jada samadhi and chaitanya samadhi
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Hinduism. An explanation on Samadhi.TRANSCRIPT
RAJA YOGA BY SWAMI SIVANANDA (MESSAGE 31)
JADA SAMADHI AND CHAITANYA SAMADHI
Samadhi is of two kinds, jada (inert) samadhi and chaitanya (conscious) samadhi. There is a popular
belief that samadhi means sitting in a state of absolute unconsciousness in the lotus pose, with
perfect suspension of breath. The ordinary run of mankind thinks that the man who is established in
samadhi should not have consciousness of his surroundings, and should be absolutely insensible
even if a knife is thrust into his body. Such samadhis do certainly exist. They are all jada samadhis
induced by hatha yoga exercises such as khechari mudra and retention of breath, etc. The prana is
taken up and fixed in some chakra. The man is practically dead for the time being. The breathing and
heart will entirely stop. This is something like a long, deep sleep. These samadhis are of no value.
The past impressions and desires are not completely burnt. There is no perfect awareness. The man
returns from this samadhi as the same man, with the same bundle of old samskaras and vasanas. He
has no super-intuitional knowledge. This is a kind of acrobatic feat or internal gymnastics. Worldly
people are deceived by such feats. Such samadhis cannot give liberation.
When the mind gets concentrated the breath will become less and less. It will come to 15, then 14,
13, 12, 10, 8 per minute, and so on, and the pulse beats may come to 30. When you enter into very
deep silent meditation the breath will not come out of the nostrils. There may be occasional slow
movement of the lungs and the abdomen. From the nature of the breathing you can infer the degree
of concentration of an aspirant. Watch the breath very carefully. But, even if you do not feel any
pulse in the sadhak when he is in meditation, even if his breathing stops, do not think that he is in
nirvikalpa samadhi. He should return with super-sensual divine knowledge. Then only can it be said
that he has attained real samadhi. The breathing and pulse may stop from various other causes also.
If one abstains from food and drink and practises a little concentration or even sits on one asana
steadily for some time, the breathing and pulse may stop. The sadhak must have perfect awareness
in meditation. There is not much spiritual gain if he remains in a mere dull, inert state, even though
he is insensible to external sounds. Once two sannyasins were deceived by another sadhu who used
to sit in meditation without pulse and breathing for several hours. Later on he turned out to be a
hypocrite and a hoax. He cheated them and ran away with some money. You will have to be very
very careful in your judgement.
During meditation do not allow yourself to pass into an inert state. Do not mistake this state for
merging in the Lord or communion. Remaining in a dull state for some hours is not desirable. It is like
deep sleep. This will not help you in your spiritual evolution. If this time is spent in doing japa, kirtan,
mantra-writing and study of sacred books you will have quick evolution. Be on the alert. Watch
vigilantly. If there is real merging or real deep meditation you must have peace, bliss and divine
knowledge; you must be free from doubts, fear, delusion, egoism, anger, passion and likes and
dislikes. Some dull inexperienced aspirants, mistaking deep sleep or this jada state for nirvikalpa
samadhi, get false contentment and stop their sadhana.
Sometimes cupidity will simulate a concentrated state. You are concentrated elsewhere but not on
the object of meditation. Watch this and withdraw the mind.
In chaitanya samadhi the yogi has perfect awareness. He comes down with divine knowledge. He
gives inspired talks and messages and those who hear him are much elevated. The subtle desires are
destroyed by this samadhi and the yogi attains perfect freedom.
Savitarka Samadhi and Nirvitarka Samadhi
"There the concentration in which the options of word, meaning and understanding are confused, is
called savitarka samadhi, or the samadhi with argumentation." (I-42)
Savitarka samadhi is samadhi with reasoning. It is a superficial attempt of the mind to grasp any
object. Sound, meaning and knowledge are mixed up in this samadhi.
The aspirant can meditate on Lord Vishnu with four hands, or Lord Krishna with flute in hand, or any
ordinary object. He will obtain the direct perception of all the peculiar features, the excellences and
the defects of the object of meditation. He will have complete knowledge of the object. He will be
endowed with all the unheard of and unthought of features of the object. He will obtain all these
through savitarka samadhi. He meditates on the object again and again by isolating it from other
objects.
The yoga student can meditate on the gross elements also. He will gain power over them through
intense meditation. The elements will reveal their truths to him.
Just as the new archer first aims at big objects only and then at smaller ones gradually, so also the
beginner in yoga concentrates on the gross objects — such as the five gross elements, or Lord Hari
with four hands, etc. — and then on subtle ones. In this manner the grasp of the objects by the
mind becomes subtle. A yogi directly perceives, by the force of his meditation, the real body of Lord
Vishnu as He lies in Vaikuntha, although he remains at a great distance from the Lord.
"Nirvitarka samadhi is that in which the mind shines as the object alone on the disappearance of
memory, and when the mind is, as it were, devoid of its own nature." (I-43)
In savitarka samadhi, concentration is practised on gross objects and their nature in relation to time
and space. This is a gross form of samadhi. When the yogi meditates on the elements as they are, by
taking them out of time and space, then it is called nirvitarka samadhi, or samadhi without
questioning, reasoning or argumentation. This is a subtle form of samadhi.
In savitarka samadhi there is a fanciful notion of word, object and idea. There is no such notion in
nirvitarka samadhi. There are three factors in the comprehension of a word, e.g. cow: (1) cow, the
word; (2) cow, the object; and (3) cow, the idea in the mind. When the meditator imagines these
three to be one and the same, it is an instance of fanciful notion of the word, object and idea.
SAVICHARA SAMADHI AND NIRVICHARA SAMADHI
"By this (process) the meditation with deliberation and without deliberation with their objects as
subtle, are also explained." (I-44)
"The province of the subtle objects reaches up to (or ends with) mula prakriti (primordial matter)."
(I-45)
If you meditate on the subtle tanmatra (rudimentary elements) and their nature in relation to time
and space, it is savichara samadhi with deliberation or discrimination. This is subtler than savitarka
and nirvitarka samadhis. The five gross elements are derived from the subtle elements, through the
process of quintuplication or mixing. Meditation goes a step higher in this samadhi than in the
previous one. The yogi will get knowledge of the subtle elements and will obtain control over them.
He will get direct perception of the various subtle forms of the object, culminating in primordial
matter.
There is a mysterious power in meditation. Although ordinary meditation is possible only in ways
already heard and thought of, yet even such things as have not been heard or thought of may be
directly cognised by the force of meditation.
"When the meditation without deliberation is purified, comes the spiritual internal peace of mind."
(I-47)
If you meditate on the subtle elements by taking them out of time and space, by thinking of them as
they are, it will constitute nirvichara samadhi (without deliberation or discrimination). As there is
pure sattva only in the mind owing to the eradication of rajas and tamas, the yogi enjoys internal
peace or contentment and subjective luminosity. The mind is very steady.
The Purusha, who is all bliss, all knowledge and all purity, can only be realised when the mind is
perfectly steady and is filled with purity. The yogi gets simultaneous knowledge of everything.
"This consciousness therein is full of Truth." (I-48)
There is real knowledge free from doubt and perverted knowledge. There is knowledge by mere
intuition. The real essence is revealed here. There is not even a trace of false knowledge. Worldly
knowledge (knowledge from books) is only false knowledge.
"The range of intellect is different from those of revelation and inferential cognition." (I-49)
In this state, knowledge of hidden things and distant objects is directly obtained. This knowledge is
perfectly true and is absolutely free from errors. Knowledge of minute particulars is obtained.
Reason has got its own limitations. It is an imperfect instrument. It cannot solve many problems of
life. It cannot answer the 'Why?' of the universe. It shines in light borrowed from the Purusha. It
takes you to the threshold of intuition and leaves you there. Intuition transcends reason but does
not contradict it. The yogi gets super-sensual knowledge and knowledge that lies beyond reason
through intuition.
"The impressions therefrom (from the samadhi previously described) obstruct other impressions." (I-
50)
The impressions produced on the mind by this samadhi prevent other impressions from gaining
ground on it. The mind has become absolutely pure now. This samadhi has the power to suppress all
the old worldly samskaras. Samskaras are your real enemies. They constitute the destiny of man.
During concentration they all join together and attack you with great vehemence, but the samskara
of this samadhi comes to your rescue. It destroys all the other vicious samskaras. It is a great asset
for you. The mind is absolutely steady now. It can never run towards objects.
SANANDA SAMADHI OR THE BLISSFUL SAMADHI
Sananda samadhi gives intense joy. In this samadhi the gross and the subtle elements are given up.
The yogi meditates on the sattvic mind itself. He thinks of the mind which is devoid of rajas and
tamas. Through this type of samadhi there arises in the yogi a peculiar perception in the form of
intense joy.
Do not give up your practices, do not stop here. You will have to advance still further. This is a
glimpse of Truth only. This is not the whole experience, the highest realisation. This is a new
platform for you. Stand firmly now on this platform. Try to ascend further and reach the
unconditioned state. Then you will be proof against temptations.
SASMITA SAMADHI
"These only, viz., savitarka, savichara, sananda and sasmita are sabija Samadhi (with seed
[samskaras])." (I-46)
In this samadhi the mind is the object of meditation. It bestows the knowledge of the subject of all
experiences. The self knows the Self. Only the sattvic state of the ego remains. The yogi can think of
himself now as without his gross body. He feels that he has a fine body. This samadhi takes the yogi
to the root of experiences and shows the way to freedom.
The yogi feels, 'I am (asmi) other than the body'. He experiences that the gross, subtle and joyous
samadhis are not the highest samadhis. He finds defects in them also, and gets disgusted with them
(even though they are infinitely more blissful than the miserable mundane life), because even lower
kinds of samadhi act as an obstacle on the path of the aspirant and prevent him from striving to
reach the highest nirvikalpa samadhi. He proceeds further and practises sasmita samadhi. He
experiences consciousness of the Self (sasmita). He experiences a feeling of 'enough' and develops
dispassion in its highest form (para vairagya). This finally leads to the development of asamprajnata
or nirvikalpa samadhi.
RAJA YOGA SAMADHI
"Samprajnata samadhi or concrete meditation is that which is accompanied by argumentation,
deliberation, happiness, egoism and form." (I-17)
According to raja yoga, samadhi is mainly of two kinds — samprajnata and asamprajnata. In the
former the seeds of samskaras are not destroyed. In the latter the samskaras are completely fried or
annihilated. That is the reason why the former is also called sabija samadhi (with seed) and the latter
as nirbija samadhi (without seed or samskaras). Samprajnata samadhi leads to asamprajnata
samadhi.
Samprajnata samadhi is also known by the names savikalpa samadhi or salambana samadhi. This
samadhi brings perfect knowledge of the object of meditation. The mind continuously, and to the
exclusion of all other objects, assumes the nature of and becomes one with the subject of its
contemplation. The yogi attains all the powers of controlling nature in this samadhi.
All the forms of samprajnata samadhi are salambana (with support) and sabija (with seed of
samskara).
There are three states of samprajnata samadhi. In the first, the content of the mental modification
(vritti) is existence, knowledge, bliss absolute. There is still a separate knower. You get real wisdom.
In the second, every kind of veiling is removed. The third state is the state of peace in which the
mind is destitute of all mental modifications. The knowledge that you get from testimony and
inference is about objects of the world, but the knowledge that you attain from samadhi is divine
knowledge. It is supersensual intuitive knowledge where reason, inference and testimony cannot go.
The various stages described in raja yoga — savitarka, nirvitarka, savichara, nirvichara, sananda and
sasmita — all constitute samprajnata or sabija samadhi. All these samadhis have something to
grasp. There is argumentation or questioning. They give intense joy but they are not the best and
finest forms of samadhi. They cover the gross or the subtle elements of nature and the organs of
senses. They give you the direct knowledge of the elements, objects and instruments of knowledge,
and some freedom. You transcend time and space.
Savikalpa samadhi of a raja yogi who practises savitarka, savichara, nirvitarka, nirvichara, sananda
and sasmita samadhis, leaves the impressions of enquiry, feeling of bliss and the feeling of 'aham
asmi' — 'I exist'.
This is called the 'remainder of tendencies' and it corresponds to the lesha avidya (trace of
ignorance) the sage experiences after he has attained the state of jivanmukta. On account of this he
moves about, takes bath, answers calls of nature and takes food and drink. (The impressions of lesha
avidya are like that of the garlic smell which the pot emanates even after it is washed several times.)
Camphor melts in the fire and assumes the form of fire. When salt is dissolved in water, it is no
longer perceived separately; the water alone remains. Even so, the mind that has assumed the form
of Brahman which is secondless, is no longer perceived. Brahman alone remains in its pristine glory.
"By the suppression of that samskara also (the samadhi samskara) due to the suppression of all
samskaras, comes the nirbija samadhi." (I-51)
When the samskara caused by the experience of consciousness full of Truth is also restrained, all the
other samskaras are also totally restrained. Now all the seeds are totally burnt up in the fire of
asamprajnata samadhi. The mind, thus having nothing to rest upon, is destroyed by itself (mano-
nasha). Purusha alone shines in perfect bliss, knowledge, peace and glory. The yogi is absolutely free.
He realises his own immortal nature.
In asamprajnata, nirbija or nirvikalpa samadhi there is no ego-consciousness. Ego and mind melt and
fuse in Brahman. The distinction of knower, knowledge and the object of knowing completely
vanishes. The pure mind assumes the form of Brahman.
This is the highest form of samadhi. This comes after intuitional knowledge or the final
discrimination between matter (prakriti) and spirit (Purusha). All the seeds or impressions are burnt
by the fire of knowledge. This samadhi brings absolute independence. It is the culmination or climax
of yoga and bestows supreme undying peace or knowledge. The yogi enjoys the transcendental
glories of the Self and has perfect freedom from mental life. The sense of time is replaced by a sense
of eternity.
In this samadhi there is neither seer, seen nor the act of seeing, nor support. This samadhi alone can
destroy birth and death and bring highest knowledge and bliss. This is known as asti-bhati-priya or
sat-cit-ananda. That which ever exists is asti (sat); that which ever shines is bhati, absolute
consciousness (chit); that which gives happiness always is priya, unalloyed bliss (ananda). This state
is indescribable.
In vedanta they call it arupa manonasha and sarupa manonasha. Manonasha is destruction of the
mind. In sarupa manonasha, rajas and tamas are completely destroyed and sattva alone remains.
Sarupa manonasha is for the jivanmukta. Jivanmuktas have the form of the mind for the purpose of
serving the world. Arupa manonasha comes in videhamukti, where the whole mind is destroyed.
There are two kinds of asamprajnata or nirvikalpa samadhi. In the first the jnani, by resting in
Brahman, sees the whole world within himself as a movement of ideas, as a mode of being or a
mode of his own existence, like Brahman. Brahman sees the world within Himself as His own
imagination (sankalpa). So also does a jnani. This is the highest state of realisation as in the case of
Lord Krishna, Lord Dattatreya, Sri Sankara, Jnana Dev and others.
In the second variety the world vanishes from view and the jnani rests on pure attributeless
Brahman.
When you get full success or perfection in raja yoga by entering into nirvikalpa samadhi, the five
afflictions of ignorance, egoism, love, hatred and clinging to life are destroyed, and the bonds of
karma are annihilated. This samadhi brings the highest good and exaltation. It gives deliverance from
the wheel of birth and death. There is no imagination (vikalpa) of any sort in this condition. There is
no functioning of mind or intellect. All vrittis totally cease and there is only pure consciousness or
awareness.
"Then comes the removal of all coverings of impurities due to the infinity of knowledge, and the
knowable becomes very little." (IV-31)
Knowledge that ordinary men get from worldly experiences becomes very very insignificant. The
knowledge of the yogis is like a sun. The knowledge of objects is like the light of a glow-worm.
In this samadhi the yogi sees without eyes, tastes without tongue, hears without ears, smells
without nose and touches without skin. His thought-force can work miracles. He simply wills and
everything comes into being. This state is described in the Taittiriya Aranyaka thus: "The blind man
pierced the pearl, the fingerless put a thread into it, the neckless wore it and the tongueless praised
it." (I-II-5).
Eventually he realises his own native state of divine glory, isolation or absolute independence
(kaivalya). He has completely disconnected himself from nature and its effects. He feels his absolute
freedom and attains kaivalya, the highest goal of raja yoga. All karmas are destroyed.
"Then the succession of the modifications of gunas comes to an end, having fulfilled their part." (IV-
32)
The gunas having fulfilled their objects of enjoyment, now entirely cease to act. He has simultaneous
knowledge. The past and the future are blended into the present. Everything is 'now', everything is
'here'.
May you all attain success in raja yoga and enter into nirvikalpa samadhi or the blissful union with
the Lord by controlling the senses and the mind, and practising regular and constant meditation!
JNANA YOGA SAMADHI
Jnana yoga samadhi is also of two kinds — savikalpa and nirvikalpa. Savikalpa samadhi is a means
(sadhana). Nirvikalpa samadhi is the fruit or the result.
Though there is a perception of duality in savikalpa samadhi, in as much as there is distinct
recognition of subject and object, yet the duality only helps to know Brahman, One without a
second. In the same way as in an earthen jar there is a perception of earth though there be an
appearance of a jar, so too is there the perception of the secondless Brahman alone, even though
there be an appearance of duality.
Savikalpa samadhi is of two kinds — drishyanuvidha when it is connected with an object, and
shabdanuvidha when it is connected with a sound such as 'I am Brahman — aham Brahma asmi'.
When it is not associated even with the sound of 'Aham Brahma asmi', it is nirvikalpa. When you
meditate on the consciousness as the witness of the modifications of the mind (such as desires, etc.)
which are to be regarded as perceivable objects, it is inner antar drishyanuvidha savikalpa samadhi.
When you meditate and actually feel: 'I am unattached, existence, knowledge, bliss absolute, self-
luminous and non-dual,' it is antah shabdanuvidha savikalpa samadhi.
When you see only Brahman in the external objects by separating the names and forms, it is termed
bahir drishyanuvidha savikalpa samadhi. That constant reflection that the unlimited substance of
existence, knowledge, bliss absolute (which is always of one nature) is Brahman, is the middle kind
of samadhi or bahir shabdanuvidha savikalpa samadhi. By the practice and experience of these two
kinds of samadhi, that steady state of the mind produced owing to the realisation of bliss (like the
ocean without waves) is called the third kind of samadhi or bahir nirvikalpa samadhi.
That steady state of mind like the unflickering flame of a light in a place free from wind, wherein one
gets indifferent to both objects and sounds owing to his total merging in the realisation of his own
real Self (Brahman), is termed antar nirvikalpa samadhi. One should always spend his time in these
kinds of samadhi. By these samadhis the identification with the body vanishes, the highest Self is
realised and the mind is always in samadhi wherever (or in whatever place) and to whatever object
it is directed (or runs to).
According to vedanta, annihilation of ignorance leads to samadhi. According to Patanjali Maharishi,
the aspirant attains samadhi by removing the hold of the world by practice and discipline.
The vedantin enjoys the eternal bliss and natural ease of sahaja samadhi. He remains as a silent
witness. He does not make any serious attempt to control the psychic stream or thought current. He
raises the thought of Brahman alone by meditation on the significance of Tat-tvam-asi mahavakya.
The subconscious (chitta) is modified in the form of the thought of Brahman alone. All other
modifications are withdrawn. This thought (vritti) annihilates the ignorance and dies by itself, and
Brahman shines out as the aspirant realises his identity. When this vritti is continuous, the highest
form of samadhi, i.e., nirvikalpa samadhi, is attained. When it is intermittent the sage attains
savikalpa samadhi.
Samadhi in the jnani is effortless and spontaneous. Wherever the mind goes, there it experiences
samadhi. He rests in samadhi always. There is no 'in samadhi' and 'out of samadhi' for a sage. He
experiences samadhi always, without any effort. Hence, it is called sahajavastha or sahaja samadhi.
He enjoys freedom, bliss and peace in all moments of his life. He drinks the nectar of immortality in
this very life.
BHAKTI YOGA SAMADHI
In bhakti yoga there is absence of the least tinge of pride and self-assertion. The devotee does total
unreserved self-surrender to the Lord. He resigns himself completely to the Lord and obtains His
grace. Grace is a mighty spiritual force. It transforms the entire being of a devotee. It infuses in him
inspiration and a new divine life. Self-surrender makes the devotee feel the reality of divine grace
and the Lord's readiness to bestow help on him at all times. It is through grace alone that the
devotee's whole being is galvanized and rejuvenated. Through divine grace there is inflow of divine
energy into the entire being of a devotee and his whole being is properly moulded for divine
realisation and divine instrumentality.
Liberation (moksha) is loss of one's personality in the divine. It is deliverance from delusion of
personality. There is no annihilation by the melting of this little false personality. Just as the river
becomes the ocean itself, the individual soul becomes the mighty supreme Soul with higher
consciousness and transcendental bliss and knowledge.
There are nine modes or rungs in navavidha bhakti. They are sravana, kirtana, smarana, padasevana,
archana, vandana, dasya, sakhya and Atmanivedana. Sravana is hearing His lilas (stories of God and
His divine play), kirtana is singing His names, smarana is remembrance, padasevana is service of His
feet, archana is offering of flowers to the Lord, vandana is prostrations, dasya is servant attitude
towards the Lord, sakhya is friendship with the Lord and Atmanivedana is self-surrender.
Admiration, faith, devotion, taste for repetition and singing of the Lord's name, firm devoutness,
intense attachment to the Lord, steadiness in God-love and transcendental God-love (absorption)
are the eight steps in the ladder of prema or bhakti yoga. Salokya, samipya, sarupya and sayujya
(remaining in the world of God, staying near God, assuming the form of God and remaining
absorbed in Him) are the four kinds of mukti (liberation) of the devotees.
Surrender draws down grace. The individual becomes one with the cosmic Will through surrender.
Grace makes surrender complete. Without grace perfect union is not possible. Surrender and grace
are inter-related. Grace removes all obstacles, snares and pit-falls in the spiritual path.
The samadhi experienced by a bhakta is bhava samadhi. The devotee attains the state through
bhava and maha bhava. A bhakta who meditates on the form of Lord Sri Krishna will see Krishna and
Krishna only everywhere when he is established in samadhi. He will see himself as Sri Krishna. The
gopis of Brindavan and Gouranga and Ekanath had this experience. Those who meditate on the all-
pervading Krishna will have another kind of experience — the consciousness of Virat (the Lord in
His form as the manifested universe).
The bhakta enjoys the warm embrace of the divine. He attains divine auspiciousness. All the spiritual
wealth of the Lord belongs to him. He is endowed with divine vision, lustrous subtle body and divine
senses. He does not like to have complete absorption or merging in the Lord, but wants to remain
himself separate in front of Him and taste the divine honey of God-love. The absorption in the Lord
comes to him temporarily in the intensity of his love and experience in the beginning, though he
does not like it. He then attains similarity with God. He is God-like. Eventually he attains sayujya or
oneness but does not lose his separate identity as a devotee.
SAMADHI AND WORK
The state of samadhi is maintained even during work. The mind and body are used as perfect
instruments in the service of the Atman that is seated in the hearts of all. Even during action Sri
Sankara, Lord Krishna and Lord Rama did not move an inch from their being established in Brahman.
Rajah Janaka enjoyed true samadhi even while ruling his kingdom. He never lost sight of Brahman
even for a moment. When he was put to the test he said: "Even if the whole of Mithila (his kingdom)
is burnt, nothing is lost for me. I have the inexhaustible imperishable wealth of the Atman". He who
is established in samadhi keeps his mind and body in perfect balance and utilises them in the service
of humanity with the feeling that everything is Atman. He is ever fixed in Brahman. He is always in
samadhi. There is no tossing of mind for him, under any condition. He stands adamantine on account
of his knowledge of the Self. Real samadhi should be kept up as much in action as in meditation. This
is the real test of one's inner strength and realisation. This is real chaitanya samadhi. A samadhi that
one enters into in mountain-caves and forests with closed eyes, but that is broken or shattered
during work, is not the ultimate samadhi.
As long as you are established in a samadhi, there is only Brahman or the Absolute. Continuous
unbroken (nirantara) samadhi does not mean sitting blind-folded, but the renunciation of
attachment to the body, regarding the individual soul and supreme Soul as one, and knowing that
the practitioner himself is the supreme Soul and acting upon this knowledge. Samadhi means the
annihilation or absorption of the mind. Wherever he goes he beholds the one Self everywhere.