jankovic mindep 1997

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A R T I C L E

S. Jankovic

The Carpatho-Balkanides and adjacent area: a sector

of the Tethyan Eurasian metallogenic belt

Received: 3 June 1996 / Accepted: 10 January 1997

Abstract The Tethyan Eurasian metallogenic belt

(TEMB) was formed during Mesozoic and post-Meso-zoic times in the area of the former Tethyan ocean onthe southern margin of Eurasia, with the Afro-Arabianand Indian plates to the south. It extends from westernMediterranean via the Alps and southeastern Europethrough the Lesser Caucasus, the Hindu Kush, and theTibet Plateau to Burma and SW Indonesia, linking withthe West Pacic metallogenic belt. The Carpatho-Bal-kan region is one of the sectors of the TEMB, charac-terized by some specic features. The emplacement ofore deposits is related to a denite time interval, and tospecic tectonic settings such as:

1. Late Permian-Triassic intracontinental rifting along

the northern margin of Gondwanaland and/or frag-ments already separated. This setting involves volca-nogenic and volcano-sedimentary deposits (iron, lead/zinc, manganese, antimony, mercury, barite), skarndeposits associated with volcano-plutonic complexesof bimodal magmatism, and low temperature car-bonate-hosted lead/zinc deposits.

2. Jurassic intraoceanic rifting ophiolite complexes:This setting hosts major magmatic (particularlypodiform chrome deposits) and volcano-sedimentarydeposits, mainly of the Cyprus type.

3. Subduction-related setting involves porphyry copperdeposits, lesser skarn deposits (iron, locally Pb-Zn),

massive sulphide Cu (e.g. Bor) accompanied locallyby Pb-Zn of replacement type, epithermal golddeposits, associated with calc-alkaline igneous com-plexes of the Early Tertiary-Late Cretaceous, and theNeogene gold/silver and base metals deposits.

4. Post-collision continent-continent setting includes

deposits of Pb-Zn, Sb, As, Au-Cu associated withvolcano-plutonic complexes of calc-alkaline anity.

Several major Alpine metallogenic units are devel-oped in the Carpatho-Balkanides and adjacent area,each characterized by specic development, mineral as-sociations, and types of ore deposits.

Introduction

The Tethyan Eurasian metallogenic belt (TEMB) wasformed during Mesozoic and post-Mesozoic in the areaof the former Tethyan ocean along the southern margin

of Eurasia, anked on the south by Afro-Arabian andIndian plates. This metallogenic belt was rst recognizedas a separate metallogenic unit by Jankovic (1977a).

The TEMB is of global size, almost 10 000 km long,and can be compared with the CircumPacic belts,though it diers in many respects, and is characterizedby many specic metallogenic features. It extends fromthe western Mediterranean via the Alps and SE Europeover the Pontides and Anatolia, Lesser Caucasus andCentral and Northern Iran to west Pakistan, Centraland SE Afghanistan passing into the Hindu Kush,southern Pamir and the Tibet Plateau reaching Burmaand Sumatra, to link with the West Pacic metallogenic

belt. The TEMB consists of several sectors. Figure 1shows the main regional metallogenic units of theTEMB.

The general geotectonic evolution of the domainwhere the TEMB was formed is closely connected withthe history of Tethys, its opening, development of islandarcs and microplates, closing, welding of microplateswith Eurasia, subduction of oceanic crust(s), as well ascollision of continents, continent-island arc collisionsand underthrusting of continental crusts. The develop-ment of ore deposits and regional metallogenic units isassociated with specic tectonic settings within the in-dividual sectors of the TEMB.

Mineralium Deposita (1997) 32: 426433 Springer-Verlag 1997

Editorial handling: DR

S. JankovicDepartment of Mineral Exploration,The Faculty of Mining and Geology,Djusina 7, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia


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Ore deposits and tectonic setting

The tectonic evolution of the Carpatho-Balkanides andadjacent areas in the Alpine period is dominated by theopening and closure of the Tethys-Paratethys ocean.Since the available space for this study is strictly limited,readers are directed to the interpretation of tectonicevents in terms of plate tectonics in this region consid-ered by Dimitrijevic and Grubic (1977), Dewey et al.(1973), Herz and Savu (1974a), Horvath (1974), Rad-ulescu and Sandulescu (1973).

This study briey reviews the relations between theAlpine deposits, and tectonic settings in the Carpatho-Balkanides and adjacent areas based on plate tectonicconcepts. These problems have been discussed by Pe-trascheck (1942, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1982), Herz and Savu(1974a, b), Ilavsky (1977), Ilavsky et al. (1979), Jankovic(1977b), Jankovic et al. (1974), Jankovic , ed. (1977),Raincsak (1988), Tvalchrelidze (1985-based on geo-

syncline concept).Figure 2 shows the relations between regional met-

allogenic zones and tectonic settings in the NE Medi-terranean domain.

1. Intracontinental rifting

The intracontinental rifting along the northern marginof Gondwanaland and/or within already separatedfragments was particularly widespread during the LatePermian-Middle Triassic. The lateral spreading of con-tinental crust and commencement of drift produced

crustal thinning and formation of the graben oor bydeep crustal ow and tensional faulting. These processes

in the area of consideration were largely of a short du-ration and failed to reach the stage of ocean oor de-velopment. Locally, sea-oor spreading along the riftsystem continues right to the ocean stage as in the areaof Mirdita in the Dinarides (Jankovic 1977b).

The intracontinental rifting is often accompanied byvolcanoplutonic complexes of calc-alkaline composition,spilite-keratophyre, and, locally, albite syenite, andgabbro.

The ore metals originated from the intermediate,mac or alkaline magmatic complexes, and/or fromhydrothermal mobilization from the surrounding rocks.In some areas volcanic sources at depth supplied onlyheat to drive hydrothermal systems. There are also in-tracontinental mineral-bearing basins without volcanicactivity, the mineralization of which is associated withshallow-water environment, while the sources of metalsare most probably non-volcanics.

The following three principal morphogenetic typesof deposit and metallogenic environment are distin-guished.

1.1. First iron-oxide skarn deposits are associated withhypabyssal intrusions. They occur infrequently (e.g.Tovarnica in the Dinarides Jankovic 1982; Iulia andCetal Bair in Dobrogea, Ianovici and Borcos, 1982;Vlad, 1984a).

Fig. 1 The Tethyan Eurasian metallogenic belt: the central andeastern segments (above). The principal metallogenic zones in thecentral and western segments (Jankovic and Petrascheck, 1987)

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1.2. Second, volcanogenic hydrothermal and volcano-sedimentary deposits, both syngenetic and epige-netic are related to volcanic/subvolcanic activity,close to/or at the oor of an epicontinental sea.Locally, small ore deposits are associated withshallow intrusives (quartz porphyries, diorite, evengabbro, Jankovic 1986, 1987). Scarcity of majorcopper deposits is a specic feature of such envi-ronments.

The most signicant deposits involve (1) barite andbase metal sulphides (Somova in Dobrogea, Vlad1984a), (2) the proximal and distal volcano-sedimen-tary lead/zinc deposits, locally accompanied by bariteand/or cinnabar, (3) hydrothermal veins and stockworkof lead-zinc sulphides hosted by the volcanics (Jan-kovic 1982), and (4) manganese volcano-sedimentarydeposits.

1.3. Third, low temperature deposits are located alongcontinental margins and represented by carbonatehosted lead-zinc sulphides (the Triassic deposits ofthe Alps), and syngenetic and/or epigenetic mercurymineralization (the Idrija deposit in the Dinarides).

2. Mineralization associatedwith ocean-oor spreading areas

When the lateral spreading of continental crust contin-ues beyond the stage of intracontinental rifting, new

oceanic crust is formed and a mid-oceanic ridge deve-lops. The oor of the Tethys has many tectonic elementsthat are considered to be settings for ore deposits (e.g.active spreading axes, hot-spots).

Among the ore deposits, associated with ophiolitesuites, particularly in the Dinarides, the followingshould be mentioned:

a. Chromite deposits: numerous podiform chromitedeposits are known in the Dinarides and Albanides

b. Ni-Cu-Co sulphides (pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite-pent-landite magnetite association accompanied by goldand silver) are locally found in the serpentinites,

Jankovic (1990a)c. Titaniferous magnetite veins/lenses and dissemina-

tions occur sporadically in the gabbro, accompaniedby traces of pyrite and chalcopyrite (Jankovic ,1990a)

d. Volcano-sedimentary deposits are of two principaltypes, sporadically found in the same ophiolite com-plex: (1) sea-oor pyritic copper sulphides of Cyprustype, and (2) bedded ferromanganese deposits asso-ciated with pillow lavas and with tuaceous beds.Manganese nodules occur sporadically in the UpperJurassic-Early Cretaceous deep sea sediments (Jan-kovic 1990a).

Fig. 2 Major Alpine metallogenic units and tectonic settings in thenortheastern Mediterranean (Jankovic 1977b; modied)

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The ore deposits were emplaced at hypabyssal andvolcanic levels, the latter often associated with calderastructures. Some deposits were formed from submarinebrines, syngenetic and/or epigenetic with respect tocountry rocks; they may represent a specic group ofdeposits developed in this tectonic setting (such as hy-drothermal-sedimentary deposits of boron minerals,gold/silver lead/zinc Sb/As/Tl a.a.). Some depositswere formed above ophiolites and they contain someelements which were mobilized by hydrothermal solu-tions passing through ophiolites (gold, PGE, copper).

Lead-zinc and antimony are the dominant metals inthis tectonic setting. Porphyry copper deposits occuralong the contact between two tectonic blocks, the Va-rdar zone and the Serbo-Macedonian massif (SMM).Molybdenum mineralization as disseminated and/orvein types occurs sporadically; some of them containlarge reserves but at low grade (Mackatica in Yugosla-via). Hydrothermal-sedimentary magnesite and boron

deposits occur in the Neogene basins.

Major metallogenic units

All Alpine ore deposits are located within several majormetallogenic units, each characterized by some specicfeatures regarding style of mineralization, associationsof elements and minerals, and morphogenetic types ofdeposit. The principal features of these metallogenicunits will be briey presented.

The Carpatho-Balkan metallogenic province (Fig. 3) is

characterized by abundance of base metals and preciousmetals (Au, Ag). Epithermal mineralization of lowsulphidation type dominates, and is associated withMiocene-Pliocene volcanism, in close connection withvolcanic structures (volcanic centres and subvolcanicintrusions of calc-alkaline composition, hydraulic frac-turing and extensional fault tectonics, etc). The vein typeof mineralization prevails, disseminated and stockworkmineralization is subordinate.

The Western Carpathian sub-province includes severalmetallogenic ore districts such as: Central Slovakiandistrict (Pukanec,, Banska S tiavnica Hodrusa, Krem-

nica) contains volcanic hosted epithermal gold/silverdeposits of low sulphidation type; base metal mineral-ization; skarn magnetite deposits, and some indicationsof porphyry copper mineralization.

Slanske-Tokaj Mts: the epithermal gold/silver, lead/zinc and antimony deposits are related to Miocenemultiphase volcanics, and diorite porphyry. The mostsignicant deposits are in Hungary (e.g. Telkibanya,Rudabanya and Gyo gyo sorszi) (Morvai 1982) and Slo-vakia (e.g. Brehov).

The large porphyry copper-skarn deposit Recsk isassociated with Paleogene volcanics in the HungarianCentral Mts.

Beregovo-Begansk district in Ukraine: the mineral-ization of gold/silver, base metals, locally mercury, Te-Bi and barite occurs in Miocene volcanics.

The most signicant deposits are Beregovo and Mu-zhievo (Naumenko, 1987).

The Eastern Carpathians sub-province. Various hydro-thermal deposits (gold, silver, base metal i.a.) are asso-ciated with the Neogene volcanics, mainly andesite, cutby subvolcanic intrusions. The ore deposits in Romaniaare reviewed by Ianovici and Borcos (1982).

The Oas metallogenic zone contains base metaldeposits accompanied locally by Au, Ag and Hg min-eralization (Bixad, Geamana-Camirzana).

Baia Mare metallogenic zone contains signicantdeposits of precious and base metals, located along the

systems of fractures in the volcanics (e.g. Baia Sprie,Herja).

Calimani-Gurguhiu-Hargita metallogenic zone in-volves hydrothermal mineralization of base metals, ac-companied locally by gold/silver, mercury, sporadicallyby native sulphur, associated with volcanic structures.

The Apuseni Mts-Krepoljin sub-province. It is developedalong a narrow, regional fractured zone (Ianovici et al.1977; Ianovici and Borcos 1982; Jankovic 1990a).

The Apuseni Mts: the ore deposits related to theUpper Cretaceous-Paleocene volcano-plutonic com-plexes of calc-alkaline suites (diorite, granodiorite etc).

Fig. 3 The Carpatho-Balkanides: principal metallogenic units (sim-plied)

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Related metallogeny involves various styles of mineral-ization (skarn-hydrothermal) of Fe, Pb/Zn, Cu, minorB, Mo, Bi, W, Co, Ni, Au, As, Ba (Folea et al. 1987;Vlad 1984b). Skarns are the dominant type (Mo-Bi ores,Cu-W a.a.).

The Metalliferous Mts: the ore deposits (Au, Ag, Teand base metals including porphyry copper mineraliza-tion) are associated with the Badenian-Pliocene volcano-intrusive complexes. The ore deposits are commonlylocated in the roots of the volcanic structures.

The Banat zone: the ore deposits occur mainly asskarn type, both calcic and locally magnesian; magne-tite-hematite (Ocna de Fier) and molybdenite-chalco-pyrite associations (Oravita, Moldova Nuoa) occur mostfrequently. They are related to the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene magmatic complexes (granodiorite, diorite).

The Krepoljin unit: this is an extension of the pre-vious zone southwards of the Danube. The mineraliza-tion is related to the andesite-dacite subvolcanic

intrusions: the small replacement type of Pb/Zn-Au/Agassociation, skarn base metals accompanied by minor Biand Mo; veins of Sb-W and replacement of stibnite, aswell as copper sulphides in Permian sandstone.

The Bor-Srednegorie sub-province. It is related to a rift-graben structure, which is traced from Bozovici in Ro-mania over Bor in Yugoslavia to Srednegorie and Bur-gas/Black sea in Bulgaria. Copper and gold/silver,locally molybdenum and lead/zinc are the most signi-cant metals. The ore deposits are associated with theUpper Cretaceous volcano-plutonic complexes of calc-alkaline suites.

The Bor ore district involves several porphyry copperdeposits (Majdanpek i.a.) with the large cupriferousmassive pyrite/porphyry copper-gold deposit at Bor, andsmall base metals/gold deposit at C oka Marin (Jankovic1990 a, b).

The Panagyurishte ore district contains porphyrycopper deposits (Medet, Assarel, Elatsite), and massivesulphide deposits (Radtka, Elshitsa and C elopec Bog-danov 1982).

The Burgas ore district: the mineralization of veinquartz-chalcopyrite association prevails (Rossen, Zida-revo). Some of them are characterized by the presence ofMo, Co, and Bi minerals (Bogdanov 1982).

The Serbo-Macedonian metallogenic province. This re-gional metallogenic unit is developed along the suturezone of ocean. The Alpine ore deposits are commonlyassociated with the Oligocene-Miocene, locally thePliocene volcano-intrusive complexes of calc-alkalinesuites (Karamata 1974; Jankovic 1990a, b).

The most signicant deposits are those of lead/zinc,to some extent copper and antimony, accompanied bygold, silver, arsenic, thallium, bismuth, iron. The majormetallogenic units are displayed in Fig 4. They include:(1) the Podrinje ore district with signicant lead/zinc(e.g. Srebrenica), and antimony deposits (e.g. Zajac a);(2) the S umadija-Kopaonik ore district characterized by

skarn, hydrothermal replacement and vein types of lead-zinc mineralization (e.g. Trepc a a.a); (3) the Lece-Chalkidiki metallogenic zone involving lead-zincdeposits such Lece, Zletovo, Olympias, and porphyrycopper deposits (e.g. Buc im, Skouries etc); (4) the Oso-govo metallogenic zone dominated by signicant lead-zinc deposits (e.g. Sase-Toranica etc); and (5) the Kozufore district with minor copper, and important Sb/As/Tl/Au deposits (e.g. Alsar).

The Dinaric-Hellenides metallogenic province

Mineralization is associated with Triassic intraconti-nental rifting. Jankovic (1977b, 1987) reviewed the prin-cipal types of deposit and major metallogenic units.

Figure 5 shows the main Triassic metallogenic dis-tricts in the Dinarides: (1) the Ljubija ore district con-taining carbonate-hosted siderite ore bodies, accompa-nied sporadically by lead-zinc sulphides; (2) the middleBosnian Mts with numerous occurrences of Sb, As, Cu,Pb/Zn W, Hg-vein type mineralization, locally minorskarn and/or hydrothermal magnetite deposits; (3) thenorthern Montenegro metallogenic zone dominated bythe lead zinc mineralization (volcanogenic and volcano-sedimentary types) in this metallogenic zone (e.g. S uplja

Fig. 4 The Serbo-Macedonian metallogenic province: principal met-allogenic zones (Jankovic 1990a)

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Stijena, Brskovo); (4) the Vares ore district with irondeposits (e.g. Vares: siderite-hematite-massive sulphidesstratiform deposit) and lead/zinc-barite-stibnite-cinna-bar mineralization (e.g. Veovac a); and (5) the Podrinjeore district containing small lead-zinc ore-bodies hostedby carbonates, and volcano-sedimentary lead/zinc-baritemineralization.

Acknowledgement Critical reading of the manuscript by twoanonymous reviewers is highly appreciated.

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