

L

J:

9 ^ L i L/co

4^ .

« IXÏLtT t

Suzuki: I boug ht this computer here, but it broke do wn . W ill you repair it for me?

salesperson:

Of course.

Suzuki: Ab out how many days will it take?

salesperson:

Well,

we won't know until we look into the cause of the malfunction.

Suzuki: W ould you please repair it for me in thre e days or so? I'm in a hurry, you see.

salesperson:

I'll try asking the service center right now , so please give me a mom ent.

^ IS a character indicating repetition of th e kanji coming before it, e.g., , "people "

countnes.

III. Mr. Mills has called a dentist to have his appointm ent changed.

^H<DA : f fl^#^4T r^""v N i t o

îi<DA

:

im^'X 6 l^'Xi-^\

lii-oii VK t-L

C

^ ;IX

: 1 1

N f i ± ^ v N T v N i t ' ^ \

îi^<DA: / c - v ^ L i X r ^ T t o ^KXli. ^Lfz<D1 1 îzii'^t,

ix

'J i t o

I / I X :

J ; 6 L < * ^ ^ ^ < v N L i t o

receptionist: Tanaka Dental Office .

Mills:

Uhh, I'm Mills, w ho made a reservation for ten o'clock tom orro w. If possible, I'd

appreciate it if you'd change the time of the

reservation,

receptionist: W hat time wou ld be agreeable?

Mills:

Is eleven o'clock available?

receptionist: Yes, that w ould be fine. We'll see you tomo rrow at eleven, then.

Mills: Thank you.

fzti-ó-'l-A-

service center

Tanaka Dental Office (fictitious dentist's office)

dentist's o ffice

131

Tlir-)ril:ing

Ul i ie is for 1heir Serv ice


Thank you for helping out with the cleaning of the room.

Thank you for going out of your way to come and greet me at the station.

Thank you for m aking my favorite dish.

®^l.<Dfzi^\Zy^-7-^-t:mK^X

<

KX. iitLY 7 [Zi,i)^^Yio

htzl U-t>

Thank you very much for thro win g a party for me.

® L l t A

< 7

) l t o ^ ^ ^ ^ - t i : T

< / K T ,

^^)^'Yio

Thank you for letting me kno w your exam results.

®^B\iyytlz^^'oX <KX.

^ i J ' ^ ^ X ? »

ito

Thank you for inviting me out for lunch today.

® / t ^ x ; ^ < 7 ) • y | ^ ^

L T i ^ v ^ T

<

KX. fzi-^^-^fzXo

It was a great help, you know, your making hotel reservations for us.

I Z't li

lt was a great help, you know , your taking over wor k fo r me yesterday.

®PMit^Xfl^t^^XXiio'^X. -f^t^Lc

I'm sorry for asking so much of you [lit., "asking the impossible"] and having you change our reserva

tions.

® ^ | C X U IC < K^i-^y htY-^Xtio^X. i-^t-^LX'lfzo

T

llv>

T hank you [lit., "I ap ologize"] for having you get those hard -to-get-ho ld-of tickets for me.

vnnAniJLARY

132

cleaning,

tidying up

go

out of one's way to do, take

the trouble to do

have, hold (a party, etc.)

yyi-

lunch

iü') i^^l ask too much

R E A D I N G

P R A C T I C E

Hiro, Ms.

N al<amura's

fr iend,

thanl<s

Ms. Nal<amura by e-mail for v isiting her a t the hosp ital.

T hank you for taking tim e out just to come visit me at the hospital today. I was happy to have been

able to see you after such a long time. T he book you brough t me is really fun reading. According to

the doctor, I'li be able to leave the hospital in about another month. Let's meet again once I'm out of

the hospital.

Hiro


Emi Morita strikes up a conversation w ith Ms. Mar tin.

: ^^)-^/L<DXuy\ M.tlfzXo i-tU^^X^î^M. tX^

Xlfzo

t'l f: ') XO 'I T}- I;

J.'.)

i;

i-îj::^tzt,iz^^Xhlft Ifzo

Emi Morita : I saw your

blog,

Marie. That p hotograph of you playing your cello was lovely.

Martin: I 'm glad you took a look at my

blog.

It's gotten quite a bit of positive feedback.

Emi Mo rita: It's interesting to look at, isn't it, especiaiiy w ith all those French recipes w ritt en do wn

in it. I told a friend w ho likes to cook a bout it.

(a)

A±v ^ visit

to

someone

who

Is sick

or

injured

fz^^KÂy-f i leave

(a

hospital after a

stay)

'î'-ó^ti'-i''

quite,

fairly

133

P R A C T I C E

3 Mahins Excuses


I meant to get up early, bu t.

. .

A l C ^ p t , - t f - S o ^ , l j / • £ o / c ^ T t ' ^ ^ • •

l

m eant to tell

Mr./Ms.

,

b u t .

. .

I meant

to

do

it

myself,

b u t . . .

I planned on finishing this work today,

b u t .

. .

I meant to prepare earlier but I just d idn't have the time . . .

®nt-^i.^)fz'otzLX"t^\ ^/7J

^^^>^^tv^iC

< <

T o

I meant to talk [to you about it ], but it was just so hard to bring it up . . .

® l ± ^ < * ^ o ^ ; ^}fz-^tzLfz\lY:.

m

#lC<75'J^^< t L ^ , ^ o T

< TAL ï -

I meant to come earlier, but I missed my tra in . . .

® 9 ^ i c ' J f o ; ' c b - t C ^ ' S o t ^)t-:-,tzLf-:\iY:. o ^ ^ b t ^ ^ ^ o T

I meant to do it as soon as I got home, but I just carelessly fo rg ot . . .

V i

S P E A K I N G P R A C T I C E — = ' I ' ' ' '

1. During lunch IVlr. Suzuki talks w ith a junior colleague wh o is abou t to switch jobs.

If*

:

T A L

J:

< - f • S o T H v N / c I t ^ ' ' c

Ü' i ; )*

-f -f

J

L

Suzuki:

I heard you're going to switch jobs. ;

Shinagaw a: I'm sorry. I mea nt to tell you earlier, b u t . . . I've decided to q uit at the end of next

month.

Suzuki:

Well, it's too bad you're going to quit. Let's go out for a drink once sometime in the

near future.

Shinagawa: Thank you.

'

II. Aiko's boy friend makes excuses to Aiko for being late for a date.

ii < m> Y^\i.

( t v N / c V ^ l c ^ l ^ L T

<

TL h

Aiko:

boyfriend:

Aiko:

boyfriend:

You're late.

Sorry I'm late. I meant to get here early today, but I forgot my wallet at home

and wen t back to get it.

W on' t you call me on my cell phone whe n you're going to be late?

The thin g is, the batteries were out on my cell phone.

y vy K

shinagawa (surname)

at the end o f

In the near futu re

boyfriend

liiXh

( R 2 )

run out

135



K A N J I

P R A C T I C E

commerce

merchandise

ItïV/L

n

T .L

-g—

1

commerce

merchandise

ItïV/L

1

1

i\h

U IC

w

1^

\h

U IC

substitute

generat ion

m\

lend

rent

1

lend

rent

I

• •

1 h

r

f f

1 h

in

I f

> \ 1

' \ \ \

i; 1 £_

1

\

orrow

rent

in

I f

> \ 1

' \ \ \

i; 1 £_

1

\

sendend



^ ®

1 IT

B

reflect

^ ®

•

1

s f • /-\

l i l

d l —

rf

p i c t u r e

l il '

'I i

L p L A

c o p y

L p L A

true

g e n u i n e

L p L A

ff

true

g e n u i n e

L p L A

— i -

B

pT

-t

H

s o n g

s i n g

^

rf.

H

n

PT

p J

PT/-

p [

p j

ut

f - x - y ^ T - ^ h ltzmi'otz<D\z^

^ T t m ^ ? 7 l c

L T

< t L i

L

-ti- i

kt

/co

l t V ^ ^

O T L L J:

9 ^ i ^ H ^

L T V

.

V N O L J ; | C V N T

^ " * ' ' ^ p . 145

i t f ^ L T < n / b A T t o ( ï A ^

9

i c / c i - ^ ^ ' j i L/^co

^ ; b X ' : X-Zj^-otzTi-no

Nakamura: Manager Sasaki, we

liave

a phone call from Mr. Suzuki. He said he had his passport

stolen and can't come back today.

What? That's awful

asaki:

Sasaki:

Suzuki:

Sasaki:

Suzuki:

Mills:

Suzuki:

Mills:

Suzuki:

Mills:

Suzuki:

Mills:

Mr. Suzuki? I hear you got your passport stolen.

Yes,

my wallet and plane tickets were taken , too. I 'll make an effo rt so I can get back

as soon as possible, but I think I'm probably not going to be able to attend tomorrow's

meeting.

I understand. Please let us know once you know your schedule.

Yes. I'm sorry for the trouble.

T hat was some experience you h ad, wasn't it? Wherever were you pickpocketed?

I think probably at the shopping center. Just as I was abo ut to get onto the elevator, I

was pushed by a man who came running from behind me. I think that was when I was

pickpocketed.

Didn't you notice at the time?

N o. But later at a store, whe n I put my hand in my pocket to try to get my wallet ou t,

there was nothing there.

And then w hat did you do?

I we nt back to the hotel right away and consulted the person at the fron t desk. He was

very helpful, although it was already after I had checked out. He stayed and interpreted

for me all while I was explaining my situation to the police. It really was a big help.

That was fortunate.

V O C A B U L A B Y

•f"

^

(R2) get pickpocketed

t -S pickpocket

^ 9 < 9

plane

ticket

(R2)

get stolen, get taken

Y.

-5 steal,

take

^ 'J i ^ - f -5) strive,

make

an effort

139



0^ H tomorrow

\ ^ O /c ^ N what- (how-, when-,

etc.)

ever

(used

with a question

word

to

add

emphasis)

V

H y 9 9

—

shopping center

% ^ ' ^ { notice

juy 9T'y hir i check out (of a hotel)

C

L

J; 7 situation, circumstance

while

jJ.lR'f-

^

interpret

^ A T t

o T ? is

.sxolloquial

expression used often by wom en . It is spoken with a rising inton a

tion and says, in effect, "I heard . . ., but is it true? Tell me more." The plain-style equivalent, —L

/c"

o

T ? , is used by both men and wom en.

2. ^k6^^h^-oX^fzE

Tl tt l titZ

^-oX^ tz indicates that the man "cam e ru nnin g" in the direction of Mr. Suzuki, the speaker.

The opposite expression, X

-o

fz (went running), wo uld indicate that the man ran away

from Mr. Suzuki. Other compound verbs using

$ /c

and V

N o

tz include X r>X tz (came in),

Ü-iv "^Xitz

(came near), tb T \. ^ o (went out), a nd

|C

I f T

\^-otz

(ran away).

^ and

-k

are sometimes used in place of ^

(7)

A and : ^ «0 A , as ^ is done here.

atz tiiL-ti titz ut

. I •

Care needs to be taken w ith these words, however; wh ile ^ and

5C

are stnctly neutral

in

con-

ntz üLtc

notation when describing gender, they can sound rude when used to point to specific individuals.

In the dialogue, Mr. Suzuki intentionally adopts the less polite ^_ to describe the man who came

running from behind because he believes he was a pickpocket.

3.

^KX\

^" '7

LtzLXi-t)-

7 L tzLX'-ft)^ by itself means "Wha t's the matter?" and is often used to initiate a conversa

t ion.

^ i l X \ Y^ 1 LtzL Xi-1)^,

"And then what did you do?" is used to encourage someone

to go on with what they are already talking about.

4. i-JLV^T'y h

L / c g

A verb preceding (after) takes the -ta form regardless of the tense in the main clause.

140

S Jt 9

hH--^

is a verb in the passive form . The passive for m is construc ted as follow s.

Regular I verbs: -na; stem +

i l i

t l ->thii6 fz<DÏ] -^fz<Dtil6

fei- -âîii Yi ->Yhiii

Regular II verbs: -nai stem +

h i l i

(same as the potential form)

h - f i i i ^ hirKioili ^ i ^ ^ ^ K i

Irregular verbs-:""

i - i -> ^ i i i ^ i -^îoiii

Passive verbs conjug ate lil<e Regular II verbs, except th at they have no pote ntial fo rm .

iiîi-ix^^ m u t - t

fe^nîf fe^^T

iiÛtz

1 . Passive structures who se subject is a person

In Japanese, as in English, passive sentences are form ed by placing the receiver of th e action described

by the verb in subject position. Compare the foiiowing two sentences, both of which describe the

same occurrence but from differing points of view :

atz ut -ff

s

A man pushed Mr.

Suzuki,

(focus on the man)

- f - f i atz ut

Mr. S uzuki was pushe d by a man . (focus on Mr. Suzuki)

Passive sentences

function

to place emphasis on the effect exerted by an action on the receiver of that

action.

The person wh o performs the action is identified by the particle

|C.

t;-r

Z\i^k(D^<VZ3yt:ZhLtLtzo

hfzl

My son broke my com puter.

hhl

I got my com puter broken by my son.

As the second example here shows, when that which is adversely affected by the action is a person's

beiong ing, that person becomes the topic of the sentence.

141

Sentences that use passive verbs tend to show that the action is or was unwelcome.

It rained.

I got rained on.

Choosing between a passive verb versus

— X%^1

ox

{ ^ i

allows you to give differing

renditions of how you feel about the action described, even if the action itself is the same. Passive

sentences are often used to convey a sense of damage. ~ T i ic) 9 and ~

T { t l i ,

by contrast,

show th at the speaker is than kful for the action.

^vC.iL'^^AlZ^M'èYhilÈ Ifzo

I ut IvlL

I got my picture taken by someone I didn 't know.

L Ut

Ifl/L

I had someone I didn't know take my picture for me.

2 . Passive structures whose subject is a thin g

Passive sentences that take as their subject an inanimate object are often used to depict objective

reality. Such sentences carry none of the connotations of adverse effect discussed above. When the

agents are unspecified, unkno wn, or irrelevant, they are simply om itted.

This temple was built a thousand years ago.

^ I | 5 T C

< iS^^^m^'h^fi^ilt Ifzo

tXT

t 7»HV 4 '

Ul,

An international conference was held in Kyoto.

W hen mention ed, the agent usually takes |C J ;

o

T .

Hamlet

was wr itte n by Shakespeare.

I

142

/cT-S (R2)

build

international conference

Hamlet

Shakespeare

izX-^X

by-

D Change each verb to its passive form.

1) m -

2 )

iri-iö6

3 ) f F ^

-

4 )

^ b . v -

5 ) ^

6 )

L

j ; 7

fz^'ir^ ^

0 change each sentence to a passive one.

1)

5C I

±Â ^ ^ x C ' J i Lfzo

% \t

2 ) ^\t^k.^\l>sht L/co

^ (±

^ 4 ' # ^ ^ l ±

4 ) ^ < 7

) A r J

< ^ A ( 7

) ^ t > 3 > « ^ i

L/co

a Lfi vt

htzl

if, I

^

A l±

0 Complete

the

sentences

by

changing

the

verbs

in

parentheses

to a

form

of

their passive coun

terparts that makes sense.

1) <~XU

7jC

(7

)^p

Y (X.ld

2) ^^èö-fhL\^<yh^'. ( y p i z ^ j - t ^ )

3 ) 0:^(73 T-/^^"?^<i6T <D{i ^ 9

6

OîXtêo (rp L rp^^t ^)

K HL til iiLtz\^

4 ) ^(Dn mmL<-Mtm.l6-/)^'^tzo H i i ^ i i r 6 )

t < <-o

5) 75â|±^^

^ / i ^ i T Y l ^ L l f z . (n l )

iLH-o

tiztc

L Jt

7 / c O - f

^

invite ^ - X Venice l±X program

(TV

i :^-^+^- f^ , be elected

' i .

<' 4 hit, strike

^

C capital

, , ° HZti'i

hold, carry out

i ï w , z / n - , \ •

1 * 1 - . 5 - i - 7

• X

(i-7

9-f-1)

broadcast

l i * i ^ )

(R2) praise

iVl-tPTfi

import

• .

-tfAc^J t election

.i -£j step on fJ»

L i ^ o - f

export

1

E x p r e s s i n g Intention

(2)

fi T v>

The volitional form of a verb +

^ t

-?> indicates either that you are just about to carry out a pre

planned action or that you are trying to do something w ith ou t so far being successful.

l i X fz

TL

h

Just as I was about to eat dinner, I got a phone call

\7

I tried to sleep, but co uldn't.

D

Complete the sentences using

- - l / X l Y l f z Y ^ .

1)

9 f y - i z ^ 6

. \i\^fz\^^'-t):^)

i

Ifzo

2 ) * ^ d i ^

^

iü | 75^ \ ^ o T $ i

Ifzo

3 ) n.^\zM6

T/Llf ffl

^

K T T j ^ T ^ i

o T

L i v s i

L /bo

H

Comp lete the sentences using

- i / X i Y L i lfz^\

1)

izi-^mzs^

m

< T i ± c K i - t f ^ T L 7 ' c o

2 ) mm-r^

'<Li t i

.... fe^

9

^ i c L ^ i ^ t L T .

i - t i : ^ T L / c o

VOCAHULARY

144

get

a

phone call

ring, sound

hinder, get in the w ay (of)

jJ l l

I n d i c a t i n g a

S p a n

o f T i m e D u r i n g W h i c h a n A c t i o n o r

E v e n t O c c u r s

The noun _ follows any number of modifiers to form a subordinate clause setting out a span of

time throughout which an action or event, expressed in the main clause, continues or continued.

Verbs preceding f^^_ almost always appear in the ~ T V •§) form regardless of the tense of the main

clause. Nouns, me anw hile, are joine d to by addin g <D in between.

Unlil<e with

tc-ó' h

(p. 91), wh ich indicates tw o actions per forme d simultaneously by the same sub

ject, the subjects in the ^ J^^. clause and main clause do not necessarily have to match.

- f O ^ ^ N o

L J :

IZK^X

<

ilt Ifzo

[The person from the hotel] stayed with me all while [1] was explaining matters to the police.

^H,

+ 1^ indicates that the action in the main clause takes place in one portion of the time span

delineated by .

:

ii-fc'

i- in

M

I wen t shopping w hile my child was asleep.

Complete the sentences using the words given.

1)

X I

^ L T v N i - f

YXifz^^i-^Tlfzo

2 ) L T ^ ^ i - r

F ^ .

^kUi -o^J^Xo-t-tfkLT^^

t lfz.

* . 0 7 Ï

htzL XL

n

3 ) t t ^ M t T v N É - f

F B I I C . Xz^-o-h^Y Y:^

t

lfz.

*v>fc'

4 )

^ ^ L T ^ ^ i - f

'Itzï

F ^ I C . m'^^KX It^'t Ifzo

5 ) -f^-oi^A^

^^M-i (R2)

boring, tedious

coffee shop

die (of plant), wither

I got into a traffic accident.

I got bumped into by someone's car.

I got caught on a

parl<ing

violation.

t - K

V

M ± r:r) -b-t-^tz.

I got caught on a

.speeding

violation.

111'

My house got broken into by thieves.

m'S^iZ^'ofzo

I was deceived in a scam.

I got kidnapped.

I got hit by a man I didn 't know.

I got my wallet pickpocketed.

I was mistaken for a

thief.

I was rained on and go t soaking we t.

The baby kept on crying [lit., "T he baby cried on me "], so I couldn't sleep at all.

•ot I

My wife died [lit., " M y wife died on m e"] and I'm at a loss.

0>ol t - | , (R2) h i t ,

bump

Into 5 T

^ 1$-J

L

^ | ^ ^

parking violation

5

$'

'^^^ii> get caught l$ 9 / iH \ - f . z ,

X t ° — F ^ M I A speeding violation

U

be deceived in

a

scam Ï / L soaking wet

scam, swindle

kidnap

pickpocket 147

Ms.

Nakamura lived overseas between the ages of two and ten.

•ti-

i

iïi'tJt,

m

Suzuki

^ 9

/ £ o / c ^ r t f z ^ ' ^ L t z - o f z / L T i r n .

Ms. Nakamura, it must be good to be an overseas returnee and be able to speak a

foreign language.

Nakamura: But not everything about it is good, you know. In elementary school I got laughed

at for not being able to read kanji and was told my pronunciation of Japanese was

strange,

among other things.

Suzuki: Was that so? It must have been hard for you.

Nakamura: Yes. I

fpund

it so difficult for about the first six months that I hated going to school.

Ir. Inuyama calls the police after discovering that his house was broken into.

f t

9'W

t i i L r - f i Y:6iïi\zxioKiifz

\

Y:61ÏI (±4-^ : : lev N i t ^ \

Mt

< ^ ^ l c ^ J . • - , T ^ ^ / c ^ T - r o

l t ^ ^ - A I

± V N i t ^ \

officer: This is 110. Are you reporting a crime, or an accident?

Inuyama: A crimel My house was broken into by thieves

officer: Are the thieves there now?

Inuyama:

No. When I came home, the windowpanes were broken and the room was a mess.

officer: Has anyone been injured?

Inuyama: No, nobody. In any case, come right away

*

Although this question might seem strange, the officer asks it in order to assess whether the

person reporting the crime is in immediate danger, given that if the thieves

were

stili nearby, any

hasty action by the police, such as even approaching the scene in a patrol car, might put the person

at risk of harm.

$ v_ <

L [1 i

overseas returnee (someone

who

came

back to Japan after spending their child

hood abroad)

l i o J i A pronunc ia tion

0 f j V

*

hard, difficult, trying

1 1 O l f / C 110 (emergency phone number)

l ^ l tA

incident,

crime

i il'ij'vT.

(R2)

lt^5«IC^

mz-i-i

windowpane

break, smash

messed up, disordered

injured person

anyw/ay, in any case

III. M r. Mills consults M r. Suzuki about a piece of ma il he has no idea about.

h K x i f z L r i r i i Y : o

: X7 ^' X L

J; V N

T - f

(fates

the papers from

Mr.

Mills) -kt^'

L i 4 A i A

r x ^ ^ ^

L T j

o

T

# v n

T ^ ' J

i - f

Jlo l)\yX^L. Z(DX)1-X\Z.

X . ^ L / b A T - f T j ^

^

; l /X" : v u ^ x . .

X , ; # L T v ^ i - d : ^ J ; . ^ ^ ^ x / V ^ - 7 ^ ^pt^j-'VNT-fo *

i^TK:

L ^ ^ . z<D^\^iypimt.

t J L - f n i f v N V N T - f

J;o

t - r S L

J

^ ; l /X":/-cvX i 7 >rX-L

J;

9 iJLLX^^miz. m^X-f\'Z)z-/)^^i

- r t 4

T

V N ^ ^ V ^ T - f e t c

Mills:

Mr. Suzuki, could I bother you for a mome nt right now? These papers were sent to me

yesterday. . .

Suzuki:

Oh? W ha t kind of papers? {takes the papers from Mr Mills) This is a

bill.

It says to dep osit

one million yen [into their bank account].

Mills:'

What? One million yen? Why?

Suzuki:

It says "fo r registration fees." Did you join this group , Mr. Mills?

Mills: No, I didn 't. I don 't know [anything about] such a group.

Suzuki:

Then you should just ignore this

bill.

Mills:

W ill that be all right, do you suppose? W on 't something bad happen wh ile I'm ignoring

it?

Suzuki:

T here'll be no prob lem . I hear it's best to ignore suspicious letters and e-mails.

* b ^

'>

T - f means the same as 'J i ^ . The pattern "-nai form + T ' - f " is often

L L

used in place of the negative form in everyday speech (see also p. 215).

•If

o S 9

L J: bill, invoice

i -f v

^ bad, untoward

lc rt) 9 75n ^ $ A registration fee

lc

t>

9 55 ^

^-f^

join (an organization)

a t'ti>

ignore

151

* +

mm

1'

n

3

* +

mm

m

right

m

pass

commute

ï t9

tftiWh-oï

z ï

f

n g

pass

commute

ï t9

tftiWh-oï

z ï

m

>>

—V

ft

translate

L

TT-

r

die

buüd

construct

tz

tzXt<n

-71

5 ^

buüd

construct

tz

tzXt<n

PROTECT ING ONE ' S CH ILDREN

Z

ItTUiC t

oii' ji' c

til

: *A-tfA

^ ( i o T . r v ^ ^ ^ < ^ f e - f L J ^ v N Z ^ j N ^ i l c i o ^ ( i ' ; t ^ - t i : T v N ^ „

Alii

i j ' f = l i * * /;U^fO

(D a)b^J,n^

33

:SSiiz:^itii-

f t<'lzlf6

Recently there are many cases of elemen tary schoolchildren g ettin g involved in criminal incidents on the ir

way to and from school. To protect children against crimes, more and more parents are making them

carry cellular phones or security buzzers. But if you make your children carry crime-prevention goods and

teach them how to use them , then does that really make them safe?

Police and schools have started to put effort into educating children about crime prevention. They

are putting up posters in elementary schools to get students to learn the slogan ^ ^i )''<Dair L (squid

sushi). This word means

[i.e.,

is an acronym made up of the initial sounds of the important words in]

I

"Don't go with strangers," "Don't get into cars driven by strangers," "Cry 'Help ' in a loud voice when

you get into trouble," "Run away immediately when you feel you're in danger," and "Let adults know

immediately whe n some thing happens to you."

At home, too, it is necessary for parents and children to discuss with each other such questions as

"W ha t should you do whe n strangers approach you?" or " W ha t should you do when someone asks you

for directions?" The important thing is to make children think on their own about ways of protecting

themselves.

VOCABULARY

g o i n g t o a n d r e t u r n i n g from

p o s t e r

i i z t j

inv o lv e , mix (s ome one ) up ( in )

s qu id

c r i m e

^ ,V ^ C YM

s l o g a n ,

c a t c h p h r a s e

p r o t e c t

O V N T ^ f <

follow,

g o

with

c e l l u l a r

p h o n e

fz-f\fX

h e l p

b u z z e r

tz-tilh

( R 2 )

he lp

I t / c - t+ 'E ) (R2)

t

h a v e

( s o m e o n e ) c a r r y

'A'P

nazi.

l o u d

v o i c e

m

p a r e n t

m e a n i n g

b u t

( u s e d

ma in ly in

writing)

(R2)

c

i

cal l o u t t o , a p p r o a c h

f i t

S J

91'<

e d u c a t i o n

mm<

At i

a sk

f o r d i r e c t i o n s

ij-^XKh

( R 2 )

p u t effort (into)

l l ' / *

talk

ov e r ,

d i s c u s s

mm

1.

' ^ ^ i c o f z ^ i ^ ^

tz6

1 the plain-style equivalent of T L J: 9

•ó\

is used to raise an issue w ith or consu it

someone. Here it functions as a rhetorical question calling on the reader to think about measures for

protecting children against crime.

To make a set of rules or statements easier to remember, often the initial sounds of each item will be

taken out and devised into a meaningful acronym.

^•ó^(Da-t

L

here is such a mnem onic th at

puts together th e initial sounds of the impo rtant w ords in five crime-prevention rules to make up a

phrase easily understood even by children.

3. r J

Called

T ^ ' ^ ' T J ^ O

C , these symbols are used to set off dialogue and q uotations and to indicate

emphasis. To add parenthetical information or to give readings for kanji, meanw hile, use ( ) ,

which are called ^^-o Z .

155

G R A M M A R

&

P A T T E R N

P R A C T i C E

1

U s i n g C a u s a t i v e a n d

C a u s a t i v e - p a s s i v e

S t r u c t u r e s

The causative form of a verb indicates that the subject of the sentence either "malces" or "lets" some

one else perform the action described by that verb. The causative form is constructed as follow/s.

Regular I verbs: -nai stem + -tf -nai stem -f " f (short form)

->mz^6 iffzir

Regular II verbs: -nai stem + ^ ^

Irregular verbs: .

Causative verbs conjugate in the same way as Regular II verbs (^T^^-tf ti."^ \ ffj } -^ t ' t .

clauses that use causative verbs fall into three m ain patterns, each of whic h requires differen t particles

to m ark the person wh o actually performs the action

(i.e.,

the person "made to do" something).

1 . Person k

If the verb in the clause has an object, then the person performing the action is always marked by the

particle

I - .

Whether the sentence indicates coercion or permission is determined by the context.

My m other made my younger b rother clean his room.

2 . Person or person

I-

If the verb in the clause does not have an object, then the person performing the action takes either

t:

or

t:

tends to indicate coercion.

^kii^r:ijt9m\-n4'^t ifz.

htzl

Z 7i

' V ' Z<

V '

I made my child go a broad.

y^Aii^Y:tiz9mi-n^^^t itz.

ht:l Z

i'\'Z<

v>

I let my child go abroad.

3 . Person t:

Causative structures may be used to express situations in which the actions of the person in subject

position (however inadvertently or unknowingly) end up inducing certain feelings in another. This use

typically involves verbs having to do w ith emotions, such as -Ó'-o •ó'^'j't 6 (to be let down ), Z t 6

(to be at a loss), or L

/Cl±°v

^"t"

•5>

(to worry). The person experiencing the em otions takes $ .

When I was little, I used to get sick and make my parents worry a lot.

The students created a com motion and made trouble fo r the teacher.

4 .

Other constructions tha t use the causative form

1) The -te form of a causative verb + ( t~^^^

The pattern "-te form of

a

causative verb + < tz-^^^" is

used

to make offers or to

ask

for permission.

In the latter case,'fhe politer forms

^

-ti"

T V

^

/ c

/c I t

i -tir and

~- t f

/ ^

-tf T V

^

7c

tzi fz^'LT-f^' are often used.

| C C < 7 ? ' f ± * ^ ^ b - t f T <

/-c^

o „

Please let me do this jo b.

hi i i i'i

I'm not feeling well, so I'm sorry, but will you allow me to go home early?

2) The causative-passive form

The causative-passive form, so called because it combines the causative form with the passive form,

indicates an action performed by the subject unwillingly under coercion. It is formed by dropping the

from the causative form and adding the auxiliary h t l ^ .

Regular I

verbs: ^T?)^-ti:-S-^ ^T^^-tir

b ^ ^ l )

(n^^-f-^ ftT^'-m^)

nfz^6^i^fz^hK6 mfzir^i^fziK6)

S i È È

Regular II verbs: 'k<^ ^ - ^ ^ < i

Irregular

verbs: i^6-^^-\ihK6

^Y:ij(Dm.

# A l ± # l C t °T y

^ ' 1 ^ - l f b ^ i L/co

: hkl ua tet.

Wh en I was little, I was made by my mother to learn piano

(i.e.,

although I didn 't wan t to).

LAI fvN- f . | ) worry

"5 f^ < ' m a k e n o i s e , c a u s e a commotion

<"

V

( p h y s ic a l ) c o n d i t io n

i

Complete the sentences by changing the verbs in parentheses to a form of their causative counter

parts that mal<es sense.

1)

Lx 1 h^'f-Y'iiz ^mmi /c

^^Tto ( 1 ? )

2 )

^^^UULx i z o - t - t : t

L/co

( ^ o T < 6)

.i' til

i

3 )

4

^-r

<"§i3Ti^x-^<7

)i i-r,

(ih<6)

4 ) ^ i (± - t i : v^^ | cx .v^ r•T i L / c o

(Zfz^6)

5 )

l

±t

; - t3

| c / < ^

9<nihL1i I t ^ i j 'j

T - f c (^'S)

6) fif'it^S^ic^^YZ^T. ^XVNT</•£•^v^„

( ^ ^ oO

7 ) A (±i;t *^l^^MI<^Xif=T. o

è

'J

T t o ?é

t ^ )

8) X ^

X ^ ^ I ± J ;

<

t x i fiLtt- X.hL^s: i t o { h h i )

9 ) A

i c ^ , ^ , ^ <

/ c ' ^ v N ,

(tl)

10)

A^^^<Dm.^B^^L\:t ^ i i i i f z .

( fe( f^ 'S)

11 ) t^"^;^^"l:t* <

iC^f

^ / c <

^ X V N j

^ t o / c ( 7 ) | C , ^ l l ± t K-'è ^ l: < IC

. i L/co « t < )

. i

ifzo i n o

12) -ï-^-'èTj^t o JiM

? i

L / - c V N ^ l - o / c ( 7 5 T \

MI±-^K'~t

IC

i :

^ <

t

% i)^^

*

nnistai<e, erro r

Ztz^h

(R2)

answer

^•«'f motorcycle

158 i: J;

T

/hX joke

m m m

G R A M M A R N O T E

Sta t ing O ther P eop le 's Des ires and T houghts

To speak of yo ur o wn desires, you can use eitiier tlie - te /fo rm o f a verb or

(5

L ^ V

I want to buy a car

I wan t a car.

( Ï L V ^ is an -/ adjective used to express desire for an object; the thing being desired takes

the particle

t )^

Given that other people's desires may be truly known only by them and not

you, however, in Japanese they are distinguished from your own through use of the different

expressions

fz^'-o X^'tt

and (J L -^ '-^ T V ^ i t . Here the thin g being desired takes

the particle ^ . Since wishes are ofte n private, it is considered rude to refer openly to the desires

of others, especially of those above you; thus

/c^^^'o

T V ^

i

t and

li

l-ó^-o X ^ ^ È-f

should only be used in relation to individuals who are close to or younger than you.

Similarly, in Japanese a distinction is made between your own thoughts and those of others

by using ^

^

t for the former and J:: o T V

N

i

t for the latter.

Y^-oX^'it,

however, can also be used to state thoughts of your ow n th at you have been holding over for

some time.

My son w ants t o be a soccer player.

'fr:i^<Y-A(Dvy h

iii'i^^r>x^'fz(Dx\ fzLi: x j

BIZM-^XK^

1/

i'

My child wanted game softwa re, so I bough t some for him for his birthday.

fmjsLiXfMX ^)Lz:i}H^Ki, ^

,^ '-o TV

^ i

t o

Mr. Nakano thinks that it is possible to grow apples without using pesticides.

( jA I i ) t -

§ ^ ^

-t f

/ c V

N

^1 o

T

V ^

t o

I am always think ing t hat I wo uld like to have my child eat safely grow n vegetables.

159

P

RACT

I

C

F '1

Discussing

E ducat ion and C hi ldrear ing

W O R D P O W E R

T hings you wa nt to ge t your children to do:

PO

^ ' l 9

•77)-


llii

160

i.

Mrs. Kato and Mrs. Inuyama talk about children and chores.

^Dp (#) : ioVc<

T ( i ^ p ^ t ^ ^ l c | : ^ ^ ^ o / • c ^ - t r T v ^ i - r ' J \

o i L * - 5

: ^ n | | ( # )

o t

^ O J ( # )

i - K i f t

o t

^ l ± / c v ^ ^ 9

i l l

L o l

Mrs. Kato: Do you have your child help out w ith housework?

Mrs. Inuyama: No, although I actually wou ld like to . . . I 'm having him atten d cram school on

weekdays and gym classes on th e weekend, so there's no time.

Mrs. Kato: T hat was how it was at our house, too. But I decided to ge t my son to clear up after

^ ^ T

exercise, gymnastics

$

J: 7 L class

C ' T J *

<

language study

housework

i

7 j^ ; c - 5 l t putting things away,

clearing up after

75 "o$

musical instrument

staying home alone

endure, exercise

self-control

keep (a promise,

rules,

etc.)

meals after being told by my husband that it's more importa nt for children to help

out at home than to study.

Mrs. Inuyama: We, too , should get our son to do some house work.

II. Ms. Mar tin and M s. Sasaki talk abo ut child safety.

^ i

^ ^ ^ t L > - 5

3 7 i ' - 5 C 7 i'X

i J S n l i ' * i >

5 ^

Martin:

It's

s.ajd

that Japan has become unsafe recently, but I think it's still much safer com

pared to other countries.

Sasaki: Is th at so?

Martin:

In my country, you wo uld n't let children go to and from school by themselves until

they get to be about eleven years old. It wo uld be too much of a worry.

Sasaki:

W hat do parents do if they can't go pick their children up?

Martin: They always arrange for a babysitter.

Sasaki: W ow , really?

III. Ms. Sasaki and Mr. Kato complain about the way children are raised nowadays.

i - ^ 7 = i'

;J

D

0

:

^-'9 L T* g <7 3 | | |± f - ^ " * , ^ L7J^^,^xv^^TL

J :

7 7 j \

i t i ^ : {lLYiX~-fiio 'i-Y:ij\z-ö^tL^^^ZYi,-k.^7)^£(D\z,

i i i Z t z \ ' i n

Sasaki:

Don 't you think that young parents nowadays are too easy on their children?

Kato: T hat's true. They buy their children whatever they wa nt and let them watch television

until late, too .

Sasaki:

The other day wh en I cautioned a child for being noisy on the train, I was told off by the

child's mother.

Kato: Wh y don 't parents these days scold their children, I wonder.

Sasaki: I agree. It's imp orta nt to make children exercise self-con trol.

[l-/)-- o t h e r

• f

o m u c h m o r e

ii^X 1 c o m m u t e ( to )

-< t *

— •>

y ^'

— ba bys i t t e r

n o w a d a y s

i V

e a s y ,

lax

1 ^^'t i> w a r n , c a u t i o n

161

^

P R A . C T I C E

Z Asking for Permission l o D o S o m e t h ing


^ ^ — . . . ^ ^

I. Ms. Chan asks Ms. Sasaki to hold of f on a reply.

6/Lri-It Y:\ i-^'y^'mz(DU iz^^Li/L^î,

ij

ti-^\

lite I

i'Z jJ^ /C' i*

it^:^: iiy6/L. ^/LCliJ: < ^ ^X^^hX\ x'\'X-tXo

Sasaki: May I

speal<-to

you a mom ent, Ms, Chan?

Chan: Yes, wh at is it, may I ask?

Sasaki:

Actually, they're looking for someone who can speak English and Chinese at the Singa

pore branch office. Would you be interested in this offer?

Chan: Ah , wo uld I need to answer you right away? I'm sorry, but it's sudde n, so please let me

think about it a little.

Sasaki:

Of course it'll be all right to give me your answer after you've given it plenty of thou ght .

II. Mr. Suzuki offers to help Mr. K ato move to a new house.

m

i-

tn

t

X

^^<DZ6. U-oZL<DriV^<4 Vt:LtzZYi)^î,LX"^. Û.

i' tT

Suzuki:

Please let me help you move on Saturday, Mr. Kato.

Kato: Thanks, but you don 't have to. I feel bad [to impose on you] on your day off.

Suzuki:

I

once worke d part-time for

a

moving company while

I

w as a college stude nt. Please let

me do it, by all means.

Kato: W ell, in tha t case, I'll ask the favor of you. T hanks.

vyell. , um . . . (a response to a question less definite

than l i i .

^;

spoken with

a

falling intonation)



P R ACT l C E 3 Ta lk ing about Things You Wish Your S p o u s e / P a r tn e r Would D o

P H R A S E

P O W E R

I wa nt my spouse to keep the house clean.

0)

I wan t my spouse not to d rink very much.

I wan t my spouse to talk to me about anything th at is troubling him/her.

I wa nt my spouse to listen to w ha t I have to say.

Iff';}-

I want my spouse not to forg et our w edd ing anniversary.

I wan t my spouse to play wi th the ch ildren.

I wan t my spouse not to spend a lot of money.

I wa nt my spouse to earn more m oney.

® i^^^^Mv ^K^ - o f z i ^ . t r * ^ i T

( a

L V N

i;

. S : A

hi at

I wan t my spouse to apologize right away whe n he/she feels himself/herself to be wron g.

I want my spouse to say "thank y ou " to me.

trouble , concern

earn



S P E A K I N G

P R A C T I C E ^

Mrs.

Kato and Mrs. Inuyama complain about their husbands.

u (*): ^ ^ ^ ^ 7 l c ^ 9 T t ^ o

Listen to this, Mrs. Inuyama. My husband never listens at all to what I have to say.

Even wh en I talk to him, he doesn't seem to be paying proper a ttention.

T hat's how it is at our house, too. M y husband wo n' t talk things over wi th me even

when I'm telling him about our child.

I want

him to listen to my concerns and c omplaints . . .

ï'hear you.

/

U S A G E

N O T E \

As discussed on p. 159, L v

N

means "to want something." The pattern "-fe form of a

verb + ( i L V \ " mea nwh ile, expresses the idea of wanti ng some one to act in a certain way.

The person wh om yo u wan t to get to perform the action is marked with the particle IZ.

^kU^Y:'tlZt->Ymm LTlilx^T-to

I wa nt my child to study more.

To express the idea of w anting someone to refrain from doing something , you can use the -nai

form of a verb + T + (Ï L V \

7 ^*:)^j,H^T(i Lv^^T-r'^^'

o

I'd appreciate it if you'd not park your car in front of our house.

Mrs.

Kato:

Mrs.

Inuyama:

Mrs.

Kato:

Mrs.

Inuyama:

i

liiL-lMiiiRi)

talk (to)

complaint

165



K A N J I

P R A C T IC E

^6

9

f r

#

6

affair

matter

•

>

hold

>

I

1

1

>j

•

>

hold

>

-

,

raise

i t

1

raise

2 l

way

street

r

2 l

way

street

t

^^^^

think

4

«0»-

think

I : Fill in the blanks with the appropriate particle.

1) t ; t i 6 | ±^ 5 Ë ( ) ( i * ^ i ^ a i L

/ c o

2)

^k\i^t-:ih

( )

I c t o ^ l i z A T t

b V N i

L;^co

ht-.L tt

3) -è;f± ( ) ^ v

^ > ^ ^ ^ , ^ $ ; b t i a T L i v N i

L /c o

4) ï ^ ' ^ -

( ) i

7

«^-6

7

^

L/-c

b . ^ 7 ^ ^ ' ^

{/Yc L X m t z .

5) ( ) •t<7 )j ±:^^^b-ti:T </-c^vN,

^ htz\. I ^t

' ]]] Choose the most appropriate word from among the alternatives (1-4) given. The same wo rd cannot

be used twice in the same dialogue/sentence.

1) A : f f l + ^ ^ , fc^^vNTt o

( )

YliLfzLXV^lio

B

:

(" )

mti

L / c ^ T L

J ;

lo

\.^X} 2

. / - C O X

3.v

^ -p

/ •cv^ k . r m i f

2) {^h(DB\z ( ) ^-ofcVNlc^T <

^ T .

*,U^^'^9o

iPi-h^-i-^-h-

3 . t o 7 ) ^ ' j

^.fzLf-lL

3) t 7

i ^vNTt .

(

) g i j i L j : 7 ' J \

4)

( )

* L / c l ^ i ; o

t

l j

T

L

tzi)\

W^^'v

N ^ 7 ) <

L

V

^</)T\

<

C

^

IC

L

i L /c o

1 . (^^^7 l± 2 . ^ , ^ ^ ^

3 . * . j :7^'~

4.-r<"

;

I I I

Change the form of the word given in parentheses to complete the sentence in a way th at makes

sense.

1) v U - ^ A ' J M i ^ ( )

< ^ i L / c o { \ \ h ^ t - f )

2) { 1 Z i \ z i i i \ Lii^-h^^K { )

Z

^ ic^i '-^TvNi t o

« T $ ± t )

3)

%i

( )

YVfzY-i.

•k.fi^-b'^tV.fz. ( tB i t )

4)

¥^-tlclto/ -cV^mi^^ ( )

T v ^ ^ t o

( f ^ i t )

' ; XL h t

5)

fc^7^lc^/7Ï

( ) T . ^ ^ t t X ^ ^ - ^ / c T t o ( C ^ L i t )

168

i^'i Choose the most appropriate wo rd or phrase from among the alternatives (1-4) given.

^.ml\'- 2 . f e ^ i v ^ i c a.-f^^hUic 4. t

; 7 j

^; i i c

2 ) M I C

(

) . ^ ^ ± - f • o ^ ; f l T v ^ / • c o

\ . ^ h Y i

2

. ^ o T V

^ ^ F ^

3 . ^ o T V ^ ^

fa^

lc

4 . ^ - 5 9 ^ L / c

3 ) | • t ^ f X g l C ^iV^ / c - ^ M

^^^•'i•V^^Tto ( )

b L v X T

' - t o

1 . ; t b l f / | l 7 c

2 . / - £ i ^ / | l / b 3 . - t i ^ H / c

4 . t ö - f i a ; c

4 )

fcX

9 ^ | ± : ^ ^ < 7 3 L l t ^ l c r • 7 ^ ^ <

L T .

i a ü M ^

( )o

1 . L ^ l ± ^ ^ ^ ^ - t + i L / c 2 .^X7j^ ' j ^ - t i r i

LT'C

3 . z i b - t f i L / c 4 . J : ^ c ( f - t f i

LT'C

5 )

- < 7 ) ' L * ^ ^ / x

( )

( ^ L v ^ ^ T - t ^ ^

\^\^T-f-b\

l . i t o T

2 . ' l o T 3 . ^ 9 7 ^ X L T

4 . ^ o / - c - o T

Fill in the blanks with the correct reading

of

each kanji.

1 ) mmtm^^x-b^h.

: t ^ ^ t o T < / • £ • ^ v ^ o

(

) ( )

2 ) 1 9 5 0 ^ j ^ l c

n.Xh^fz\L)\^m%iY^]tLfzo

(

) ( ) ( )

3 ) i t ^ # ^ ^ X ^ ^^ X , ft^cDC

L/'co

( ) ( ) ( )

4 )

^ ^ | ± ê t e * T # ^ l C J t ' ^ T ^ ^ i t o

( ) ( )

Have you ever had the experience

of coming across a lot of unfamil

iar expressions when being

spol<en

to while out shopping or at a res

taurant? What about when some

one you didn't know asked you for

directions? Such situations require

formal language. Unit 4 introduces

you to examples and usage of hon

orific language and explains how to

adjust your register depending on

audience, topic, or occasion, or on

whether you are speaking or writ

ing.

T hrough the skills gained in this

unit, you will be able to enrich your

expressive powers as well as inter

act more smoothly with others and

develop better interpersonal rela

tionships.

T A R G E T

Mr. Kato, the section chief of the sales department of the ABC Foods Tokyo branch, is visiting Nozomi

Department S tore wi th Mr. Green, the branch president. Mr. Kato introduces M r. Green to Mr. Kuroda,

the m anaging director of Nozomi De partment Store.

<6 t-: t t l ij

- p .

1 7 7

- p . 1 7 8 - . p . 1 7 8

<6 fi

mm

:

<6 fi

V ^ x . v ^ ; l o i b % L

^(T^lir ^M.Ux 1 i i X ^ n

n ^ X i

TtUo

ILltiUA,

turn:

y<\yyf

4

y

• V j z T t J i i i z .

lit lK

'^<y

^-y

(Df'-^^4

mm

<6

fi

turn

td

- p .

1 7 9

''=<^

( . v ^ i f o

l i t ;

5 '

* - p . 1 8 0 *

Hi,

The conversation concludes, and Mr. Kato takes his leave.

Ltzo

/ i j - y

:

T i . ^'ik>:ijl6L<iiW\'\'tzLti-o

ZL z-

t m - m i ^ ^ f z i t i - .

i' tn L-3ft\>

Kato:

Director Kuroda, this is [Frank] Green, our branch president. President, this is Director

Kuroda.

Green:

I'm Green. Please extend us your kind consideration.

Kuroda: I'm Kuroda. Please, we're the ones who should be asking for yours.

Green: Ou^^parent company in the United States, too, is extremely pleased that we are going to

be allowed to put out a booth for your Valentine's Day Fair. Thank you very much.

Kuroda: Not at all. Your new product seems to be popular, doesn't it?

Green: Yes, thanks to you, sales are recently on the rise.

Kato: We're considering introducing a new package design for the Valentine's Day Fair.

Kuroda:

Is that so? I look forward to having a look.

Kato: We're planning to bring you a sample for your inspection at the beginning of next

month.

Kato:

Thank you for giving us time out of your busy schedule today.

Kuroda:

Please, thank you for taking the time just to come here.

Green: Well then, please do continue to extend us your kind consideration now as always.

Kato: We'll be taking our leave now.

M.^ Kuroda (surname)

<6

ti

t m managing director

ttlis is .. . (liono rific way of introducing

someone)

^ ^ ^ j ^ L i t I am , my name

is

(humble way of introducing

oneself)

Uy y y • 7 X T valen tine's Day Fair

I i i ' i i put out a store/booth, exhibit

L u > - , T A

~ 5 T V / c Tc" < be allowed to do (humble way of saying

~ ^

-t± T t t

7 )

United states

^

your company (formal way of referring to someone else's company)

lii LY.

7

"f"

•?)

consider,

discuss

(iv

^

If •5>

see,

look at (humble way of

saying. , 4 )

173

bring (humble for

^f-o

)

i

(basic p attern for turning a verb into a humble expression)

today (formal way of saying

4 "

B )

( I A /

u 5

J: •)

^ ^ '?> time, moment ( ^ ^ L \ i:^ Z

^

= at a busy time)

come (to where one is) (honorific expression)

^ 1 ^

Y.

into the future, now as always

1.

HONORIFIC LANGUAGE

Honorific language, or honorifics, conveys speakers' perceptions of the circumstances and inter

personal relationships prevailing within a conversation. One basic principle is that speakers employ

honorific

expressions

to elevate their listeners, and thereby show respect for them, while using

humble expressionsiö talk humbly about themselves. W ithin the office, workers employ honorific

expressions towa rd th eir bosses while speaking of themselves using hum ble expressions.

When a conversation also includes clients or other people from an out-group (see the Culture

Note on p. 176), as in this dialogue, the speakers employ honorific expressions towa rd the out-g roup

while using humble expressions for members of their in-group just as they would for themselves.

This is done regardless of the member's status within the in-group itself, even if, for example, the

person is the 8 0-year-old president of the company. (T hus, ^ ^ and other such terms need to be

left out in speaking of people from one's own in-group with those outside of it.)

Honorifics reflect differences in not only status but also degree of familiarity. When people speak

to strangers, they use honorific language, perhaps progressing to the

desu/masu

style and then to

the plain style as they grow closer. The use of honorifics also depends on setting and topic, so that

colleagues wh o are on familiar terms may still use honorific language w he n addressing each other a t

formal business meetings, for example.

2, ~ ^ - d : T ^ ^ / c / - c

<

The pattern "-fe form of

a

causative verb +

v /c /"c

< (humble way of saying

ii h

1) " often occurs

in expressions of gr atitude , as is the case here. It is sometimes a dopte d for the sake of dem onstrating

respect towa rd another even when talking about something they did not particularly do.

Thank you for allowing me to spend an enjoyable time yesterday.

3. * l i

Some foreign country and geograp hical names have kanji designations, e.g., i j t H (the United

States), ^ @

(the United Kingdom),

gJc )']']

Europe), and

^ ^

(Europe

and'

North America).

Although newspapers and the like also often use single-kanji d e s ig n a ti o n s — fo r Germany,

for France,

M-

for Russia, or ^ for Australia, to give a few— as shorthand for those countries or'in

speaking of relations between two or more of them

(e.g.,

H : ^ , "Japanese-U.S."), these are

gen¬

erally not used in colloquial speech, at least wh en referring to a single country by itself.

L E S S O N

10

4 .

iiLLK-

( m ± )

A business term meaning "your company."

Tlie

corresponding term for "m y company" is .

io 'JMf, introduced on p. 4 9 in

the

form i^^^Mf T , is oft en used for the salce of polite conversation

even for things that may n ot actually be " ow ed " to the listener.

^ . X M f ^ i T

( l f X $ T - t ) o

Have you been well?

[Yes,] thank s to you .

While I t ^ 9 L T

ts

' j i t is used in this dialogue in a literal sense, in some business or polit i

cal contexts, being told It

^ ^ 9

L T

$ i

"t", "We'll consider it," in reply to a question such

as ^

'•^^•/)^'C L X

9 "W ha t do you think [of the possibilities of this proposal]?" is tantam ount

to being brushed off;yvithout a clear answer in prelude to being refused later.

^ 5 V TJ^X V ^ Z ^ is an idiom expressing feelings of gratitu de or apology towa rd having

someone spend time on your account. Another common idiom that uses

YZ ^

ma time-related

sense is (D YZh

.

"for the moment," as in 4^<7) YZh. UttX'i hZYWijh^)

\ - i

u t

l i i i - L

ti-lc

i Hf

X y , "

For the m omen t I have no thing I can say to yo u."

175

/

C U L T U R E

N O T E \

In-groups and Out -groups

In Japanese, speakers do not employ honorific expressions toward family when talking about

them with people outside of it. Japanese regard family as in-group and therefore to be treated

similarly to their own selves, meanwhile setting off all others as part of the out-group. Through

extension, not only one's own family but also the larger society, company, and organizations to

which one belongs are considered to be in-group and those falling outside these affiliations to

be out-group, giving rise to distinctions that are in turn reflected in language. These notions of

in-group/out-group influence honorific language as well as expressions of giving and receiving.

The Japanese word for in-group,

-f-,

is fundamentally the same as the wo rd 7

%>

meaning

"home" or "inside." Similarly, 7 ^ ö9 indicating possession or affiliation in such expressions

as 7 %<D^)Z^i, (our child) or 7

*>öO§|3-R

(our dep artm ent m anager) may also be traced

back to Japanese distinctions between in-groups and out-groups.

G R A H H A R g.- P A T T E R N P R A C T I C E

^

Honor i f i cs

(1): Key

Expressions

Note 1 and the Culture N ote at left outlined some of the basic traits of Japanese hon orific langua ge. This

section will present some comm on honorific verbs whiie demon strating h ow to use them in expressions

for giving introductions or greeting someone you are meeting for the first time.

1 . Neutral expression:

T t

Honorific and humble expressions for T t are as follow s.

Humble (hereafter given as "H UM "): TC" ~"v

^

t t o

Honorific (hereafter given as "HON") : T^^h -o L ^ V

N

i t

o

Both are frequently used in making introductions, conducting business, or otherwise interacting in

formal situations, -b,,

While exchanging business cards:

tvB :

A B

Cy-X(D:iiaBTZ^^\ ^ t

t o

i - i : ? i>- i:i

Kato: I'm Kato from ABC Foods.

Takahashi:

I'm

Takahashi from Nozomi Department Store.

Introduction scene from the T arget Dialogue, in which Mr. Kato introduces President Green, his boss

(in-group), to their client, Managing Director Kuroda (out-group):

tvB •• mm t m

-s

3t^±

*

< o / I J

-

y

Tc'^-v

N

t

t o

i' an <h ti zii n L L f t i i

Kato: Director Kurod a, this is Green, our branch president. President, this is Director K uroda.

T C ^ V ^

i

t and

T ^ b

L ^

i

t are also commonly used when speaking to guests or

customers, calling out to someone you are meeting for the first time , or talking over the phone to

people with whom you are not on fam iliar terms.

Calling out to someone you do not yet kno w:

A :

^ ^ L T t ' * ^

^ /bX '^ /CT^^ i^o L

^ v N J t ' ^ ^

5

)\^X

:

I /iXT-to

A:

Excuse me, but are you Mr. Mills?

Mills:

Yes, I'm Mills.

LO J H -V ^T ' - f

ii'^

excuse me, but.

Over the phone:

tm ( # ) :

( ± v \

tmrè^\^ti-o

Mills: Hello, is this Mr. Kato's residence?

Mrs. Kato: Yes, this is Kato.

2 .

Neutral expression: name

Yx^x^tir

The

first

expression below is used to give your own name or those of your in-group m embers in form al

situations, the second

to

politely introduce someone else's name.

HUM: ~ ^ 9

L

i - f o

HON:

~ / ~ ^ / ~ (position or title) Yfi-o

L V

^

i t o

kiM

L

i-tz

DIX: D^XYiji Lt-fo

L <

i ^ / fa ^ J ^ N ^ N ^

L i t o

Takahashi:

This

is

Mr. John Mills from ABC Foods.

Mills:

I'm Mills. Please extend me your kind consideration.

3 . Special verbs

Listed below are several other special verbs, for example i 9 L i t and o L ^ ^ i t , that

are commonly used to show respect or humility. Study the expressions to make sure you are able to

understand and use them .

HONORIFIC VERBS NEUTRAL VERBS HUMBLE VERBS

^J.-

^

V N i t

*

L i t

^ N / c L i t

i b ^ ^

T I C

t t ^ i j

i t

* i t

i V ^ 'j i t

9 -b^^'^ ^

i t

>.^b

-o

L

^ i t *

^ T ^

i t

9 -b^-é'^ ^

i t

V ^ b -0

L

N i t *

v N i t IJ i t

L ^T j ^i j i t

- f c - ^ i t

4 ^ i t

fcx

L ^ v ^ i t *

t ^ ^ i t

t

9 L * , l f i t (R2)

< / H ' ^ v N i t *

< a i t

^ ^ ^ ^ ^

v ^ / c / c - ^ i t

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

* i f i t

^ L ^ l f i t (R2)

l , i t

[ ± v M t ^ L i t

F ^ ^ i t

7 N i t

r ' ^ x

i: T t

^ P o T v ^ i t

^ X l T T f e U

i t

^ ^ ^ ^

^ V N i t fcSicT^^^îj i t

NOTE 1:

The honorific verbs marl<ed vîth *

CJ.

^

V N i t ,

^ ^

l? o

L ^

V N i t , i o X

L ^

V N i t

and

< /"c ^ V N i t ) conjugate lilce Regular I verbs

(e.g.,

ti^ 6,x^hr> L K' 6 , ^ - 0 LK'^, <

tz ^6),

except that the r-sound is dropped from the

-masu

forms.

NOTE 2: The humble verbs ^ N/C L i t , i V

N

Ij i t , fc^ 'J i t a n d

?

L i t can also be used

simply for added politeness, in w/hich case they do not express humility.

Complete the dialogues by changing the words in parentheses to their honorific or humble equiva

lents.

1)

A

: t l t l . i]V

^^/L

<Diifz< 7jN„ ( T t )

B : I ± V N , iam. ( T t )

2 ) A : ^ ^ - ^ B f ^ l - t)\ ( * i Lfz)

(fi^^^)

3) A :

t i

< ^ i W f e ^ | | | ± g ^ ( v v v N i t )

B

:

KfY ( v H N i t )

4 ) A : i i f k ^ m m t)\ (fk^ti-)

B

• i ' y ^ ^ ^ (fkî-t)

Natsuko (female

name)

^•/i^l^y red wine

179

n Complete the dialogues by filling in the blanks wi th the appro priate ho norific expressions.

1)

A :

^B#|C

t}\

B :

2)

A :

Y:(Dm^ ^

-ó\

B

: J B P M ^ I ^ < ^ i - f c

3 ) A :

>^^£tz\Z t)\

B

:

0 Complete the sentences by changing the verbs in parentheses to their humble equivalents.

1)

m

ti\ i m )

2)

*

T.)

*

3 )

^ti:^LLz..

t \ (Lxi

^HN

-r^)

H o n o r i f i c s ( 3 ) : H o n o r i f i c V e r b s f o r G i v i n g a n d

R e c e i v i n g

In honorific language, ii ^ 1, i ti6, and ^lf6 become

V N 7c/"c

< , < tz^ 6,and^ L ^ l f •?>,

respectively. As covered earlier (pp . 125 -27), these verbs may be used to express the g iving and receiving

both of objects and services. Similarly to

~ T

if

6

(pp. 126-27), ^

L ^ { f 6

carries the danger of

sounding patronizing when said directly to the recipient. ~ T L I f -S , indicating a service done by

you, sounds particularly pushy and rud e, so that it is usually not said to someone face to face.

t1|l/;VrtV JBP New spaper (fictitious newspaper name)

<, i

escort, see/drive (someone somewhere)

I

L E S S O N

10

• P R A C T I C E

*1

Giving Greetings and Introductions

P H R A S E P O W E R ^ -

I. Introducing yourself:

tï

1 am Kato.

HUM: A B C 7 - X " < 7 ) ^ iX^XY t i L i t e

I am M ills, from ABC foods.

HUM: ; ^ 0 » < 7 3 ^ T

^5"

V N i t o

I am K ato's wife.

II. Introducing members ofyour in-group:

HUM: - f t

<73'fi^;4^Tr'^5'"v

^ i - f o

This is

Sasaki-'

our dep artment manager.

HUM: ^ r t T " r ' ^ ' " V N i t o

This is my w ife.

HUM: t J t ^ < 7 ) ^ - ^ ^ t 7 L i t o

This is my daughter, Aiko.

III. Introducing people from an out-group:

HON:

Zi^iy U^M^ ^ T V ^ b o

L

^ V N É

t o

A-iHi

L

This is Mr. T akahashi.

HON:

C

-thi^li<D^'o^y'^<-

h<D^i^^ LYÜ-o

L ^ V N ^ t o

This is Mr. Takahashi, from Nozomi Department Store.

S P E A K I N G P R A C T I C E ^

I. Ms. Martin calls Mr. Nakano at his home .

•7Jiyy : ^m^L<Diifz < T\'io-o L ^ v N i t ^ \

t S f ( # )

:

l ± ^ \

+ S T T r ' ^ 5 ' ~ v N i t o

y ^ ^, 7 L i t ^ ^ t S f ^ ^ i ± ^ ^ b o L ^ ^ ^ i t ^ J ^

+ S f ( * ) : 4- . ^ J ;

O

^ t t S ^ M t T ' j i t > ^ \ Y 1

B#F^

( Ï ^ • ' T l f ^

N

i t o

<n%

XL

h

Martin: Is this the Nakano residence?

Mrs. Nakan o: Yes, this is Naka no.

Martin: My name is Ma rtin. W ould Mr. Nakano be in?

183

Mrs. Nakano: He's out at the mom ent, but I think he'll come back in about an hour.

Martin: T hen I'll call again later.

II. Mr. Mills's conta ct from N ozomi Dep artment S tore comes to visit him at ABC Foods.

The receptionist calls Mr. Mills.

^ /IX: hf)^'J

i L

fzo -r m i t-to

The receptionist approaches Mr. Aoki.

t * « .

^

; l .X ' l ± i - C IC

i

O Ij

i

i-<DX\ 7

^

fe#^ <tz^\ \

lil IXT t

Aoki: I 'm Aok i from Nozomi Department Store, and I've arranged to see Mr. Mills at tw o.

receptionist: Mr. Aoki, we've been expecting you. Please take a seat over there to wait.

receptionist: Mr. Mills, Mr. Aoki from Nozomi Department Store is wa iting

f or

you atthe reception

desk.

Mills: I unde rstand . I'll come right away.

receptionist: Mr. Aoki, Mills will come right away, so please be patient a while longer.

III. On the weekend, Mr. K ato goes to pick up his wife at a tennis club.

X ^

L T v ^ ^ « ^ ^ J ; „

t^iK

:

Zt,C^Z^. VNo:èfe< ^ i l cf ei ër Iè lc /x oT fe U

i to

-It

h

Mrs. Kato: Oh , here comes my husband. Dear, this is Mrs. Akasaka, who always plays tennis

with me.

Mr. Kato: Oh , hello. My wi fe is always receiving your assistance.

Akasaka: Please, I'm the one wh o's always receiving hers.

III I

184

i> fc'S Aoki (surname)

*"lt-?> sit (on a chair)

ÜÈt, X'-f wa it (respectful expression;

= f c i ^ i c ^ j . - o T v ^ i - r ) .

i l tc A Dear (said by

a

w ife to her husband)

i )

TS

7} Akasaka (surname)

^* 7

4 hello (when used

as

a greeting by itself)

i

P R A C T I 2 Thanking People

PH R AS E P O W E R - ••• • • — ^

® fev

N

L^ N 7 ^

y

^ *

'J

ï^^x

9 N i L /co

Thank you for the delicious wine.

Thank you for the beautiful flowers you gave to my wife .

®i-thX l-^Xiimî^'fztii U

L T ) .

^ . ' J ' ^ ^ X ? r'^5~"VNi Ifzo

T hank you for giving me your valuable time.

Thank you for throwing a party for me.

®fB\±iixm\}J-zfzi it

L T ) .

* , ' j 7 j < ^ 9 r • ^5^^^ lfz.

Thank you for inviting me today.

®f^B\±h^'h^'ii\^r\^tzfzi ( i L T ) . ^^}-ö'Yi z:^\^titzo

Thank you for tak ing the time just to come here today.

®pmtK^xîin^t:m^^xx^tzfzi {t

L T ) . 9

r ^ - v ^ i itz

Thank you for allowing me to hear such a good lecture the other day.


I. Mr. Kato concludes a me eting with Mr. T akahashi.

Kato: T hank you for giving us time out of your busy schedule today.

Takahashi: Please, thank you for taking the tim e just to come here.

II.

Mr. Mills than ks M r. Takahashi for his prior assistance.

^

;UX"

:

( ± f e f f i c^ x 'J i

L

T .

^^}f)<>Zi :Z^\^tLtzo

Mills: T hank you for your assistance the othe r day.

Takahashi:

Please, I should thank y ou. It was a big help tha t you interpreted for us.

l i

îiXT

valuable ?l M

i i i i invite i.i

hi ^ I

185

III.

Mr. K ato thanks Ms. Akasaka for a past invitation.

i-z'^^x^^fztzii ifzo

Kato:

Thank you for inviting me the other day. I had a very enjoyable time.

Akasaka: Please, than k you for th e souvenirs you gave to m y child. He was very happy.

IV. Aiko notices Ms. M artin is at her ballet recital and goes up to her.

•VJiyy : Z tLvfeX" 9 'o (hands Aiko a bouquet)

: L<D-i ^

^ l C ' ^ ^ o T

^

b o /cCO

J;o

^ f - : C^tl.Mc^avN^/?È/blfXo/-c/-£\^/-c<^. l^* )TTt o 9 t L L v N

Aiko:

Thank you for doing me the favor of coming , Marie.

Martin: Aiko, you were fantastic. You're gettin g better and better.

Aiko: Do you think so? T hank you

Martin: Here, please take these, (hands Aiko a bouquet)

Aiko:

W ow, wh at beautiful f lowers, thank

you

They smell very goo d.

Martin:

I had the florist make it for me to fit your image.

Aiko: This is the first time I've received such a bea utiful bouq uet. I'm so happ y

l±4-^

image

florist

[ I I •) 1 l l p l l l

f P R A C T I C E 3 Making Apologies


I apologize for being late.

I apologize for making you wait.

(D r a 6 ^ N ; b < ^ f e ^ M t L T . i 1 Ihii^^) È^Lo

I apologize for giving you such trouble.

® ^ ^ - o T v N / b / c ^ N / c C D l c , 9'J^^^XtL-< T . 9 L = h l t i b ' J ^ - t f ^ o

I apologize for not being able to come even though you were kind enough to invite me.

I apologize [that I was not able to accept your kindness] when you went through all that trouble to

prepare.

S P E A K I N G

P R A C T I C E

I. Ms. Martin arrives late to an appointmen t with Mr. Yamakawa, a fellow member of the com

munity orchestra.

: fe#/b-tf L T . i Ihii^^) i ^ L .

^Jiyy. f - x D < ; 5 / K ^ L

9

^ L T ^ N / b b . m^^hirKX It-ofzLT-fo

Martin:

I apologize for making you wa it.

Yamakawa: It's unusual for you to be late to an app ointm ent, isn't it? [lit., "T hat you should be

late for an a ppointme nt is rare, wou ldn 't you say?"]

Martin:

I

was pra cticing my cello, and I lost track of th e time . I'm sorry.

II. An unexpected guest arrives wh ile M r. Kato is not home .

Ï S ( # )

: -o T^-'

<

X' h -o

L

^ -V

X <

-o fz<D\:

T f e ' J

i

L T .

t

9

L ; b l t * ' j

i - t i -^o

/ b ' l t T

- r

^ X o

<i]m^'9h tts L

7> i:-) «Li).o

tm<D^^A: x'X. it< t r ^ t Lfz<DX\ ihX-oYZ^\a-:>lXi Ym-otz

I)-

C A i nt

I6^^h< iTt/^lii:

cause/give (someone) trouble

-ff < with trouble, with pains (used to

express regret when an effort is

ruined or does not pay off)

t i ' / C T that

unfortunately, contrary to what

one would like

go out

acquaintance

187

Mrs. Kato:

acquaintance:

I apologize tha t my husband is unfortunately o ut, whe n you

Icindly

took the t rou

ble to visit.

Oh n o, I only tho ugh t I wou ld stop by to say hello, since

I

was nearby.

III.

A mother apologizes for her son climbing a neighbor's tree.

z<7)

(±t; i -C 7jn N^v N^r "*^ vs^ < ^fe75^lt L T . t i l b l - f ^

itfn<DA\ %{zf£i h-^£^'T <m\\

^ a J : ' J .

\1-/}H<f£ {X X-é-'otzri-X.

mother: I apologize for my son puttin g you throug h a lot of trouble the other day.

neighb or: N ot at all. He's certainly active, isn't he?

moth er: I'm really very sorry he broke tha t branch of f your precious tree.

neighbor: Pleasé^ 'don't worry about it. More importantly, it was good that he wasn't hurt.

fe"

•&

break, snap

PRACllCE

4

Request ing

Services


I.

IVIs.

Nakamura arrives at the restaurant where she is to have dinner with Mr. Smith.

Nakamura:

waiter:

waiter:

Nakamura:

waiter:

II. Mr. Smith

Tsix:

- : (±VN. fhh-fi)-^)\^fzV,t-fo (gives her a tag) T l i . feijf'J

«0

^

V v |C ,

^ X ^ b ^ f e ^ ; ^ L < / c ^ v^o

I'm Nakamura, the one wi th a reservation for seven o'clock. I'm a little early, bu t . . .

Ms. Na kamura. I'll show you to your table ve ry soon, so could I please ask you to

take a seat and w ait?

Thank you for w aiting . I'll show you to your table.

Excuse m e, could yo u check my bags for me, please?

Yes,

I'll check them, (gives her

a

tag) When you leave, please hand this [to a staff

member].

finds a dish he can't eat included in the meal he would like to order.

:

^

i O ^Ff vNTi vNij

i t ( 7 ) T \

/> - ; ,^>^ f

^ v N / b f £ l t i - f ^ \

X 5 X :

Smith:

waiter:

Smith:

waiter:

Smith:

T i 6 ^ 1 X-to %. lfX\ -f]- -h'X Lln-b-o

\X\^o

I t o C 9

T t o L ^ , Z(Dz2-X^fiia-f}'\^Lt'to

Excuse me , could you please change the oysters in this course for me to som ething

else? I'm not fon d of oysters, you see.

I'll g o of f a m ome nt to ask, so could I please have you wa it a little?

Thank you.

I've been told it's possible. Would shrimp do?

Yes, that's fine . Then I'li take this course, please.

waiter

time, occasion ( fc 'J 'X.

U

W ^ o = at the time you leave)

lit., "course," a menu item that includes several dishes at

a

set price

oyster

X.

If shrimp




black

1 ^

black

N

rice

America

X '

distinguished

England

pleasant

music

ö ó

—>

i f

pleasant

music

•

MN

I-

/ • ,

e

\

S

1 1

color

S

1 1

LEAVING A N D R

MESSAGES

T A R G E T D I A L O G U E

Mr. Suzuki is looking around the office for Mr. Kato.

t - r

s

•f-r i

Kn

^p.200

{furrows fiis brow)

i : ^ * . i-^X^Lt\ ^<Uy y A y • V :^T<Di^Tm^^

-.p.

196

U li -ot¬

A p hone call comes through to Mr. Suzuki from Mr. Kato.

^ 0 0

>)- Kn

-t-r s

-t-f J

7 l i

ItA

L'i-

TL h

ti

It

xai^^Yt-oX^^^/ix-fo

^ X i c v N ^ - ' 9 1 6 ^ X 7

- p .

198

^ a i i i - f

v

^ j

^ o

4

^ r 6 v N ^ - ~ 9 ^ t ^ ^ T t c i ^ J : o

193



•r-r i

tuB •

Kl

Suzuki:

Kato's secretary:

Suzuki:

Kato's secretary:

Suzuki:

Kato's secretary:

^ 0 » ^ ^ 7 J^ ^ , i $ # ^ / C l :

Say, Where's IVlr. Kato?

He went out a little while ago, but did you need anything?

I see. {furrows his brow)

I've been told to contact him if there is anything [he should know].

In that case, I'm sorry, but please tell him that I'd like for him to call me since

I have something I'd like to consult him in a hurry about on the matter of the

Valentine's Day Fair.

I understand. I'll convey your message.

Kato:

Suzuki:

Kato:

Suzuki:

Kato:

Suzuki:

Kato:

Suzuki:

This is Kato.

I'm sorry [to bother you] when you're busy. There was a phone call just now on

the matter of our booth space from the person in charge. He says he wants us

'*"to

move to another place.

Where does he say for us to move to?

The thing is, it's apparently going to be quite a bit farther from the entrance.

That's not good. It's upsetting to be told to move at this late date.

Could I perhaps have you contact Mr. Takahashi yourself?

All right. In that case, I'll contact him right away.

Thank you. I appreciate it.

VOCABULARY

I t A

If

16

a

little

while

ago

(auxiliary honorific

verb;

see p.

200) ( i l t ' 5 M t t ^ 4

=go out)

the matter

of

, the issue

of

selling space, store/booth

space

person

in charge

move,

transfer

do (plain Imperative form

of

-5) (v

^

9 L

= move)

now,

at

this

point

194

L E S S O N 11

1. n^^?

f^jT^^ ? is the expression to use when

aslcing

someone whether they need anything after

first giving them an idea of ho w things stand at present.

tic

A: Are you free tomorrow ?

B:

Yes, I'm free, but did you need me for anything?

2.

I t A

means "matter" or "issue." ~<7)-f , roughly equivalent to

^<DZ Y.,

"about," is often used

HL HL

in formal or serious discussions after a topic or issue to mean "on the matter of" as in

^

U >

-i y • y X.T (OjPr^

, "the matter of the Valentine's Day Fair." It also frequently occurs together

with demonstratives (e.g., 3

(Di^

,

(Dfr

,

^ <Di^

) to mean "this matter" or "that matter" in

I t A I t A I t A

reference to information shared betwee n the

speal<er

and listener.

3. Question wo rd +

o

T ?

As covered in Lesson 1 (p. 12), o T is a colloquial form of the quotatio n particle

Y.

. When spoken

wit h a rising intona tion, as here, o T becomes a question.

Wh ere did he say he is?

Wh en d id he say he'd come?

When used interrogatively in a sentence without a question word, -o T means "Is wh at 1 heard

true/the same as what you heard?"

^ /ix^mt/tfAtz-oX?

C A

Is it true th at Mr. Mills is Canadian?

Is it true th at Ms. N akamura is going to get married?

4 .

ijvB^L-ó^h^^^Llz z'm^^ 'fztziii^L^^

ii^ KÏ Ai'ltl

<i,At.<

Here, Mr. Suzuki is asking for Mr. Kato to be the one to contact Mr. Takahashi of Nozomi Depart

ment Store regarding their booth space. The pattern is often used when wishing to

emphasize tha t your listener, not y ou, should talk to the person in que stion.

toB : ( to Mr. Suzuk i) # 7 K ^ L^^ h I JlX^LKt^

LX

<tzi\\

7»-

K-i -f-r i ii'j.-

Kato: (to Mr. Suzuki) Piease be the one to tell Mr. Mills.

#

: ( to her husband) S .' j . ' /b 'J ^

i^ivèp

( ^ ' " è ) iZt-oX Xo

wife: (to her husband) You have a wo rd with Taro [their child].

195

GRAMMAI? i?f

PATTERN PRACTICE

I L e a v i n g a n d R e l a y i n g M e s s a g e s

W hen you leave a message, the level of politeness and ho norific expressions to be chosen will change

depending on the relationships existing between you, the person spolcen to, and the person who is to

receive the message.

0 ^

T or

o

T is used to ask someone to convey a stateme nt or instruc tion to someone else. For

leaving questions as messages, an appropriate verb is H T , as in H ^ T { fz^\^, "please ask."

1. Messages tha t are statements

1.

Leaving a message:,

ij?,

department manager: M r. Suzuki, please tell Mr. M ills the meeting w ill be from three o'clock.

2. Relaying a message:

i ^ T k :

DX'X'lL. ^|3-ft

^ < ^ l i l ± 3 H # ^ ^ i ^ / - £ " ^ f e o

L ^ o T v ^ i

L/b

( J ; ) o

Suzuki: Mr. Mills, the dep artment manager said that the mee ting was going to be from three

o'clock.

2 . Messages tha t are instructions

1. Leaving a message:

departmen t m anager: Ms. N akamura, please tell Mr. Mills to su bmit his report.

departmen t m anager: M s. Nakamura, please tell Suzuki-kun not to forget th e docum ents.

2. Relaying a message:

iiXÏ ti

ÈLfz (X).

Nakamura: Mr. Mills, the de partme nt manager said for you to submit your report.

tz-t

hand in, submit

196

L E S S O N

Nakamura: Mr. Suzuki, the department manager said for you not to forget the docum ents.

Messages that are instructions are put in the form J; 7 IC . This form is generally used only when

leaving behind instructions for those below you or in your in-group, i.e., friends or family. Care needs

to be taken in leaving behind instructions for people of the out-group, since such instructions might

easily sound like a command and therefore sound rude unless you are intentionally trying to speak

down from above. To leave a request as a message, use the pattern ~

T

< /c ^ V N (Yjii^X

<

7c"

i^^).

Consider the difference between the tw o examples below.

t f é t ^ J :

7

Kii^xx

<

taw

XL h -otz

Please tell [him/ her] to call me.

€ I $ L T

<

f-a\^Y\'R^X{ fa\K

XL h -ok

Please ask [h im/h er] to call me.

oft

1 Complete the request by filling in the blank with each message below, in its proper form .

. ^ f ë ; t T <

t a ^ \

1) tfzm-m^Lt-r

t>r. xLh

2 ) '^•oX\^fzn\^fz\z-io-^-f)<Y.

i

L / c

3 )

+£6<{

l ± ^ <

fi^L\Lt:\^tzf-:i fz\^X-f

B

Comp lete the request by filling in the blank wit h the m ost appropriate Japanese expression for

conveying each of Mr. Kato's wishes, below.

t m '• I

/ b X ' ^ f

^ | C

J : 7

i c t o T

< f~a\^o

1 ) "Come back to the office immediately."

2 ) "Get in touch wi th Mr. Suzuki."

3 ) "Do not be late for the meeting."

•^i'

•&

< as . . . as possible

197

U s i n g P l a in I m p e r a t i v e s : D o a n d D o n ' t

In Japanese, the plain imperatives discussed here occur by themselves only under limited circum

stances, for exam ple during emergencies, while cheering at sports events, or wh en issuing commands

towa rd someone over who m you have strong authority, such as a parent migh t over a child.

It's a fire Run Don 't panic

Go Shoot the ball

L6 I

Study harder

Plain imperatives tend to be used more by men than women. Women typically use the -te form of

the verb instead, even for emergencies, e.g., j ^ ^ J ; I i C i f T ^ ^ T ' ^ ' V ' > T I

To produce the plain imperative form of a Regular II verb, simply drop

i>

from the dictionary form

and add 6 . For Regular I verbs, use the

-ba

stem (the conditional form without

I f ) .

R eg . l : f f <

^ I t

||-?>

R e g . l h - f e ^ ^

- ^ f < 6

Tc l f 'S ^ i C i f ^

Irreg.: ^ - f ^

For the negative imperative

form.

Just add '4' to the dictionary form of the verb.

Reg. I: ^ <

- I f

< | |

| }

6

Reg.

I I: ^f<6^j: l C | f ^ ^ T c l f ^ ^ X

Irreg.:

-> kits: -T 6 ^-f

Plain imperatives are aiso used to indirectly qu ote orders given by othe rs.

^P- f t

I CB^H i T i C

l / t - ° -

h • I t ^ t ' b / K i Ltzo

I was told by the department manager to write the report by tomorrow.

The pattern "plain imperative (+

e t ) "

is used mostly by men to offer advice, consolation, or encour

agement tow ard others they are on familiar terms w i th . While such sentences do employ the impera

tive form , they are not, strictly speaking, meant to be taken as commands.

For more on these and othe r fun ction s of plain imperatives, see Practice 2, Phrase Power

III,

p. 204.

75

i :

fire

•> i

— 1-

shoot (a ball)

198

In addition to plain imperatives, Japanese has another imperative form, the ~t c ^ v

\

orm

-masu

stem of a verb + "0." ^ V

^).

(a mother to her child) 7 Hf

J ;

o

^ i t i : - ^ ^ \

It's seven o'clock. Get u p.

(instruction on a test) ^'(D.l'L'è: H ^ l ^ l R LtC^^\

Translate the fo llo win g sentences into Japanese.

Change the verbs into plain imp eratives, as in the ex amples.

m

1) Reg. I

#

<

1) t l

4 )

i t i ' i

g 2 ) Reg. II -k^i

5 )

fffllt'?.

6 )

7 ) ^ 7 c o l t ^

8) '^'ibh

9 '" ^

fc

# i j 3 ) l r r e g . ^ 6 ~>

9) # o T < ^

-

1 0 ) -

vmi?.i:iiiV;v>|

,rx

sentence

translate



yj| H o n o r i f i c s ( 4) : A u x i l i a r y H o n o r i f ic V e r b s

The hon orific expressions covered in Lesson

10

are reserved mostly for receptionists and members of

the service industry or for when spealcing politely in formal situations. Here you will learn the honorific

form of verbs, employed more normally in the office and other business settings.

The honorific form is constructed in the same way as the passive form (p. 141), i.e., by adding the

auxiliary --it6 (for Regular I verbs) or

~

(for Regular II verbs) to the verb's -nai stem . For

Regular II verbs, then , the hon orific form is identical to the potential form ; which meaning the form is

meant to convey is determined by the con text.

Our department manager will go to the United States tomorrow.

Manager, wha t tinjé will you be leaving the office today?

Read the following dialogue, in which a news reporter is interviewing a traveler at Narita Inter

national Airport, while paying atten tion to th e uses

of H.6

and

hti6.

reporter

traveler

stay (in a country

as

part of

a

trip or for an extended period)

P R A C T I C E

1 Messages

P H R A S E

P O W E R

I. Leaving statem ents as messages:

May I asl< you to leave a message?

Please tell Mr. Mills I'li follow him later.

LKt,

X^\Lfi{H6

Y\r^^X%hXt-f-b\

W ill you tell Suzuki for me tha t I'll be a little late?

Please tell the department manager that I would like for her to call me.

®%^\z6 L:^'^h<n\^xz^ if-:LLtz\^zY ¥h 6Yfi\7;.x\^ fz t -t-h^

•U -At t u I t A

o f t

Could you please tell the professor for me that I have something I would like to consult her about

regarding my thesis?

i:

ii'K.

«i-ü

-oh

Tell Mom I'll get home at six.

Tell Hiro I'm sorry, but it's become impossible for me to go today.

I. Leaving instruc tions as messages:

htz

L T A h

-otz

Piease tell Mr. Mills to call me.

( D | | ^ ^ ^ .

^

^ l c Vif.- h

<

J : 7 i c t o T

<

fa\^o

Mr. Suzuki, please tell Mr. Mills to write that report.

message

paper, thesis

201

I. Relaying messages:

He said he was going to go with out y ou.

®

r >

7

/cX L /cV

N

C ^ ^ ^ ib o L ^ o T V ^ i L

He said he had something he wa nted to consult you about.

®

f H <7) ^ ^ I

±

^ y - t ; n c /c 7 T

t

o

From wh at I hear, tomor row 's plans have been canceled.

He said he was going t o be a little late.

IV.

Telling someone what one has been told to do:

® « - t - S J ;

7

i c - t ^ ^ T v N i t o

I've been told to contact

hirn.

® ^ t i S l c r ^ , ^ ^ ^ • v ^ - t ' S

J ;

7 i C - t ^ b j f l T V N i - t o

I've been told to take you to the m eeting room .

S P E A K I N G

P R A C T I C E

Mr. K ato phones Mr. Takahashi.

t m :

Hn

t m '•

K i

t .^fl | lc^^>oTt^U i t o ^ 7 L ^ l t ^ , ' J i- t i r^ o

Mmi. fzfz^^È.

i i ^ ^ ( 7 ? € l $ i c t t i T t . ^ U i t o

^'^o T i ± .

^kTtfzzt,i^^'iyi^mtèi-6Yü

* K TA <

fë^ < f a y \

o f t

Kato:

I'm Kato from ABC Foods. May I inquire if Mr. Takahashi is

present?

Nozomi Department Store employee: I'm sorry, but Takahashi is answering another call right now.

Shall we have him call you back at a later time?

Kato:

No . In that case, please tell him I'll call again later.

•>^<r>Zt T'-f (someone) said

that

(formal way of saying

~ t \ ^ o

T

v ^ É

L /c;

often used in business situations)

202

II.

Ms. Martin gives Mr. SuzulKT/c

^if-l.

Martin: Mr. Suzuki, Mr. Mills was looking for you just now. He said he'll be going without

you.

Suzuki:

Oh nol I'd forgotten I'd promised to go to a jazz bar with him and the others Say,

won't you go too, Marie? The piano and bass players are supposed to be excellent.

Martin:

Really? I'll get ready right away, then.

III.

Ms. Marti|^ announces to an employee at the Nakano Farm that she has come to see Mr.

Nakano.

t ^ i . c ^ A : • 7 ; ^ ^ y

^ ^ T

• t ^ o

^ S f r J ^ b M v

N T J ^ ' j i t o \ttzHm\z

r • * ^ ^ J l " v ^ t ' S J ; 1 izthKXa 'j

i t < 7 ) T \ ^"'9

T o C b T t o

Martin:

My name is Mart in. I've arranged to meet Mr. Nakano at two.

farm employee: Oh, Ms. Martin. I've heard [that you were coming] from Nakano. I've been told to

show you to the fields, so please, come this way.

Martin: Thank you.

oh no, oops how stupid of mel

jazz bar

bass

203

P R A C T I C E 2 Using Plain Imperativ

P H R A S E

P O W E R

Having been told to do something:

I was told by the dep artment manager to go apologize right away.

ioK

fj:i<TL h 1-

I was told by my husband not to talk on the phone so long.

I was told by my wife not to drink too much.

I was told by my father to study more diligently.

® M I C

i-oY ^\i.^YthKtz.

I was told by nriy mother to help out more with the housework.

Giving the gist of signs:

® ' ^ H ^ T # o T ^ - ? . ^ T - r ^ ^

W hat does this sign say?

It says not to park your car here.

<iS- lll>

ti

lt

says not to go in here because it's dan gerous.

)^fk

I

J Ï X ^ a h

S

ItA

fc<,ui;*A L

Offering encouragement or advice (casual, used mostly by men):

®

L l t ^ .

^ X i m J l o

Be sure to do your best on your exam .

) ^ J l c | , ^ ' p | t ^ J ; „

Watch out for cars.

® ^ ^ ^ . # o T V N | t J : „

Take your umbrella.

204

long phone call

drink too much

do too much

diligently

(colloquial form

o f ^

^ [ ' j.X + particle l^])

IV. Exchanging ang ry w ords (casual, used mostly by m en):

Say you're sorry.

® ( ± > l e t ' s J.'o

Don't make a fool of me.

S P E A K I N G

P R A C T I C E

I. It is time for a me eting, but Mr. Kato has not shown up .

it^y^: ^ l ± i t;T-r^\

s i J i-

Hi

i i i ii

li t I' I t A

Hn \i*il

ijHi i i- Hi

Sasaki: Isn't Mr. Kato here yet?

Martin: There was a call from him just now, and he said tha t he wan ted us to start w ith ou t

him since there was a traffic jam an d he was going to be late.

Sasaki: We may have been told to start wi tho ut

him,

bu t we can 't very we ll discuss this m at

ter unless he's here, can we? Let's have this meeting after Mr. Kato gets back, then.

II.

Mr. Mills notices a sign posted in front of a building under construction.

^

y l/X " : g T # v ^ T * , ' S ^ T t ^ \

•t-r

i

t,i

VH ii in

llVX

: i :

l ± ^

< ^ i L J: 9 o

{breaks

into a half run)

SS ± > i ^

l i ziLf -f Ixmti

V '

Mills:

Mr. Suzuki, w ha t does this say?

Suzuki:

"H Z j L t L

J;

7 ^ i^yp 1 ^\" It says for people walkin g to watch out that

they don 't hit their head or that things do n't come falling from above.

Mills: In tha t case, let's hurry,

{breaks

into a half

run)

m^iz-ti,

l i e

7

- f i : Jt 9

look down on, make

a

fool of

pedestrian

overhead

205

L E S S O N


dl

l ink

Jhv

interl ink

<lAt

<

4

1

1

Jhv

interl ink

<lAt

<

r

t

1 ' r '

fe

transmit

fe

transmit

v> li'<

medical

doctor



far

ti;

far

ti;

t

• a

\iLi«.ïlf

f

—s-

• a

\iLi«.ïlf

grind

sharpen

carry to

extremil

l-t A * * i

7

.)-•»

9

carry to

extremil

l-t A * * i

7

room

n -f

ia*ti

i :

ItrS'L

1

n

n n

-f

ia*ti

i :

ItrS'L

1

n

n n

-f

ia*ti

i :

ItrS'L

diagram

drawing

THE STORY

OF

VALENTINE'S

DAY

•9 If -^tLtLXiL

i:

J : - t t i >

i : l ï ^

- p . 212

L1» -j

)}^^

L l}> 9

"S'-C l i e v> ni, Ï : 9 * J : 9

o / c o L ^ ^ L . 3 ( 7 ) ^

$ | ± 3 0 F ^ T 3 o

L T J ^ - ^ . ^ ^ X ^ ^ O T ^ C ^ ^

A ^ 7 > ~ 7 ) - ^

A T 9

L

« > 7

i ' / / tA5

l i t : fcx-a

-o

^ T l i . ^

3

1 7

U -

h

( 7 ) ^ F ^

L J: 9 { / 'j J: 9 (7)1^ 1 , 2 PW^ <Uy 9 A y

9 9

h

IC^j ."bo^<75T\

o ^ T ' ^ X I i ^ l C X ' j IC <

V N

^ 3 17 [ y - h t K 9 3 ^ 7 < T

* 7 c t L i ^ i ' S ^ / C 9 fc'

209

In

Japan,

every year in February long lines emerge in front of con fectione ry sections of d epartm ent stores

and in front of specialty chocolate shops. Most of the people standing in these lines are women. This is

because in Japan there is a practice of women giving men chocolates on Valentine's Day.

In 1936, a maker of Western sweets in Kobe put out an advertisement for Valentine's Day chocolates.

This is said to be the beginnings of the practice of giving chocolates on Valentine's Day. In

1958,

a cer

tain depa rtment store in Tokyo carried ou t a campaign encouraging w om en to give men chocolates on

Valentine's Day. It is said, however, that on this occasion only three were sold in three days.

Later on, many chocolate companies and department stores poured effort into advertising the

practice, so that it began to grow widespread from about the 1970s onwards. Not only did women

give chocolates to men they liked, but new practices also came into being, for example ^'^) a ZJ,

"obligatory chocolates," in which female workers pass out chocolates to male bosses or colleagues, and

^ t 3 3 , "friend chocolates," given to female friends.

Today it is said that almost a fifth of the chocolate consumed annually is sold around the time of

Valentine's Day. Because chocolates from all over the world line department shelves at this time, people

can even buy chocolates that are ordinarily hard to obtain. Recently, an increasing number of women are

taking advantage of such opportunities to buy beautifully packaged premium chocolates as "gifts" to

themselves. It may be that;^alentine's Day in Japan wiil continue giving rise to ever more new practices.

J: Ï

^ < <D

J^t6

< 1X6

sweets

man

custom, practice

be because there is . . .

be because

Western sweets

advertisement

beginnings, roots

y

campaign

after tha t, later

many (before a noun)

advertising

spread

pass out, hand out

giri (obligatory) chocolate;

a

Valentine's

Day chocolate given to a male boss or

colleague out of

a

sense of o bligation

and not from any romantic feelings

(Although 'J

Is

Japanese in origin,

here it

is

writte n in katakana since it

has been combined with the katakana

word "f"

3 3

to form a new word.)

$-|J

a Li-it t

tt

tt

. FBJ

Zn ^ yp 1

(sense of) obligation

chocolate (short for

f - a 3

L—

F

)

female friend

friend chocolate (a Valentine's Daychocolate given to

a

female friend)

friend

annual

7

amount of consumption

time, period

usually, o rdinarily

high-class, premium

now on , into the future

give rise to, engender

1 .

^<\yyy 4 y-f—

February

14 ,

Valentine's Day, is called in Japanese ^<Uy 7 y -r— or simply ^<Uy9-i > .

~ ^ • f ^ ^ T V N means "it is said that. . ." or "they say that . . ." It is also used when citing

folk knowledge or superstition.

Hot springs are said to be good for your health.

3. ^6 -f^ <— h

Using ^ 6 , "a certain . . . , " before a noun, provides one means of referring to a specific instance of

that noun without identifying it outright. Here it is used to avoid revealing the name of the depart

ment store in question, although the author actually knows what it is.

4. t ^ ^ ^ t t l % f 3 ^ ^ - h ^ * ^ < ^ / : f l t T ^ < .

r

: ^ ^ 3 3 j

# L

/ c I t T l i t L ' V

N

means "not only . . ." In the pattern A / c ' I f T ((±)

t t '

< . B it means

"not only A, but also B."

A *

M i 9 i;

This restaurant has not only good food but also excellent service.

5.

È^^^<Dy°y^'y h

The particle I - cannot occur with

(D.Jhns

when a phrase that may take either IC or (as in

-f

^ti:^'\p.\Z/above) is added with (D to modify a noun,

o n l y - ^ c D ,

not I-<7),

may

be used.

The particles l± , -0^, and t also never come before <D.

Examples of phrases with particles that can occur wi th include the following.

M-^^h<D/—)\y e-mail from my older sister

•hU t t(D $ O

o°

ticket to Osaka

^ ^

7

'f T<7) I t

o

^

/Ü

L wedding ceremony in Hawaii

^

IJ

r/

$ | c

^

< 7 ) ^ t |

meeting with a client

211

vt

, i .

CD sales are gradually d eclining. T his is because more and more people are downloa ding music

from

the

Internet.

±Mi>lXtZ^(D^\^^m^htz.

t iA,

ft

The hope of making iVIt. Fuji a World Heritage Site has not yet been realized. As to why, this is

because Mt. Fuji is littered w ith trash.

Choose

the

appropriate expression from

the

options given

in

parentheses.

i'ht; hi hi

B

:

T t . Y ' ^ ^ b ^ ^ / v X T - f o

3 ) ^ ; ^ x " ^ ^ - ^ x l t ^ l e r • 7 ^ x

ifz<DU. ( ^ " ~ ' JJ ; < itifzt}^h/^'^)j:

< Ltzt)^i,Ti-)o

4 ) A : ^ X ^ - J ; 1 T-tt)\ ^ f ë v ^ t l i i t / \

B : fz^X X 1 S^r-To i^i-fC (f^h^) Èir^^h/j^h^^^hTi-).

U n d e r s t a n d i n g

Wntten S t y l e s

This section will outline

the

different styles used

in

Japanese w ritin g.

As

mentioned

in

Book II (p.

193),

most Japanese writing

is

done

in the

plain style, except

in

some genres

(e.g.,

letters) that employ

the

desu/masu

style

to

familiarly address

the

reader.

The table below lists some com mon sentence endings

for

wr i t ten desu/masu and plain style.

desu/masu

style (written)

plain style (written)

present

aff.

n<

Verbs

present

neg.

Verbs

past aff.

^ f ^ i

lfz n-ofz

past neg.

m t ^ L T l f z

'\X-f/^'^£-h^'o fz

213

-/ adjectives

present aff.

tzi--

-/ adjectives

present neg.

/ %

< t i n

N T t

tzi-

tzi-

-/ adjectives

past aff.

tzi-

tl-f^-^-ofz

tzi-

-/ adjectives

past neg.

tzi-

/M

<

-f^-ö^-otzT-f

fzi-

< tCTf)^-^ fz

tzi-

-N a adjectives/

Nouns +

T ' t

present aff.

KL 1)

KL

IJ KL IJ

-N a adjectives/

Nouns +

T ' t

present neg.

KL IJ

KL

IJ

Na adjectives/

Nouns +

T ' t

past aff.

miTLtz

KL

IJ

mm-otz/mir^'otz''

KL IJ KL IJ

-N a adjectives/

Nouns +

T ' t

past neg.

j f ^ i j T I ± * , ' J

i - t i - ^ T L / • c

KL >j

m^irii-i-x-ö^-otz

KL

IJ

N O T E

: In writing employing tlie plain style,

-na

adjectives and nouns + T

t

may appear either as

fz (e.g., fz ) or (e. g., M^'J T

^ )

•?>) in the present-affirmative tense (see *

KL IJ KL IJ

above).

T35

6

sounds more explanatory than

/c '

and often occurs in academic writing. The

past form of

X"h 6

is

T ^ -o

/c (also marked with *) .

Beiow are a few other examples of desu/masu style versus plain style. Note the differences between

the underlined parts.

desu/masu

style

^k^{i^'b-ofz(Dri-o

i<\-z<\:L .;.

plain style

^k^lU'b'ofz<Dfz. /f)'h'yfz<DT^6o

Lfi-\-

9mA^H^x6fz6±o

i<\-z<[:L .;.

Read the sentences whiie paying attention to their meanings. Then change the underlined parts to

written

desu/masu style.

1) :kfzt>{iiK^:/]f;.

tt fcu-tto

2 )

UL^\^t.l.^\f6f£6if/\

3 )

f/^mnhx

9 - t i - ^ L / • c ^ o

4 ) m±hi^^'Z6. -ü^LZ'Lfz^fz.

lilt

6. ^^LZ'L

^f-:ih\i.±^7]

tt

fcv>-tio

l ± ^ ^ 5 ^ ^ ^ > ^ - t i r l f ' S . . . .

I l l l

Vi iMil|l,U^

T i ) -ï>

be (plain-style equivalent of T't)

h'^'-^^ young

214

i l l l U n d e r s t a n d i n g S p o k e n S t y l e s

The dialogues in the Speaking Practice presented later in this lesson primarily make use of the plain

style. As discussed in Book II (pp. 2 06 -0 7) , the

desu/masu

and plain styles occur not only in prose but

also in speech. The table below gives several common sentence endings used in spoken

desu/masu

and plain style. Compare the endings to each other as w ell as to the correspond ing w ritte n expressions

on pp. 213-14.

desu/masu

style (spoken)

plain style (spoken)

present aff.

n a - t

n<

Verbs

present neg.

t^L/m^tc^^T-t*

Verbs

past aff.

n-^fz

past neg.

m t ^ L T L tz/\i-b^+£-f]^ -0

fz

T-t

*

'nf ''fi:i''ofz

present aff.

M^'

tzi-

-/ adjectives

present neg.

fi<^£\^T-t/%<h^]

i - t fA

tzi-

-/ adjectives

past aff.

Mif/^'-ofzT-t

tzi-

Mf/'-ofz

tzi-

past neg.

<

fc^^-o fzT-t/M

<

I J

i - t f

^ T L fz

tzi- tzi-

m < fL'fj-^-ofz

tzi-

present aff.

miT-t

KL

IJ

mm (fi)

KL IJ

-Na adjectives/

present neg.

%n

T ( ±

*

IJ i -t f

L/m\

i : ^ IJ i -ti:

K L

IJ

KL IJ

KL IJ

mm i :

^ ^ / v N

KL IJ

Nouns + T't

past aff.

miTLfz

KL

IJ

mmfz-ofz

KL

IJ

past neg.

fMT\th

' J

t^LTL fz/\m LK-^

I J t -tf ^ T L fz/mm L K' fc'fi^-o fzT-t*

KL

IJ

mm

L

K-

KL IJ

N O T E

: The patterns marked with * (e.g., ^ T ^ ' t i . ^ ^ ^

T't ,

{fM

L

^ ^ T't)

are also used in

the spoken language.

Note what becomes of the present-affirmative T't after -na adjectives and nouns in plain-style

speech.

desu/masu

style

if^^Tirf)\

^'tLfz/LT-tn.

mT-tXo

plain style

l f X $ ?

1 ( f X $ o

fi^Lifz Lifzjdo

(used by both men and wom en)

•^^LfzLflo (used by wome n)

^fzXo


fl^ =t o (used by wom en)

215

Also take note of the following plain-style equivalents for ~ L T i " and ~ T L J;

7

desu/masu style

v^TL J; 9 ?

plain style

V^-oXi^iUi {X)o

(used by both men and women)

X}-yXi^£(n.

(used primarily by women)


i ^ V N T L J; 9 ?

tzi-

(used by both m en and women)

tzi-

(used

by

men)

Spoken plain style frequen tly makes use of contractions, shown below to the right of the slash. These

contractions may sometimes occur in the desu/masu style as well.

desu/masu style

| : ^ T L i v ^ i Ifzo

I g L T f e ^ i - f o

I ^LT i±v^ l t i - t i : ^o

l i t

plain style

mh-oTlX-ofzo /^b-oii'<'-ofzo

n a

# : ^ T L i o / c c /^Lt^-otzo

f l t ; L T f c < o / - f ^ L ^ < o

l i t l i t

* < Tl ±v ^ l t i - t i : ^ , like ~ ^ X l t ^ l ± ' ^ X 'J i - t ^ : ^ covered earlier (Book II, p. 238),

indicates duty, obligation, or necessity. ~ t / . M t H l i ' ' ^ " 'j i -If/C is typically used in relation to

broad rules or responsibilities th at apply to many, whereas

~ t i . " <

T

l±v Mt

i - I f t e n d s to talk

about more personal obligations. Both follow the -na; stems of verbs.

The follow ing sound changes commonly occur in spoken Japanese:

# V N T v ^ i - f o

/ • v ^ T v ^ / S ,

i-

i-

- t ^ i - ^ f ^ o

•lïL—

f ^ ^ T i - f o

- t v ^ i - t f ^ o

Finally, certain particles are often omitted in plain-style speech. Such omissions, however, usually

do not affect the meaning of the sentence, which can be understood from the context, and are

unlikely to cause misunderstanding. IZ (as used after a person), T", and

^

generally canno t be

omitted witho ut compromising meaning.

desu/masu style

plain style

If A

S

tii-ffc

*<

A

Read the sentences wh ile paying atte ntion to their meanings. Then change the underlined parts

to spoken

desu/masu style.

(Put contractions into their standard forms.)

1) lyrn-h (t)

• ^ - t i . - ^

K'-fX^ti:^^

- h t

%

iin

z<nUM\z

3 )

^VNo^ ( ^ ) ; b i - t l ^ ^ o / - c o ^ iwl^t

4 ) v^-r

( )

^ X b K ^ V N T o

->VN -r^

/ S T Y L E N O T E \

This lesson has so far discussed written and spoken Japanese in terms of two styles, the

desu/

masu style and the plain style. Although the two are treated separately here for the sake of

expo sition, in reality peo ple m ix and m atch styles and levels of vocabulary according to occasion

and purpose, so that no clear boundaries actually exist betwee n th em .

While papers, theses, and other form al w riting will generally be d one in plain style throu gh

out, in more casual writing, such as essays, one style will sometimes be mixed into the other.

Some essays, in fact, are written in an entirely conversational tone.

In speech, speakers choose between the desu/masu and plain style depending on audience

and occasion. Even within the same conversation, however, people will sometimes switch from

one style to another in order to fulfill some special intent or purpose. They may, for example,

switch to the plain style during a

desu/masu-style

conversation to make

an aside,

o r

use

th e

desu/

masu

style to make a polite request in the midst of one otherwise conducted in the plain style.

Manners of speaking will also vary depending on a person's gender, age, and personality.

Generally, women tend to speak m ore politely than men, and gender differences tend to be less

evident among younger compared to older segments of the population.

To get used to written and spoken Japanese in different styles, try first to read or to listen,

and to understand. The more examples you are exposed to, the be tter you w ill be able to choose

between styles to accommodate the audience and occasion at hand.

217

P R A C T I C E 1 Reading about

C u s t o m s

an d Sp ec ia l

O c c a s i o n s

W O R D P O W E R -

celebrate the New Year

wish for happiness

wish for health •

wish for long life

pray for a good harvest

R E A D I N G P R A C T I C E

• • '

.•

-

' U i I)

^ ^ i T ^ ^ X T v N T t i ^ L J :

U

(75 J : 9^x60 T\ ^ i 9 L

tj>

T f t ^ H i - f o z ^ o ^

li

.f^^'

[X6ZZ,-:}

^vN9 z

^ i f

^lcTv^^(7?T^ L*,^-tf ^/faT^^W^rJ^-^' j i t o

I J i

9 IJ

i t o

^ y | ^ * . * ) O i o T .

L J: icfc^-tt

^ « a ^ - ^ - ^ T t l ) - ,

< ' J t z - L i t o

IJ

i

7 IJ

f:

Osechi Cuisine

In Japan, there is a custom of eating a special cuisine called osechi during the New Year. Osechi is pre

pared at th e end of the year and Icept arranged inside staclced boxes. Nowadays, m ore an d m ore people

buy

osecW

from department stores or supermarkets instead of making it at home.

Each and every dish in osechi cuisine carries a special significance. For example, shrimp is used to wish

for a long life, since its back is bent so that it looks like an old person. Kombu kelp carries the meaning

of wishing for happiness because its name sounds like the word

X 6Z.I'

("to have

joy").

Other dishes

include those made with beans and chestnuts.

(a) ^ L

J;

U elderly person, senior citizen

3

kombu kelp

l i b e s i d e s ,

other (than that)

i * > bean

 Mil 1 )i

218

New Year

celebrate

wish for

long life, longevity

good harvest

pray

fe-tf*. 'j J: 9 U

osecW

cuisine

ilLt'O end

of

the year

C

*

9 l l 'C stacked boxes

ly'ïi-oJ/^-oW each and every

fz'H^

I I ' for example

i7)<oTv^.?>

be bent

During

tlie

New Year's holidays, family members, including those who usually live apart, all gather to

eat osecW together and relax.

ist;

U/L^'Lxili.

f ^ ^ i T l c t h L .

^ X / c ^ l C 9

(t^-So

1

l ^ l c ^ X ' S ^ .

^iW

y'z^yri^^^ fzU/L^'i: X i ^'L^P U

7

T^^

O" *

vt

fifc-

L *

9

N ew Year's Cards

In Japan, there is a custom o f sen ding Ne w Year's cards as greetings for the N ew Year.

People send out N ew Year's cards before the end of the year and receive [those addressed to the m] on

N ew Year's Day. In N ovember, cards for sending ou t N ew Year's greetings go on sale at post offices. Cards

picturing the animal for the coming year on the twelve-year Oriental zodiac also line store shelves.

On N ew Year's cards, people first w rite

t

L T fc ' *t> T ^ 7

Z''^\^t't

("Happy New Year"

) or other greetings used to celebrate the New Year. Next they write messages about their lives recently

and other topics, typically wrapping up at the end with 4^-^

ii X

6

L <. i^tl-/)^'^

X i i " ("Please

extend me your kind consideration throughout this year as before"). Although in the past handwritten

cards were also com mon , nowadays those printed using computers are the mainstream.

Recently, an increasing number of peopie send New Year's greetings by e-mail instead of sending out

cards. But given that there are many people who feel a special sense of happiness about receiving New

Year's cards, the custom of sending them will most likely not easily go away.

mmMM?\ i^tL4<i:ii

( i - o l l ' o t - l -

New Year's card

New Year's Day

put on sale

Oriental zodiac (twelve-year cycle in wtiich

each year is named a fter a different animal)

happy New Year

i i ?

C <

L

U

-7

recent situation

report

wrap up, end

handwritten

mainstream

219

P R A C T I C E 2 Talking about

Customs

an d

Special

Occas io n s

W O R D POWER

I. Annual events:

m I

X 1 f)"o

r / t t - i o i j ( 3 ^ 3 0 ) ^Y:i(nB

( 5 ^ 5 H )

tz-*-£\ftzAiniB)

i'^tcn

i i -

ll. Ceremonial occasions:

( f c )

^

9 L $

X < ^ ^ 7 j ^ ( 1 2 ^ 3 1 0 )

SPEAKING PRACTICE

I. Ms.

Cliandra

is talking to a male friend shortly before the end of the year.

( ^ ) : 28Ho ^ * ( ± ^ ^ o i o - t ^ < L < X^'K^tcLfzXUo U/L^^'Lx i

220

-ti:^

^

M. L<r> U Coming-o f-age Day (second Monday of January)

• ^ i : ' ^ o - ^ setsubun

(a day in

early February for performing

various rituals such

as

throwing D eans to drive

away

b a d

luck and bring in good)

UtCÈr) i; Girl's

Day,

Do ll Festival

Z}l't<nV' Children's Day

fz-iXlifz

m T

L

*

star Festival

New Year's Eve

funeral

' ' i '

< ^ V M-f-^'O have to (colloquial

for~^j.-<

T l i v ^ l t ^

-tfA; see

p.

216)

f-

+ >

: fc L J: 9 T J ^ ' O Ü ^ X

5 ^ i f

< (n ?

f -

+ >- F 7

: (before part/ng)

L

^ . J :

> ^ fc'^ ^ o

^ A ( ^ ) : J : v N f c ^ ^ „

Chandra: It's almost New

Year's,

isn't it. Till when do you have work?

fr iend:

The 28th. I always dislike the end of the year because it's so busy. On top of every

thing else, I have to write my New Year's cards, too.

Chandra: Are you going anyplace for New Year's?

fr iend:

I'm planning on going back to see family. I haven't reserved a flight yet, though.

Chandra: {before parting) Well, have a nice New

Year,

fr iend:

Have a nice New Year.

An exchange student is walking around inside a shopping mall with Emi Morita during the first

part of February.

: * . * o B^riiy<yyy A yr-iz^'m'B'\kKi-3 0U-hthif

y r ) . 9 7 )<<*u l: U A L j t * u ï ï A- t tv -

lffz')i-6A.Ti-Xo

^ff lx^

: ^^Lli'oX6êf^--<D7°y-\fy hlzMif:'\jE.i^'6A^fz^'Ti-Xo

@

f ^ : .^

1 Lo i%fz

^

ê^^icl fc \^-iT

i ) i ) . 9 i i < < « u

htzL L

.r-A

>i'

Student: That chocolate shop over there has an awful lot of people lined up in front, doesn't

it? There's usually not that many people in line.

Emi Morita: It's because it's almost Valentine's Day.

student: Oh yes. In Japan women give men chocolates on Valentine's Day, isn't that right?

Emi Morita: Yes. I'm sure you're aware of "obligatory chocolates," but nowadays people do things

like give chocolates to female friends, too.

student: Is that right?

Emi Morita: It seems there are also some women who buy chocolates as rewards for themselves

for always working so hard,

student: Hmm. Maybe I'll buy some for myself and my friends, too.

^'

somewhere, anywhere (contraction

of ^'

C

C 'J^ parents'

house

J : V

^

Li have a

nice New

Year (customary greeting exchanged to ward

the

end

of

the

year to give people

good wishes

for

trie coming year)

hLtcK

that

many,

so much

221

III. It is Valentine's Day, and M r. M ills's desk is piled high w ith chocolates.

l ^ i t , ( ^ ) : X 3 y . ^3-ntz{^ Lii^-otzU-lUo

h x

- < 7

) f c 7 J X

K

-) u

i

•)

atz

W]m

( ^ )

: '<\yyf 4 yK^BZJtih-ofzA^^ii^^xlti-^BtzXo-th X

1 ^'n'ik(0 3n

1

4

H o

K-jiJi?

fit:

atz ux

male colleague: You go t a lot

of

chocolates, didn 't you, John? You're going

to

have to make an

awful lot of returns on W hite Day.

Mills: W hite Day? W hat's that?

male colleague: It's a day wh en people w ho received chocolates on Valentine's Day give gifts in

return.

It's on March 14, exactly one mon th from now.

Mills:

What? I didn't know anything about that,

male colleague:

It's^the

man's turn next. Ha ha ha.

IV. Ms. Martin asks a male friend about w hat she should give for a wedding present.

( ^ )

:

/^9x^lc;^f <ii#i±, (fX$

A

/-cJ

:o

91: tiMtHif.

ii>TtL atz

u

I f

•7)V9y:

lfX$A fc

<-ScT??

( ^ )

:

9 A o

#:9lJ'i^^

<

6

i c X ^ T f c

<

^ ^ / • c

J

;ot t i t A

atz ^(.K-^ i>

v/b^y:

^X^x

>^<6?

\:-y\±. ^jk-M.fzf,<DU6i xL\'m< Lf-:[i>fo

: ^ A ( ^ ) : 9 - ^ o mmi'^<n-ö^t]-f-é-L\^-ö^h^ %i->-£h. ^^-olxiznz

1* 9

C / C

atz * - p » u a-

u

-7)1^9

y

: 9 ^ , * U / * ^ X 9 o

Martin:

Wh at do people give as wed ding gifts in Japan?

fr iend:

Usually cash, if you're attending the reception. If you're not attending the recep

t ion, then clocks or tableware or other such items.

Martin:

You give cash?

fr iend:

T hat's right. You give

it

to t hem enclosed in a special envelope.

Martin:

What sort of envelope? I'm going to a friend's reception soon, actually.

fr iend:

Let me see .

. .

it's a little hard to explain , so shall

1

go with you, if you're going to

buy one?

Martin:

I'd like that, thanks.

White Day (March

14)

Uhl-k-L

reception

a-h^x L

return (for a gif t or favor)

L

J: o $ tableware

l iX

turn ,ï- <

7^ bag,

envelope

(fe)

celebration

on

\A(..,1

I C E 3

Talking

t o C lose

Friends

o r Col leagues


Upon m eeting someone you haven't seen in a while:

It's been a while. Are you well?

( D M ,

j ± * l ± ^ - ' 7

?

i i'SX, L r ï

How's work recently?

II.

Talking about how something went:

Did the project go well?

•V

® t i , t ^ l t ( \ ^ - o / , X . / t ^ i ^ l t i ^ ^ ^ / z h X . (used by wom en)

It wen t more or iess okay.

( D L t t ^ . /

H X

T ^ C ?

How was the exam?

I wasn't able to do very

well,

so I think I failed.

I did better than I expected, so maybe I'll pass.

. Show ing concern:

Do you have a headache?

® ^ ^ f c V ^ 6 , l v N ( t r:\ ti\ X J: 9 ?

You look pale. Are you all right?

Why don 't you take a little rest?

You look down. Is something the matter?

®

^ t § - t 9 /-c I t ^\ / H ^ L

:

J: 9 ?

You look like you're not feeling

well.

Are you all right?

1

i <\'< go well

i

t i )

so-so, more or less

i> i U not much (colloquial for i>i <))

K'-fLtih

? why don't you take

a

rest? (colloquial

for • ^ ' - t /C /c ' t , X-f-/i^)

223

IV. Giving consolation:

T iiere's nothing you can do about it.

®X<^6ZKt;Xo

/X

i^^ZY-Xo

(used by wom en)

It happens all the time.

®^LX IJ # xi-^'-^£\Hli-f}^\^\^Xo

You shouldn't fret about

it

too much.

V.

Asl<ing

about a rumor:

® {directly to that person)

T ^ L J ; < - f ' S ^ / • c o T ?

Is

it

true you're going

to

switch job s, M r. Inuyama?

® (to someone else)

#

^ ^ , ^

<i6 -2>

^

/"£ o

T ?

Is it true that Ms. Nakamura is going to quit?

S P E A K I N G

P R A C T I C E

I. Mr. Mills meets a male friend he hasn't seen

in a

long time.

( ) :

9 o 3

> t

l fX$ ^ 7 tzHo

i JlX : ^±mi^^i ?

:kA ( ^ )

:

^^^^^hio-f^'^^'L^'Xo iy^yii?

tt>it/L anz

Mills: It's been a wh ile. Are you well?

friend:

Yes. You look well, too , John.

Mills: How's wo rk recently?

friend: Busy, same as always. An d you?

Mills: Right now I'm swamp ed, too, wi th preparing for a company party.

II. Ms. Nakamura sees a male colleague ho lding a hand to his head.

^ ^ f c V

^ ^ , l a

^ l t ^ ^ / • £ ' v X j

; X r ^ ? * / c i v X c V N ( D ?

f-r

tii-ffc

hi.

tT'jlï ntZ

:

( ^ ) :

^?f£"^o *.ij^^-^9

atz

224

L

X

1

'S ' fi

^

there Is nothing one can do about

it

i,075^^fe-f same

as always

/c o

L

7c

C ::

-4"

^ * nothing serious

Nakam ura: You look pale. Are you all right? Do you have a headache?

colleague: Yes. But it's not hing serious, so no pro blem .

Nakamura: You shouldn 't push yourself. Why don 't you take a little rest?

colleague: That might be goo d. Thanks.

It is seven in th e evening , and Mr. S uzuki is sighing at his desk.

nm ( ^ ) :

tn'jiï istz

male colleagTie: You look do w n. Is some thing the matter?

Suzuki: I messed up. But anyho w, the matte r has been solved.

male colleague: Well then, don 't let it bother you too much. Shall we go out to drink for a change

of pace?

Suzuki: Sounds goo d.

male colleague: I 'm p retty much done with work , but what time can you go?

Suzuki: I 'll be done in abou t thirty more minutes, so could you wait for me a bit?

male colleague: Sure.

IV. Ms. Chandra approaches Ms. Martin after learning that Ms. Nakamura is getting married.

i-^yv^ ••i±f^K^^^'oXf^\^tz\iY:\

Chandra: Is it true tha t Ms. Nakam ura is going to get married?

Martin:

Yes, to Mr. Sm ith.

Chandra: I heard she was going to quit her job.

Martin: Mr. Sm ith is ge ttin g transferred to the United States, so she says she's goin g to go

with him.

Chandra: Oh. We're going to miss her. [lit., "It's going to be lonely (witho ut her)."]

S X-f 4

mess up, make

a

mistake X'Ki>

75n ^lt'7 -f-?> be solved

5

I f fe L diversion, change of pace -^lfL\^

fz^^fz'-^ largely, pretty much

be able to go (colloquial way of saying T fe

^ 4 ;

the

h of the potential forms of Regular

llverbs

and 

are sometimes omitted in conversational speech)

lonely

225




i

i

sex

quality

é

be a

ccustomed

t(

4

}

r

1

é

be a

ccustomed

t(

4

}

w

t f

ï 1

•

ocean

occidental

>.

>*

y

y

^ ^

ocean

occidental

% » .

^^^^

1

divide

cut

h

i4

^^^^

1

divide

cut

h

i r

increase

-f

increase

t ^

t ^

1 .



younger sister

n

< '''• • Mill

'\

fl

..lu-r^

||.|) ; ;•;:)

iH '

Fill in the blanks wi th the appropriate partiele.

1) ^

;l/X~

( )

t-7

L i - f O

2 )

ttzZiih^^hii'm^-t^

( ) fcM5;i</-£^v

T A -o7r

3 ) ^ 0 ( ) J: 9ti.-fcHfF^^vN/c/c$. 9

C

'^^î L;'co

4 )

( )

hLtzS^K^^xiK\ xx { f z i w

5 ) ^k-ö'^^ktK'^tz(D[t. •^'it<r)^^Xtïk» tz-h^'^fz ( )

T t .

fcf'iL ))H>L<. i : . i X iH -L t -

111;

Choose the most appropriate word from among the alternatives (1-4) given.

1 ) ( ) V N b ^ L ^ o T < /•£• ^ /-c (7)

l c ,

^

V N IC < i]Xi%-t)^>)\ ^ L T fc 'J i

L T , t 7 U t ^ L .

I . L o ^ ^ U 2.-ti:',^^< 3 . ^ 6 ^ 6 4 . ^ 0 ^

2 )

X')~y-b^

( ) fc@lC7^^^Mj/-cVN?^toTfcU i L/co

i.-tf'r/ 2.7' c^^^^ 3. / c ö ' X 4 . c ^ o ^

3 ) ( ) fc«L7'c*o »Tl-'^^ i^ M^^ I±v ^ bo L ^ v N i t ^ \

L f c ^ i c . 2 . ^ J : 9 ^ "

3.mt

4.3t(iK""

4 ) # :

^.•t^Tv^^xv^T^

( ) L

I* </-cv^^

L^ / ^

Itu

1.-tf-{/ 2./-i"v^/cO 3 . ^ ^ / . A.fzU'fzX/

5) A :

W l±^ ' ~7

?

B : ( )

V N - t T J ^ ' L v N j ; ,

l . i ^ T 2 .T$^ / -£ ' l t 3 . * , \ ^ ^ ^ ^ b - f 4.(5^îc

Change the form of the word given in parentheses to complete the sentence in a way that makes

sense.

Use honorific or imperative form s.

1)

i i l i l . f / f i ^ i i ( ) ^\ i^'t-t)

2 )

« l i t C ^ " "

)

W T \ 9- ^ f c # ^ < / - c ^ V N „ ( * i t )

i-

tl

Ixilii

i i

3 ) î^^^hZ'tm (

) o

( L i - f )

4 ) ^ P J : . , ^ - < 7 ) X ^ V ; L - ; H ± ^ ; 9 ( ) ( ^ p ^ T v ^ i t )

5 )

è i ' i c L / c i T i c

L J ; - S v N ^

( ) îthHilfzo ( ' i lÛi t )

228

I Choose the most appropriate word or phrase from among the alternatives (1-4) given.

1 . ^ ^ f , C - t

2 . ^ v i - / , c ^ 3 . C ^ b Z ^ 4 . ^ * , b Z ^

3) A : fc< ^ i l i f c l f X ^ T AN bo L ^ o i t T ^ ^

B : (

) . i f X T - f o

L C ^ b Z ^ 2 .^9^^x: ( f

3.^^-^(i^-

4 . f c v « M f ^ i T

4) A : T'C

V

^ - . ^ T i - t r# i t^^~tT ± o T v N ^ 7 T i - .

B

:

-tmi

( )

pK<D^m\--W-^h-^j:\^Xo

2.

< ^ L v N 3 . l c

? 5 n N 4. ^ i : ; v N

5) ^ / - c ^ c T ^ l t - ^ z

^<;5

( ) \zuAy9"yXt%^^tltz.

tt °

1 . fc|.iVN

2 . f c

^ ^ ^ 9 V ^

3

.^ V

^^O 4 . f c 7 j ^ ; i L

Fill in the blanks with the correct reading of each kanji.

( ) ( )

2) i$(±

E # T \

^ H N l t o L T - f o

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

4) A

B C l l ^ t ^ ^ b «^^~S>

O / c i ^ , ^ ; i T

< / H' ^ ^^o

( ) ( )

229



I



••:^v:^i ' f ; i;^^••llv:^.^:/ï\

Following a final check in Lesson 13

of whether you are able to handle

talking about a slightly complicated

problem, this unit wraps up your

study of intermediate Japanese with

scenes from a party. Parties are

excellent chances to get to know

others and to expand your world.

The lessons cover expressive pat

terns commonly found in invitations,

RSVPs, speeches, and other such

party-related aspects. While mak

ing a speech or engaging in party

talk in a foreign language may seem

daunting at first, once you know

these patterns you will find it easy

to gracefully initiate and conclude

exchanges. Try cond ucting conversa

tions that draw on all the Japanese

you have learned so far, and freely

enjoy yourself.

•v)\.fy: ^(Dmt. tzt-:^t,x

9

^

t r r ^ ^ N i t o

h^^^ it-:\^

* * * L A , ; ; A L f T A

ff{ij^hl i^lzm^-^'^-^tzlï-Ö^^) ^£(D\Z ,

t t i t A f , <

^ ^ ' ^ 3 $ T L i v N i it~ja.

The phone rings, and

iVls.

Sasal<i answers. It's a call from Mr. Suzuki at the health offic e.

•tf i -titï * A L A

v ' ^ t / x i : < T .

ABO ^^u<D^K^u/L7^nf/L\^/iri

L Jt <

V A

fzo

i 5

S

ê^y^:

y<y^-vmzX\^tz<DX\

i l l i Lff\\Z

Y. Yl'\t tz

t

-^•f ^ L j t t/K

i

S

5 C J :

:

U i

L /bo

^ T t . j ; 9 | j é H ^ ^ < ^ è i

^ Y Z 6 T - to

T T 5 4 f o W l > I i L

Suzuki:

Manager, there's a problem .

Sasaki: W hat's the matter? W hy are you so flustered?

Suzuki:

There was a phone call just no w from the health office, and they told me that a large

number of people have gotten stomachaches from eating snacks at the Sakura-machi

summer festival. They say that our product may be the cause.

Sasaki: What?

Suzuki: I'll go to the health office right away and get details.

Sasaki:

Please do. M arie, even if we ge t calls for interviews or inquiries, please politely turn t he m

away until we kno w clearly wha t this is all about.

Martin:

I understand.

233



Martin: Yes, ttiis is ABC Foods.

reporter: I'm with Asuka Newspapers, and I'd like to have some comments from the person respon

sible regarding the matter of the Sakura-machi summer festival.

Martin: That matter is currently under investigation. We will hold a press conference as soon as

we know anything, so please w a i t . . .

Sasaki: Did a call come in from a newspaper company already? That was quick. It was only just

now that we ourselves were contacted by the health office.

Martin: What an awful problem has come up, when next week we have that reception com

memorating the five-year anniversary of the opening of our branch offices.

Suzuki: Manager? Please be reassured. It was a mistake. The cause wasn't our product, but one

from ABO Foods.

Sasaki:

What, a mistake? That's a relief. But for what reason was our product ever suspected?

Suzuki:

Apparently the person who made the report to the health office made a mistake because

the packages were similar.

Sasaki:

I see. Please get details at the health office about the cause of the stomachaches.

Suzuki: I wil l . They're just about to begin explaining things now.

Sasaki: Well then, please take care of it for us.

health office

Sakura-machi (fictitious neighbor

hood)

summer festival

get

a

stomachache

stomachache

get (a physical symptom)

many people

interview, news coverage

inquiry

become clear

polite

refuse, turn away

someone with Asuka Newspapers

L^ . i - ^ t »

(way of identifying one's own

affiliation without giving one's

name)

mm

i tiL

A B O ^ p°D

hi-f

1

tz^^l

person responsible (While -if

$ I C A ^

by itself already

means

"person responsible,"

adding

«05

makes it sound

more polite.)

person responsible

as soon as (one) knows

press conference

newspaper company

only

Just

(see Note 7 below)

commemoration

ABO Foods (fictitious food com

pany name)

for what reason

what, what kind of

reason

suspect

t o

person, someone (humble)

234

This sentence is an inversion o f ^

|C

^, ;h T T , Y

1 L

tzLT-f-/}\ Sometimes in con

versation,

spealcers will give what they most want to say first.

Are you going to tomorrow's party?

iti

Today's concert was go od, wasn't it?

2. nAi.

The pattern "Q + counter + t>" conveys tha t a numbe r, while not specified, is nonetheless sign ifi

cant. The t adds emphasis.

I memc^jzed the kanji by writing them over and over.

t.'AtA>

< l c ^ i

Many hundreds of attendees came to the event.

T

The verb \h 6, wh ich possesses a wide variety of mea nings, is used here in the sense of victims

or damage "emerging" from some negative occurrence (in this case, a stomachache). Although

the damage has already taken place, Mr. Suzuki uses T v N ^ instead of the past for m i±S tz

because he regards the effects of the damage as ongoing and influencing matters he is dealing

with at present.

4 . 1 Lmi L^^Ll '<'^£\^t]-^xt 1 LX"tt}<

~ i : A f »

t tH N

^ M s a more colloquial way of saying ~

T l ±

ti.-

V N

whic h is the plain form of ~

T

l±

^

U

i - ^ f ^ 7 5 ^ Here Mr. Suzuki uses it to indirectly quo te the he alth office's conjecture tha t a

product from ABC Foods may be the cause of the stomachaches.

5.

i ^ X l i ^

%i)>i

The pattern "activity +^4'," indicates that a certain activity, in this case an investigation, is ongoing.

Other often-seen examples include , "in a mee ting," - f i ^ , "engaged in wo rk " and

fesS f ,

"in

the midst of a phone

call."

Wh en follows a spatial expression, then it means "all thr ou gh ou t" that

place,

may

also appear with certain words indicating

periods

of time to mean "all throu gho ut" that time e.g.,

- - 0

, "all day," ^ , "all year."

Finally, a temp oral expression +

^ _ ic

indicates that an action is to take piace or be per

formed within that period, e.g.,

4

^0 «p |C, "wi th in todav"

iti t»i

« l i ^ l f t ^ ^ ' T t o

u i

i,ti * %»,i

The departm ent manager is in a meeting right no w.

235

•it > U * -5 IJ J C T

Whe n I retire, I wa nt to travel all around the world .

£A 1:11X1:» 9 * »

It rained all n ight.

4 - S t IC

U - t " -

h ^ l±i L T < /-c ^ V No

CALD.ïfti)>ï fc'

Please submit your report within the week.

6.

h-f]^^) if-:\^

The

-masu

stem of a verb + L /cV is an expression mean ing "as soon as . . ," It tends to be used

more commonly in business and other formal situations than in everyday conversation.

7.

m^-h^h'ofzm^^)-f£(n

\Z „

The pattern "-ta form of a verb + Mi)'' 'J fz" expresses that only a very short time has elapsed since

the action or event descpjbed by the clause mo difying U took place. Here, "sh ort " means short

for th e speaker, no t necessarily according to some o bjective standard .

H ^ i c ^ / c M i ) - ' j ^£(D-r:\ t fz B^W-tirv N T ^ ^ o l e t t e r V ^ t i : ^ o

I've on ly just come to Japan , so I'm not used to living here yet.

^^i/LM. =ï'/lVt-kèi6fzMii^')fc<Dlz^ ^ T è - h ^ T t o

tci-nt. 1 1 1 :

C i i f

Ms. Nakamura is very good at golf, even though she has only just started.

A

I ^

< T is the conjunctive form of the clause A L

^ ^

(T't) .

9. •~9 ^ ^ 9 ' b I t T ,

1 ii<D^\^U/Lf)^j fzi>^hKfzLTiri -

There are tw o points to be m ade about this sentence:

(1) While

^'9

V

N

9 is similar to ^X ' j . ' in that they both mean "what kind of,"

""9 ^ ^

9

implies expectation of a more fully detailed answer going beyond simple appearances or obvi

ous qualities.

(2) h i i , meaning "reason," also carries the connotation of being no tju st any reason but one

that provides thorough justification for a matter, including all the circumstances and back

ground behind it. ^ I t is a noun and so words preceding it take plain forms in the noun -

modifying pattern, as all noun m odifiers do.

A question asking

9

^ M hHX', "fo r wh at reason," gives the feeling tha t the speaker is

demanding a fully satisfying explanation and thus will often come o ff as rather strong.

h I t may also be used in the sense of "n o wond er" or "so that's wh y" whe n you come across a

satisfying answer to something you have been puzzling about, as in the follow ing dialogue, which

takes place on a train to wo rk at a bout 8:30 in the morning in mid-August.

^ ^ 6 thus is

moment.

used when wishing to emphasize what stage or phase a certain process is in at that

i i * liU

Sasal<i: Has the concert begu n already?

Martin;

No, it's just about to start.

t # :

^^h°-lX^'6>::z6Tiro

Kato: Are the materials for the mee ting done already?

N akamura: I'm just now mak ing copies.

On a celi phone:

Suzuki: Wh ere are you now , Mr. Mills?

Mills: I've jflst no w arrived at the station.

238

P R A C T

I

Making

Compla ints

W O R D P O W E R

9

o U Jt 1

( i L J : 9

P D

tA/C

L i

( 2 L

J:

7 ^

L f

L f

be broken

be cracked

be torn

not enoug h, insufficient

complaint, objection

defective p roduct

wârranty

term of warranty

person in charge

person responsible

store manager

P H R A S E

P O W E R

I. Calling to make a comp laint:

L t i ' t C9

h

The item I received was broken.

L " i - 1 «

I received an item different from wh at I ordered.

There were only two , whe n I'm sure I ordered three.

® 1 ^

T | /c

^ -

+

^ b . t

è

i <:,. (-ît^ZlfzLT-rii

My child got a stomachache after eating

the"cake

that I bought at your place.

II.

Comp laining at a store or restaurant:

®ZK. zt,hTM'ofzMi>^^)ti:(Dlz^ iî zhKXL t

-O

fz/LTi-li}Z'

I just bought this here and it's already broken.

(D 7

é ^ L T - « ^ b .

t

7 3

0 ^ ^ ^ , # o

, i A L » , . i ; A ' £

It

s

been ha lf an ho ur since I placed my order

XK^6/Lri-{-fY'-

goods

I. A customer is tall<ing to a cleric at the w atch section of a depa rtme nt store.

tz^tz^^'-^jiLr-tii^ o

:

X

- ^ o (hands over the watch) X'L-î. ^fi^l^^(DtXHfzii-ó'') ti: LT

ir\i}Z\ - t f X - t f X p ^ ^ ^ J . H ^ ^ T • t o

JSM.

• (looking it over) t,

1

I h l i Z'i\ ^ t

- t f A o fc *>- f U L T. fc L t,-<v

N

fzlii-o

customer: I boug ht this wa tch here only just last wee k, but it already seems to be

broken,

salesperson: Is tha t so? May I be allowe d to take a look?

customer: Yes. (hands over the watch) I just put in new batteries, too, but it still won't move at

all.

salesperson: (looking

lt over)

I'm sorry. I'll take it for a while a nd see w ha t the matter is.

II. Ms. Nakamura is wa iting at a restaurant for her lunch, which is takin g a long time to arrive.

irîXtLo ttzTlJ:lii\

A 7 > f

- o è 9 2 0 T ^ ^ T

g l : L h i i z : i \ ^ i ^ / i o Ay y i - r z ' i \ ^ t i r i ) \

i>

1

nm'^x 6^fz^^Ti-iiY:

J^M.: fz^'^LmU'fzLilfz.

-r

C

' f c ^ ^ v N

/ c L i - f o

The manager comes over to Ms. Nakamura with her dish.

: fc$^<î. fc^#/c-tl:LT. i

,i Lbiiz:i

\^È^LTLfzo

XLtitï

t

Nakam ura: Excuse me. Isn't my A lunch ready yet? I've been waitin g for tw en ty minutes already,

wa iter: Oh, I'm sorry. The A lunch, did you say?

Nakamura: Yes. The person at the next table seems to have her food already, even tho ugh she just

ordered.

wa iter: Please excuse the error. I'll bring it to you right away.

Nakam ura: I'm sorry, but wi ll you make it quick? I do n' t have much time.

manager: Please accept our apologies for making you wa it.

A 7 > f -

l ± ^ < - t 4

A lunch (name of a lunch spedal)

hurry, make it quick



I P R A C T I C E 2

Making and Responding to Apologies

S P E A K I N G

P R A C T I C E

I. The phone rings in the midst of a party at the Kato residence.

i:

1»

O . ix

IVlrs. Kato: Hello, this is Ka to. Oh, Mr. Suzuki, whe re are you now?

Suzuki: I'm on my way over right now in a

taxi.

I think I'll get there in about ten more

min

utes. I'm sorry I'm late.

Mrs.

Kato: Oh, no problem. Well the n, we'll be expecting you.

II.

Mr. Kato asks Ms. Martin to prepare some materials for him one m orning a t the office.

4>

i:-)

It

T hat afternoon at about four o'clock:

* 9 o m^^"-ti-T. m

^'U.

Kato:

Martin:

Kato:

Martin:

Kato:

hi

W ill you prepare these m aterials for me sometime today? I need them for the pro

posal I'm submitting tomorrow.

I understand.

Are you done with the materials I asked you to prepare this morning?

I'm sorry. I'm preparing them now. They'll be done soon, so I'll send them to you by

e-mail attachment as soon as they're finished.

Thanks. Sorry to rush you.

T \ * L i j ) 0 - f . i , submit

Li

written proposal

241

III.

Mr. Mills arrives late for a date to see a movie with a female friend.

ilk): ^At-^^fzYZ6tzi)^h. f i ^

N

i :

J : 9 « V o

^ JlX : g ® . i 1 ièÈ-01, ><"o fz 7

rpllL « A 4 v ' i l tU

l l f

ti-«- |1\>

Mills: Sorry I'm late.

fr iend: I just came myself, so no problem.

Mills: Has the movie already started?

fr iend:

N o, it's just about to. Let's hurry up and go in.

T 1 /L

no (colloquial for

v

H

P

R

A C

HC ti 3

Askin g

F O I jrid kc.s|)onding

to Exp lan at io n s

S P E A K I N G

P R A C T I C E

I. IVlr. Mills and M s. Sasaki are talkin g during lunch ab out their colleag ue, Mr. Yamam oto.

Mills:

The other day I heard Mr. Yamamoto talking in French, and I was amazed that he spoke

so fluently, like a native speaker.

Sasaki: Mr. Yamam oto used to live in France for a long time wh en he was a child, you see.

Mills:

Was tha t so? No won der he's so goo d.

II.

Ms. Ma rtin gives Mr. Suzuki a message from a client.

H Ï V - L u

• f f 3 * l / C t , <

lr. Suzuki reports his mistake to the depa rtment manager.

f i t

m'

is

Ï

i

Martin:

Suzuki:

Suzuki:

Sasaki:

Suzuki:

Sasaki:

T v N i

Ifzo

} Z ' i ^ ' i h l i X \ z L - ^ j : z Y i ) < ^ i f z L T i r i ) \

J A^T J U < < IC ^ L ^ X ^ ^ O fz /ziötzY .K^tiro L h i i z'i' ^

Z M ' h l i ^ t ' o l i X < t i i ^ \

Mr. S uzuki, there was a phone call just n ow from Mr. Takahashi of N ozomi Depart

ment Store, and he said that they received merchandise different from what they

ordered.

Really? I'll contac t him right away.

Manager, I'm sorry. There were some other merchandise mixed in [with the order]

due to my mistake.

How did such a thing come to happen?

I think it's because I didn't double-check. I'm sorry.

Please be careful from now on.

native speaker

fluent (mimetic word

for

describing

fluent

speech,

especially

in a

foreign

language; often written

in

katakana)

get

mixed

in

be

because (used

in

formal situations

to

state causes

or

reasons)

243

P R A C T ICtl

A-

RC ' i d i nga l i ou l l h t ' l U ' d S or i i b uh i nd

Custom';

R E A D I N G

P R A C T I C E

.4:

L f U A

L t* 7 <

h

L f L A

L

t )

7 < -5

S S ®

L f L A

t , i - L ^ i u J A vv,(<v>

6

è £ v N „

o;

L

I*

7

<

( J * ® )

ic( |^ tLTvv^Ê(i .

m

Y

ét-:.

(i(2^'"lttt"^^

oi

ij\ it- ::^L$ ^ 7 L$±J ;| £"ltT\ <'j t in^J; 7

lc

L / b V N ^ 0 7 ^ 9 l t

/ - C o

*

L

* 9

* * o ; <

^

<

^

celebratory envelope (envelope used

U

i

to

give

gifts of money for happy

occasions)

basically, fundamentally

other than, besides

colorful

envelope for

a

mou rnful occasion

(in which money is placed to give to

someone w ho has lost

a

loved one)

black

mizuhiki (colored paper cords)

string,

cord

come with, is attached w ith (a conjunctive

form of - 3 V

^

T V

^ ^

that means the same

as

^ ^

T

o

T but that is used more fre

quently in formal writing)

way of tying, knot

bowknot

undo

knot, tie

in other words, in short

In Japan, there is a custom o f enclosing money in special envelopes to give to peop le for wed ding s, fune r

als, births, and other such occasions. These envelopes come in many different types, and there are set

rules abo ut wh ich Icinds are to be used for wh ich occasions.

First of all, colors used on th e envelopes vary according to envelope typ e. L

yp j

< ^ (photos

® ® ) used for celebrations basically come in red and white , although nowadays there are also many

colorfu l kinds in shades besides these two . Black and whit e are the colors used for v i ' I tp i ^'S: < ^

[for use in unhappy occasions] (photo ® ) .

Each envelope also comes w ith cords called ^-fU^ that are tied around it into a decorative knot

in one of two ways. The first of these is the b owk not, w hich, being easy to undo , can be tied and untied

any number of times. Cords for wedding and funeral envelopes are tied in a special way that cannot be

easily undone once fashioned. In other words, they express the wish that weddings and funerals will only

take place once and not be repeated.

* ~ ^ o 9 ^ I t / H can be used for summ ing up w hat one has just said or writ ten , the sense

being "in short."

245

L E S S O N

13

7L

7 C ^

IfX, s

—->

^

origin

source

7 C ^

IfX, s

o.

i:

i

u n - , i n - , not

o.

cattle

cow

1*1

i;<

^ 1*1

S o - ) l :<

I*1M

1

rt

rt

meat

1*1

i;<

^ 1*1

S o - ) l :<

I*1M

cooked rice

meal

H X l±A

cooked rice

meal

H X l±A

i r

if

•

T A R G E T

A FEW WORDS FROM THE HOST

Mr. Green is about to give a

speecfi

a t

tlie

reception commemorating

tlie

five-year anniversary of the

opening

of

ABC Foods Japan.

^ i

.

^ H

(±

C'>'lt(7) t .

A B C 7

- X "

0

•^X\X.(D

\iLt'o

tz \tï

^üti- lc

li A

L I f linv-ifT

IC

HA

L L ^ - fc - u W iT

- • g C i ^ v N ^ p ^ t 9 L ^ I f i t o

^ • • ' J - y

: / ' j - y T r ^ - ' v N i - f o c ^ ^ / ^ i . ^ H l i f c ' I t

L V M : ^ ^ . ^ *

t ^) (tzi^^t LX. ^^)f)'Yi ^

i t o

Z0Xi •fj:J$rB:^mTm^Lir6(Di±wi6XTi-<DX\

ir;f)^XtLfzo ^BZ<DX 1 < (D-^Jrlzi^K^h^^t L

S J; i

«fe

i-tzi'tz

T V ^ / c / c " $

i L T . / • c V ^ - s ^ • 7 ^ L < ^^oTfc^'j i t o

at

V 3 17 7 V 3 3? 7

( ± .

w

t

T - f -

b

^

L J : 'j i

tf 751 >(:,), T c

T . &^'^i\<Di^^>^<mimLt^X-^tLfzo ZM^C^

u6

nui'.^ ii

itz

LtïUA,

tit

tfz. lf/L^\\ > ^ ^ ' ^ i ; l t ( 7 ) H ^ ^ ^ . <y h • 7 - K

"jHv 'u

IC ( ÏAL J: <

248

I

9 (7) U J:

<

^ L T i v N U i - t ( 7 ) T \ 4 ^ ^ : ^ ^ . .

^ ' ' - 7 ^ ~ J ;

ZL z-

6 L < fc^j TJ^N^, 9 L * ) l f i t o

emcee: Ladies and gentlemen, thank you all today for taking th e time in the m idst of your busy

schedules to attend this reception comm emorating the five-year anniversary of the ope n

ing of the ABC Foods Japan offices. We will now have a few words from Frank Green,

head of the Japan offices.

Green: I'm Green. Thank you all for kindly gathering here today in the m idst of your busy schedules.

This is my first time speaking in Japanese at an occasion like this, so if I make any rud e

mistakes, please do excuse me.

This year, thanks to all of you, the ABC Foods Japan offices have reached their five-year

anniversary. I am exceedingly happy that we have so many people here with us today to

celebrate this occasion.

Chocolat-Chocolat has long been embraced around the worid by consumers of all gen

erations, from young to o ld. From now o n, too , it is our wish to continue offering products

th'if will be loved by everyone.

We are currently engaged in developing Japanese-style food for overseas markets and

pe t food, am ong other products. All of us at the company are prepared to pour ever more

energy into ou r wo rk, so please, everyone, continue to extend us your consideration now

as always.

tz iiï

emcee

ladies

and

gentlemen ...

busyness,

busy

schedule

in, in the midst of

im t to LttnUL i UL

fi fth (grand) opening anniversary party

fnm

1,1,

T U L

•Its

opening (of a business)

-th anniversary

a word, a

few words

occasion

forgive, excuse

reach (a certain time or stage),

greet,

welcome

people (politer

way

of

•t-tzi'tz

saying A / ^ )

i i L t ;

love,

be fond

of

Ltz

love,

be fond

of

^ t ' S .

love

offer

(at) present

Japanese-style foodapanese-style food

pet food

^

U < i ;

undertake, engage in

everyone, all

V

9

<^

ever more, all the more

249

This dialogue focuses on expressions commonly encountered in speeches made by hosts on formal

occasions. Talce note, in particular, of the honorific language used in both the emcee's introduction

and Mr. Green's speech.

A typical way of introducing a speech given by the host of an event. The same pattern may also be

used to introduce yourself be fore a speech wh en the re is no emcee.

I (, John Mills,) wou ld now like to say a few word s.

< ^ ^ a . - ^ 5 i l C ^ V N ^ ^ > Z ,

) ^ ^ ^ , ^ T V ^ $

J; 7

L T V ^ $ / b V ^ ^ , ^ ^ V ^ i - f

L J : ^ l / ^

iii

~ T < -5) here indicates tha t somethin g has been continued from the past all the way up to the

present, ~ T < that sdïfiething will be continued from the present all the way into the future.

t ^ - ' t W ^ ^ b

h °T - X

h \zf£ 'J ^ T t °T / ^W-^ T ^ i L tz.

ZM^ioit. L t * . ^ ^

L T , $ | ^ L ^ T v ^ < - ^ ; è ; ' j T - t o

Ever since 1 was a child, I have been taking piano lessons out of a desire to become a pianist.

From now on I intend to continue enjoying piano as a hobby.

For more on the usage of ~ T ^

•(

T { , see p. 51.

4. MkYi. Y : I ^ ' X 6 L m m ^ ^ ^ i i Lhiiti-

A set expression common ly used to conclude not only speeches but also letters.

R E A D I N G P R A C T I C E 1

A

F orm a l

invitation

The following is a formal invitation, sent out to clients, to attend a reception commemorating the five-

year anniversary of the opening of the ABC Foods Japan offices. The letter is written in vertical text that

reads from top to b otto m and from right to left. Refer to the English translation and notes on the fo llow

ing pages to understand wha t the invitation says.

Hi= A

B

X^ C

7

7

y

9

9'

'J

I

y

7

fc

T

fc

<

J;

7

fc

zr

L il <n

'ik

i

T

IC

(±

(73

h

<

\

^

I S *

^1

T

L

I f

i

7

fc

\.

t t

L

I f

t

i-

i

L

T

l±

^

CO

'j

h

m

(D

mi

fc

\,

N

i

t

7

<

tz

J ;

fc

L

tz

fc

I f

T

Wit

CO

< 6

mi

I f

'J

IB*

7"

t t

L

I f

i

-r

fc

IL

i

-r

•C

fc

i

t t

L

± *

I f

i

- f

O

T

251

Dear : On this midsumm er day w e wo uld like to express our gladness over the continuing

prosperity of your company.

This coming September our company

wil l ,

thanks to you, reach its five-year anniversary.

We are deeply grateful to everyone's support for making this possible.

We wouid therefore like to host a commemorative reception as noted at left as a small token

of our gratitude. We apologize for imposing upon you in the midst of your busy schedule, but we

request that you please be kind enough to atte nd.

We present this informal letter to you as our invitation.

Yours,

Notes

Date & time: September 7 (Fri.) 4-6 p.m.

Piace: Hotel Tokyo, Shunju Hall (see the location map)

We sincerely regret to impose upon you , but we

further

request tha t you kind ly use the enclosed

postcard to inform us regarding your attendance by August 10.

July 2007 [lit., "July of the 19* year of the Heisei era"]

President, ABC Foods Japan

Frank Green

'

VOCABULARY

notes (see Note 1 below)

5

date and time

IC* i:

^ spring and autumn

I

* A L :

fji 7

room, hall

attached

tc io

furthermore, in addition

É

^

J: I

^

truly, sincerely

J ^ ,

feeling of regret for imposing on someone

tC'Ó'^h but,

in

spite of

^(DliY

about

, regarding (hum ble way of saying ~ C 0 C ^ , ~ | C - ^ ^ ^ T )

1

^M

<7)

enclosed

~I-T through

,

using

<= 7

so as to ... (same as J; 9

I-

)

the Heisei era

(1989-)

Back

A B C 7 - X' H « t t f f f l I S : 5 M

1;*7LJ:

* * 7 « - )

<

4'A 4"

il l

i t

1 1

l i ï ü i . ItL LA

Front

11 75

s

H**|i(ï

NPPON

T|[Ö][5]j

0

II

0

II

0

ipT

K ï i t i t f t- iï t i. tc, n t L

A B C 7 - X H « ^ i ; ^

IC l i A L lf\^i

1 0 4 0 0 6 1

254

2

Casu al Wedding Invitation

• • - at

tx è

1.

z:hL^£\^ii

L * , i f i t

$ $ i L ^ | c L T f c i J i t

« 1 9 ^ 6 ^ ^ H

We trust that you are keeping well.

Please excuse the sudden notice, but we two are going to get married.

We are holding a modest party in the hopes of having all of you watch over us as we embark on

our new life together.

We extend this invitation to ask for you to by all means kindly come.

We look forwar d to seeing all of you.

An auspicious day in June 200 7

ÜZK tzi 6

start (of

a

journey new phase

ï l i

L

<^ IC t

look forward to

of life, etc.)

f:<"

look up on, watch over

modest

kindly come (honorific

expression)

iiit-o

auspicious day (a customary way of dating

an invitation to a celebratory occasion)

I t X *

tit

This is a som ewh at form al set greeting used to open a letter. Other comm on greetings include fc

T C ^ T t " A r e y ou well?" and

fc^g|l,Tfc^

t C" L

T t ' J \

"Have you been keeping we ll?"

2. Ate i t IC fc^V ^ T $ ^ ( 7 ) ^ 5 f é L A i c L T V N i t

~ (X'^ 6) ^ O ^ g L < ^ | c L T v ^ i t , "I look forw ard to " is a common and useful

way of closing a letter.

255

3

E-mail invitation to a Home P arty

:

if S

¥ U f e 0 i r ,

^ i i i a * (c :5sr iö^6 i^ö ' ; rcBsurco

From:

Marie Martin

Subject: Invitation

Dear everyone,

How are you? This is Marie.

Time certainly goes by quiclcly, and a year has passed since I came to Japan this time around.

I was always so busy that I never had a chance to see all of

you,

but work has settled down at last

and so I have come up with the idea of holding a cherry-viewing party at my place. I intend to

prepare some simple dishes for your enjoyment.

I am planning on the afternoon of Saturday after next, but how would that look for you?

There is a big cherry tree next to my apartment that had beautiful flowers last year. It has buds on

it this year, too, so I think it'll be in bloom by about two weeks from now.

Well then, I look forward to being able to see all of you.

1 will be waiting for your replies.

Marie Martin

VOCASLSY

ï l i ' f o ^

sender fc

^

settle down

subject

V

•> O { ttiink

of, come up with

^

60 T time

flies,

time passes quickly ( Ï A ii 'Z) < bud (v.)

this

time •'Z

>\th bud(n.)

fz pass, go by (of time)

The phrase ^^^ij<DT\s often used before a sentence of the pattern "period of time + tz%t

L

tz " to

remarl<

on the rapid passage of time. It frequently shows up in letters. Marie says 4

^13 ,

"th is tim e," because this is her second time in Japan.

R E A D I N G P R A C T I C E 4 Replies to a Party invitat ion

i^^ •• Re :

e^^l^

X 5

From:

Emi Morita

Subject: Re: Invitation

Dear Marie,

Thanlc you for the invitation to the cherry-viewing party.

I 'm delighted [you thought of me]. My mother and I will both come.

My mother says that she will make some kind of homemade Japanese dish to bring.

If you have any requests, please let me

know.

Also,

I wo uld like to go a little early to help you prepare, but w ould that be all right?

The "grandma's ta rt" that you once made for us was really good, so my mother is saying that she

wants you to give her the recipe sometime.

Well then , I look forw ard to seeing you.

Emi

fc l i ^ )

A

grandma

y Jl h

tart

VOCABULAflV

'J h request

^

I

^

early, in advance

257



f^:S : Re: 3 3 * ^ 1 ^

From:

S uzuki

Subject: Re: Invitation

Dear Marie,

This is Suzuki. Thank you for th e invitation.

I look forwa rd to tasting your co oking. Will red wine be all right [for me to bring]?

I have one tha t I was saving for a special occasion, so I'll bring tha t.

VOCABULARY

f 4

(someone's) own cooking

^ o

T fc

^

keep, save

R E A D I N G P R A C T I C E 5 Plans for a surprise Party

i i i • ^ °

From:

Hiro

Subject: Sat-chan's birthday

This is Hiro.

The 14th next week is Sat-chan's birthday, right?

I know everyone seems to be busy recently, but why don't we do something fun for Sat-chan's

birthday?

How about if we get everyone together, without telling Sat-chan, to have a surprise party?

As it just so happens, the 14th is going to be on a Sunday, so we can all get together at my place

from the morning to make some food, or if everyone is busy, we can just make it potluck.

I'll tell Sat-chan to come to my house at around three, so let's all surprise her.

Well then, I'll be waiting to hear back from all of you.

secret

surprise party

just, conveniently, as it happens

potluck

'I -o<. \^^^< i

The p a t t e r n T

( T )

^ I V

N V N L ,

~ T

( T )

V ^V ^ L is used to indicate that any of sev

eral options would be acceptable.

wife:

What do you want to have for dinner?

husband: Hmm. Japanese or Italian, I'll leave it up to you.

i=cz ri

VOCABULARY

READING PRACTICE 6

Reply

to Plans for a surprise Party

259

From: Mayumi

Nalcamura

Subject: Re: Sat-chan's b irthday

Sorry this is late. I just got home.

A surprise party for

Sat-chan—sounds

goo d Sounds like it'll be fun . Doesn't this remind you of

our college days?

I had the worst possible day today, wha t w ith being told by the de partment manager to rewrite my

proposal and having the heel come off my shoe on my way home after almost tripping fro m being

pushed by the people coming off the train right as I was about to get on, but I feel better after

reading your e-mail. Thank you.

I can go from the morning on the 14th. If there's anyone else we shouid let know about this, I 'll

contact them, so please tell me.

Well then , let me know again when things are definitely decided.

Mayumi

•

$ ' j . '

fc

t

rewrite

t — h e e l

(of shoe)

{tc)

abysmal, wo rst possible

definitely, clearly

1 .

1^^ <tC'orz'è6Ltci\^

ZisöLiC

^

V

is often used by women to make apologies. It is not appropriate for use in busi

ness or other form al situations (see also N ote 5, p.

124).

2. POLITENESS LEVEL

Note that even in letters or e-mails to those to whom one is close, some degree of politeness

should be maintained atthe beginning and end. Here, Mayumi uses Z isö Ltd ^ ^, uol Z'iöL.

Similarly, Hiro in Reading Practice 5 (p. 258) uses

h D T " f ,

not t

c?

/c J ; , and

^ A #-5

T i t , n o t - N A L . # o T ^ . *

Mr. Mills is approached by Mr. Nakano while at the five-year anniversary reception.

i-i^ <n IC IÏA c t-LUL

i J l X : ^ B X \ i ^ S ^ l c ^ x U i t o

^ ^ n ^ ^ i ^ ^ - ^ L i c i T t h'^fz(Dt)'mvriro

-tz til i\^lJ:

l ) l X : ^ ^ o r t . ^<DY^\±. - t f X - t f X I ^ - t i r ^ X T ^ ^ o / b A T t J l o

U

lc IIA

$

L ZZ i o i c i ^ o * -

T ^ ^ i ^ T t ^ o

4 ^ 1 ?

: ^ ' M i M l i

{"^

1

X^)\nii^]

o T t v s i t ^ ^ i ^ ^ o

^ ; l . X : t ^ i - t i r A o i n j T t ^ \ W 9 J : ' j ?

4

A 4'

fe

4 ^ 1 ?

: t S 4 l 6 o S : ^ < ; 5 Z ^ > h ^ ' ' T \ r A l c # j c ; i T t b 9 J ; ' j . I T o

« 'J. IC lïA u>L HL

-^fi-

ii i

t t ï -f

l JlX

^ . - t 9

, ^ ^ v N i t o

263



N akano: You speak very goo d Japanese, Mr. Mills.

IVlills: Oh no, the re are still lots of things

I

don't understand.

N akano: How many years has it been since

you

came to Japan?

Mills: It'll be a full three years next month.

N akano: You've g otte n so goo d in just three years?

Mills:

No. When I was in college there was an exchange stude nt fro m Japan among my friends .

My firs t experience wit h Japanese was wh en I had h im teach me a little of it.

Nakano: Is that right?

Mills: Yes. But at that time I couldn't speak at all. It was only after I came to Japan and starte d

using Japanese every day at work that I became able to speak it.

Nakano: You know wh at they say about foreign languages:

^ 9

J ; ' j

' I f

.

Mills: I'm sorry, wh at was tha t,

^ 9

J; ' j . . . ?

Nakano: . . . 'MtL6 . It's a Japanese saying, and I guess it m eans som eth ing like "you get bet

ter faster by actually putting a skill to practice than by having someone else teach you

about it."

Mills:

Ah , I agree.

get used to , accustom oneself to

saying

actually

When people in Japanese society receive positive comments about themselves or about family and

other members of their in-group , generally the custom is for the m to demur rather than to imme di

ately accept the com pliment. Thus M r. Mills modestly brushes of f Mr. N akano's compliment abou t

his Japanese by saying ^ X . ^ X. instead of straightforwardly responding with something like i )

^j-Ó^'Y

7

C" ^5"

V ^ i

- f . Nowadays this custom is changing, however, so that especially in casual

settings peo ple will o ften simply say "than k yo u" right away.

264

SPE A KI N G PR A C TI C E 1 Thanking someone for a Prior Encounter

T v ^ ^ ^ T - r J : o

£ f • ^ ^

T t ' ^^

^ 7 f o T t b ; i ^ Ji 7 > f l L o T t J: o

: 3fiL<D}::z6T^'fztz^'fzfm. ( ^ 7 i c f c o L v ^ ^ o / ' c T to

7 ^<7)^<75^A^/T\ i;'c7 ^ ^ ' ^ ^ • ^ - Ü T T < t z i ^ \

+ff

: 4f{/o

fc#^

LTvNi - f io

iVlartin: Oh^ Mr.

Nakanol Thank you

for

being kind enough

to

come when you're so busy.

I'm

grateful

for

all

the

assistance you gave me the other day.

Nakano: Oh no, thank you for inviting me.

Martin:

What you told me about pesticide-free vegetables was really very enlightening. Since

then I've been trying as much as possible to eat things that are good for me, too.

Nakano: Is that right?

It

makes

me

happy

to

have you say so.

Martin: The vegetables you gave me from your farm were truly delicious. Please ailow me to

visit you again, this time with everyone from my section.

Nakano: By all means.

I'll

be looking forward to

it.

VOCABULARY

^ I Q L T ( s h o r t f o r

^ ^ t o

L ^ o T )

since

1 .

^ H I± 7 ^ c V N -sAfc- f f i r M l c / x ' j i

L / c

Both in business as well as in other social settings, i t is considered proper manners to begin a

con

versation by first giving thanks about the time you last met. Especially if you happened to receive

any gifts or services from the other person, failing

to

acknowledge them may result in the person

thinking you rude.

2. \^X\^x. fci /f^$^^/c/-£vNT*U^^~^

7

r"^^^i-r

Upon being thanked

by Ms.

Martin,

Mr.

Nakano demurs

by

saying

^^X^^-k..

This

is

another

instance of the practice of showing modesty that was covered in the Note to the Target Dialogue.

265

SPEAKING PRACTICE 2 Apologizing for a Prior M isstep

tï

tï

tzi-itL

. i - tï

tzMi L

*

IJT J^-^ 7 Zi\^ti-o

(D^'J

^r^<- h i Hz{i

^B<Dy

y L T T t .

K J

li-

L i

ItA

T

T L / c c

Kato: Thank you for [conning] today, Mr. T akahashi.

Takahashi: Oh,

Mr.

Kato. C ongratulations

on

today.

Kato: Thank you. I'm grateful for all the assistance your company gave us during the fair the

other day.

, 4 ^

Takahashi: Oh, I apologize that the re was a mix-up that time on the m atter of your space.

Kato: Not

at

all. Please continue

to

extend us your consideration now as always.

Takahashi: We ask the same of you.

VOCABULARY

T

mistake, mix-up

not

at

all

1 .

<D

^'Ar

'y<-

h i L

In business conversations, pe ople occasionally add ^ ^ to the names of companies beside their

own. This is generally not done in other settings, however.

SPE A KI N G PR A C TI C E 3 Giving introductions

i-i' <r> X-^iï is i % Ih

^'x. tfi o

H I- n

Ms.

Martin introduces Ms. Sasaki

to Mr.

Nakano.

H I-

<n X- t,iï H i i

* i « -lt

Martin: Oti, Mr. Nal<ano, have you met our departm ent manager Sasal<i yet?

Nal<ano: No , not yet.

Martin:

She's right over there now, so please allow me to introduce her to you.

Martin:

Mr. Nakano, this is Sasaki, our departmen t manager.

Sasaki: I'm Sasaki.

Martin:

This is Mr. N akano, wh om I had the pleasure of interviewing the othe r day.

Nakano: Thank you for inviting me today.

Sasaki:

Oh, no. I'm grateful for all the assistance yo u gave us at the time.

Nakano: And I for yours.

VOCABULARY

invitation

•^'Z> time,

occasion

( ^ -W- t+o l i

= at the time)

SPEAKING PRACTICE 4

Asking

After

an Acquaintance

M ^ ^ l - X : * > * , . r \ r ^ ^ / : L T f c U

i t o

^ B Ü ^ V ^ T V N / C / C ^ . ^ ' j

i 'Y 7 r

" ^ - v N i t o

*^

:

zt,hz^.

fciifa^. 'J ^^"^ 7 r'^' ^ i t o

5 M

üiöTYi

z'i\î-fo

^

X

:

i : o

i ± ^

+ y

^

V y

X 7 ' t ° -

; n c

T

^ ^ ^

IC

tl.-

o /c T t i o

* ^ : V > ^'t°-Jl iz? - t ^ ± ^ P

'J

i -t f ^ T L /co îîoTt fcTt^Tv

N

h-^ L ^ ^ ^ i t v J \

^ X " : ; t ; l o T /Ü $ ^ L /c I f ' j T / c ^ ^ - - ^ ^ ^ j . - i 7 T t T ^ T

V N

i t o

: ^ 7 T t J : L < fcgx. < / H ' ^ v^ o (seeing someone, and nodding

toward Mn Mills) t <^ i -ti" ^ J: ^

^ ^ L

L i t o

^ llX

:

(nodding his head lightly)

i

fz^kHiZ^

267

guest: Mr. Mills, it's been a wh ile. You

lool<

well.

Mills: Ah , Mr. Yam aguchi. Excuse me for not Iceeping in touc h. Thank you today for coming,

guest: Oh no, thank you for inviting me. Congratulations on your fift h anniversary.

Mills: Thank you.

guest: Ms. Chan does n't seem to be here today, does she?

Mills:

Actually, Chan was transferred last mon th to Singapore,

guest: To Singapore? I had no idea. Is she keeping we ll over there?

Mills: Yes. T hings seem to be hectic given tha t she's only just transferred there, but she's we ll

and carrying on.

gue st: Is that so? Please give her my regards,

(seeing someone,

and nodding toward Mr Mills)

I'm sorry, but please excuse me a bit.

Mills: (nodding his head lightly) Perhaps again at a later time, then.

VOCABULAHY

guest

UJ

O

Yamaguchi (surname)

1.

(seeing someo ne, and nodding toward Mr Mills)

A t -{t /C id^. X Y.

^ : | L L i t o

(nodding his head lightly) i

/b

^ 1 :

(2

When taking leave of someone, it will often be appropriate to nod your head lightly toward that

person even without going so far as to take a complete bow. Such characteristic nonverbal signs,

too, are an impo rtant part of comm unicating in Japanese.


5 winding

Upallcr a Rocopiinn

H < ^ ^ X ^ < 7 ) f c V M f T ^ ^ T ^ . o ^ N y N ° - 7 ^ ^ - i c ^ / i j i

L/bo

ZMîoiÂLtcTii'Lil^) i L J: 9 o ^ X l f v N |

Later, when Mr. Green is not present:

ijv^

: (t o M s.

Sasaki) J : .

< D X t ° - ^ . Xil'-o tzTtiô

i: liA c

i t ,

->k

^BnAij<Dii^ >^

< u i ) i x i L < D z

Yîiiöx

i X 1 i-LKL i t

^^ÈLfzXo B:^m'±^lZfj:-ofz'oXo

l:

U/C ^Li i i

( i ^ - ' i i t ' ^ X

<

^ X ^ ^ o / c T t o

Hf: z^K^BfUttt^hY^^-oX.

g . ^ t J ;

9

T t J :

o 3 ^

l ± > | f - t f ' i . o T / A j i 7 T t ; f a < ,

[ J X ^ . . « i l .

^ ^ X i f ^ 9 o

v y b ^ y : fc/c^n

^ | c 4 < ^ ^ ^ •

i j i L J: 9 o

Green: Good work today, everyone. Thanks to all of you, we had a very good party. Let's

keep on working hard together from now on. Cheers

everyone: Cheers

Kato:

Sasaki:

Martin:

Mills:

Suzuki:

Martin:

(to

/Ws. Sasaki)

The president's speech was good, wasn't it?

Yes, his enunciation was clear and easy to understand. Giving a speech in Japanese

really does make your feelings come across, don't you think? Which reminds me, a

great many guests were complimenting you today, Marie and Mr. Mills. They were

sayirig

that both of you have gotten very good at Japanese.

Is that so? I'm flat tered. But the more I study Japanese, the more diff icult it gets.

Well yes, studying Japanese is hard, but to me it didn't turn out to be as difficult as I

thought it would be at first.

Everyone seems to feel reassured when they find out you two can speak Japanese.

It's important to be able to speak the language, don't you think? I'm going to work

hard on my foreign languages, too.

You and me both.

VOCABULABY

(fc) fz-h^\Az

good work

(set

phrase

fo r

showing appreciation toward

others'

work)

spread, go across, come

through

the

more (something

is the

case)

the

more ...

not

so

. . . a s . , .

each other

1. ^ ^ i - f t

(DX

t ° - f - . l-h^-otzX-fia

Mr. Kato does not compliment Mr. Green on his speech face to face, since directiy giving one's

opinions of someone of higher status (however favorable) could end up being rude.

U l i / , ^ 5 i o ^ .

^

- 3

(±°' j

( ^ ( ±

' j ) , which variously means "also," "too ," "stil i," "as expected," or "after all,"

is sometimes used without a specific meaning purely for the sake of emphasis. Here, Ms. Sasaki is

saying that by speaking in Japanese, Mr. Green was able to impress upon the audience how hard he

is working in Japan and to give them a better sense of his sincerity and dedication.

269

3 ,

B

:^mm^-rmi

-r6ar

:t]'ri

)^i< tc

^jt-to

IC l i / C c' - ^ A S i -J

The pa ttern "conditional form of a verb/-/ adjective + l±' + the dictionary form of the same wo rd +

HY"

means "the more (something is the case), the more . . ."

L L

The more I get to know about Marie, the more I like her.

The bigger the apartment, the better.

tz-h- tz-li-

The less expensive the rent, the better.

For -na adjectives, the pattern is:

The quieter the apartment, the better.

l;

U A

C '<Liiï S o L

J: fc't

The pattern "A l i B l i + negative form of a verb/adjective" means "A is not so . . . as B." In this

case,

Mr. Mills is saying that while studying Japanese certainly is difficult, it did not prove to be as

difficult as he imagined it might be at first.

270

stay

;»•)>)'<

1 -

t^77

n

stay

;»•)>)'<

T O

T O

W

stop

^±

1

1-

•ih

h

;

: ...

^

stop

^±

try

test

L * \ v

.—

>

if

try

test

L * \ v

P

W

1'

r .

s

roof

examine

T — y

answer

eft

' /

A-A-

T — y

answer

eft

11



haU

temple

haU

temple

— *

#

pring

#

Slimmer

—> • _

T f

Slimmer

autumn

>

autumn

' ' \

winter

Fill in the blanks wi th the approp riate partiele.

1) 1 -<î- t f^. È t ; r l x i i \ i i X L T T ^ ^ b

3

0^^

( )

t f oTv^ -S

yChoose the most appropriate wor d from among

the

alternatives (1 -4) give n.

1) tJiiî ( ) Y z 6 i z i i i \:mi<ip/^T^îLfz.

2) Y'l L / b ^ T - f ^ \

( )

^ b X X .

I.ZLtL'K 2.ZL-I-S:

3 . ^ ^ ^ / l c

i^.^L+i

3) 'It L < T .

( )

-Kf-i^K^xt^Lo

••'W tt t,

^ . h i ' h i ' 2.tci)'tj:i)^

3 . ^ o ^

4 . ^ o ^

4) ( ) r : ' j \ ^ i h i - f r \ i fz-f)^hKtzLTi--b\

I

. V N - ^ ^ ^ 2./-cL^^ c

3 . V N

- , 7

' c ^ ^ 4./-£"tL>«^

5) ( ) l-h^-ofzo ^ J : o i i | - g o T o

1.^J:9^~~ 2 . : ^ J ; - ^ ^

3 . ^ o ^ 4 .

L o

^

( ^ P ' Change the form of the word given in parentheses to complete the sentences in a way that makes

sense.

1) \)Z%-f)< ( ) l f^Û^x

<7

)T\ | ;H; l t L

< t

r

' L T ^ ^ i t o

{ ^ t U t - f )

2) f B ( ) \X'f(n\z%-^-l)^tnY>Z\^X\^t^Lo

(#$ i - r)

3)

A :

t

L

^

L .

fjAX-fi)\ * i l è L L T t J: ^ L ^ T t ' J ^

L T t v ^ o T t ' ^ \

( L i t )

273

4 ) A :

-7^)-i L{ifr:t(DZ6iîo^:ô'èf^'oXK^fzîri-Xo

tii f

i, i tti HL f t,

Choose the most appropriate wo rd or phrase from among th e alternatives (1 -4) given.

1) Z(Diy^'y. (

)o

1.ZhKX6 2 . ^ o ^ t L T 3.p]hX6 A.ÜiiX6

h

2 ) A t c i t . ^ B ( ± f e ' l t L ^ ( ) Z' i h J ^ i t z i ^ ^ t l X . ^ ^ ) i ' t

1 . 7 ^ 2 . 4 3 . FBI 4 .

3) ( ) Xi-i)\ ^ A / c ^ l t o Z A - r

^ c ^ i c ^ x

' j i

L/co

hfz

L

1 . m i c

2 . -^<

3

. ^ o - t l : X

A.&^'X

4 )

^<^# i± . l fX^^^\ ( )

T t o

1 . ^ 1 ^ 4

2

. * > J

; 7

^ 4 3 . t t # 4 4 . x : $ ; 4

5) ( ) [iZ-cVN-xAî

- t t^ ic^xU

i

LT'CO

* fc

1 .

^ ^ 2 . ^ o

3.YZ6 A.Z6

Fill in the blanks with the correct reading of each kanji.

1 )

* ^ ( 7 ) iijEn

i ± >t^'^Tt r t

O

u

T t o

( ) ( )

2 )

m

T S M

< 7 ) | ^ ^ ^ ^ -

4 i t Ic U i L / c o

( ) ( )

3 )

i ^ x f z Y K ^ i t m ^ M x m A t l f z o

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

A P P E N D I X

L i s t

o f T r a n s i t i v e a n d I n t r a n s i t i v e V e r b s

T R A N S I T I V E

I N T R A N S I T I V E

Reg.

1

Reg.

11

Meaning

Reg.

1

Reg.

II

Meaning

*

open

m<

open

t,

lift, raise

*

rise, go up

*>T

gather, collect

come together

XJtl6

put In

enter, come in

finish, end

finish,

end

i'

change

i'

change

decide on

be decided

lower

go down

L

close

mti

L

dose

help, save

m-k-'i,

tz-t

be

saved,

be helped

catch

-o-h^ti

be caught

attach to

attach to

continue with

mi

continue

deliver

«<

tt:

be delivered

stop

Jtti

t

stop

line up

line up

begin, start

ièt6

111;

begin, start

f ind

M.'îi-i

A

be found

move

move

move

î

move

copy

come out

cause

happen

cure

be cured

fix

&i

'/fc-

be fixed

leave be hind

be left behind

bend,

break

if[H.i

n

be bent/broken

cut

V])tii

i

cut

it

extinguish, turn off

'Mî

go ou t, disappear

break

m^tii

Zh

break

send out

iiii

X

come out

melt

melt

ti: <

-t

lose

-i-si^-ii

become lost

increase nî

increase

decrease

'M.i

decrease

•m< burn %mi

burn

275

5 ) h6\'î

0

1 )

According to tlie weatiner forecast, the win d is going to get stronger tonight.

2 )

According to the announceme nt at the station, there has been a train-car breakdown an d

the trains have stopped running.

3 ) To hear IVlarie tel l it, Japanese anime is popu lar even in France.

IV .

1 ) t / ^ L T * ^ $

2 ) i^fzfz^m^

3 ) iL'h^-za^'X

4 ) ^ 9 6 < L T f c $

Lesson

2

G r a m m a r & P a t t e r n P r a c t i c e

I. I

Nakamura;*Mr.

Mills is late, isn't he? He may have forgotten about our appointment.

Suzuki:

He should remember, since I talked to him on the phone just this morn ing.

Nakamura: Then maybe he doesn't kn ow wh ere this place is?

Suzuki:

He should kno w, since I came here w ith him once before .

Nakamura: Then I won der w ha t the matter is.

0

Suzuki: My keys are missing. My keys are missing. I'm sure I put the m in my pocket

Nakam ura: Did you look closely? Didn't you maybe put the m in a differen t pocket?

Suzuki:

N o, it definite ly was this pocket. Oh, there's a hole in it.

II.

Nakamura: Mr. Ka to, there's a problem . Just now there was a phone call from the Kyoto

branch office. I've been told Mr. Yamamoto, the branch president, won't be on

time for the reception at six.

Kato:

W hat, is something the matter?

Nakam ura: I understa nd the S hinkansen that the president is on is running late.

Mills: Oh, there's supposed to have been an accident someplace around Nagoya.

Nakam ura: President Yama moto's speech is going to be from arou nd 6:3 0, but I've been told

he's probably going to arrive here around seven.

Kato:

This is certainly a problem, isn't it? Inform the depa rtment manager right away.

Nakamura: Yes.

III. 1)0^7

2 ) fc^^ L6îti:

3 )

^ it,i>''J:iî

4 ) i:

J:

iS^îlz

5 ) ?

9

IV . D 1) ^'ofz(DlZ

2 ) LX\'6(DIZ

3 )

M-^fz<D{Z

277

4) H B ï H t - < 7 ) l c

Kliti tf

5 ) X^^XOlz.

6) t^fi-^fzd

^Xz

7 ) %\'(n\z

tzi,-

0 Suzuki: (s/g/)s)

Mills:

Is sometliing

tlie

matter?

Suzuki:

I had plans for a date with my girlfriend yesterday, but she didn't show up. I waited

two hours, but she didn't show up. I've called several times today, but she doesn't

answer. I've sent her many e-mails, but she hasn't replied.

Mills:

Something might be wrong. You should go to her apartment immediately to check

on her.

Lesson 3

G r a m m a r & Pattern P r a c t i c e

I. A: I read an

article?about

how our lifestyles have greatly changed because of cell phones

becoming widespread.

B: That's true. I feel very reassured because thanks to my cell phone, I always know how

work is going.

A: Is that so? I'm fed up since, all because of my cell phone, I get calls from the office even

while I'm on vacation.

I I. • \)^<hklhl 1

U

2 ) hhMhll IC

IC

4)

c^

<

M <

5)

l±lt

^J.' ^ ^ l T V ^ <

2) - s o T ^ ^

<

3) ± 7 j ^ ' o T v ^ <

4)

^ ^ ' J ^ L T v ^ $

5) T J ^ ^ O T V ^ ^

QUIZ 1

I.

1)

IC

2) ij' 3)

IC

4) 5)<D

II.

1) 4 2) 2 3) 2 4) 1 5) 1

278

lil- 2 ) f - ^ o T o / j . H N 3 ) ^ 4 ) rJ^- t f^ j . ' 5)m^6

IV.

1 )

3 2) 3 3) 2 4 ) 4 5) 1

V. 1 ) 7 j ^ ^ ' < \Zn .ll-^lf X l^'L

UNIT

2

Lesson

4

G r a m m a r

&

P a t t e r n Pra c t ic e

I- ^) zr. 2) ZY 3 ) (7) 4 ) Z ^ b)<D

I I .

D X / K T

2 ) X a ^ j , H N T / X > K - r i C

3)

^ X b ^ T

4 ) | : i t ^ - v

^ T

/ # : i - r • | c

5 ) 9 /cX L xv

N T / ^

7 fzL^-fK

I I I . 1 ) f eoT

2 ) *

b o T

3 ) ^ M t T

4 )

( ± - ^ T

5 ) ^ o T

1)

We installed security lighting so thieves wouldn't get in.

2 )

I started talcing dance lessons so my figure would improve.

3 ) We provided a quiet lounge so the staf f would be able to get some rest.

4 )

I left home early so I wouldn't be late for the meeting.

5 )

I wrote in big letters so it would be easy to read.

6) We built a big paricing lot so there would be space to park a lot of cars.

Lesson 5

G r a m m a r &

P a t t e r n

Pra c t ic e

I. ^)^x-x\'tiro ^ x x \ ' t itzo

279

2)

I t o

C ^ L T v ^ i L/co

I t o

C ^ L T v ^ i - t i r ^ T L / c o

' l i i :

5) I f - ib O T V ^ ^

II.

1) î}^6 < L T <

/c"^

2) v y 7 °y H c L T < / £ ' ^ V N „

3) ^;î -< L T <

tz^^\

4 ) 7JX7 'c^ lc L T <

5) $r/"L < L T <

/ -c ^ô

I I I .

1) fffm-r'B/-cJ6ic

2) tCî tziöiz

3 )

t ; ^ ^ X l c l T <

/ b ^ ^ ^ l ^

4 )

^'S/-c* )lc

A

5 ) ^ J; 9 - t i :A t^ /b*^ l=

IV.

^)\ttzh1^^£i)^h

2) H$tL-^<b

3 )

^X7j<46^J.-7j<b

4 ) tz(DLA^£-ö^h

Lesson

6

G r a m m a r &

Pattern Pract ice

I. ^ ) ^ < X t

2) L h<Xt

3 ) .l^^LXij

A) ^ r / K x i

5)i±fX%

II. 1

)

You won 't have to go to a store

if

you buy things on the Internet.

2) In Tokyo you don 't have to buy a car, since public transpo rtation is convenient.

3 ) In the town that I used to live in, I had to separate burnables from nonburnables when I

put the trash out. I don 't have to separate the trash where I live now. I hear they have a

machine for doing that.

III.

1)

y j ' - r - > L / c ' j . - < — ^ + - ^

L

/-c

' j

2) I ^^-iy^nli^fz^). | o g ^ L / c ' J

3)

« > ^ 3

^ > / J L / c Us' IC <^'k<^<DiKî6fz^)

IV.

1 ) A: I 'm thinking of buying a new computer.

B: If you're go ing to buy a new computer, I recomm end N ozomi Electronics. The staff is

very friendly.

2 ) A: I wa nt to m ake reservations for a hotel in Osaka.

B: If you're go ing to make hotel reservations, it'll be easy if you do it on the Interne t.

3 ) A: I wa nt to work in information technology once I graduate from college.

B: If you wan t to wo rk in information technology, I 'll introduce you to a friend who has an

IT

job.

QUIZ 2

I. 1)

i)^

2 )

t

3 )

i}'

4 ) IC 5 ) T

II. 1 ) 3 2 ) 1 3 ) 1 4 ) 2 5 ) 1

I I I .

^)^i> 2 ) , m < 3)h-fj-^

4 ) ^ j . - 'S

5 ) * , ^ $

1 )

3

- ^2)

4 3 ) 2 4 ) 3 5 ) 1

IV.

V.

^)u^ Yf,

2 ) -tiTTj N i:

7

lj

J:

7

lj

3 ) $ o T m

A ) ^ ^ L \ ' L l i %u-:\'

UNIT 3

Lesson

7

G r a m m a r & P a t t e r n

P r a c t i c e

I. D 1 )

t

bVNi L / c

2 ) <

a i

L / c

3 )

* l f i

L / c

0

1 )

When I was little, I often had my parents take me to the zoo.

2 ) A nice person once tol d me the reading for some kanji wh en I was at a loss, unable to f ig

ure out h ow th e characters were supposed to be read.

3 )

A: T hat's a lovely coat, isn't it?

B: I had my fathe r buy it for me.

4 ) A: Didn't you have a lot of wo rk preparing for the party?

B: My friends helped me out, so I got it done in no time at all.

I I .

1 )

A: What is your resolution for this year?

B: To pass my Japanese-language exam. I intend to mem orize five ne w kanji every day.

2 ) I have always wante d to live in the countryside. Once I retire, I intend to move to the coun

try and take up farming.

281

3)

Martin; Wliat will you

tal<e

to the barbecue on Sunday?

Suzuki;

Mr. Mills said he was going to provide the meat and vegetables, so I'm planning on

taking drinks.

Martin; I guess I'll take some fruit, then.

4)

I planned on not eating the sweets, but they looked so delicious, I just ate them up.

Lesson

8

G r a m m a r

&

Pattern

Pract ice

i. D

^)i^hK6

2)

i-i-iöhK6

3)

i^^hit6

4)

Xh\m6

5) i

t>i)^XhK6

6) L x i f z ^ ' ^ K 6

E

1)

5C lc^x<%ai

i

/ c o

2)

^ i l c ( ï t ó b > Ki Ifzo

3) X

I X ^ / L K ^ ^ K ^ ^ h ^ t Itzo

4)

^<DA\z^i.l^tKt

L/co

fc•^^.•

vt t>i

B

^) x i m x

2) ^\Zyp ^KX

3)

t $ L t * o

^ a

/ c

4)

l i i ^ i i ^ f z

5 )

n

hKfz

il

ll. •

1)

^ 7 - > - | - ^ ^

l Y L f z Y ^

2) ^^ ±iJ: 1

Y LfzY^

3)

l Y i f z Y ^

a

1)

IC t o ^ ( ± Z ( Ï 9

^ L i

L/cT^ '

2 ) M ? è L J ; 9 ^ L i L /c^^~

ill. D X ^ L T V N ^

2)

K o # L T v ^ ^

i) - t r o

3)

A^MtTvN^

4) # ^ T L T V N ^

Lesson

9

G r a m m a r & Pattern

P ra c t i c e

I.

1);l;b-dr

282

3 )

L io<^^

4 ) ZfzX^-^

5 )

Y

6 )

9 ) 't'h-if

T

1 0 ) i ( Ï X . ^ - t i r

1 1 )

1 2 ) m^^

QUIZ 3

I.

1 ) i c

^2)K

3 )

IC

4 ) ^

5 )

IC

II. 1 ) 3 . 2 2 ) 1 3 ) 4 4 ) 1

I I I . D^^^boT 2)n< 3)^Xl A-)nfz^ 5)Zh^h

5N l \ T t

IV . 1 ) 2 2 ) 2 3 ) 4 4 ) 4 5 ) 4

V. D - t f o i ^ V N v ^ l t ^

2 )

>^A/'cV^

fz

L ^ L A

3 ) < ^ ^ '^XTJ^"

4 ) U T A L ^

T J ^ J ;

Lesson 10

Grammar

& Pattern Pract ice

I.

1 )

T v ^ b o

L ^ V N i t

TZ'^^'tto

2 )

v ^ b o L ^ v N i

L/c i v N i j i L T c c

3 ) * , ^ o L ^ v N i t ^ . ^ L i - f o

A) ^l^f)'^) t-t V N / b / c ^ i - t c

I I.

D

1 )

n\^i)^\iizfi:^} t-r

2) mpAi^fc^)

t-r

283

3 )

l^p'lzti:^)

ii¬

i 1 ) f e f L L i L j : 7

2 ) feït'j L i L i 7

3 ) r'

L J:

7

'^n

N

L

i

L

i 7

III. n

1 )

Neutral: I got a book from my younger brother.

Polite:

I

received

a

book from my teacher.

2 ) Neutral: I will give my friend a book.

Polite:

(on an advertisement) We will give you a free catalog.

3 ) Neutral: My father and mother gave me a book.

Polite:

My teacher gave me a book.

0 1 ) 1 . A 2 . B

2 )

1 . A 2. B

Lesson 11

- - i

Grammar

&

Pattern Practice

1

- 1 1 )

ifzm-m^-t6

ht XLh

3) ^ X ^ ' < < i ± ^ < ^ , ^ - . ^ L ^ V ^ / c / • c $ / c V ^

0 1 )

tC^filcé

••'S

3 )

IftlcioX

a

^ / V N

2 ) i - t f - i ^ f i -

3 )

I

; i

4 ) i i /^^-S

5) r j l t ^ f l t - S ^ X

6)

| . - t i r ^

l

^- t i r^ t t -

7 ) 7 j ^ / c o l t 6 .

v ^ ^ / c o i t ^ ^ /

8)

^ A ^ ' S ^ i -

9)

^ o T C v N

^ o T < ' Z > ^ i -

1 0 ) M ^ L M ^ ^ - f ' S ^ X

reporter: Excuse me, may I ask you a few questions? Where are you going today?

traveler: Italy.

reporter: About how many days will you stay there?

traveler: Two

weeks,

reporter: Is that so. Take care.

II.

III.

284

L e s s o n

12

Grammar

&

Pattern Practice

I.

1 ) M v ^ T - f ' J ^ b 2)j^v-oX^'iiri -Co

3 )

Y' ^) X < Ifzii^h r-t

4 )

fh^)tiri)^io

I I .

1)

T - f o

2 )

T L

J; 9

ii\

3 )

<7)T-f

o

4 )

T L

/co

I I I . D f Tj^tMttLiiV/u ^ - t ^ : ^ o 2)x - o T i±v^(t i - t i -^<,

3 ) ^ - r ^ T L i v ^ i L / c o 4 ) t'i^-<Tfc^oT < / i ' ^

QUIZ

4

I.

1)

2)

Y 3) l± 4)

IC

5 )

^^f,

II.

1) 2 2) 1 3) 4 4) 3 5) 3

I I I .

D

^ b o L ^ ^ ^ i t

2 ) i o ' J i - r

3 ) v N / : L i - r

A) Z'^'/LLT-t 5 ) ^ ^ / K

IV. 1) 1 2) 3 3) 4 4) 1 5) 2

V.

1)^^^^<<

2 )

*,;}a

V N L ^

i b ^ ^ ? ^

U N I T S

QUIZ 5

I.

1 )

t 2 ) i T

3 )

t / ^ ^

4 ) ^ 5 ) i T

II.

1) 4 2 ) 3 3) 2 4) 3 5) 1

I I I .

D i t i ^ / c

2 ) # <

3 )

L T v ^ . ? >

4 )

- h ^ ^ i "

5)Ji^<oT

IV.

1) 2 2 ) 2 3) 3 4) 2 5) 2

V. 1 ) L J ;

9

i j ^ - o TJH ^;^^'\. N

2 ) L ^ v ^

7

L

3 ) 'J

-tirvN

$ i:

4 )

l±'5.

/ - c o C / J : ?

285

i r>iX L/^^^J^: coffee shop,

145

^ '7 f - > :

kitchen,

5 3

i -oH: definitely, certainly,

7

+ ' 7 ^ V * : f o x , 3

$ l c *

9

- t - S / l B X - f - S i w r i t e i n ,

write down,

80

$ fe/C/lB^: commemoration, 234

$ l f

t L / ^ B t f c L: diversion,

change of pace,

2 2 5

$ l i A T $ basically,

fundamentally, 244

Af - : kimchi,

3 4

$

^,:fe^n^r/^^^7>n^^^:feel

good, 3 5

y h 7

— K:

cat food,

4

+

^

y - f e / l / ; cancellation,

49

^-t» y F/b: candle, 3 5

^

•1 ' y

'^N—

y-, campaign, 210

* * 9

C i ' l / . ^

('iO ;

sudden,

9 3

* * 9

l t r

l'-^/i^fÈÈ.: lounge,

73

S * 9 Ü'

Jt

7 / A ^ :

sudden Illness,

49

$ J: 9 r < / f c W : education, 1 5 5

$

J: 9

^' ^ ^ / # C # : teaching materi¬

als,

91

$ J ;

9 L O / ^ ; ^ : classroom,

9;

class, 160

$ J: 9 L

*

9 / 4 " 0 + : sometime

today, 1 4

$ J; 9 L I* < feeling of regret

for imposing on someone, 252

i' 'i / f t S : (sense of) obligation, 210

^ '

l j

^ 3 3

/ ^ S f

- 3

3

:

obligatory

chocolate, 210

i U

. ^ / i ^ Ij

# : fillet, 2 3

$ tL ^ > /- t ; 7 a^ : (R2) run out,

1 3 5

iKi> K6

:{R2,

intr.) break,

snap, 35

$ * o l t 4 / f t * # l t - 6 : t a k e c a r e ,

look out, 7 2

$

A

$ J: 9 / i4>X:

recent situation,

219

<'i>^

^/Mz'è-:

(physical)

condition, 157

<

^ - I . / . « - & :

rot,

1 9

~

< •?>: make , 8 5 , 89

< - f i fl ' Z > / ^ t L - l > : ( R 2 ) fall apart,

crumble, 41

< /c i r É -t/T^^ ' i -t: HONOR

IFIC

give (to me), 179

C * > / S l 5 :

complaint,

165

^' y

X:

goods,

47

< If-ï)/S2-ï>: pass out, hand out, 210

bear, 1 5

put together, combine,

match, 78

< t IJ / # IJ: cloudy,

108;

<

t6/

ft-i) become cloudy, cloud up,

108

/ 7 7 :

graph, 57

<

i j / ^ :

chestnut, 218

<

i j i * ^ X : - r / , # i j j S - t :

repeat, 11

<

it l.S:(R2)give(to me),

27

288

<

6/M.: black, 244

< ^ L r / I ^ L r :

detailed, 149

I t r X.

r - f

/ Ü É f - t i,: operate,

manage, 8 5

I t r ^ o / * * ;

police, 4

I t r / c r T A * 7 / ^ ^ ^ f : M : cellular

phone,

1 5 5

^ — 'y-. cage,

4

"ir —

A

y

7

h : game software,

5 4

I t ' ^ ' ^ l - A / l t i ^ ' ^ A : injured person, 148

I t -0 -h^/^W: result,

56

I t o $

a:

< / f ê ' f : in the end, after

all, 150

I t o C 9 : quite (a lot oO, 21

I t '<^: (used after an opinion or assertion

to make

it

sound less forceful), 5 5

I f A v ^L/^sM: cause,

111

I t A ^ S ^ ï - f ^ S i : have a fight,

51

l t A $ i l > 9 - f - 5 / W ^ - f - i . ; r e -

search,

6 5

I f A C 9 /^s^: manuscript, 3 9

I f A C 9 L C 9

/WiM-Mrè]:

health-

consciousness,

76

I t A i

/ ^ $ :

(medical)

exam, 47

I f A i ' v V J l i : (at) present,

249

I t A * < - f - S / ^ t t - f -è i s e a r c h

for, 80

I t A * < Xi^<v=iy/m.m^<

V ZI y-, computer catalog, 79

l t A * . < L / 3 È S ± :

architect, 9 4

I t A

^

9 - f -5

/m-ii-

4 : consider,

discuss,

173

I t A * : ) r / - f i t ^ ;g : subject, 256

C'v ^

I f A /

Z'MM^:

opinion,

74

Z

9 r - ) : these kinds of, 97

C

•)

^ / "K-pf l :

open access,

79

3 9 $

*

•?

/ i S i S . :

high-class, pre

mium,

210

C 9 < 9 I t A / j l n ; ^ # : p lane ticke t,

139

Z'jZ {

/

/S-è-: advertisement, 210

3 9

L/Mtï^:

lecturer, 150

C 9 L

/ X ^ :

construction, 49; C 9

t fe * 9

/ X ^ ' t '

under construc

tion, 49

-

- 7

- f r / j i l ^ J C : flood, 102

- 9 9 / i ^ ' l : high-rise, 97

C 9 IC ATJH ^ l t v N

L / ^ ^ I I ^ I + d r :

certified public accountant, 94

3 X $ 7 5 M t - S t / « M t ; (R2) call

out (to), approach, 1 5 5

3

—

X : a menu item that includes

several dishes at a set price, 189

C a lj '11 \i6/y}^Ti'm-f6: ice

melts, 108

C a

Ij

i --'l±4/?X'>^*5S:'?.:

Ice

freezes

over, 108

Z'-i'

< / M ^ :

language

study,

I60

C * $ l c * 9 < / • c ' * r / C * | 3 X <

* r : please

write in, 80

C

<

^ r 7 5 ^ v ^ $ V I l l ^ ^ * : interna

tional conference, 142

C

<

^ v ^ L \ » 7 5 M ^ / i l l l • ^ ± ^ :

international community, 102

3 I f

. 5 / # J f - S :

(R2) bum (of food),

17

C C - f 9

^

A /

3

Z |$C^: these past

few years,

5 6

C ' L - ^ t A< / c * r / r » p . T < f£

* r : please ask,

66

3 L

J: 9 /ikW: breakdown,

13

OX h: cost, 9

3 X l - ^ ' ^ ° 7 ; t — W X : cost perfor

mance, 102

Z'^xfLl:

T ' - f /

Z'^

l : T - f :

HONOR

IFIC

know, be aware of, 92

ZfzXi>/^x6:

(R2) answer, 158

C Yc( i* 9 /Z ' ^ ' t t : busyness, busy

schedule, 249

Z t,^ 0 -f i>: trea t, take out to eat,

123

C* "fe 9 I

-

^ L

-?>:

get treated (to a

meal), 163

Z

f >

C p

C

-?":

I'm the one, the same

goes for

me,

66, 67

C o

fe

<0: COLLOQUIAL this one,

40

C H: (nominalizer), 66, 69

Z>::-i'X

'a:

(R2) can, be able to , 80

C

1

I f / l " ^ : word, 11

Z)^'t<D U/'J-i^<D B: Children's

Day,

220

C

^

Ij / / h ^ : small bird, 23

C

^ ^ - 2 ' :

saying,

264

C Ü ^9 -5

/

i t -6: refuse, turn away,

234

C <0 * V

N f f ' /

-

W 55: the other day,

55

Z

(0

Z'

6

/

Z

<D^^:

nowadays,

I6I

Z<DÈ i:m this way, as

is,

112

Z<DX

9

1 ^:

like

this,

in this way, 57

ZlïKi>:{R2) spill, 41

A ' i ' * V I ; I'm

sorry, 123

c ' t A l c ^ j

. - i j t - f

/c 'Klc

' i - i j i

-f: HONORIFIC see,

179

C ^ 9

- f / * - f :

break, 9

C

A

T

S

M

^/4"@

J:

this

time, 256

Z A

C*/4^^^:

from now on, into the

future,

210

C

A C ü

t/4^^^ i t : into the

future,

now as

always, 174

3 > f - X

h:

contest, 7 5

3

A ' i ' l C :

COLLOQUIAL

to this extent, this

much,

109

3 y t °3 . - ^ ' —Y—A: computer

game, 11

Z A ö ' ^ / 5 , ^ :

kombu kelp, 218

3 A

^ / 4 " ^ :

tonight, 1 3

I f

X

-b y

—:

serace center, 131

* V

^/M: time, occasion, 189

* r *> <

(ti:)

/ * , ('iO :

abysmal,

worst possible, 260

h: website, 110

-i uy-.

siren, 20

4 y-.

sign, signboard. 5 0

•^4 y^^\^/V--i

autograph

session, 1 3

* -iÂ.

(tL')

(t:)

:

thriving,

4 7

~ * / ' ~ ^ :

destination, receiving

end, 39

i i'/f^$k: scam, swindle, 147; *

| : 9

/ffM^K

i> 9 be deceived in

a

scam,

1 4 7

*$-oolt^/^$i^lt4: con

tinue to boom,

101

*$(iï^V5tÎ:

a little

while

ago,

1 9 4

i

< / "^

<

:

boom,

flower, 4 1

*

* ^ 7 > ^ (^j . - )

: modest, 255

* L * . l f i i - / ^ L ± l f i - r : ( R 2 )

HUMBLE gve

(to someone else), 1 7 9

~ * -ti: T r /; / c

<

:

HUMBLE

be allowed

to do, 1 7 3

*

T author, 1 3

* ^ < / - f - i ê : right away,

6 5 ;

* o

•t

< T^^V-¥-i4-tfV?5 'to begn

right away, without further ado, 6 6

* If

<

/*>>i: desert, 3

*

L r / ^ L r: lonely, 2 2 5

-9-7 °-7

^

X •

^

-r -f —:

surprise

party, 2 5 9

•y-'l"" — ' —:

supporter,

fan, 109

"•tx

' j — v >•; businessman, 54

' >\'/%:. monkey, 35

* ^ 7

<*/lt

<*: make noise, cause a

commotion,

1 5 7

iL^ X 1 /&^: industry,

113

L / ^ :

handwriting,

character, print,

73

Lhh^ m/^-it

( to

:

happy,

blissful, 4 0

L

fe^^

r /^ -^r : salty, 1 8

L

dentist's office,

1 3 1

L ï^^ v

^ / B ) ^ ;

emcee, 249

L -6: scold, 1 4 6

II

$ / B # J ^ ^ : time, period, 210

L ifiC/'^M: (natural) resource, 111

L \'\ L/^fr: incident, crime, 1 4 8

L L f

fe

J: 9 /3t?i-S: : branch

president, 33

L L J : / ë ) ^ : librarian, 9 4

L U

J: 9 /•'IW:

situation, circum

stance, 1 4 0

yXT/^Tt

l j

X

h

:systems

analyst,

94

v X 7

" A x y

> 5 j

: ^ T : systems

engi

neer, 94

L L<D 9 ii 9 / ê

«SA>4:

organc

agricuture,

8 5

LtzL\

^/M L V : close, on familiar

terms (with), 93

L

/;

L LVI I L i]-. love,

be fond

of,

2 4 9

L-^: shhl, 3

L

o

ï S ^ / ^ ^ : p a r e n t s ' h o u s e , 221

L T /J l j : d i l i g e n t l y , 204

l:o T S ^ A / * ^ : f e e l i n g o f r e a l i t y ,

1 0 1 ; L'.-Ó^Whi/'^m'hi

s e e m

r e a l ,

101

l : o * r | C / ^ | ^ | C :

a c t u a l l y , 264

U : p a t i e n t l y , q u i e t l y , 23

L o i A - f ' ? . / « T » 1 t - S : a s k a

q u e s t i o n , 66

e x c u s e m e , b u t . . . , 1 7 7

L "r ^ : m u s t d o , n e e d t o d o ,

114

L 'i' i <D/S#:

g o o d s , m e r c h a n d i s e ,

239

\L If

AJ/êffiS : v e n d i n g m a c h i n e ,

54

LÉ/,ft:

i s l a n d ,

112

li-yfzit, Li-otzl)

: o h n o ,

o o p s h o w s t u p i d o f m e l , 203

5

y a y - f i>: r u n a

s i m u l a

t i o n ,

11

1*6

< < 6/%%iö

<

< 4 : w r a p u p ,

e n d , 219

" • ' L f / ~ : # :

- e r ,

- o r ,

- a n t

( p e r s o n

w h o p e r f o r m s a c e r t a i n

J o b ) , 94

L ^ / : f ± < è - : s o c i e t y ,

1 2

y ^ Y - y

h :

j a c k e t , 7 0

L L L-ó-'/^M^:

p h o t o g r a p h e r ,

97

y

X •

•'

<—:

j a z z b a r ,

203

V

+

h —: c h a t e a u , 20

L

' C ' ' i n \ :i s n ' t i t . . . ? , 3

e m p l o y e e m a i l i n g li s t , 93

C'Ct-fi, /^m-t 6: h i n d e r , g e t i n

t h e w a y ( o f) , 144

L A f

l j

J: 9 / • i ^ : t r a i n c a r , 13

L ¥ . i j j

: 9 C L j : 9

/$-mm:

t r a i n - c a r b r e a k d o w n , 13

L

t> 9

'5'A/Wtt: c u s t o m , p r a c t i c e ,

210

LtPl

< c e l e b r a t o r y

e n v e l o p e , 244

L

i * 9

L

9 / f i ^ d r - f :

m a s t e r ' s

d e g r e e ,

94

' > ^

—

h -S

s h o o t ( a b a l l ) , 198

L « 9 1 :

*

9

/ 1 I X . X : i n c o m e , 94

~ L *

9

ULZ-^M^:

- t h a n n i v e r

s a r y , 249

i : H9 If C

/ t i l : s t a c k e d b o x e s ,

218

i:

* 9

.r;A («.-)

/+^ (tc)

/11'^

(•^t") : s u f f i c i e n t , e n o u g h , 102

L I*

9

l j - f ' S / ' f t a - t 4: r e p a i r , 130

L * - J ' v ^ / ? ^ # : i n t e n / i e w ,

n e w s

c o v e r a g e , 234

^L>i>-o

L A / ~ t t # : f r o m

,110

L *

o - i + è - f

4 / * ^ - r - S : a t t e n d ,

128

Ln .ofej:9*$

/ t b m ^ t :

d e s t i n a

t i o n

o f a b u s i n e s s

t r i p , 39

L t J ' - ^ ' f e J : - ) ^ * - ? / ^ W c ^ : o n

a

b u s i n e s s t r i p ,

12

L

*ofe J:

9

i:^L

-4 /ai5S

;i

:î-.6:

have a business trip coming

up,

39

L * T A

- f

^ / t i ;5-t :

put

out

a store/booth, exhibit,

173

L *

Ij

*

9 / H J È : mainstream,

219

~ L * A/^)li: order of , 14

L *

A l:

*

9 / # f t :

spring and

autumn,

252

L

J: 9 tl':

ginger, is

Lxiti

<{%K

-^/'h^ê,:

elementary

school

kid,

76

L J:

9

^ " ' ' i n \: there is nothing one can

do

about it,

224

Lxii XI

/ ^ > X :

situation,

circumstance,

149

L j : 9 l t A T f - i j X Y/U^rt

'j X h

:

investment

analyst,

94

L

J: 9 / c r - f

^ / | g # t

- 5 . : invite,

143

l:

J:

9

/c'A/JblHi:

joke,

1 5 8

IXlU^) XI /'M^t: amount

of

consumption,

210

llXlS- ( t -) /Â (tc) :

sturdy,

strong,

35

C

X

^ i )

/ ^ ^ : managing director,

173

L

J: 9 t>/V3^:

the Showa era

(1926-1989),

97

L J: < I

:A/ftA:

craftsperson,

75

L

X

<. It A /- t lm:

food

product,

27

L X <

. ^ ' - ^ / ^ i ^ :

plant,

72

X

I f

A/Si;

5 :

advice,

190

L J : -t ' < * J / B f ' l

^ t : affiliation,

so

L J: o $ / - f e # :

tableware,

222

y 3 yt°y / - b yy-:

shopping

center, 140

L A C

< (tc

)/mm ( t -) :

serious,

grave,

101

L A * o / ^ - ^ : medical examina

tion,

130

L A

L

-5

/ • f t L

i>:

(R2) believe,

92

L

A

-a

-v

U A/it

^p^:

new prod

uct, 11

L

Aifl

A/ir^: New

Year, 218

L Alfv ^ -f 4 / 1 ^ ' iE - f .5:

worry,

157

L A .1 -A L K'/^fjf^k: newspaper

company,

234

• f 9

A / | 5 C J ^ : number

of years,

56

X

2 7

—

h

skirt,

51

- f

$ ' / i t $': too, 57; - f

4

/ i t J '

4

do too much,

204

X

4^-

L J;

9

/ X ^-i§:

ski resort,

110

-fz LLT/^-l

LT: after a little

while, 4

• f

L J:

9

/M-t: overhead, 205

- t i r i j / ^ t j : progress, proceed,

51

•f-flöh/iîö h: (R2)

offer,

urge,

27

A}V. style, 49

X ^ ' y 7 : staff, 73

• f

o IJ:

entirely, completely,

86

289

• f ' o ^ : much

more,

161

- f o l f r / ^ - ^ l f r i s o u r , 1 8

X

T

— + y—X

:

steak sauce, 107

7

^<4 X: spice, 1 9

X

h - F r

| ± A / X t ° - F a

,S ; :

speeding

violation, 147

- f U : pickpocket,

147;

-f^Ki (R2)

get

pickpocketed, 139;

-5 pick

pocket, 139

-Ifr $

*

9 L J : / i t * # : bill,

invoice, 151

-tirr * A- t 4

/ ^ ^ - f

6:

produce,

66

•ti:r

i: A<;)

V'/}liA<D B: Coming-

of-age Day (second Monday of Janu

ary),

220

•(fv product, i i

•tf V

\

I j L / W M . ± : tax accountant, 94

occasion, 249

-ti-$ IC

ATJ^A/^-t t lS:

sense of

responsibility,

212

-tf $ IC

A

L ^ person

responsible,

234;

-ti"

$

lc

A

L

f

<0;5 -

/ c / ^ - l i ^ W ^ person responsible,

234

-tf

$l1)/;e>È :

o i l , 1 1 5

• Ü ' ^ / W : time, occasion, 267

-tf

^ :

with trouble, with pains, 187

-tf

-7 I t A / ^ f ê: soap, 1 7

- t f o ö ' A / t p : ^ : setsubun (a day in

early February for performing various

rituals such as throwing beans to drive

away bad luck and bring in

good),

220

- t f -o^<- t4 /WI^- t -S:

conserve,

102

-tf o lj - o - f 4 h: set up,

found, 94

-t? ;

: seminar, 95

-^X-f—.

seminar,

150

^ L i i.

/ a ^ :

election, 143

-tf

A 3

<

/ ^ H : across

the country,

nationwide, 47

-If A

L

A

C < /^feiftlS: developed

country,

111

-tf

A/cV

^ / ^ # : t he w hole,

5 6

-b

centimeter, 112

-tf

ATA/ê- iS: advertising,

210

-ti: A

*1

A- f I) / - t - ^ - f -5

:

concen

trate, focus, 95

-tf

A t

A/-^-Pl: specialty, specializa

tion,

47;=t i :AtATA/ .»P l;£

specialty store, 47

^ 9

: from what I hear, from what I

understand, 3, 12

^

7

( < L ' )

: look, seem, 27, 33

~ -t ' 7 /^'ê^:

statue of ,

47

•f-

7 V

^

X. If : come to think of it, 22

^ 7 L $ / P ^ : funeral, 220

7

L

A L / i ^ - l t ^ : sender, 2 5 6

^ 7 /c I : I

knowl,

39

290

— y—'^^-l\>: solar panel,

102

^fz

'-^/'^'Z): grow,

112

^: quietly,

4

•t W

C*/^<^^l::

after

that, later, 210

^ W ^ fe

U

/ - t « i t

U

: that's

cor

rect, exactly so, 6 6

7

7

h

X

T : software,

95

• ^ - ^ T : that's why.. ., 27

^•'ACTfeU i - f / ^ C T f e i j É

-f :

HunflBLE

know,

be aware

of,

179

^ A-^"

3

^

ft-v

\: that's

not

so, 55

^ A' j. ' IC:

to

that extent,

so . . . , 110

-• /c V i /^ - f^ :

(a

certain)

generation,

57

/c

V N V N

A- f

- >

/ f f i l%-f

: leave (a

hospital

after a

stay), 1 3 3

/c

V

^ $

/: ; 'c^: air,

atmosphere,

111

/cV

^

< •o (vi-) (li-) : boring,

tedious,

1 4 5

/c V N *• V N -f /• ; f ,6: stay

(in

a country

as

part

of

a

trip

or for an

extended

period),

200

/c

V

^ *

{

/ti%:.

countermeasure,

111

fz^^LfzZ. Y.'f'£\\

nothing

serious,

224

/c'v N

L

o

I f

V

^/-K

^K

I^: big mistake,

fiasco, 1 5 0

/ : V \

L

J: 7

/ * f ^ : subect,

respon

dent, 5 6

fz^^^

1

/

exercise,

gymnastics,

160

/c'v

\ fz

V ^ / " K W :

largely, pretty

much,

225

/c V

t/- J:

7

/"f^^:: representative, 93

fcV ^

/ê® , : typhoon,

108

/c

e' a • > a

4 :

(R2)

fall down,

collapse,

4 1

fz-h': written

but,

1 5 5

fz-h'"- ^

i c / S v

^

IC:

each other, 2 6 9

fcTS"i -S /S

i -5

:

rise,

intensify, 7 6

fc

fe: so,

therefore,

109

tz'h'Zi:

want

to

do

(only

when

speaking

of someone

else), 159

fi

L

-}

I f

f l- L / t i

L

o

I f

^ i-

L: left

running

(of

water),

left

lying

out,

1 1 4

fc '- f/ tb- f: hand in, submit, 1 9 5

fc- f

I f / I * I f - 6 :(R2)

help,

1 5 5 ;

fc

- f

I t T I / l * l f T I

help], 1 5 5

fc -f ifa

4

-Z): (R2)

ask,

80; e'

c

- f ^ < fc '^V^/fe#:(a< f c * V N

please

ask,

80

fc fc L

V v / iE

L

V ^: correct, orderly, 5 3

fz

'^/^'Z): pass,

go by (of

time), 256

fc

, V l j : plenty (of), a

lot

(of), 7 7

fc

T -5 / 3 t

T

6: (R2)

build, 1 4 2

fz

Y.

X

If ;

for example, 218

fc'i-/«S: shelf,

3 4

fc

fn

I f fc

/ - t : Star

Festival, 220

fc«LAIc^-ï./s lèL>^^lc-f

•&:

look

forward

to,

2 5 5

~ f c l f l j : only just

, 2 3 4 , 2 3 6

fc>ï'A: probably, 3

fzliT /P'it: busyness, busy

sched

ule, 249

fc i -f: fool , ch eat , d ecei ve , 146

fc *6: d ue t o , as a result of, 47, 49; fc

6

fc

FORMAL

be

b e c a u s e

243; fc

*i IC

to,

in order to, 85, 90

~

fc l j : (used to g i ve ex amples of a c

t ions

or e v e nt s ) , 105

y / I h :

tart ,

257

fd' ^ 7 : (plain fo rm of T L J : 7 ) , 3, 8

fc* A-tf V ^ / ^ ' | ± : m a n , 210

fc

A

^ 7 /'^k^: w a r m w i n t e r , 110

f c A^

7 L f / t l ^ ^ : per son in

c ha rge , 194

fdXIf

7 / i t * : h e a t e r , 1 4

i-x-y yT'y

h - f - S : c h e c k

out (of a

hotel), 140

fe7^n^-7 fe|c/i4v^7

fe lC ; i nt h e

ne a r f u t u r e , 135

< / a i o < : a p p r o a c h , c o m e /

go near ,

109

^fl

^^/t):

power, abi l i ty, 86

fe i « ^

fe ^ V \

;fl . z , $ X t L : (R2)

put effort ( into), 155

fe $ *

7 HLf-lLflVrnVM^mt:

g l o ba l w a r m i n g , 101

fe

L

A /^oX :

a c q u a i n t an c e , 187

• f ' - l '

^

A : d oor b el l , 11

~ fe Af. fc' 46: COLLOQUIAL s h o u l d n ' t ,

114

\ y 7 :

c h a n c e , oppor t uni t y , 206

fe I* -7 v ^ - f . l . / > i : t - f - S i : w a r n ,

c a ut ion , 161

fe rJ) 7 L

>p

V^ I f A / l È

# i t , § : :

par k

i ng v i o lat i on, 147

fei*

7

tLir6

/'iiX-fi>: order,

78

fe J: 7

*

/ m S : su n /ey, i nvest i ga

t i on, 47

•fe J: 7 L rt)

/ - f t ^ :

long l i fe, longev

ity, 218

"fe

J : 7 ^' : just , conve ni ent ly , as it h a p

p e n s ,

259

fe J ; 7 i:-fVf/m^lf: b o w k n o t ,

244

fej: 7

Ij

L / I IS l ip : ( l icensed) c o o k ,

94

fe

J: S A - f - ê / I t ^ - f - i . ; s a ve

m o n e y , go

•f"

3

C 7:

c h o c o l a t e , 210

fe lj J: -7

/ > • # :

med i cal t r eat ment , 47

o v N; uni nt ent i onal ly , 114

-o v NTV^ < / # v \T^T < : fo l low, go

w i t h ,

155

•OK^Z-o-fi,/iiS^-f i>: b ump i nt o

fr om b eh i nd , r ear - end , 149

- ^ • 7 3 7

/MAT.

traffic,

passage, 54

7 ^

< L

f/'MMRM:

interpreter ,

94

•onK'i-fi

/ ï t t R - f

i:

interpret,

140

- ^ i l ^ t x i / ^ t x i , : (R2)trap,

capture,

4

-o-fyî

• 5 / i i i -S>:getcauglit,

147

o l t ^ / J ^ l t - S : (R2) marinate,

2 3

fc X /M X . h: (R2) inform, tell,

3 3

--^ tzh6/\i^hZ>: spread, go across,

come through,

2 6 9

•O i ^ / i . : soil, ground, 20

O

T :

COLLOQUAL (partiele that emphati

cally identifies the topic of t h e sen

tence), 8 6 ; (particle

used for

quotation;

= ^),12

o - ^ - ^ / ï ^ ) ^ : tsunami, 12

o ( f A :

b u d , 2 5 6 ; •oHîi'':' {

bud,

2 5 6

i ' j : in otherwords, in short, 244

t

U : intention, plan,

1 2 3

'oiji./îi •S:pileup,

108

-5

t, \ \/^\\; hard,

difficult,

trying,

1 4 8

~ T I f

•?)

:"do (somethifig) for some

one else,

126

~ T

-S):

(indicating

a

condition

brought about by deliberate action),

71

T ' i )

-2>:

FORMALWRTTEN

b e , 2 1 4

TV ^ ~ / # ' - ' : lowin ,27; T

V \

T?

D

IJ

—/iètfj o

IJ

— low in

calories, 27

T o $ i;

9

-f i,/M.i^-t h: offer,

2 4 9

~ T V •>

< :

continue to

, g o

on ing,

47

,51

TV ^ L

I *

o - f ^ S/ i t t l i - f ' l ) :

submit,

241

T A

X'—— 7

y

K: Tokyo Disney

Resort, 9

Tv^;|av ( f )

/ T *

('i ')

: polite,

2 3 4

T'v

^ b o L f V ^ i - f :

HONORFC this

i s . . .

(introducing someone), 1 7 3

~ T f ; < : (indicating an action done in

preparation for the

future),

4,14

T75* $ <0: handwritten,

2 1 9

T '$

-S/tH^fc-S: (R2) come into exis

tence, come up, 1 2 3

X'H t£\i/iiî> /c'lf: as much as

possible,

6 6

T < fL -S; do (something) for me,

1 2 3 ,

126

T L J:

9

i^: (asking questions, raising

an issue), 8

T'-f " e: hat's

w h y ,

for this/that

reason,

57

T e^S^'v / ^ i t v ^: mistake, mix-up,

2 6 6

T T v ^</' i±5 T IT <: leave,

9 6

Ti : |±v^4/^ lcX-5:beobta ined,

come into one's possession,

123

~ T I ±v Mtî'V V must not , 105

~

T' i T il: even if ,

1 0 1 ,

103

~ T 4 fe

•)

: have (someone) do (some

thing), 1 2 3 , 1 2 5

T •5 : do (something) for someone

else (of lower social status, an animal,

etc.),

126

X )

X 1

')

/ ^ f t S : (someone's)

own cooking, 2 5 8

X'iXi,/\iii\.i>:

C O L L O Q U I A L be able

to g o, 225

~ T

A / ' ^ . ' J :

store selling

,

4 7

T A Z ' L / i i ' t :

message, 201

T A f e / f ; > t l :

battery, 37

T A 'J

J :

<

/f;2?7:

electncity, 102;

T A U X < ^ ^ n ^ L ^ / « ; * ^ ^ ±

electric company, 102

T

A^7 75 •7} 7 7J •7} 7) 4 :

get

a

phone call,

1 4 4

~ >1C/~M.C: degrees Celsius,

7 8

V ^^> ifp-tf/Fnlv ^•ê-^9•ti:: inquiry,

2 3 4

~ V N 9

f 9

: called ,

named ,

4 7

^ '

9

V \

9

: what, what kind of,

2 3 4

Ï:'

9

V

^ 9

;bI t

T /

9

V

^ 9 IR T: for

what reason, 234

t ' l t)^lfzLX'-f-i\ is something

the matter?, 3 3

i

9-t f

A - f / É a-f -£.:

be elected,

143

1 X'L X 1 tlW wonder, couldn't

s a y ,

16

^ ' 9 .ï- 9 <0/Pi^<n: enclosed,

252

^*

9

X. A / ^ # l l : zoo,

127

IC'l^l'-orfx 9VÂ/m#^l%:

veterinary clinic,

47

^*9

t :

hello,

1 8 4

6 < - n / ^ ^ - t i : register,

1 4

^ '

/ ^ l t -S:( R2) melt,

1 0 8

Y

Z • 5 : time, moment,

174

^ C -?> T :

by t h e w a y , 3

^ L/'^'^: city, metropolitan area, l is

L T : as , in the capacity

of ,47

X 1 Z ( / ^ J l H : developing

country, 111

^ L f 'J / ^ - f f ' J: elderly person,

senior citizen, 2 1 8

^

L

Ï

^ i,/if-ty^6:

become

older, age, 51

Y t,/i.i^: land, property, 51

^'fe feTt 4'V V neither,

5 6

^ • • f e f e l : : è v N x t . - v v / ^ - f e f e ^ i

•g

X . "t'

V \: cannot say

on e

way or the

other, 74

^ ' - ^ C O L L O Q U I A L somewhere, any

where, 221

^ '

o

fe T

i V n

N; don't care one way

or the other, 7 6

^ T fe < : k e e p , s a ve , 258

oT

t:

C O L L O Q U I A L V e r y , 23

t l ' " l t ê / . S I t 4 : ( R 2 ) r e p o r t , 4

ii l c

TJ : a n y w a y ,

in

any

case ,

148

~ ^< 75

:with ,96

^'i^<DZ'il

T'- f : F O R M A L

(someone)

said that , 202

t

f / ' / i ' - f / f l l

r

/'tti

-f: jump out,

run

o u t , 149

^ 4 / : f e :

f r i end , 210

- > i t 9

L i - f / - - ü f

L i - f :

H U M B L E

I

a m

, my name

is

(in

t r od uci ng one s e l f ) ,

173

^

t

f g 3 / ^ f 3 3 : friend c h o c o

late

(a V a le nt ine 's Day c hoc ola t e g i ven

to

a female f r i end ) , 210

^ fe i L 4 : (R2) get s t o le n , get t a k e n ,

139

^

IJ

/ , * :

bird,

3

^

IJ

7>^x.4/: |?. iJ#X.4/If5 . i jm

X.

i>:

(R2) c ha nge , re p la c e , 37

^ IJ

< • ^ / f l i j , ^ , .? . :

me a s ure ,

e n d e a v o r , 10 2 ;

t lj < fe/^'jfflfe

u n d e r t a k e , e n g a g e

in,

249

H i j l i L464/S iJ iê* : )4 : (R2)

st ar t t aki ng

(phot os ) ,

97

^*i j

J : < - f * / ^ ; ^ 7 - f * :

strive,

m a k e

an

effort,

139

^

-S: s teal ,

t a k e ,

139

F UX: dress, 54

^ a - S / ^ a - Z , : (R2) c o m e off, be

c o m e d e t a c h e d , 41

ïi A T i Tin N;

not a t

a l l ,

266

Ji*A

ü'A:

rapidly,

greatly,

5i

ü

* A f i

. ' l C

~ T

t : no

matter how

. . . ,

109

'^tC:

(emotive

part icle), 27, 28

fi .-vi L J : / r t l t : secret, 259

• ' i ' V 1 T ' : ( indicat ing m e a n s or a t t e n

d a n t c ircumstances) , 70

tt'V N

J ;

9 / i * l ^ : c o n t e n t ,

127

t-'H:

f u r t h e r m o r e , in ad d i t i on, 252

tc-ó^/"^:

i n , i n t h e

midst

o f,

249

tCtl'X'/^hZ-^'Ê.^: long

p h o n e

call, 204

ictlîct ^: qui te, fair ly, 133

icé'ió i>/Ö^* ) i>:

(R2 )

g a z e a t, look

a t,

91

tcti'h'. wh i le , 86, 91;

but, in s p i t e

of,

2 5 2

ti:-d'ili/}È.it6:

(R2 )

flow, f lush,

37

• 1'

$

Z'x/'ji.tsP:

s o u n d

o f

c ry ing ,

17

'•^td fiC^tC^^: ha v e to , 3 9 ,

2 1 6

fc

<

/xf t

< : cry (of pe rs on) ,

17

tc < /"M < : cry

(of

ani mal ) , 3

^ i k ' i fei

V I t

ft' V ^: C O L L O Q U I A L have

to , 2 2 0

t: { tc i> / " t : i ti: i>: die,

p ass

away,

4 7

•t'<'-5>/®l-S; h i t , strike,

143

^L "

* V 1

i

-f:HONORIFIC do, 178

•î'-tf:

why, 85

-I'X

-7

tl

/ I f t S :

natto

(sticky ferment

ed

soybeans),

so

f t ' -o i o l j / i ; ^ l j : summer

festival,

234

'^£K'A/'BA:

trouble, concern, 154

•C fe-f

/ " i l

t ' t " : ( t r . ) ring, sound,

l l

'ts:t?î>/ik'<ii:

(R2) arrange, place

(neatly in

a

row),

14

tc

(intr.)

ring,

sound, 144

• ^ L ' •?> < : as .. . as

possible,

197

•t ' •5 l i I

see,

I

understand,

85

• t' i t

-I)

/ ' M a -5

:

get used

to ,

accus

tom oneself to, 254

ii Li\ COLLOQUIAL something,

19

' i ' A J

J: <

/ i ^ f e

South Pole,

i i i

tc

Lfzhl tz6ï:

what could

it be?, 3

f i ' / C T : COLLOQUIAL that,

187

• t -A T è Z - f B rT t : anything, 53

fc

/C l -

A i

/ iÂ

i : many people, 234

~ | : v n V good for , 27

ICTjn ^ / ^ v bit ter, 18 •

I C T J ^ ' T

(t:) / ^ ^ {• •£) : disliked,

avoided, 11

~ l : )X- t - -S/ - ' lC |W

-r 4 :

regard

ing

, 56

i : < v^ : difficult (to do), 27

- - I C

<

^ 7 L o / - | C # L v ^ : b e

knowledgeable about , l l

i c i f - S / a i l f - S : (R2) run away,

escape, 3

\ZiLi^tzL

^/-m.^m^:

carbon dioxide,

i n

l c i : * O o - ) f v N $ / 2

l-ffirte

twenty-first century, loi

l : fe t /

H

B#; date and time, 252

~

I

C a T : as (some process takes

place), 51

~

I

-

T : through , using , 252

~ | C ^ T : t o

,

for

, 101,102

KllLLx

< / H J a p a n e s e -

style food, 249

l : iJ)

9V X - f - 5 / X K i - t - & : be

hospitalized, 93

|C tj) 7

ii

'V

^

$

L/K^-k:

registra

tion

fee,

151;

l :

*

9T J H

^-f i>/K

•^-f i)

Join (an organization), 151

~ I C J:

o

T :

by

,

142

~

1 ^ J;

•& i i :

according

to

,

12

\Z

i / U i : (R2) look like, resemble, 22

1 : A $ / A ^ : popularity, 32;

I :

A $

<D

/A

^<D popular, 32

l : A l t X / A H : human, 47

| ; A i : < : garlic, I8

tó < <

:

surpass,

exceed,

56

tó

-ffe/^t;:

steal, 145

ni>ri< Ij /iê.J:.7i' I j : price rise, l is

^ T -f

7": native speaker, 243

292

^ li X.: say .. ., look/listen .. . , 3

4-

—

A 7° U— h : name plate, 14

9 / I S 9: wish for, 218

; t - 3 / ^ S : c a t , 3

UfiL

/mS.: price, 51

^-

-y h ~> 3 -y t° y

/ :

internet shop

ping, 51

ULf/' t X l /^%^: New Year's

card, 219

fxL-/)'-L/

^H: annual,

210

ÛLfi\

^ / ~ ^ ' ( ^ : (a certain) era,

(a certain) decade, 55

^ l / C É

- ^ / ^ J R : end of the

year,

218

<Oi i' XI /MM: farming , agricul

ture,

129

<r>nt XI /M.^: farm, 66

W

9 <

/MM: pesticide, 66

« 9 lj

J: < / t ë ^ : ability, qualifica

tion, 94

7

—

z^ / y \-:no comment, 74

~

CO

e 7

}M f T : thanks to , 49

~ C O } " i L i L fL -O ; itmaybe

that (giving an explanation), 21

~ <n

11

A / ~

<D^:

the matter

of

, the issue

of

, 194

<DZ i>/'^%i>:be left over,

remain,

97

- W - t f v ^ T : a ll because of ,

through the fault of , 49

7 -y knock, 17

<r)\Z; even

though,

27,35

--(D\t-l-£ Lr\±/-<0%r\i.:Xo

hear

tel l i t . . . , 12

~ < 7 ) ( i ü ' / ~ < 0 5 f l : HUMBLE about

,

regarding , 252

(0 A i "

$ '

-5 / # : A 3 l

$ '

i,: drink too

much,

204

W A l : * - t

9

/fÂI^M

9

: invite

(someone) to go out for a drink, 39

« l j f e < t L - S / ^ l j ï i ^ t - Z > : ( R 2 )

miss (a train , etc.),

134

l i i ) : w e l l . . . , um . . . , 162

Vi'—: partner, 47

•' —

7': herb, 18

l i v N; good

question,

113

^ :

motorcycle, 158

l i vN l tA - f

- 6

/ # .a - f •5 :

HUMBLE

see, look a t,

173

I lv ^

L

tJ) -o

/^Yiii:

emission. 111

l±v

^

L

* o

lj j ;

7

/ # t l i * : amount

of emission,

111

l± '75MC-f l> / , S , ^ |C - f

^ :

look down

on, make a fool of, 205

I f

l j :

nothing but, only, 85

I f < L C' 9 / i f i - f : doctorate, 94

11 Z . v / a > ï ' : carry, 127

I f C i l j

/iét l j :

beginnings, roots,

210

I f L J:

/iêPlX: place,

31

I f

"f:

ought to,

should,

27, 31

l i f e A - o : honey, 78

I f o f e X / ^ i l " : p ronunc ia tion, 148

hacker, 145

I f -p J

l j :

definitely, clearly,

250;

I f T

i 'Jir il

become clear, 234

I f o fc - ^ -f - S / H s t - f l):develop, 113

l l - ^ T A * g e n e r a t o r , 110

I f o T / f e - f 4 • & : generate

electricity, 102

If o If

v

N-f- ,5

/§h^-t h:

put on

sale, 219

11 -t- L

* 9

L <ê-

9 :

talk over,

discuss, 155

I f L 7 *M t 4 / § L 4 : (R2)

talk

(to), 155

I f T ^ L

C * X . / tÈ L . ^ :

sound of con

versation, 17

l l f C ^ / t È S : f lorist, 185

I f

7 i ' i l l ' ? > / ' i i a - 5 :

(R2) be apart, be

removed,

218

~

I f

~

I i Ü": the more (something is the

case) the more .. . , 269

| f ^ v ^ t C 0 T / - ¥ • v ^ t « T : time

flies, time passes quickly, 256

I f ^

< - t < -fi>: hurry, make

it quick, 240

11^46

\z/^-ihK:

early, in advance,

257

I f - S : become popular, 54

1 1 / f f t •?>: freeze over, 108

I f •5

/% i>:

post, put up, 72

I f tL / B t i f l : sunny, 108

^<\yyy 4 y • y :^T: valentine's

Day

Fair, 173

l f / C / # : tu rn , 222

I f A

< ' A / # , | I :

program (TV or

radio),

143

l l A * ' v ^ / ^ E # : crime, 155

l l A / c V

^/Kî:

opposition, 76

^ ^ 7 K

/l^: handle, steering wheel, 54

t

— yl/;

heel (of

a

shoe), 260

Z 9 T in ^ / # i K - M : restricted ac

cess,

79

V-L X

1 < ' ^ / # f ' U : emergency

exit, 79

VL x A i l / ï / l XM

*1: soaking

wet,

147

V'Û^:

in whispers,

19

U'f£>)i'b':>l zi/±mmT.

to-left traffic, 54

rA /c I ^ ^

7 F

/ l / ±

^ 7 F

/U:

left

side steering

wheel,

54

ii'v V

horrible, 21

U i i 'v ^Ti ' /SSv îc:

how meanl, 27

UtZ'tl /—'W: a word, a

few words,

249

UY.-oU)^

-^<n/

—3—3W:

each

and every, 218

lj

Ji

lj

/—A—A:

each one,

each and every person, 102

U-t£

i o lj /U->£^^ I j :

Girl's Day,

Doll Festival, 220

English-Japanese

Glossary

Note:

This glossary includes only words and expressions introduced

in

this text. For the Japanese equivalents

of

words introduced

in

Books I and II, refer

to

the glossaries in those volumes. For the sake

of

simplicity, honorific

and humble Japanese expressions have been omitted, as have a number

of

idiomatic expressions, proper nouns,

and so on that do not

fit

well anywhere

in

an

A to

Z list.

The following abbreviations are used:

intr. intransitive (verb)

n. noun

tr. transitive (verb)

v. verb

110: (emergency phone number)

1 1 0

\ i L / \

1

0 # , 148

ability: fe^'fe/:^, 86

ability:

« 7 U J:

< / ^ t j , 9 4

able:

be abe to

go

T ' ^ l ) / d i : f l - 6 ,

2 2 5 ; become able to Xl\'^'^£i>,

47,

50

abysmal:

i o i , <

(+£) 7^%{^£).

260

according

to :

1 Jt J i, 12

accustom oneself

to : t L ' t L - S / t l ^

•S , 264

acquaintance: fe L A / ^ o A , 187

actually: t

o

* o | C / J | | t | C , 264

addition, in: fcfe, 252

address: i ; v ^ ^ o , 33

advance, in: l l - ^ t ó I c / ^ a ó | C , 257

advertisement: Z { / 2 1 0

advertising: - t t A T A / S - f S , 210

advice: L J: I t X / l ^ f " , 190

affiliation: L J:

-t '

< i J / F / f ^ ^ t , 80

after: after

a

little while

- f C

L L

T /

iJ- L L T , 4; after all I t o $

J: <

/

I t ' f , 150; after

that

-tcO CO

\k, 210

age: Ji L i Y . i / ^ i

^ 6

, s ^

agriculture:

W

9 J: 9 /MM, 129

air: fz^-^^/-X.^, 111

all; (everyone)

v

^ eJi' 9 /—Wl, 2 4 9 ;

all

the more

v i o

9

,

249; all through

out

i>

e3 fe, 81

alligator:

7—,

21

allowed to do, be: — -tf T v ^ fz f£

<,173

also:

i

fz/X, 102

always: fl^fc^-f/'X^-f, 114

amazing:

.ï- L

* ' (fi')

(

f£),^9

animation: T — 7 , 1 3

announcement: T f - ' i ' V X , 13

annoying: I6\^h< (fi:) /i$.M (

^ J. ' ) , 55

annual: i a A ^ ^ A / ^ f f l , 210

answer:

Z fzX i / ^ X i , •iSS

-ant: (person who performs

a

certain Job)

~ L 94

any case, in: Ji I C T J ^ < , 148

anything: fC

A T i / -(sf T t ,

53

anyway: Ü

I C T

^ ^ <

,

MS

anywhere:

Ji'-n

75\ 221

apart, be: l U c i l i / ' ^ K i , 218

apparently:

fe

L

v

27, 32

apple orchard: 'J

A

^*

X. A / U A

C'

H,

66

applicant:

fe

9

I f

L 95

appointment: ± t,ihh^/'i^^'ë'

h-kt, 47

approach: fe-^^-o

/

jSi, 14

arrangement to meet:

i fe h-Ü/#

fe-ê-*P-t

-,47

article: $ 1:/ |B^,49

as: (in the capacity

of )

-- Ji

L T ,

47; (as some process takes place) ~ 1

"^iH-T, 51 ;

a s . . .

as possible t t ' - S ' ^

<, 197; as is

Z

<n

t

t .

tn;

as much

as possible

T $ -5 /= ' l t / t t * '5

/c"

I t , 65; as usual

v i W

J; 9 | C , 39

ask: fz-fÜi>/^ni>.ao; ask for

directions A fe,** < / ^ i f ^ < .

155; ask too much fe 'J 5 v N 9

S Ï T 9

,132;

please ask feVcf ^

< / i ' ^ f v i / f e # ^< / -c'iVN.so

at all:

t-D fz </-^ < , 66

at

this point:

v ^ i

Z ' i / ' ^ Z ' i , 194

atmosphere: fz^^^/i\%„

i l l

attachment:

< o

T

A / ^ i J ) ^ ,

252

attend: (school) fl^Xl

/ J t

9

,

90; (a

meeting, etc.)

L i ^ - ^ - t f ^ - f ^ / A

l ^ - f i ,

128

auspicious day:

$ fe C

0 / ^

H,

255

author:

o

T S ^ / ^ ^ ,

13

autograph session:

•'f 'f V'S v N/-if

^

y

^k, 13

average: 'N V N $ A / ^ * * ; , 101

babysitter:

-< t

— ->

y

—, I6I

bad: i f\ \ 151; bad at ^fz (ic) /

( t o , 146

bag:

.ï> <

6 / i ^ , 222

baked apple: ^ $ U

A C ' / S *

U

A

Z', 78

barkeeper: V X ' —, 95

basically: S l ï

A T

$ Ic/*4^Ó5

I -, 244

bass:

X,

203

battery:

TAfe/S; j t fe,

37

be able

to:

C

)lf/'X'^ -6 , 80

bean:

É * ) / S ,

2I8

bear: ^ ^ v / ^ l , 15

beautician: IfX 9 L / ^ # i i p , 94

because: all because

of ^W-t fv N

T", 49; be

because

~75^

fe

210, fz ^ fz,

2 4 3 ;

just

because

~'J" feoT,21

beginnings: l i L i IJ / i é t U

,

210

believe:

L A

L - & / #

L 92

besides:

v ^^Jn ^/»<^'K 244;

li^^MC,

218

between:

' - ' (0i)O/-£' |C/~«Ff l

IC, 123

big : f e feS ' i - / j ^ $^ . - ,

19

bill:-tfvN$

rt)

9

L J : / l t 5 ) t # ,

151

bird:

Ji

U / , ^ , 3

bite: fl^ij, 145

bitter: l:?5*v

^ / ^ v

\

is

black:

<

^ / M ,

244;

(of coffee) / '

•7 7 7 ,77

blissful: L*.49^f (vi-) / # - t i : C'J.-),

40

bloom: i <

/ " ^

<

,

4 1 ; continue

to

bloom ^ ^ è o o l t - B / ' ^ ^ l ^ l t

i ,

101

booth space: 9 U

I f / ' S ' i

^ , 194

boring:

/cV

^ < ( f - ) / i S . ^ ("iO,

145

bowknot:

fe J:

9 tO-lf/m^rf,

244

boyfriend: ^---i V Uy K, 135

brake:

7 U —

1 4 9

branch: X/ i ' / ^ i , 41

branch president:

L L

^

fe

J:

9

/ 3 t

7±-S:,

33

break: (tr.) (ruin)

C

h - f / ^ - f , 9;

(intr.)(of

bone,

branch) HKi/^fy

^ - 5 ,

4 1 , (tr.) (bone, branch)

fe' - 6 /

#

,

188 [see a/so smash, snap]

breakdown:

C L J: 13

bring:

t o Tv ^ v ' 5

I f 1 4 7 , (from be

hind)

-O

^^t-î-i/i^^^-fi,

149

burn:

(of food) C I f - i > / # J f - 5 , 1 7

business

trip:

be on a business trip

L * - o ^ J : 7 f e *

7

/ t Ü S f t ' t ' , 12;

business trip destination L * o fe J:

7 ^ J /tfajft^fe, 3 9 ; have a business

trip coming up L rp ii X T

izfc

' 5 . / t b 5 g : i : t - 4 , 3 9

businessman: ' 9 ' 7 U — - 7 y , 5 4

busyness: (C *) /c f f

7

/ ^ 'H : ,

249

but: i£-/l'iy, 252

buzzer: —, 155

by^—: ~ U

J;

-5 T ,

142

by

the way:

ÎZ

6X\3

cage: -ir

— 4

called : — Ü v \

9

/ — Ji *

7

,47

callout(to): C X. $75Mt- &/.^*/ ^^

If4,155

calorie:

7i 7 D i j — , 2 7

campaign:

+

+ 7

'<— >, 2 1 0

can:

C Ji 7 5 < T S s o

cancellation: ^ + y-fe/b, 49

candle: + + >

FVb,

3 5

canned

food:

fl^L-óih/^^, 5 5

capital:

A ^ Z / | | 5 , 1 4 3

capture: -Oi J^ i

X - S / l l É

X. 4

carbon dioxide:

I -

i L^l^fzL^/—

m\tjk^. 1 1 1

carry: l±

C

, v / ^ , i - , 127

carry out:

HZtC 0

7

, 1 4 3

cat: ^- 3 / 5 S ,

3 ;

cat food:

+

t

y h

7 - F,4

catchphrase: i>v ^ 3 Ji lf / -g- v ^ *

155

cause: I f Av Â /^gg ] , m

caution: fe * 7

v ^-f

- S / j i ^ - f - S ,

I 6 I

celebrate: v

7 / f t 7

, 2 1 8 ; celebra

tion (fe ) V \i9V N / ( f e ~ ) ftv V,

2 2 2 ;

celebratory envelope L

rJ) 7 $*>J<

^

^ / « f ê , 244

cellular phone: I f v ^/cV \ T A^:i / i<

i f m t i , 155

centimeter:

-b 7f -, 1 1 2

certainly:

$ o Ji ,

7

chance:

-f + 7 X, 2 0 6

change: (batteries, etc.) Ji

'j ;5^X.

é /

f . U # X . 4 / | s i l j i t X * , 3 7 ;

change of pace:

S I f

fe

L / ^ s t f e

L, 225

character: (letter)

C / ^ ,

7 3 ; t L /

129

chateau:

~> + I—, 2 0

cheat: tzi-f, 146

check out: (of

a

hotel) f - x y T

h-f -2), 140

cheering: fe' 7 X/C/JwiÉ,

109

chestnut,: < U/.^218

chew:

^^tj,

146

chocolate: f" a 3 , 2 1 0

circulation: (in a library, etc.) L tz

L / - S e L t b L , 7 9

circumstance:

L

C J: 7 / • ^ t t , 140;

i: J: 7 $ J; 7 /« > J t , 149

city: Ji L / # t l T , 115

class:

$ i;

7 L o / | 5 c È , I 6 0 ;

class

room $ J:

7

L •o/^'M.,

9

cleaning: 7 5 ^ 7 c - o l t / , t ^ # | - t ,

1 3 2

clear: become clear (of facts) l i o $ U

- f -S , 234; clearing up after ^tti^tz

-^n/mmi,

i 6 o

cleariy: 11 o $

' J ,

260

climate: $ C 7 / ^ l l , 1 1 1

close: (on familiar terms) L 7c L v ^ /

M L V N,

93

cloudy: < 'j / #

U ,

1 0 s ;

become

cloudy, cloud up i è

•S) /# '6 ,

10s

coffee

shop:

$ o ^ T L/'^^lS, 145

collapse: /c e' =K -2. / # J ^ , 41

college

years: T

J' ' ' < -tfv ^ C /c'v

m\.

95

colorful:

tfyVIl (ti.0,244

combine: < .^ i) i: >H f- &/| IA -i -f j

-ti-^,78

come across: ' 5 ^ l t - 5 / . l j ^ ^ l f •6, 47

come into existence: T $ -S/t b^fc

i>,

123

come into one's possession: T 1 ^ I lv ^

- S / ^ U X ^ ,

123

come off: Ji Ü

• £ / | X . i L ,

41

come through: (be communicated)

fz

hi>/\iihi>,

269

come to think of it: 7 v ^ X.

I I ' ,

22

come up: T $

-S/tfa^^-S,

123

come up with: fe' è v <

< , 256

comicbook: i A' S'^/ iS® , 54

commemoration:

$ i ^ A / S B ^ ,

234

commotion,

cause a: C / I S C, 157

commute (to): il^X

7

/ s f t T , 151

complaint: < ' f e , / E S, 165

completely: "f o U , 86

computer catalog: I f

A 'S

< J;

7 ^ ' ? 7

::J7 / ^ t f f l^' ^°7n 7 ,79

computer game:

3

7

t°

^

—

—

y " - A , i i

concentrate: -ti:A;<aA-f-?./#^-f

-5,

9 5

concern: fcK" A/'&iA, 164; be con

cerned (about) -/l^L L A^J^'i)

• ï ) / ^

i O ; ^ - 5 i ) ^ , 7 4

condition:

(physical) < 'i )V ^ / 1 5 7

confirm:

-fl- < lc A - f - B / i t l l - f - 5 ,

190

consen/e: -t i:o> f < -f ^ / f i J I ^ j i - 4 ,

102

consider: I f A Ji 7

- f

4 / ^ W t § ,

173

considerably: '5 '"^'

'J , 9

construction: ^ 7 L / X ^ , 4 9 ; under

construction C 7 C fe

1*

7 /

' f , 4 9

consumption, amount of:

L.

X 1

If

U

J:

7 / - ; « « » ,

210

content: t'v ^ J : 7 / f * l # , 1 2 7

contest: 3 7 T" X h,

7 5

continue

to

: ~ T v ^ < , 4 7 , 51

contrary to what one would like;

i )

v ^

1 :

< , 187

conversation, sound of: n

t

L C 'x. /

I # L ; ^ , I 7

cook: (licensed cook) fe J: 7 ' L / l l

mm, 9 4

cooking, someone's own: T 'j J: 7

IJ/ f f l -m,25S

cool down: J A^ - f / / # - ^ - f , 14

cord:

Z>

t ,

244

correct:

fz fz

L v \ / j E L v

\

5 3 ;

that's

correct -t W Ji fe' U / • * Wi t U , 66

cost:

: 3

X h,

9 ;

cost performance

zi

X

b ^ < 7 t —

< ' 7 X , 102

countermeasure:

/cV

<

/ M ^ , i l l

cover for:

i^^^^'-S/'f-î^-i),

1 2 3

craftsperson: L J: <

i c A / t t A ,

7 5

crime: (accident, incident)

C l f A / ^

ft,

148;

(criminal act) l±

Ai 'v ^ /?E

#,155

crocodile: 7—, 2 1

crumble: < - f H i / M i t i , , 4t

cry: (of animal) 't" <

/ ^ 4 <

,

3 ;

(of

per

son)

' i '

< / ) i < , 17; sound of crying

' i - $ C ' x . / > 4 $^, l 7

curaton '5'' < I f v n ^

A / ^ S M ,

9 4

curry; ?? U—, 1 9

custom: L

i *

7 '5Â/W'iS, 2 1 0

damage:

h i i " f •&/ ,§ ^

- f 85

dangerous: $ I f A

( .O

/ / È l t ( ^ i ' ) ,9

date and time: i C f e L / H Bf ,

2 5 2

Dear: S> t ' / c , 184

decade: ~ iaA /c 'v 5 5

deceive: fzOf, 146

decrease: ' N fe " f / Ü fe "f , 114

definitely:

$ o J i,

7 ;

11 o $ U ,

250

degrees Celsius:

~

Ji* C

/'^ySlC, 78

delicious: 7

i V

\ 4 0

dentist's

office:

L 131

deposit: (of money) .ï' 'j C 'J

JÂ, 52

desert: ^ I f < / * > ' > , 3

destination: ^ / ^ 9 t , 3 9

detailed: < L V N / | ^ L V X 1 4 9

develop: If

7 c

- f -i> / ^ 5 t - f -S,

113;

developed country -tf A L A C

<

/ ^ f c ï t S , 1 1 1 ;

developing country

Ji t J : 7 < / J É± H , 111

die: ic < ic h/ti <-<-£i,

47;

(of

plant: wither) t)^Ki>/îflh, 145

difficult: h

V / ^ v ^,

148; difficult (to

do)

K

<

0,27

diligently: L o T S U , 204

discuss: (talk over) liicL^l /%%

L

"ê" •?

,

155; (take into consideration) I t

disliked: \Z-h<X iSi) / ^ ^

(î-),

11

disordered:

{

iö f'

(ic),

148

diversion:

$ l ± ' f e

L/%,^h

L,225

doctor: o L / E l i j i ,

94

doctorate: l i < L C 9 / t # ± - t ,

94

doorbell:

f - t ' f A , n

dress:

K U X ,

54

drink too

much:

W ^ - f

i ' - S / f c A i t

$ ' -5, 204

drought: ?5^ /Clfo , 102

due to:

t z

46, 47,49

duty: tiH^ U

80

each: each and every

U>l':>lh>l'^<D

' 7 — - 7 218; each and every

person U)^^)U

>1^

/-A.-K

102; each oneUtmtt "J / " A

— A , 102; each other (fe) 7CÏ**V

\

| C

/ ( f e ) 5 : v M : , 2 6 9

early: l i ^ * ) | C / - f - 4 6 1 : ,

257

earn: (income) X. 94; (money)

<•,

164

easy:

i>

i v '•/•^\

\ 16I

education: $

J;

9 v M / l c " f , 155

effect: XV J; 9

/ f ^ W ,

101

effort, make an: Ji'iJ

J:

< - f i / ' ^ i ]

• f i , 139

elderly person: (feO Ü

L

J:

U / (fc)

i|^*IJ,218

elected, be: JT

9

- l + A - f - 6 / S 5 1 - t

•6, 143

election:

-HrA $ J: / i l ^ , 143

electric company: T ' A

U

J: < tj'^ ^ L

/ « ; ^ ^ 7 ± ,

102

electricity: T X

U J:

< /'Ê,:tj, 102

elementary school kid:

L

J: 1 tj^ {-^

V

^ 7 6

emcee: L

?)

H /S]^,

249

emergency exit: ?/ L J: 9 C

fe / #

«-n,79

emission:

l i v

^

L H> o / # t t , 111;

amount of emission l i v

^

L 'j J:

• 7

1 1 1

employee mailing list:

L

K

'tc^^^

—

enclosed:

il " 9 1

<0/W\^<0, 252

end: (wrap up: a letter, etc.)

L

46 < <

• 5 / l t 4 6 < < - ? > ,

219;

atthe end

of

V ^ o

li°V

^ T , 135; end of the year

il

L

i

-zi/î^,

21s; in the end I t o

* J:

< /^>9i, 150

endeavor:

i U

< A / | s ? .

U

l a<^ , 102

endure:

il'i L-f

i/ 'M-f i . 150

energy: ^^--IV^—, 114

engage in:

Ü U <

fe/f .'J fflt,

249

engender: 9- ^ f c - f / i ^ ^ t i i - f ,

210

enough: L

*

9

- i ' A (î') / - i ^

C i")

/^^77^('i-),102

entirely: " f o U, 86;

tr>fz< /"k

< , 66

entrust:

tti^%i/\iî,,s6

envelope:

<

- 5 / ^ ,

222;

envelope

for a mournful occasion: ,5'

L

9 ï

ö';<

^ / T 4 a m « , 2 4 4

episode:

X t° V — F,

47

-er: (person who performs a certain job)

~ L ^ / - # ,

94

era: ÛLti^

^ / ~ ^ f \

55

error: it>ti< ^ /F>fl i tv M58

escape:

I :

I f - S / m i f - S , 3

escort: (someone somewhere) H i i /

181

even if : ~ T t / ~ T

t ,

101,

103

even

though:

W I - , 27,

35

ever

more:

v

^

-p

9 , 249

everyone: v

^

e

i*

9 / — I f ] , 249

exactly so: ^ W Ü fe U W i t U , 66

exam: (medical)

I f

A ^

47

examination,

medical: L A ^ ' ^ / ' l ^

^ ,

130

exceed: <

/ f e < ,

56

excuse: (forgive)

Yp i i ' / f f - ' f ,

249;

excuse me, b u t . . .

L'îl^^X''t

tl'/^^lX'-rtl', 177

exhibit: (put out a store)

L T

A - f

i/ii)Si-i,m

expected, as:

-p i f U ,

16

export:

tp L * - o - f - 5 / ^ t t i - f • >,

143

extent, to this:

C LtCK,

109

fairly:

tcti^tctl^,

133

fall apart: < - f f L l > / , ^ ; ( l ' 6 , 4 1

fall

down:

tzHiti/&]tli

.Al

falsehood: 9

^ / B É , 11

fan: (supporter) V-rlr'— 9 — ,

109

farm: W 9 C J: 9 /M M , 66; farming

W 9 $* J: 9 / I . * , 129

fault of , through the: ~CO-(f v

^

T' ,

49

fed up, be: 9 A ^ ' U T '- f ,49

feel: L

i/^Si

L -S, 101; feel good

$ t f e ^ ^ A ^ V ^ / $ l ^ f f e : ^ n ^ ^ ^ , 3 5

female friend:

e'A-^J.' Ü

t

fiiö/±

: è l i t , 210

fennec: y x ^ ' - -y 7 , 3

fiasco: /c'v

N

L o I f v / A^ ÎJ C, 150

fight, have

a: I t

A ' J ' ï - f

51

fillet:

i 'J A/'g)

lj

23

find:

A.'r>\a/'^-o\^h

,i6

fire:

11/.l^C^f:,

198

fit: i )

9

/

o" 9 , 78

flood: C

9

- f V ^ / ) j ^ 7 j i ,

102

florist;

l l ^ L - ^ / Ï È M ,

186

flow: t '7 j--';(l4/;1ïil '?.,37

fluent:

"' ^

7 ^7,

243

flush: +£ti'Ki/'MM-i,m

flustered,

become:

hhXi/ rkX

149

focus:

-If A

^

A - f -5 / - -f i ,

95

follow: o v NTV

^

< / # v N T ^f < , 155

fond of, be: LtzL fe/SI L e, 249

food product: L J: < ltL/-km,27

fool: tzi-f, 146

footstep: *> L f e ' Ü / ^ - f - , 17

for :

~ I -

Ü -p T ,

101,102;

for

example / c Ü X l f / # l X I f ,

218

forecast: f

l i

9

/ " t ^ ,

13

forget: fe * h-tKi/Wiîd

-5, 149

forgive:

tpif / f f f ,

249

found:

-tf-^

lj -of i,/%^±-f 6,94

fox:

^ - y ^ - / M

, 3

-free: fe''-'/^S~,

66

freeze over: I f 4 / 58 ; -5 ,1 08

friend:

Ü

t / : ^ , 210

from : (come from

) ~ L

ti) o

LL/^^$(,

110

from now on: C

A

C * / 4 " ^ ,

210

fu l l : V\ -p | f \N , 86

fundamentally: $

l i A T *

\z/îf.

éS;lc, 244

funeral:

(fe)

^-9 L $ / ( f e ' )

H

^ , 220

furthermore:

^cfe', 252

future, in the near:

fe/^n ^

9

fe

I c / i f r

v^9

fei:, 135

gain:

X

•2>/^ f ' '6 ,

94;

gain weight

Ü 4 / ± - & , 5 0

game software: A V 7 h ,

54

garlic: IC A l : < , is

gas: il'X, 111

gasoline: tfV

'j

V , 115

gaze at: 'J.'i^'^46'l>/Bj646

-5, 91

generate electricity: I f - ^ T A - f

• 5 / ^

m-f ^,102

generation:

^tz^ ''/^W,

57

generator: I f - t ) T A $ / ^ « : « , 110

get: (a physical symptom)

e' 3

- f

/ f e

C-f, 234; get

angry

fe' C

• S / ^ S - S ,

11; geta

phone call

X'Lhtl'ii^-fy^

i/'Mi-^HHî,

144; get caught

- 75 i

- i > / ^ i

-S,

147;

get dirty f

C*^ -& />- f tL -5 ,130 ;

getdrunk

J ;

o

I f fe -7

/ i ï ' - p

I f fe

9 ,

54;

get fat

>i>

t 6 / j ^ i ,

50; get hungry

fe'î'

'5

'J' 'f <

, 10;

get in the way (of)

t K-

i-f 6

/ ^ P , S - f •&,

144;

get mixed

in

iî/il-5*

-S,

243;

get used to

^ i '

f L 4 / t I ^ H . - 5 , 2 6 4

ginger:

L

i 9 i^''", is

give: (to me) {

i l i ,

21; (to someone

of

lower status,

to

an animal, a plant, etc.)

K'i, 29;

give rise to 9

Atzf /é-

• ^ tB - f ,2 lo

glacier:

Ull -h'/yVi^,

i l l

global warming:

fe

$ r)) 9

akjfzLi

il

^/m^Mmc. 101

goal: t

< >

J:

9

/ @ # , 7 6

297

go by: (of

time)

fz'^/^'O, 256

going to and returning from: v ^ $ i J ^ X .

go out: -h'^^Lyi-o-fh/^V-^-f

•5 ,

187

go

well:

7

É O <

,

223;

go well with

h

7

/ - o 7 , 78

good:

J; v \, 47; good at

7

J

v\3i;goodfor

ICVHN,

27;

good for

you

fe/c lev

N O / # | C

V n 27; good harvest IS

7

^

< /

^{"f, 218; good question (said in re

sponse to a question) llv \ 113; good

work fc075^:ai i T L t z / a ^

mtX'Ltz.im

goods:

/- y X', 47; L

-t"

4 W / D ^ 4 # ,

239

grandma: fe I f i> fe A, 257

graph:

/ ^ X , 57

gratitude: fe' v \ / fe '^L, 123

grave: LA C <

('iO,

101

greatly: Ji'A

t"A,

51

greenhouse: fe'A L o / j g . ^ , 111;

greenhouse

gas:

fe A L o C 7

J T /*

X / S S ^ ^ T ^ / ' X . m

greet: fe'^S^X. -S/if f i

X .

4 , 249

ground:

- ^ f e / ± ,

20

grow: 112

guest: fe v ^ J »f

<

/ T^^ ^, 268

guide map:

A J-V

^ - f / ^ I * l l l l , 79

gymnastics: tz^^^l

I60

hacker: '^-y i]—, 146

hairstylist: Xf X

7

L / | | # f i i i ,94

hand in: t ^ - f / ^ - f , 196

handout: K

/ I / ,

54

handwriting:

L / ^ ,

73

handwritten:

T T J ^ ' *

( 0 / ^ # $

c?3

219

hang:

T j M t ^ / t t l t . ? . , 72

happen: fe' C •S/ fe C -S, 112

happy: Lhh^ ( ' j . ' ) / ^ - t t

( ^ -0 , 4 0

hard:

o f e \ ^ / ^ o , 148

hastily, move:

i>+3T-ê/ ' IËT

149

have: (hold;

a

party, etc.)

f>

fe <

/Sf l

< ,

132

health office: ( i I t A L Jt

/ •K^F/ f ,

234

health-consciousness: I t A C 7 L C

7 / •»* , *^ lé ) , 76

hear:

from what

I

hear 7 , 3,

12;

to

hear tell i t . . . ~ « I f ' i ' L T

I f / - « l ï r T l f , 12

heater: /c A I Ï 7 / B l ^ , 14

heel: (of

a

shoe) t — 2 6 0

help:

T ' c - t l t ' S / J ^ l t *,

155

herb: •> ^ — 7 , 18

here

and

there: i ) fe C fe,

8I

high-class: C 7 $ i* 7 / i f t f ö ,

210

high-rise: C 7 7 / i t - ®, 97

hinder: t ' i - t i r 6/^m-f i .

hit: (strike) t " <*l)/g§:-S, 143; (bump

into): .i^' ^'lt -S,

147

hmm:

7

— A, 42;

7

A , 23; hmm?

A?,19

hockey: lY- y ^ —, 32

hold: (hold something over something)

•/I

'-^-f, 38; (have, host) fe < /

fffl < , 132; (carry out) fe C

tr"

7 / I T

7

,143

hole:

i ) i c / 3 2 ;

a hole opens up

i )

•^£^'h</-;^^<^<.32

home: ^^ Tv

^ / ^ j ^ ,

19

honey: I f fex^o, 73

horrible: Üv \ 21

hospitalized, be:

| : *

7

v ^ A - f - S / X

1%-f-5,93

household:

-/l^X^^/^l^, 19

housework: il^ L / ^ ^ , 160

how

meanl:

1/ü*v ^ ^ i . * / S v 2 7

human:

i :

A l t ' A / X H , 47

hurry:

I f ^

<

- f-&/-?•

<

" f - 5 ,

240

h u r t : i b - 5 . < - t 4 / , l < f - 5 , 8 5

ignore:

tJ l-f-i/PM-f i>,

151

illustration: ^' 7 X (-, 22

image: -f 7 —-y, I86

import: 1$i|C * 7 - f -5 /#)X- f - i> ,

143

incident: L l t A / ^ # , 148

income: L *

7

lc

tji 7

/ i RX , 94

inconvenient: iö\^h< (ic) / i t ® .

(^•),55

increasingly: i É "f , 51

independent, become: < ^}'z>-f

i / i k i L - t i . m

India:

' f > K,

12

Indonesia: 4 > F^-.">T, 12

industry:

^

A $'

J:

7

/ - É ^ ,

113

influence: X V ^ $ J: 7 / f . 5¥ , 101

inform: -^/c: X •l>/'(5x-5,33

injured person: It'S' 'IC A/ l t>^^ 'X, 148

inquiry: 'C\^^h^/f-S,'-^^h^,

234

instead: •/)-'h

U lc/ -(^| 7 lj |C,

123

instrument, musical: tl'-D è/sféH-, I60

insult: h i

< ' f e / , l o , 146

insurance:

( i

I t L/'^^k,

47

intensify: tztl^t i/wiXi,76

intention: i U, 123

interest

(in),

have

an:

A L h-h^h

i/'m<^il'hi,7A

international community: C

^ "S v

1

L

\ ' 7 J n ^ / I | | l ^ t ^ ,

102

international conference: C <

^VTS^V^

$ ' / l l l t ^ l f t , 142

Internet shopping: y h ~> g y t °y

51

interpret: 7 "V < - t . | . / i t l R - f - 5 ,

140;

interpreter 7 ^ < L Aj>/3t

f^*,94

inten/iew: L * -Öv ^/^^, 234; inter

viewer 4 6A- (f -^ >^ A/ ®# 't , 95

investigation: fe J: 7 ^

/ I ^ S , 47

investment

analyst:

L J: 7 I t

AT - f U

X

h / i i E # T - / - U X

h , 94

invite: L J: 1 fz\^-f i / ^ m f 6.

143; É ^ < / ^ g <

,

185; invitation fe'

É ^ $ / f e t g * ,267

invoice: -tf v N $ * -7 L J: / t t s R ^ ,

I5i

involve: (someone in something bad) i

$ C f e / # $ y v f e ' , 155

island: L

X/%,

112

isn't it...?:

L * f ^ i ' V i ? , 3

issue

of

,the:

~ W l t A / ~ < 0

ft, 194

jacket: + "Jr y h , 70

Japanese-style

food:

1 15 A L X { /

a 249

jazz bar:

+ X'

• , 203

join:

(an organization) I-

7

i / X ^ - f i . m

joke:

L J:

7

/ r ' A / K t t , 158

jump out: t Ifti-t/mWih-r. 149

just: (as it happens) fe

J :

7 i i * ,

259

Just like: i

i

X',

1 0

keep: (a pet) 7 / I s ] 7 , 3; (a promise,

etc.) i t

-i>/<f-5,160; (hold onto

for a future purpose) Ü

- p T fe ,

258

kidnap: 1 *

9

7 } ^ ^ H i / W ^ - f i ,

147

kimchi: + A - f , 34

kind: a kind (of)

v

v L tji / — ^ , 3;

all kinds (of)

v N

^

L+i/'^L-fi,

53;

these kinds of C 7

V

^ -7 , 97

kitchen: + y f "

7 ,

53

knock: / y 17

knowledgeable about , be:

~ l -

<

^ 9 L v N / - - | c # L v M i

kombu kelp:

C A ö ' / R , ^ , 218

Korean-style barbecue: ^ J I : < /JÉ

1*1,13

ladies and gentlemen . . . : A'^'iH

/

^ ^ « , 2 4 9

land:

(plot of) Y. fe/±^è, 51; (as op

posed to sea) lj < fe/H^è, 112

language study: ^-fi' { / H - ^ , 160

largely:

/ c

v ^ / c V ^ / X # , 225

later:

^ C O

C* / - t (0^1., 210

laugh:

fe 7 / 7 , 1 7 ; sound of

laughter f j fe

v

C * x / ^ v N. ,

17

l a x :

h t

V

/-a-v

N,

1 6 1

leadership: ij — / — •> y 7 °,

212

leave: (leave someone, someplace) X'X

V ^ < / tB

T I

T < , 96; (a hospital) fz

v n N A - f ' S / i E l t. - r - . , 1 3 3

leave behind: fe' $ ^9 "f

iH.

-5 / 1 $

K i , 149

leave up to: i i5^-tf -S

/ - f i - t f

i

lecturer: C 7

L / i S i i f , 150

left

over,

be: (T) C i / J % i ,

97;

i ) i

4 / ^ - ? ) , 102

lemon: U^rV, 16

lesser panda:

U -y -f—^ 9", 15

letter: t

L/X'^. 1 2 9

librarian: L L J : / B ] # , 9 4

license:

* i A $ x / M f , 9 4

l ie :

9

^

1 1

lightning: ' S ^ ^ ' i - 9 / f , 17

like always: v t W

J : 9 | C , 3 9

like

this:

Z

C O J ; 9 1^, 57

living

room:

v i

/ - ^ - f f l , 7 2

lock:

o - 7 7 , 3 8

lonely:

^

W L v

^ / S ^

L v

\ 2 2 5

long life: fe J:

9

t i t Z - f t ^ ,

2 1 8

long phone call:

t i , - i J ' ' T X ; h / - g : «

I Ï ,

204

longevity: f e J:

9

L

2 1 8

look:

9 ( 'tt '),

2 7 , 3 3

look a fter: (nurse)

j J 'A t A ' j : 9 ï " f

- S / f - I S Ï - f - 5 , 9 3

look

a t: tct/'èöi/^'îî, 9 1

look down

o n : U ' ^ ^ M c - f - ^ / . i ^ i :

- f

•&, 205

lookfonwardto: L | : - f

LMz-r 6,255

look

here:

(interjection)

l i

fe,

16

look

like: \z6/U6,22

\ookout:iir>\i6/^tm

6.12

look upon:

Ai t 6 / R,'^ 6, 5 5

lo t (of) , a :

7c o

- i ^ ' j ,

77

loud voice:

Ü Ü Z'X. /:kP, 1 5 5

lounge: $ 1 *

9

I t ^ ^ L

'^/i^M'Ê., 7 3

love: ^ -f

- è / ^ i - - , 2 4 9 ;

(have

great affection for) tl'-h^ ^ti'i,

5 7 ;

(enjoy t he pleasure of) Lf: L J j / I E

L ti,

249

low

in

: T v

^ ' - ' / ' ( È ~ , 2 7 ;

low in

calories: T v ^

T /

o 'J

—/- fÈ?; /

D

'J

- 2 7

lunch: - 7

Vf" , 1 3 2

machine: $ 1 1

mainstream:

L ^) 1 /È-^M,, 2 1 9

make: make

i-f 6,85, 8 9 ;

make a fool

of I f T i M c - f - S / , ^ , ^

i : - f - 5 ,

2 0 5 ;

make noise ^ h <*/

I S C ,

157

m a n :

T ÏA - l f v N

/ ^ f t , 2 1 0

manage:

H^^X^^-f 6/&'Êi'

6, 8 5

managing director:

L X Ï

± J / "S 'S - ,

173

manual:

V

— 3 .

T /b,

14

manufacturer:

/ —f7— 1 0 2

manuscript: I t X

3 9 3 9

many: fefe

<

C O / ^

< <D, 2 1 0 ;

many

people -f A

| C

A t / - ( g A

t , 2 3 4 ;

many places th roughout

fl^ i ió/^

tó , 1 0 2 ;

that many i i A t. "

I - , 2 2 1

marathon: 7

7 7 7 , 9 3

marinate: o l t - S / J t l t - S ,

23

mass media: 7 X

C 7

J ,

9 4

master's degree:

L ttp 1 L Z' T

d r - f -,94

matter: is something the matter? ii*

9

f:LTi'fl\

3 3 ;

no matter

h o w . . . i : X t l c ~ T 4 , 1 0 9 ; t h e

matter of

< 7 ) l t A / ~ W

f t , 1 9 4

may

be

tha t , it: (giving an explana

tion)

—

« 7 5

^ 4

L t t . t v

\ 2 l

meaning: v Â/M^,

1 5 5

medical treatment: fe 'j J:

9 4 7

meet:

9

/ i t

7 , 7 2

melt: Ü

I t S / ^ l t - S ,

ios

merchandise:

Ltct ( 7 ? / D D 4 I / , 2 3 9

message:

T ' A c ' A / ' iS - B , 2 0 1

mess

up : S . .-f 6, 2 2 5 ;

messed up

* )

fe-f < fe'f

( t ) , 1 4 8

method:

( i

9 l i 9 / ^ 7 È , 8 6

middle

ofthe

night: J ;

' ^ 7 5 ^ / ^ 4 ' , 1 9

midst of, in

t h e : fcfi''/'t', 2 4 9

miss: (a

train, etc.) «

U

C

^ l i C ,

1 5 0 ;

(error) i f e 75 nN /F f l i t

v

\ 1 5 8 ;

(mix-up) T fe;5n

^ / ^ i t ^

\

2 6 6 ;

make a mistake i X " t

•?>, 2 2 5

mix;

i - t f l > / > S - ( f . 5 , 2 3

mix-up: Xiöfi''- ^ / ^ i t ^ \

2 6 6

modest: ^

^ ^ T J ^ ( t ) , 2 5 5

mold:

fl'-lf, 2 0

moment: Ü C

. 5 ,

1 7 4

monkey: - f / b / ^ t ,

3 5

more: more and more

i f i f , 5 l ;

more or

less

J

É i > , 2 2 3 ;

much

more

" f o Ü, I 6 I ;

the more (some

thing

is

the case) the more

... ^

I f

~

l i ü ",269

moreover: i

7 c

/ X ,

1 0 2

morning and evening: i>

i

I f A / 1 3

Bl ,53

motorcycle:

- i / 7 , 1 5 8

move: v ^

9

- ï > / # S * - f

- 5 ,

1 9 4

much, this: 3 A t IC ,

1 0 9

must d o: L t v ^ Ü ,

1 1 4

must not : ~ T l f v M t t ' v ^,

1 0 5

mysterious:

.J- L

( t ) / ^ © I R

( t ) , 1 9

name plate: — A 7 ° U— h, 1 4

named

:

~ Ü v \ 9 Ü 9 , 4 7

nationwide: -tf A 3 <

/ : ^ 1 I I , 4 7

native speaker:

7"

-i

7 , 2 4 3

natural resource: L l t * A / ^ ~ ^ > ,

1 1 1

need:

V

^ - 5 / # - i > , 5 5 ; need to d o: L

t v ^ i i . i M

neither: ü ' f e f e T t t n ^ ,

5 6

new product: L A-tf v N

U L/l^hW.

« ° p , 1 1

N ew Year: L A i ) a A / i t % 2 1 8 ; happy

New Year: * . l t i L T f e J ó T Ü 9

Zl^K

îf/mm LXÜiör

Ü 9 C'^'v ^ i f , 2 1 9 ; have a nice

New Yean f v Ü L * / f t . v ^fe

2 2 1 ; New Year's card: U/Cf)'

L X 1

/ ^ S i ' c ,

2 1 9 ;

New Year's

Day:

f/'LfzL/ftS., 2 1 9 ;

New

Year's

E ve : ÜÜA^ ilVi^M B, 2 2 0

news coverage: L

i * i"v ^/WM, 2 3 4

newspaper

company:

L

A ö ' A

L

f

/

i r M t t , 234

n o: V

^ X ,

96; 9 9

A ,

2 4 2 ;

no comment

7 — 3 7

7

K 7 4 ; o h n o

L i

- 3 7 c

I

, 203

normally: .ï^-^

9 / ^ i l ,

3

North

Pole: l i - ^ *

J: <

/i\M, 1 1 1

n o t : n o t a t a l l :

Ü A T i t v

\ 2 6 6 ;

not

much i> A i ' j , 223

notes:

$ / I B , 2 5 2

n o t so : not so . . . as .. . I i i f t

V

\ 269 ; that's not so

- ^ r

A t C Ü t

V \ 55

nothing:

nothing but

[U^ ' J, 85;

noth

ing serious / c v X / c

3

Ü t v

\ 2 2 4 ;

there is nothing one

c an

do about it L

J;

9

75'^'t^N_224

notice: (n.) (announcement) t i L fe -tf /

fe^p fe - t f ,

7 2 ;

(v.) (take notice) $ fl'

< / f t i ^ M t < , 140

now:

V

•> i

^6/•^Zl6,194;

now

as

always

3

A

C*

Ü t

/Mk

Ü

t ,

174

nowadays:

Z(nzl6/Z cOKf,

1 6 I

nurse: -^^Llf

X 9

i f 6 / - ^ i l n i

- f 4 , 9 3

obligation, sense of: U / ^ ® ,

2 1 0

obligatory chocolate: ^ ' ij f -

3

3

/ ^

ï S f - 3 3 , 2 1 0

obtained,

be: T l ^ l f v ^ , ^ , / ^ | c X

• 6 , 1 23

occasion: ^

V

^ / l t ,

189;

-tf *

/ $ ,

249; - t f - ^ / t p ,

267

occur: H

Z

6/&Z

6, 1 1 2

offer: (recommend)

f't^6/$ilif>

6, 2 7 ;

(provide) T v \ $ J:

i f 6/

m'kf6.2m

oh :

h fe, 78

o i l : - t f$ l1) /^>t i ) , 115

older, become: Ü L $ Ü

- i > / ^ $ f .

I>,51

Olympics: ^ ' j

7

t° -y

7 ,

93

only:

11*75

U , 85; only just

T c i f

75 U

, 234, 236

on-screen:

^ ' ' ' 4 6

A L

J: 9 T / ® ®

J : T * ,

78

oopsl: L i - ^ T ' c L i - ^ T ' c I ) ,

203

open;

V-

fe

<

/ F J A < , 94 ; (of a lock)

-h^-

V ^ L i - f - S / ^ E ^ - f - ? . , 3 8 ;

opening

(of a business) \- tf- o/ P fll S :, 249

open access: C

9

'5

^ v

\ / - i ^ f j f l ,

7 9

operate: It v ^ X. v ^ " f -6 / f é ' t ' f , 85

opinion:

( 3 ' )

v ^ If A /

( 3 * )

74

opportunity: f - +

7

X ,

2 0 6

opposition: If A / c V ^ / H : * t 76

299

-or: (person who performs a certain job)

order: (n.) (of food, for one person)

v ^

fe

A i

38; (v.) (place an

order) fe

*

9

t

Lf i/'jkX-f i>,

78; in order to 7 c 46 | C , 85, 90; order of

l : *

A

/ ~ ) l i , 14

orderly: $ - t <

7'c

7Ï L v N/jSfliJ

JE

L

53

ordinarily:

Z^-tzL/^^,

210

organic agriculture: L -tf AW

9

I Ï

9 /

ê ^ * > * ,

86

other: l i

161,

IJ

S M : ,

218; in other

words

- 5

i ' j , 244; other than v ^-ó'

v

^/yA^y,

244;

the

other

day

v^ T c ' / C W Ft S ,

55

oughtto: H f , 27,

31

oven: /t"

— 7 ' > ,

78

overhead:

"f C J: 9

/M-t-, 205

owner: (of

a

pet) Sn ^tó L / t H v

^ i , 4

oyster:

189

•

paper: (thesis, essay) 6 L^V-L/^X,

201

parent: HK'/M,

155;

parents' house:

i: -3

7>

V ^ * , 221

parking violation: fe

9

L

'f'V

\ |1A

/m.$-mK, 1 4 7

partner: ^ ,

47

part-time

job:

T 71/-'<'( h , 9 0

pass:

(be successful in: an

exam,

etc.) 9

•éî)/^t>î>, 94; (elapse: of time)

/ c - ^ / l i - : 3 , 2 5 5

pass away:

t

i tk'i/t:

<

•^"•6 ,47

pass out: (distribute) <

li '-S/§£•?>, 210

patiently:

t

J i,

23

pedestrian:

( i C 9 L / # I T ^ ,

205

peel; (n.) (skin of fruit)

fl^h/È-,

78; (v.)

fe

<

, 78

people: 'é^fzi'fz/'^^,

249

period:

C

J / B f ^ ,

210

person:

person in charge 75^5^^(DV

>:/i$<DA,80, fzLKi I f

/ n

194;

person responsible tf

$

i :

LLK- (m^fz)/f:im {<n-i}),

234;

the person himself/herself l i

Ale

A / ^ A , 76

perusal: X fe / C / M K, so

pesticide:

<0

9 ^ < / . t ^ ,

66;

pesticide-free fe'« -7 <

* C O ) , 6 6

petfood: ''^•y h • 7— h", 249; pet

food development department y h

L J; < V-L-é^^''\i'^~l'V<'y V

•kë,fm^,

2 7

photographer: L L Li^/W-^,^,

97

pick

on:

V ^ l_;46- l i,

146

pickpocket: (n.) f U , 147; (v.) h,

139;

get pickpocketed "f fe ^ • S , 139

pile up:

è - S / ^ t t

108

place: I f L X /^?f^. 31

300

plan:

$ T S X /: iÈr®, 205; (intention)

t l j , 123

plane ticket: 9 < 9 I f A / f C ^

139

plant:

(n.)

L

J :

<

X-'o/iU^^, 72,

plants (appreciated primarily for their

leaves) f 9 L J: < . v - ^ / l l ^

^ # , 8 i ; ( v . )

9

X ' / ^ t X ' 6

, S 6

plenty

(of): 7c 0

0°U ,

77

plum:

' > 7 / : ^ ,

110

police: l - t v N $ - o / * ^ , 4

policy: l i 9 L A / : ^ # ,

106

polite: TV ^*av N

/ T *

( t ) ,

234

popular:

l : A $

W / A ^ W ,

32;

become popular

11 • ^ • 5 ,

54; popularity

KLi/K%. 32

post: (put up) I f - S / I i ' i ) , 72

poster:

r|-°X 7

—, 155

postpone: X.

A $ -f -5

/^M-f i , 43

potluck: t fe J: U / ^ T ^ ^ i J , 2 5 9

pour: i^Mt-5,

78

power: fe fe / . ^ , 85

practice: L

9

5 * X / W ' l f ,

210

praise: l i i ö i / ^ ^ i ,

143

pray: V N ( 7) , z , / ; f / j - , | , _ 2 i 8

premium: C 9 $ 9 / i ^ R ,

210

present, at: I f A5"'v

^ / ï | . ï i , 249

press conference: i L S H Mf A /

iZ^^M., 234

prevent:

-ï^-tf <'/B^

<*, 102

price: UtzL/jé^, 5 1 ; price rise: U

*7>^-|j/jlt±^<U,115

prince: fe' 9 L / i . - ? " ,

22

print: (characters on paper) L / ^ ,

73

private car: " 7 'f

7^7—,

115

probably: /cö-A, 3

proceed:

- f

- f

fe' /Üfe',

51

produce: -tf v N ^ / . - f

. ï>/4. ,É-f

•5 , 66

product:-tfv^f/A/Mo", 11

program: (T V or radio) HL C

â, 143

progress: (move forward) fftj/iS^

fe', 51

pronunciation: I f - ^ f e 'A /H - s ",

148

property:

Ji

fe/±tó, 51

proposal: $ 206; written

proposal:

$

L J; 241

protect: É t

i/>^6, 155

public accountant, certified: 9 Id A

7 J n ^ l t v ^ L / ^ ^ t I ^ I + ± , 9 4

put: put effort (into) fe fe $ v ^ ^

- 5 / i X K i , 155; put

on

sale If

o l f v v - r - 5 / ^ ^ ^ 4 , 2 1 9 ; put

to use V ^-i^-f / , 94; putting

things away: *> Ji T^Xc -i If /' l l. ^t

# l f , 160

puttogether: < A^h-î/^S-A-^

put

up: (post) 11-5/IÈ-5, 72

qualification: O 9 U J: < / t ë ; ^ ,

94

question, ask

a:

L-z) t Lf i/V^fA

• f - 5 , 66

quietly: L Ji ,

2 3 ;

^ Ji , 4

quite: t^^t.''5\ 133; (quite

a

lot of)

I f -p -

9,21

race: I/—X, 96

rapidly: JiX JiX, 51

rare:

4 6

"ffe

L v ^ / g ^ L v ^ , 3

rathen TS t U, 9

reach: (a certain time or stage) fe' ^ X -5

/ i f f i X - 5 , 2 4 9

reading room: X- ^ fe A L -^ /P f lK

S ,79

reality, feeling of: L o

^ X / ^ ) ê , 101

rear-end:

- v v Ji -o- f ,z,^

149

reason: U I* 9 / S A , 212;

+ 7 l f

/ | R ,

234; for this/that reason T'- f fe, 57;

for what reason Ji '9 v ^ 9 hUX'/

Ji 9

V ^ 9 f ^ T , 2 3 4

reassuring: LLL ( t )

/'î<2

( t ) ,

49

receive: 9 I f Ü i / ^ i i ^ i .

123;

receiving end

~ ' i

/^^,39

recent situation; $ A $ J: 9 / Ü i S ,

219

reception: (desk) H z 7 °v a 7 ,

33;

(party) U61 X L/^ÈMi,

222

red wine: A

7 / # 7 ^

7,

179

refuse:

C

Ji ^ 9 - 5 / i r - 5 , 234

regarding

:

~ i :4 ^ /C- f •5 / '~ lC

M - f - 5 , 5 6

register: Ji 9 4 < "f 4 / f J # - f - 5 ,

14; registration fee U

1* 7

TJH N $ A

/ X # ^ , 1 5 1

regret, feeling of: (for imposing on some

o n e )

$

J:

9

L

*

<

/ISim,

2 5 2

regular: $ -t < /'c Tc L v ^/m]S.

regulate: *- t f v ^ - f - S / É l f ' J - f - 5 ,

1 1 1 ;

regulation: $ <

/ ^ i , ' ] , 53

rehabilitation: 'j ^ ^

' j , 50

relating to : ^-i^LKL/^M

34,47

release:

TJH

^

C

J:

- f - S / l ^ l ^ - f 4 ,

38

remain: <0Z i>/J%i>,si

remember: fe'

4

\^fif/W,\ ^tfc-f, 55

removed, be: l l t ' ^ - S / ^ / f L - S , 218

repair: L * 9

U - f - S / l l f ^ - f - S ,

130

repeat: <

U ' ^ ^ X - f / i ^ U

^ " f , 11

replace: (batteries, etc.) Ji

U jJ^X

- 5 /

Û#X '5 /Ûmx - 5,37

report: (v.) (complain about to police)

Ji Ji*lt-2./-Slf-5

,4 ;

(n.) (state

ment) l i 9

C

< 219; reporter:

i j * °- ^ ' - , 2 0 0

representative: tz^Û X 1 /W^,

93

reputation: D-1 I f A / l f f i J , 11

request:

U

7 x X I-,

257

research: l t A $ * 9 fi/Vk%-f

•5,

65

resemble: i/i> ii>, 22

resolution: t <UX l/nU

,76

respondent: fz^^l i

9

56

responsibility, sense of: - if

$

iC /C'S^/C

restricted access: UZ jfi^\ ^/^Y^è:

ffB, 79

result:

I t o j S ^ / l è ^ , 56

return:

(act of bringing back) {

/ 3 l

* p , 7 9 ;

(for

a

gift or favor) Ü

X

L / f e j & L , 2 2 2

returnee: (from overseas) ^ Z { L\l

X

/nmf-k, 1 4 8

rewrite: t t ' f e - f È i " , 260

rigfit away: * o ^ < / - f - s j , 66

ring: (intr.) t - SZ - i l - ï i , 144; (tr.) t fe-f

/ • i l b - t , 11

rise:

tz-öî. -S/if t ± 4

,76

room:

i / F s l ,

252

roots: (beginnings) 11 U i 'j / i è i U,

210

rope: o —7° 35

rot: < a/Mi.K

mle:

$ -t

<

/ ^ S M ,

53

run away:

| :

I f

4 / a i l f

4 , 3

run out: (become extiausted) U l i /

^h-i>, 135; (rush out: into

road,

etc.)

J i Ü ^ Y c - f / ^ f / t b - f , 1 4 9

safe: hLLL ( t ) />^é^

( t ) ,

49

salty: L feiJ^ fe

v / ^ ^ v \ is

same

as

always: ^ ^ " ^ fe-f/^B^

h

fe-f, 224

save: Ji T fe

<

, 258; save money

fei S A - f 4 / I t ^ - f

4 , 9 0

saying: 3 Y. ^*" ,

264

scam: * ¥ / t ^ 3 ^ , 147; be deceived in a

scam

*

1=

* )

9

/ t lF#Ci :

*

9 ,

147

scold:

L ^ ^ 4 ,

1 4 6

sea level:

N*bA

/'MSl,

112

search for: If A * < "f 4 / ^ t - f 4 ,

80

secret: v ^ L J: / l * l l t , 259; UA-

- ^ / f t S ? , 66; trade secret

$

$' J: 9

66

see: I see

-ï 1

L, 2 3 ; let's see 1 — L,

42

seem:

J: 9

( t )

/Afz\ ( t ) ,

3, 10;

( - f ) , 2 7 ,

3 3 ;

seem real C o

L¥h < /•kî'h <

.

101

selling space: 9 'J

H * / w

U ^ ,

194

seminar:

;

,

9 5 ;

-b J

i-—,

150

sender: -t 9 L A L

256

senior

citizen:

(fe ) Ji L J; U / (fc )

U

,218

sentence: -V-Li/X,

199

serious: L A C < ( t ) / i S * J ( t ) ,

101

service center: -y- — t' X

-fe

7 ^' —,

131

sen/ice hours: ') X 1

U T ^ X / ^ I J S

B#Pfl,

79

setup: ^-oi) -o-ri/mSL-fi,,

94

settle

down:

fe' fe <

7 ' i l ^ f e #

< ,

256

shape: t)^fz fe/f^, 110

shelf: / b ' t / f f l ,

34

shhl:

L o , 3

shoot: (a ball) -> 3 . — h - f 4 , 1 9 8

shopping center: "7 3 y t °7 ^''-fe 7

y-, 140

short, in:

i

' J, 244

should:

i l - f ,

2 7 , 31

shrimp: X. V,

189

sick (of), be: 9

A ^ ' U

T'-f, 49

sign: -f-^ 7, 50

signboard: -f 7 , 5 0

simulation, run a: v ï a.

->

3 7

- f 4, 110

since: v ^ e v ^ / K < ^ , 265

sincerely: i 3 Ji

| ; / ^ | C ,

252

siren: -^4 1/7,20

situation: L L X 1 / • ' I t , 140; L

X

1 i Xl /4^>X,

149

ski resort: X L i 9 / X + —

i§, 110

skilled: -7 i v \ 31

skirt: X 7 ;

—

h, 51

slander: hi C f e / S o ,

146

slogan: ^ C Ji ll /- ê-v

^ - f S ,

155

small bird: C Ji U /'hM, 23

smash: h i l i / P ] K i ,

148

snap: (of string) S f L 4 / - 1^ i ( l 4 ,

35;

(intr.) (of bone, branch) fe' 4/#

^ 4 ,

4 1 , (tr.) (bone, branch) fe' 4 /

# 4 ,

188

so:

(therefore) tztlîy, 109; (to that

extent) ^- A-î"

lc,

110; so

as

to f

j ,

252;

so much I- ,

221

soaking wet: WI X Ititl/W I X >i

^ , 147

soap:- t : -p l tA /^M,

17

society: L f-TSH \ / ^ t ^ , 102

software:

7

7 h •> x T ,

95

soil: - o f e / ± , 20

solar

panel:

V — y—-' iV,

102

solved, be: TJH If - ^- f 4 / f r ; ^ - f 4 ,

225

something: tcLti^, 19

sometime today:

i X 1 L. 1 /

^ ^ H ' f ,

14

somewhere:

Ji

"/>7>\221

soon

as

(one)

knows, as: ir/l^^}

L

tz

V ^ / ^ J ^ T } ^ lj 234

sorry, I'm: C'Â-tr"* < \

123;

t 9 L

^ l f * > i j i - t f A / t t s L I R * lj i

- t fA, 38

so-so: i i i ) , 223

sound; fe

Ji

/ ^ , 3; there is a sound fe'

Ji'J^'-f 4/-t-^^'t 4 ,

3

s o u r : - f - : > l l

^ ^ / ^ - p

| l ^

M 8

South Pole: J: < / i ^ f e ,

i l l

specialization, specialty:

-^Lii L/

# P 1 , 4 7 ; specialty store -tf A t A T

A / # F m , 47

speech: * v ^ i - ^ / ^ # ' , 33

speeding violation: X

h°— Kv M I A /

X 1;°-

Ym.K. 147

spice:

X--^^ X,

19

spill:

3 I 4 , 4 1

spite of, in:

ti'^'^, 252

spread:

5 /4 i

4 / 0

É 4 ,

210

spring and autumn: L nii LL fP 1 /

• ^ j C , 252

squid: v V / ^ \ 155

stacked boxes: LiPl I f

C / S | | ,

2 1 s

staff:

X

-y

7, 7 3 ; staff member -^î^

^)<DUY/\t<nK,w

star: (i

L / S , 22

start: (of a

journey,

new phase of life,

etc.) 75^Ji"T/P1tè ,255

statue of : ^^1 / ' ^ # , 47

stay: (in a country) /cV ^- f

4 / ^

^ - f 4 , 200; staying home alone: 4

- f

l l X / l g m i e o

steak sauce: X

r — + ' / — X, 107

steal: tó-f fe'/^fe', 146; (take) Ji 4 ,

139

Steering wheel: ' ^ 7 F ^ l ^ , 54; left-side

steering wheel:

Utz^)'^V

F

/ b /

± ^ ^ 7

KVK

54

step on: ö-f e/ Et fe ', 143

stomachache: -ï < 9 /MM, 234;

get

a

stomachache <

-7

$ fe' C

- f / M « * f e C - f , 2 3 4

stop: (of rain) - ^ f e ' / i f e , 43

store: T L/''^lS ,

47;

store space

1 l j l f / * l j * 1 9 4

storm: f e L / M ,

ios

story: x t' '7

—

K, 47

strike: t <*4/ K4,1 43

string:

4 ,

244

strive: J i'ij J: < -f

4 / ^ : * - f

4 ,

13 9

strong: L J:

-7

. i ^

( t )

/Â

( t ) ,

35

study

abroad: lj * 9 ii' < - f

4 / @ f =

' f 4 ,

106

sturdy: L J: 9

( t )

/ ^ ^ ( t ) , 35

style: Xf

4

/I, 49

subject: If A*6v

^ / - f ^ J g ,

256

submit:

/d ' - f / ï fa- f ,

196; TVN L

- f 4 / S d i - f 4,241

sudden: $ "7 (-t')/,% (-t'), 9 3 ; sud

den illness i tp lU'x 1 / & ^ , 49

sufficient: L

"7

. i X

( t ) /-f-'; ( t )

/ ^ i j - (t),102

summer

festival: tc-ot-o

lj / X ^

l j ,

234

sunny:

UK/^tl,

108

supposedly: fe L v \ , 2 7 ,

32

sure enough: •'f' I f l j , I6

surpass: tó < / f e .

<

, 56

surprise party: ^y'y A/. • <—

•r

-( — , 259

sun/ey: fe J: -7 *

/ I Ü ,

47

suspect: 9 tz-h'l / ' ^ l ,

234

sweets: L/ # • ? - ,

210

swindle: * $' /t t f C , 147

systems analyst: v X r - A T - f UX F,94

301

systems engineer; v X T A x y i> .r.

T , 94

tableware: L

X

-o

222

take:

(bring) 4 o

T

v ^ < / t f o T i t

< ,

129; (steal) Y 6,139; take advan

tage

of

v

tlî'/^-i^-t,

94; take

care $ * • o l t 4

/ m

$ # l t 4 ,

72

take over: (work in someone else's place)

talk: talk (to) Utc LflHi i>/ii Lfi-

It-5,165; talk over

I t t

L * 9

/ l i

L-ê--7,

155

tart: 9 )ly h, 257

taste: i> U /"^ , 10

tax accountant: -tfv ^ U L /$tM±, 94

teaching materials: $ J: 9 ^ / | c # ,

91

tedious:

/hv N

<

o (-Ax) / i J , ® ( t ) ,

145

tell:

(inform)

- 7

7 c X •S/ 'fSX 4 ,

33

temperature: S feA/^ïê,

101

ten percent: ~h^) /~P], 55

-th anniversary:

~

L

*

9

^ l A / ~ j l

'

^ , 249

thank you for your time/assistance: fc

• t f ; b l : t U É - f / f c ' - & l é l : t i J

i - f , 66

thanks to

:

~« f c ^ Mf T , 49

therefore: (therefore)

/ c ^ ^

fe,

109

thesis: 6 LS-L/imX, 201

think of: fc' 4 v ^ -^ < / . ^ v

N #

< ,

256

this

one:

C

fe(7),40

thriving: ^ 5 ( t )

/ ^ A ( t) , 47

through

:

~ I : T , 252

thunder: ii Â t U / ' S ' , 17

tie:

fc-f . j ' / 2 4 4 ;

way of tying:

iJ-tr/ti

-fz

/^$U

'-^,244

time: Ji C 4 , 174; * v \ / l ^ , 139;

C

i / ^ m , 2 1 0 ;-t i-o/f f lJ, 267; this

time 3 ATS V V /4^0 , 256; time

flies/passes quickly l ±^v ^ t<DX'/

^\^t<nT, 255

to:

(in order

to) 7 c ' ' 6 l : , 85,

90; (for

)

~|C Ü o

T , 101, 102

today: l i A L - ^ / ^ B , 174

tomorrow: ii't/^^B, 140

tonight: 3 A - ^ / 4 - ^ ,

13

too:

- f

• S ' / i l * " , 5 7 ; do too much

-f

- 5 / i t * ' - ) , 204

traffic: 9

C

9 / ï l f f , 54; to-left

traffic f / -7c U ii^'fj-o

9

C

9

/ ^ » 1

i t i f , 54

train car:

L U J:

9

/$-)^,

13; train-

car

breakdown L'i'^jxiZLx

i

/^mm.t3

transfer: (of money) .s. U C < ^ / ^ U

i^<^, 52; (move elsewhere) v ^ ::'

9

- t

• 5 / # t J - f •?), 194

translate: ^ <- f / | R - f , 199; translator

l i A ^ < L ^ / ^ | K # , 9 4

trap: '0-/)-'t X 6 / ^ i X 6, 4

traveler: ') X Z i L'C/WrX^,

200

treat: (to a meal)

C'

fe 9 f

123;

get treated (to a meal)

-fe

9

IC

t - S , 163

trouble: (concern) t -^ »^/ 'f êi»^ , 164;

cause/give (someone) trouble 46v

< t:Mii,/m.m-f \1i,,Kr,

take the trouble to do h

*

I? * ' ~ - f

•Ï), 132

truly: i C

Ji

l

=

/ | g | C ,

252

truth be t o ld . . . ; l iAJ i 9 l i / ^ ^ i s

Ii,l23

tsunami:

'^''XA/Wiè-,

12

tum: l t X / # , 222

twenty-first century:

2 1

• f f v N $/2

1

îrle;

101

type (of), a; V ^ L 1* / — I t , 3

typhoon: 7 c v \ 5 - 9 / l o s

understand, from what I: 9 , 3, 12

undertake; Ji

U

< fc/I|ÛIIfc,249

undo; Ji' < , 244

unfortunately;

i )V

< , 187

unintentionally; -^v

114

United States:

Z

< / ^ R B , 173

unpleasant: v ( t ) / ^

( t ) , 17

unskilled: ^ 7 c ( t ) / T ^ ( [ t ) , 145

unusual: 46-f' fe L v ^ / ^ L v \ 3

using

;

~ I c T, 252

usually: . ^ / - i X/ f ^ R 210; . ^ - 5 9 /

^ i l , 3

valuable: $

fe J:

9

(t O

/ : > *

( t ) ,

185

various: v

^ 4

A t / f e A t , 53

vegetarian: - ^ i ^ ^' 'j T V, 86

vending machine: t l ± A S / ê K

4 i ,

54

very:

Ji

o T 4 , 23

veterinary clinic: Ji*9 - i - ' ^ f / j : 9 v A

/ J * # ^ l ^ , 47

viewing: X- ^ f e A / P f l K , so

visit: (to someone who is sick or injured)

aAt\^/aiM^\n3

waiter: —, 189

want: (when speaking of someone else)

l i

L

'fy'i, 159; want to do (speaking

of someone else) tz'h'i, 159

warmup: * > / c / c 4 6 • S / a | ; * : > - 5 ,

14

warm winter; fzLY 9

/^M.^,

110

warming: ti

Ltz Ltl^/'&i^-it,

101

warn; fe

1* 9 v ^-f 6/'jkM-f i>,

I6I

waste: tJtzK-f ii/MW^f i , 114

wasteful;

4

o / c V ^ t v \ 114

watch over; At t i / M . ' ^ i , 255

way to do, go out of one's: ^ '5' ^

*'~-f.S,132

website; ^4

h,

110

welcome: fc' X. •&

/ l ï

X. •&, 249

Western

sweets; J; 1 tl'L/'/^-M^,

210

what: what could it be? t A / c 4 9 /

-ig /£ 9

,

3; what kind of ü' 9 v ^

•?

, 234

whatever: o -p / c V

v / - — f ^ ,

140

while: (during the time that) ^ v 1 tz/

rfl, 140; (while someone

does

some

thing . . .; at the same time that)

t

i'

fe,

86, 91; a little while ago *

$ i

Ji '/ ^f cf e 194

whispers, in: Zt^V'^, 19

w h o l e ,

t he : - t f A /cV'

bf r

,55

why: t - t f , 85; that's why T ' t fe, 57

widespread, become: ö>$ rp i f h /

Âi-6,49

wind: •i^-Ü'/Mi,

13; wind

blows T^ -tf

t/Â' < /M.ti''^^ < , 108; wind starts

to blow t '-^'t)'Ti>/B.-ó'^ -S , 109

windowpane:

t

Y ' t f y X / ^ t f y

X, 148

wine cellar: 7 > -fe 7 —, 20

wish for: ^ a i j < 9/ M 9

,

2I8

with : ~ Ji<7),96

wither: t)^Ki>/^K6. 145

without

:

(-free)

fc'~/#~, 66;

without fail ^ ^ t

fe-f

/ * - f , 114;

without further ado * T ? " < T'-f

ti'/î^r-t^',

65

word:

Z

Ji

I f / • f ' ^ ,

11;

a

word (= a

few words) UYZ Y / - ~ t , 249

worry; L A l f v ^- f -S/ i^SS-f 157

worst possible: * v ^ * < ( t )

/ f t , l

(t),260

wrap up: (a letter, etc.)

L

46 <

<

•&

/

l$46<

< 4,219

write in/down: ^ lc 9 -f i>/tZ\

- f 4 , 80; please write in:

C*

$ IC

n> 9

<

7'c 'iVv /C '|aX< / c

^ V '

years: number of

years f

9

^ A / l i C

5 5 ; these past few

years

Z

Z-f i

UL

/Z

zm^, 55

yes;

J ) ^ ,

22

young: f ) * n v / ^ v \ 2 i 4

zodiac. Oriental: X. J i, 219

zoo:

Y'l Î'-oxL/WlM

B, 127

302

Index

abstract generalization,

69

adverbial form of an adjective, S9

adversative conjunction W |C,

35

animals, names of, 4

apology,

124, 175

assertions, 31

attendant circumstance,

70

auxiliary honorific verbs,

200

basic pattern, 7,12

beliefs, expressing 32

capacity, indicating with Y L T , 4 8

causative/causative-passive structures,

156-57

cause: indicating with 7 c * ) ,

49;

indicat

ing with the -te form of a

verb, 70

certainty: expressing, 31; expressing

degrees of using adverbs, 7

change: coming into effect,

50 ;

continu

ous,

51;

effected, 89

completion

of an actioii, 87

compound

verb, 102

concluding a business letter,

253

confirming, 8,102

conjunctive form <D T', 35

decision,

105

demonstratives,

27,30,48,

68,

195

demurring instead

of

accepting (compli

ments, etc.), 264

T' L J: 7 pattern, 7 ,10 , 32

desire, stating other people's,

159

desu/masu style, 4

details, indicating in a

letter,

253

dictionary form, 50,128,198,

270

dissatisfaction, 35

doubt, 28

emotive particle t , 27,28

examples of actions, 105

excuses, 128

falling intonation: to express

a

supposi

tion

7 ;

to ask

a

question, raise

an

issue

8; to softly pose

a

question,

9

foreign countries with kanji designations,

174

giving

and

receiving services:

125-26,176;

honorific verbs

for, I8I

giving examples, 86

giving, 29

gratitude, 175

greetings: C A le

fe

(±, 66;

ÜMil^

t 'j

i f

66-67; C fe fe C 67

hearsay,

12

hesitation, 28

honorific expressions, 29, 174,176,177-79,

180, 196, 200, 253

honorific language,

174,176,177,18I,

250

humble

expressions, 174,178-79, I80

V

^vS^Wfe-f L, 1 5 5

imperatives,

198-99

impressions, 10 ,

33

incompletion

of an

action,

87

in-group,

174,176

intention, 128,144

inten/al

* v

^/c'/fifl,

123

lack

of obligation, 104

-masu stem,

used in written Japanese to

give a reason/cause, 48

means, 70

messages, leaving and relaying,

196

method of use,

124

modesty,

265

t < O T pattern, 7, 35

negating, 68

negative form tt'V

'^T'-f,

158

negative imperative form, 168

negative question, 4

negative statement,

4,

34,

so

New Year's

card,

219

nodding, 268

nominalizer/nominallzing, 69

noun + f i>, oven/iew of, 6

noun phrase, 67, 69

noun-modifying pattern, 7 ,10 ,

31,49

omission;

of t:/X"t, 4; of question-

maker i'',

4, 8;

of particles, 5 7 , 85,

217;

ongoing action, 71, 87

ongoing activity, 235

ongoing effects, verbs that express, 48

order

of

actions,

70

osec/)/cuisine, 218-19

out-group,

174,176

parentheses,

155

particles, co-occurrence of, 211

passive structures, 141-42

permission,

104

plain style, 4

plain style: in speech 4,140,155,174,

215-17; in writing,

213-14

possibility, 50

potential verbs,

34,

89

purpose,

90,

253

puzzlement, 35

question, asking aloud to oneself,

27

question embedded in a statement,

85

quotation marks, 155

reason,

49,

212

regret, 35

rhetorical question, 102

rising intonation, 8,195

role,

indicating with Y. L T,

4 8

RSVP postcard, responding with 253-54

seasonal greeting, 253

seeking agreement, 8

set phrases used

in

letter-writing,

253

similes/figurative comparisons, 10

simultaneous actions, 91

span of time during which an action

occurs, 145

spoken styles, 215-17

states in effect, 87

states,

verbs that

express, 34, 89

suggestion,

107

supposition,

7, 107

surprise, 86

suspicion, 31

thanks for a previous

favor,

265

topic-changing, 253

vague, being, 124

wonder,

28

written styles, 213

303



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