jacobs 2011 - collecting kamoro: objects, encounters and representation on the southwest coast of...

8/15/2019 Jacobs 2011 - Collecting Kamoro: Objects, encounters and representation on the southwest coast of Papua

1/292G k j k j k i c n d k n v e n o k t R c m h s g u s k u g v f f r Q f i h k n h u n j k , I k c j k n

Fbmk`ts, kn`funtkrs

enj rkprkskntetcfn

fn tok sfutowkst

`fest fa \epue

Hegfrf@fiik`tcnd


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Pcjkstfnk \rkss E nkw dknkretcfn fa \ubicsocnd

Sfu erk rkejcnd e auii vkrscfn fa tocs bffh, afr arkk!

Zocs bffh cs pert fa tok Pcjkstfnk k-icbrery wokrk gfst fa fur

pubicètcfns erk auiiy e``ksscbik afr arkk. Afr e``kss tf gfrk

arkk bffhs vcsct= www.scjkstfnk.`fg/icbrery

Jfwnifej Auii \JA

Qcsct tok Pcjkstfnk k-icbrery tf brfwsk fur k-bffhs. Afr e gcncgei

akk yfu èn puròesk e auiiy aun`tcfnei \JA enj by jfcnd sf, yfu

okip tf hkkp fur icbrery runncnd.

www.scjkstfnk.`fg/icbrery


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Pcjkstfnk \rkss

@FIIK@ZCND H EGFRF


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G R Q, I

Nf.

Herkn Me`fbs

@FIIK@ZCND H EGFRF

Fbmk`ts, Kn`funtkrs enj Rkprkskntetcfn

cn \epue (Tkstkrn Nkw Ducnke)


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Gkjkjkicndkn ven okt Rcmhsguskug vffr Qfihknhunjk Nf. :<

CPBN 34?-3


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\rkae`k 5

E`hnfwikjdgknts 4

5 Cntrfju`tcfn 55

Gkkt tok Hegfrf 55

Rkprkskntetcfnei kn`funtkrs 5:

Edkn`y fa rkprkskntetcfn 51

@fiik`tcnd Hegfrf 53

Toet cs `fiik`tcnd6 53 Toet cs Hegfrf6 24

Futicnk 0:

Toet cs `fiik`tkj6 E brcka nftk fn ‟getkrcei ùiturk–, ‟fbmk`ts– enj ‟ert– 0:

\ERZ FNK= CNZKDREZCFN 04

2 Kxpifrcnd enj sktticnd :5

C. ‟Jcs`fvkrcnd– Hegfrf fbmk`ts= keriy kxpkjctcfns :5

CC. Kstebicsocnd Jutò prkskn`k :3

5) Kstebicsogknt fa tok Rfgen @etofic` Gcsscfn ;<

2) Ejgcncstretcfn ;2

0 @fifncei `fiik`tfrs ;4

C. @fgpktcnd cnstctutcfns enj tokcr `fiik`tfrs ;4

5) @erki G.E. Drfknkvkit ;4

2) Men \fuwkr 10

0) Ackij `fiik`tcnd= gktofjs enj gftcvetcfns 1?

CC. Gcsscfn(s) fa Cntkdretcfn 4<

5) Gcsscfn petrfnedk 45

2) Aren`csèn gcsscfn fa cntkdretcfn 41

CCC. Peivedcnd cntkdretcfn6 4?CQ. Aurtokr cntkdretcfn= tok Qetcèn @fun`ci ?<

\ERZ ZTF= RK\RKPKNZEZCFN ?4

: Bk`fgcnd pert fa e netcfn-stetk 30

C. Cnjfnksce–s netcfnei pfic`y (53:;-3?) 30

5) @rketcnd e netcfnei akkicnd 3:

2) @uiturei pfic`y es e tffi afr ‟Cnjfnkscenczetcfn– 34

CC. K`fnfgc` jkvkifpgknt= Arkkpfrt 33

5) E ocstfry fa `fntrfvkrsy 5


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CCC. Arkkpfrt es petrfn 5


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5

\rkae`k

ocs bffh cs beskj fn jf`tfrei rksker`o `fnju`tkj bktwkkn 5333 enj2


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@ H

kcdotkkn gfntos fr gfrk. Ofwkvkr, kvkn tofudo tok iettkr wes nft pfictc-`eiiy pfsscbik, tok akstcveis knebikj gk tf gkkt tok segk pkfpik kvkry yker,bucij up arcknjsocps, enj jcs`uss enj vkrcay gy jete. ‟Ackijwfrh– cn tok

Nktokrienjs `fntcnukj wokn e sgeii drfup fa Hegfrf pkfpik vcsctkj tokHegfrf Kxocbctcfn cn Ikcjkn afr skvkrei wkkhs cn 2


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0

\

tok 53;


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`csk enj oerj tf cgedcnk. Ct eisf okipkj gk tf jcs`krn tok jcaakrknt ‟ae`ks–bkocnj Arkkpfrt, sfgk fa wofg `fuij nft bk essf`cetkj wcto tok dknkrei`rctcquks fa tok `fgpeny. [nafrtunetkiy C jcj nft oevk en fppfrtuncty tf

wfrh ìfskiy wcto tok Newercpc-Hfpkrepfhe `fggunctcks, wof oevk bkkngfst eaak`tkj by tok gcnk–s prkskn`k, bkèusk akw fa tokcr èrvkrs wkrkcnvfivkj cn tok Hegfrf Erts Akstcvei. Tocik C fbskrvkj tok 2


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;

\

wcto prkvcfus dfvkrngknt entorfpfifdcsts (Jr Men \fuwkr, Jr Okcn venjkr Pòfft) enj gcsscfnercks wkrk `fnju`tkj cn Jutò. Cn tocs bffh, tokvercfus afrgs fa `fgguncètcfn wcii bk jcaakrkntcetkj= wokn nftks wkrk

tehkn fn tok spft fr wokn `fgguncètcfn wes tepkj, tocs cnafrgetcfn csjknftkj es ‟cntkrvckw–8 wokn jceifduks wkrk wrcttkn jfwn ietkr toet jey,ct cs gerhkj es ‟pkrsfnei `fgguncètcfn–. Cntkrvckws vce kgeci erk gerhkjes ‟kgeci–. C oevk jk`cjkj tf prksknt gy trensietcfns wctofut cnskrtcnd tok

quftkj pessedks cn tok frcdcnei ienduedk. Ofwkvkr, hky tkrgs cn tok frcdc-nei ienduedk erk cnìujkj bktwkkn bre`hkts. Pkvkrei nftks arfg cntkrvckws wkrk sknt be`h afr `fnacrgetcfn enj vkrcacètcfn by tok cntkrvckwkks. Eiitok pkfpik gkntcfnkj edrkkj tf bk negkj.

Eitofudo tokrk erk geny `fntkntcfus enj cgpfrtent cssuks cn tok\epue rkdcfn `fn`krncnd ienj rcdots, ougen rcdots, enj k`fifdcèi enjknvcrfngkntei cssuks, (tok entorfpfifdy fa) ert enj getkrcei ùiturk westok tfpc` fa gy rkskerò bkèusk toksk wkrk gy òfskn tfpc`s et uncvkrscty.

ok òfc`k tf afùs fn Hegfrf ert enj ùiturk wes cnctceiiy prfgptkj bygy kerickr hnfwikjdk fa Esget ert enj ùiturk. Fniy ietkr wfuij C ikerntoet tocs cs sfgktocnd toet skkgcndiy oeunts Hegfrf ùiturk8 toky fatknrkgecn cn tok soejfw fa tokcr kestkrn nkcdobfurs wokn tok ert fa tok

rkdcfn cs jcsùsskj. Afùscnd fn ertkae`ts prfvcjkj unkxpk`tkj jete8 fbmk`ts wkrk tok afùs fa gy jcsùsscfns wcto gcsscfnercks enj tok Hegfrfpkfpik, enj fatkn prfgptkj nerretcvks toet C jcj nft entc`cpetk. C nft

fniy ikernkj arfg woet pkfpik tfij gk, but eisf arfg fbmk`ts toet wkrkdcvkn tf gk. Cn ejjctcfn, C jk`cjkj tf e`t es e ‟pertc`cpent fbskrvkr– bypuròescnd enj `fiik`tcnd sfgk Hegfrf fbmk`ts cnstkej fa must fbskrvcndtocs prf`kss. C prkakrrkj tf puròesk ertkae`ts futscjk tok eu`tcfn, es tok

gecn rkesfn wes tf kstebicso jceifduk enj jcsùsscfn wcto tok gehkrs. Cpertc`cpetkj es e bcjjkr fn fniy fnk eu`tcfn jey jurcnd gy acrst vcsct (5;F`tfbkr 2


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E`hnfwikjdgknts

ocs bffh `fuij nft oevk bkkn `fgpiktkj wctofut tok Hegfrf pkfpik wofsk wergto enj arcknjsocp cs cnspcrcnd. E bffh cs nkvkr en cnjcvcjuei

prf`kss enj C eg drketiy cnjkbtkj tf e wcjk rendk fa pkfpik. Ofwkvkr, tocsstujy rkgecns tok sfik rkspfnscbcicty fa tok eutofr, wof cs tf biegk afr kr-rfrs fr fgcsscfns.

Pfgk fa tocs getkrcei oes bkkn pubicsokj prkvcfusiy cn sicdotiy jcaakrkntvkrscfns. \erts fa @oeptkr Acvk eppkerkj es ’Hegfrf Hehuru= ok Hegfrf Erts Akstcvei cn \cdepu Qciiedk, Pfutowkst @fest fa \epue‗ cn Ptkvknsfn

& Tkbb (2


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?

@ H

Enskigus Hupehkrkyeu, Arkjkrchus Genkhfpkyeu, Sfehcg Getegkhe=Ncgefwctcgc .

Gy wergkst toenhs tf Jr Hei Guiikr afr `fnvcn`cnd gk tf `fgk tf

\epue, wokn ftokrs jcj nft suppfrt gk, prfvcjcnd gk wcto cnafrgetcfnenj pie`ks tf stey. Iuiuh Cntertc eiweys devk gk rkpfrts enj ieudotkr8 Mcne@oce enj Mkarc erfrko wkrk dffj `fgpencfns cn tok ackij. C wfuij ichktf toenh e rendk fa Arkkpfrt steaa gkgbkrs, geny fa wofg erk nf ifndkr

wfrhcnd afr tok `fgpeny= cn Hueie Hknène= Rfde \knjewe Icge, Bkarc@oenjre (†), Seoye Eihetcrc, Gcnjf \endercbuen, Mfskp Fmfnd enj PtenBetky= tkrcge hesco. oenhs tf tok Arkkpfrt steaa cn Meherte= Suic Csgertfnf,Pcjjoerte Gfkrsmcj, Ofkjcetgf Ofkj, enj tf Drkd \rfbst, Bru`k Gerso,

enj \eui Gurpoy cn tok [PE. E spk`cei toenh yfu tf Jfud Ikergfnt wofspknt guò tcgk kiebfretkiy enswkrcnd gy qukstcfns.

Cn tok [H, C wcso tf toenh tok wofik PR[ tkeg, cn pertcùier \etOkwctt, Iynnk @rfssienj, Jr Dkfrdk Ieu enj Icse G`Jfneij. C eg dretk-

aui tf Jr Encte Okrik fa tok @egbrcjdk [ncvkrscty Guskug fa Eròekfifdyenj Entorfpfifdy, Mcii Oeskii cn tok Brctcso Guskug, enj @icvk @fwerj cntok Rfyei Dkfdrepocèi Pf`ckty–s \oftf Eròcvk, Ifnjfn.

Cn ok Nktokrienjs C wfuij ichk tf toenh steaa et tok Netcfnei Guskug

fa Ktonfifdy cn Ikcjkn, kspk`ceiiy Ptkvkn Kndkisgen, Tfnu Qkys, JevcjPtuert-Afx, Oknh Cgensk, Pcmbrenj jk Rffcm, Okrgen jk Bfkr enj tokpkfpik cn ‟s Drevkzenjk afr okipcnd gk stujy tok Hegfrf `fiik`tcfn.

C toenh Hkks ven jkn Gkcre`hkr, afrgkriy wfrhcnd et tok Rfttkrjeg Tkrkijguskug, Jevcj ven Juurkn, nfw rktcrkj, enj Svfnnk kaakr ettok rfpknguskug, enj Ptkvkn Qcnh fa tok \oftf Eròcvk fa tok rfpcèiCnstctutk, Egstkrjeg. C eg dretkaui tf Jr Men \fuwkr (†) afr soercnd ocs

cnveiuebik Hegfrf hnfwikjdk wcto gk8 ocs wcjk rendk fa unpubicsokjgetkrcei wes en cnjcspknsebik sfur`k fa cnafrgetcfn, wocik `fnvkrsetcfns wcto ocg wkrk eiweys rkwerjcnd. C eg eisf dretkaui tf Tciikg Jcnds fatok @etofic` Jfùgkntetcfn @kntrk cn Ncmgkdkn, Oennkhk Ofiienjkr afr

sknjcnd gk okr unjkrdrejuetk jcsskrtetcfn fn Drfknkvkit, enj Jr Okcnven jkr Pòfft afr soercnd ocs kxpkrckn`ks enj unpubicsokj cnafrgetcfn.

Cn ciburd C eg dretkaui tf tok GP@ gcsscfn afr pkrgcttcnd gk tf `fnsuittok ]kdweerj eròcvks (cn Ncmgkdkn), enj tf Aetokr Erck Qrckns (†), Aetokr

Entffn Tkiicnd enj Pcstkr \en`retce afr tokcr esscsten`k. FAG gcsscfner-cks erk sprkej fvkr jcaakrknt pie`ks cn ok Nktokrienjs enj gy dretctujkdfks tf Mfs Jfnhkrs, Ouub ]wertmks (†), Bfb Pòcmns, Akicx cmjcnh enj

Men Hfft afr tokcr ofspcteicty, stfrcks, poftf getkrcei enj ftokr dcats. Cn\epue C wfuij ichk tf toenh Bkrt Oeedknjffrn, Nc`f Jcstkr enj tok ietkAetokr Bfb Beujoucn, GG.

Cn Eustreice, gy toenhs df tf Jr @orcs Beiierj et tok Eustreicen Netcfnei

[ncvkrscty (EN[) afr fpkncnd ocs faac`k, wocò turnkj fut tf bk e trkesurk

trfvk fa cnafrgetcfn, enj Gchk @ffhsfn, afr bkcnd e dffj arcknj enj aki-


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3

E

ifw \epue rkskeròkr, enj gy pkrak`t ofst cn Eustreice. C eg vkry dretkauitf Jr fjj Oerpik, wof et tok tcgk wes beskj et EN[, afr cntrfju`cndJcrh Pgcjt enj gyskia tf tok ackij. Ok wes nft fniy e shciaui trensietfr

jurcnd tok keriy jeys fa gy Cnjfnkscen ienduedk trecncnd, ocs hnfwikjdkebfut Hegfrf ùiturk wes stcguietcnd. oenhs tf Jr Diknn Benhs et tok[ncvkrscty fa Nkw Pfuto Teiks afr dcvcnd gk guò cnafrgetcfn.

oenhs erk juk tf gy arcknjs ‐ sfgk fa wofg C oevk negkj eirkejy,

but C eg pertcùieriy rkakrrcnd tf tok ‟fij bunò– cn Bkidcug. Gy scn`krkdretctujk dfks tf gy perknts, tf wofg C jkjcètk tocs bffh, afr tokcr`fntcnufus ifvk enj suppfrt. Geny toenhs tf gy bcd brftokr enj dffjarcknj \ktkr. Acneiiy, e spk`cei enj eaak`tcfnetk toenh yfu tf Jcrh Dffs,

wof stffj by gk afr gfst fa tocs prf`kss enj `fuij kvkn brcnd ocgskia tfokip gk wcto tok rkskerò toet eii tff fatkn rkduietkj fur piens= Jenh mkwki ickack .


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@oeptkr 5

CNZRFJ[@ZCFN

Gkkt tok Hegfrf

\epue Ikkat! Fntgfkt jk Hegfrf (\epue Icvks! Gkkt tok Hegfrf) wes enkxocbctcfn tctik afunj cn ierdk ikttkrs nker tok kntren`k fa tok Netcfnei

Guskug fa Ktonfifdy cn Ikcjkn, ok Nktokrienjs, jurcnd scx gfntoscn 2


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toet tffh pie`k ke`o yker jurcnd tok Hegfrf Erts Akstcvei (533?-2


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50

C

okrkafrk e ruik oej bkkn cntrfju`kj tf rkstrc`t tok nugbkr fa puròeskstf twf fr torkk pkr pkrsfn. Ofwkvkr, tok jey ctskia wes fnk fa cgprfvc-setcfn. ok nugbkr fa ert jkeikrs wes sgeii enj toky wkrk nft tok gecn

buykrs. Ptcii, tok `fn`kpt fa oevcnd en eu`tcfn cn e guskug knvcrfngknt wes jkkgkj `fntrfvkrscei by `rctc`s, egfndst wofg wkrk guskug steaagkgbkrs wof oej kxprksskj tokcr `fn`krn bkafrk enj jurcnd tok eu`tcfn.oky akit toet Hegfrf ùiturei prfju`tcfns sofuij nft bk essksskj by

tokcr gfnktery veiuk enj toet e guskug cs e pie`k wokrk en fbmk`t sofuijstfp bkcnd e `fggfjcty enj bk`fgk ‟e guskug pck`k–. Cn `fntrest, eu`-tcfns rkvkei tok prksknt stetk fa tok ert gerhkt (Ge`@ien`y 53??= 54:).Ktonfdrepoc` guskugs pfrtrey tokgskivks es k`fnfgcèiiy jcscntkrkstkj,

but nkvkrtokikss rkiy fn `fiik`tfrs, eu`tcfn ofusks, deiikrcks enj jkeikrs tfkxpenj tokcr `fiik`tcfns. Guskugs jf prfju`k enj prfgftk veiuk, but ctcs torfudo cntkiik`tuei kndedkgknt wcto fbmk`ts toet guskugs ettkgpt tfjcsten`k tokgskivks arfg tok gerhkt. ocs cs nft e nkw jkbetk. Dkcsger

(2


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5:

@ H

jceifduk– (2


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5;

C

enj cjkntcty enj cs `fn`krnkj tf afùs fn tok prkskn`k fa tok Hegfrfpkfpik cn sctuetcfns fa rkprkskntetcfn. Nfnktokikss, kvkn tofudo toksk kn-`funtkrs gcdot bk trketkj afr purpfsks fa jks`rcptcfn es ca toky wkrk bciet-

krei, tocs cs e stretkdc` scgpicacètcfn. oky sofuij nft bk gcsunjkrstffjes pfcnts fa `fnte`t bktwkkn twf fr gfrk stetc`, skperetk ùiturks, but esjynegc` fndfcnd kndedkgknts ebfut wocò Hegfrf enj nfn-Hegfrfoevk guitcpik unjkrstenjcnds, enj gcsunjkrstenjcnds.

ocs stujy wcii eisf afùs fn tok `fnskqukn`ks fa rkprkskntetcfnei e`-tcfns enj kn`funtkrs. Rkprkskntetcfns erk skkn es e`tcvk8 toky èn ikej eicak fa tokcr fwn. Rkprkskntetcfns erk nft un`fnjctcfnei fr wctofut kn-dedkgknt. @fnscjkrcnd rkprkskntetcfn es prexcs enj pert fa bcietkrei enj

guitcietkrei kn`funtkrs `fuij okip us jkvkifp gfrk sfpocstcètkj unjkr-stenjcnds fa tok nuen`ks fa rkprkskntetcfnei stretkdcks unjkrtehkn by per-tc`cpents. Es Gykrs (2


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51

@ H

ok suddkstcfn toet ‟`funtkrscdns– (Jfudies 2


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54

C

kxprksscnd fppfsctcfn tf tok Arkkpfrt dfij enj `fppkr gcnk toet jfgc-netks tokcr tkrrctfry ‐ eitofudo cnjcvcjuei `esks erk hnfwn enj sofuijnft bk cdnfrkj. ocs cs cn sterh `fntrest tf tok nkcdobfurcnd Egundgk

Ocdoienj pkfpik wof prftkstkj cn vercfus weys edecnst tok gcnk enjtok Cnjfnkscen dfvkrngknt. Tocik tokrk gcdot nft bk epperknt rkbki-icfn edecnst tok stetk epperetus fr edecnst tok ejme`knt gcnk kxpifctetcfn,rknhkns`ouo–s esskrtcfn fa Gcgche/Hegfrf ie`h fa cntkrkst enj epetoy

cs stcii e prfbikgetc` stkrkftypk.: Cts tkne`cty, ofwkvkr, jkgfnstretks tok`fntcnucnd cnaiukn`k fa en kerickr rkprkskntetcfn. Tokn tocs `fggknt wesacrst pubicsokj cn 534


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5?

@ H

pik tf jcaakrknt afrgs fa `fnte`t fvkr eigfst twf ounjrkj ykers. Gy òei-ikndcnd fa rknhknsòuo jfks nft cgpiy toet tok bffh afùsks fn tok sctu-etcfn bkafrk 534


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53

C

en cgpfrtent pfcnt egkicfretcnd tok ùrrknt stenj-faa bktwkkn gkencnd-frckntkj pkrspk`tcvks enj tofsk bucijcnd fn Dkii–s tokfry fa edkn`y.

ok kgpoescs fn tok e`tcvk, `fgguncètcvk enj èptcvetcnd (tf usk

Dkii–s tkrg) jcgknscfn fa ert cs e `frk `fn`krn cn tocs prksknt wfrh, wocòjkeis wcto `fiik`tcnd prf`kssks fa fbmk`ts by ougen bkcnds, okn`k tokrk csen kgpoescs fn ougen edkn`y retokr toen fbmk`t edkn`y. ok ecg cs tfrkvkei ofw, fvkr e ifnd pkrcfj, prkvcfus `fiik`tcfns enj rkprkskntetcfns

cnaiukn`kj ietkr ̀ fiik`tcnd enj rkprkskntetcfn pre`tc`ks ‐ okn`k tok edkn`yfa rkprkskntetcfn.

@fiik`tcnd Hegfrf

ok twf tkrgs `fnstctutcnd tok gecn tctik fa tocs bffh cnvctk kiu`cjetcfn

enj aurtokr spk`cacètcfn. Bfto ikej tf tok aunjegkntei qukstcfns ‟Toet cs`fiik`tcnd6– enj ‟Toet cs Hegfrf6– ok enswkrs erk prkskntkj cn tok afrgfa e brcka ictkreturk rkvckw.1

Toet cs `fiik`tcnd6

Cn ae`t, `fiik`tcnd cs fnk fa tofsk tkrgs auii fa `fnnftetcfns enj okn`k rkpiktkwcto unrkflk`tkj cjkfifdcèi prksuppfsctcfns. Pkgentcèiiy, `fiik`tcnd oes eneure fa cnnf`kn`k ‐ must pc`hcnd up tocnds toet erk tokrk afr tok pc`hcnd.(Aebcen 533?= ??)

Jkacncnd suò e wcjk-rendcnd enj oybrcj e`tcvcty es `fiik`tcnd cs prfb-ikgetc`, wcto tok arkquknt rksuit toet jkacnctcfns fa `fiik`tcnd/`fiik`tcfn

erk skia-skrvcnd. Must es e `fiik`tfr jkacnks tok bfunjercks fa ocs/okr `fi-ik`tcfn e``frjcnd tf ocs/okr ejventedk enj mujdgknt, sf rkskeròkrs fa`fiik`tcfns erk fbicdkj tf jf sf es wkii. By enj ierdk, `fiik`tcnd kntecisdetokrcnd fbmk`ts bktwkkn wocò e `krtecn rkietcfnsocp cs pfstuietkj, e`-

`frjcnd tf tok espcretcfns fa tok `fiik`tfr. ok knj rksuit cs tok `fiik`tcfn. Es suò, `fiik`tcnd cs en en`cknt pre`tc`k (\ker`k & Bfunce 2


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`fiik`tcfn. E wer guskug cs en epprfprcetk kxegpik, jcspieycnd wkepfnstf bk vckwkj enj pesscvkiy `fnsugkj by e wcjk eujckn`k. Ptkwert (5330=5;5) stetks toet ‟tok `fiik`tcfn rkprksknts tok tftei ekstoktc`czetcfn fa usk

veiuk–. Pcgcieriy, \fgcen (533:= 512) nftks toet fbmk`ts cn e `fiik`tcfn bk-`fgk ‟prk`cfus fbmk`ts–, wocò oevk ‟nf pre`tcèi veiuk es toky erk bfudotnft tf bk uskj but tf bk jcspieykj–. Ofwkvkr, jcspiey èn bk `fnscjkrkjes e scdncacènt fbmk`t usk fr veiuk. @fiik`tcnd enj jcspieycnd erk cnjkkj

ìfskiy rkietkj `fn`kpts. Dknkreiiy, `fiik`tfrs kxocbct tokcr `fiik`tcfn cnpurpfskauiiy rkskrvkj spe`ks. Gfrkfvkr, wocik tok fbmk`ts cn e `fiik`tcfngcdot fniy bk`fgk prk`cfus tf tok ̀ fiik`tfr fn`k ̀ fiik`tkj, tf tok frcdcneigehkrs enj uskrs tok fbmk`ts gcdot oevk bkkn prk`cfus eii eifnd. oksk fb-

mk`ts gey eisf oevk bkkn gfvkj arfg kvkryjey icak enj jcspieykj. Es suò,`fiik`tcfns kxcst difbeiiy (Dfsjkn 2


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enj fpkn afr aurtokr `fiik`tcnd.3 Toet cs ksskntcei cn tocs rkesfncnd cs toettok e`t fa `fiik`tcnd ctskia cs e prf`kss. Kgpoescscnd tok prf`kssuei neturkfa tok e`t es `fgperkj tf tok stetc` neturk fa tok `fiik`tcfn cs scdncac`ent.

Enjrkw Gfutu (2


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nkwiy kstebicsokj ktonfdrepoc` guskugs (skk Ptf`hcnd 53?;b). ok s`c-kntcac` veiuk fa ktonfdrepoc` `fiik`tcnd bkden tf bk wcjkiy e`hnfwikjdkjenj fbmk`ts bkègk cgpfrtent sfur`ks fa kvcjkn`k cn tok aregkwfrh fa

entorfpfifdcèi enj getkrcei ̀ uiturk stujcks. Cn tok ̀ fntkxt fa kvfiutcfncstjcs`fursk cn tok ncnktkknto `kntury, fbmk`ts wkrk `fiik`tkj es kvcjkn`k tfrenh sf`cktcks cn rkietcfn tf keò ftokr. oky acttkj e ìker frdencsetcfneijkvc`k8 tok \ctt Rcvkrs Guskug cn tok [ncvkrscty fa Fxafrj wcto cts typf-

ifdcèi jcspiey bkcnd en ept kxegpik.52 Eatkr tok kvfiutcfnery jcs`fursk,guskug `fiik`tcfns rkgecnkj cgpfrtent cn `krtecn rkskerò afiifwcnd tokjcaauscfncst jcs`fursk, wocò `fntcnukj tf aifurcso cn tok 532


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fwnkrsocp, cn sfgk `esks ikj tf ̀ eiis afr rkpetrcetcfn tf tok ̀ funtrcks fa fr-cdcn (urnbuii & \c`hkrcnd 2


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pkfpik–s bcfdrepocks torfudo teihcnd ebfut fbmk`ts cn tok Hfbc jcstrc`tcn Pugbe, Cnjfnksce, bkèusk pkfpik enj tok tocnds toky veiukj wkrk sf`fgpikxiy cntkrtwcnkj toet toky `fuij nft bk jcskntendikj.

Cntkrkst cn ktonfdrepoc` `fiik`tcnd eisf bkden tf bk eneiyskj cn ftokr weys. ok rkeicsetcfn toet fbmk`ts erk rkaregkj wctocn e `fiik`tcfn cs vc-tei cn tocs rkderj. ok cjke toet, fn`k `fiik`tkj, fbmk`ts bkdcn e nkw ‟icak–(Hfpytfaa 53?1) nfw wes `kntrei cn `fiik`tcnd stujcks. \ker`k (5332= ;2)

erduks toet fbmk`ts kvkn df torfudo e rctk fa pessedk wokn toky kntkr e`fiik`tcfn. Ct cs dknkreiiy e``kptkj toet, fn`k rkgfvkj arfg tokcr `fn-tkxt fa frcdcn, fbmk`ts erk jk`fntkxtueicskj enj `fgk tf rkaik`t tok vckwsenj veiuks fa guskugs, ùretfrs enj `fiik`tfrs. Fbmk`ts gfvk torfudo

`fntkxts enj jcstcn`t ‟rkdcgks fa veiuk– (Eppejurec 53?1) ‐ en e`tcvctyrkakrrkj tf by ofges (5335) es ‟rk`fntkxtueiczetcfns–. oksk prf`kssksfa rk`fntkxtueiczetcfn, toksk `fiik`tcnd prf`kssks, oevk bkkn jcsùsskj cnvercfus weys. @fiik`tcnd oes bkkn vckwkj es tok prfju`t fa prf`kssks fa

`fnsugptcfn (skk Kisnkr enj @erjcnei 533:b8 Bkih 533;). \rc`k (53?3)

P K R E G

HKCCPIENJP

ER[CPIENJP

Bceh

Pkruc

Meyepure

S E \ K N C P I E N J P

Zcgche

Zkgbedepure (Dresbkrd gcnk)

Z O K H E G F R F R K D C F N

\ E \ [ E

\ E \ [ E

N K T

D [ C N K E

Acdurk 5= Gep fa \epue (Gep by Jevcj Ofxiky)


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C

E c h e w e p u h e G

c f h f

C w e h e

\ c d e p u

Z c p u h e

H u e i e

H k n ` e n e

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H e u d e p u

G w e p c

G e p u r u M e y e

\ e u g e h f

H f p k r e p f h e

C n e u d e

H f p k r e p f h

e

C n e u d e

N

e w e r c p c B e r u

Z C G C H E

Z C G C H E

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\ C C C

P \ Q C C

P \ C C

P \ Q

P \ Q C

P \ C

P \ C Q

E m h w e

K t n e

b e y

A E H A E H

G C G C H E

I e h e o c e

F g b e

\ f t f w e c - B u r u

\ f

t f w e c

S e p e h f p e

E c n j u e

H e f h e t u r u

[ g e r I e n

t e

Z e p f r g e c

C r u e

E r e r e f

\ f r e u h e

H c p c e

G e p e

r

E h e r T

u g u h e

[ t e

G u p u r u h e

E

g e r

H e w e r

G e n f w

e r k

E c n j u e

[ g e r c

[ r u g u h e

G c g c h e

S e r e y e

C p c r c

H f h f n e f

H k h w e

Z c g c h e \ e n t e c

E t u h e

E c h e w e p u h e

E g e g e p e r k

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c e

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P

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2 = G e p f a t o k H e g f r f r k d c f n

w c t o j k t e c i f a t o k A r k

k p f r t w

f r h c n d

e r k e ( G e p b y J e v c j O f x i k y )


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jkgfnstretks ofw ktonfdrepoc` fbmk`ts erk trensafrgkj cntf ‟prcgctcvkert– cn tok wkst enj cnjcdknfus nftcfns fa fwnkrsocp erk jcspie`kj cn ae-vfur fa wkstkrn fwnkrsocp fa toksk fbmk`ts. @frbky (2


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kreiiy uskj. ok ‟Pkgpen– pkfpik eisf icvcnd cn tocs rkdcfn oevk dknkr-eiiy bkkn fvkriffhkj cn tok ictkreturk (skk bkifw). Gcgche cs tok negk fatok rcvkr toet wes uskj by kxpkjctcfns toet acrst kntkrkj tok Hegfrf rk-

dcfn tf rkeò tok snfw-`fvkrkj `kntrei gfuntecn rendk. Ietkr, tok Jutò Ejgcncstretcfn enj tok @etofic` Gcsscfn kstebicsokj tokcr cnctcei beskseifnd tocs rcvkr (cn 5321 enj 5324 rkspk`tcvkiy) enj, beskj fn tok f`ùr-rkn`k fa e rkietcvkiy ofgfdknfus ienduedk enj ùiturk, uskj tok negk

Gcgche afr tok wofik `festei strktò arfg Ktne Bey tf Ftehwe.Jurcnd ocs wfrh cn tok rkdcfn arfg 530; tf 5303, Aetokr \ktrus

Jrebbk, GP@, oej eirkejy nftc`kj toet tok cnjcdknfus pkfpik rkakrrkj tftokgskivks es Hegfrf, wocò cs trensietkj es ‟icvcnd pkrsfn–, ‟cn fppfsc-

tcfn tf tok jkej, dofsts, tocnds, pients enj encgeis– (Jrebbk 53:4= 5;?).51 Beskj fn ocs fbskrvetcfns, Jrebbk erdukj toet tok negk Hegfrf sofuijbk uskj tf rkakr tf tocs `festei rkdcfn enj cts cnoebctents=

Enj toet cs suff`cknt rkesfn, ct skkgs tf gk, afr ̀ eiicnd tocs pkfpik, toet ieysnf ìecg tf eny ftokr negk afr ctskia, tok Hegfrf, enj tokcr `funtry tokHegfrf jcstrc`t fr Hegfrf piecn, enj tokcr ienduedk tok Hegfrf ienduedkfr Hegfrfksk. (Jrebbk 53:4= 5;3)

Ct cs en cgpfrtent pfcnt toet fniy toksk pkfpik èn bk ìesscackj esHegfrf, icvcnd pkfpik es fppfskj tf dofsts, jk`keskj enj en`kstrei spcr-cts. ok vkry wfrj Hegfrf kstebicsoks e rkietcfnsocp bktwkkn tok spcrctuei

wfrij fa tok jk`keskj enj tok en`kstrei ùiturk okrfks (skk Gegepuhu& Oerpik 2


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Ictkreturk fn Hegfrf jks`rcbks e ifnd ocstfry fa ‟`fnte`t–. Cn tok skv-kntkknto `kntury, tok Kest Cnjce @fgpeny wes ettre`tkj by tok kxtknscvktrejk nktwfrh toet icnhkj tok Gcgche `fest tf vercfus Gfiu``en csienjs

(\fuwkr 53;;= 25;). Eatkr e pkrcfj fa rkietcvk csfietcfn arfg Kurfpk cn tokkcdotkknto `kntury, but wcto okejountcnd recjs by nkcdobfurcnd Esgetdrfups, tok ncnktkknto ̀ kntury cs ̀ oere`tkrcskj by vcscts fa Kurfpken netu-reicsts enj s`ckntcsts.25 Kxpkjctcfn gkgbkrs kn`funtkrkj pkfpik icvcnd cn

ifnd-ofusks. Keri cn 5?2?, fbskrvkj=

Zk drketokr Xsc`W pfrtcfn fa tokg rkscjkj cn fnk ifnd ofusk, 5


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knj fa tok ejgcncstretfr–s esscdngknt ‐ afùs fn dkfdrepocèi, zffifdc-èi enj bcfifdcèi espk`ts fa tok erke enj fn icnducstc`, rkicdcfus, murcstcènj ùstfgery e`tcvctcks fa tok ifèi pfpuietcfn. En cntkrkst cn ùiturei

òendk wes peregfunt, es tok prf`kss fa e`ùituretcfn enj jkvkifpgknt wes tok prkjfgcnent dfei. Espk`ts fa k`fnfgc` jkvkifpgknt, cnarestru`-turk cgprfvkgknts (rfejs) enj kjuètcfn wkrk fbskrvkj. ok aeciurk fak`fnfgc` jkvkifpgknt wes arkqukntiy rkgerhkj upfn. Ct wes stetkj toet

tok Hegfrf pkfpik prkakrrkj tf detokr sedf, wocò wes pikntcaui, retokrtoen èrry fut tok cgpfskj teshs fa derjkncnd enj aergcnd (Qcnh 5302=248 @etfr 5303= 35).

ok gcsscfn eisf utcicskj cntkrnei, unpubicsokj, rkpfrts tf prksknt tok

sctuetcfn cn tok ackij tf tokcr supkrcfrs. Cn ejjctcfn, tokcr vckws rkeòkje wcjkr eujckn`k torfudo Jutò iey-frckntkj gcsscfn mfurneis. @etofic`scn ok Nktokrienjs ikernkj ebfut ofrrfr stfrcks fa peden ùstfgs, okrfc`teiks fa gcsscfnery gertyrjfg enj e``funts fa tok kikvetcfn enj prfdrkss

fa cnjcdknfus pkfpiks fn`k `fnvkrtkj. Tokn Aetokr Hfwetzhc, GP@, wknttf Gcgche ienj cn 5324 tf bk`fgk tok acrst gcsscfnery cn tocs erke, ok akitok wes dfcnd tf e rkdcfn ‟wokrk sevedkry, pfvkrty, gcskry, oketoknnkssenj supkrstctcfn wkrk trcugpoent– (Hfwetzhc 5323= 22


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pkrekhf drfup `fnstctutk cts `frk. E jcrk`t `frrkietcfn kxcsts bktwkkn tokgetrcicnkei afùs fa tok pkrekhf enj rkscjkn`k pettkrns, ienj tknurk enj wfrh drfups. Rkietkj pkrekhf afrg e teperu, e ierdkr sf`cei unct `frrkietcnd

wcto e ifnd-ofusk `fgguncty, bkercnd e negk toet wes cnokrctkj getrcicn-keiiy. eperu ̀ en bk afrgkj cn twf weys= (5) pkrekhf fa vercfus dknkretcfns wocò erk getrcicnkeiiy rkietkj afrg e teperu toet cs gecniy kxfdegfus,(2) skvkrei drfups fa pkrekhf fa tok segk dknkretcfn wocò erk nft trejc-tcfneiiy rkietkj, but erk `fnnk`tkj wcto pkrekhf fa tok prk`kjcnd fr sub-skquknt dknkretcfn, afrg e teperu wocò cs gecniy knjfdegfus (\fuwkr53;;= 41-?


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fn rk`cprf`cty). Juei frdencsetcfn acnjs cts kxprksscfn cn vciiedk ieyfutsenj tok spetcei pettkrn fa ienj tknurk. Hegfrf `fsgfifdy jcstcnducsoksbktwkkn en uppkr enj e ifwkr wfrij wcto tok ougen spokrk cn bktwkkn8

toksk erk `f-kxcstknt (skk \fuwkr 53?4, 2


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tcfns, but retokr oevk e predgetc` epprfeò ‐ enj tocs cs e strchcnd `fntrc-butcfn tf Hegfrf ictkreturk enj rkprkskntetcfns. Es ok afiifws \fuwkr–safùs fn tok `fn`kpt fa rk`cprf`cty es e besc` kikgknt cn Hegfrf sf`cei rk-

ietcfns, ok eisf nftks ofw unauiaciikj kxpk`tetcfns ercsk arfg tok kxòendkfa afrkcdn getkrcei wkeito enj ebcictcks (hete ). ok aeciurk fa rk`cprf`cty,tokrkafrk, cs e jfgcnent tokgk cn egfhf-hwkrk .

Ecgcnd tf rkeò e wcjk-rendcnd eujckn`k, \c`hkii (2


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arfg e skrcks fa prf`kssks fa esskssgknt, skik`tcfn, `fggfjctcsetcfn enjepprfprcetcfn. @fnskqukntiy, tok usk fa tok tkrg ‟`fiik`tcnd– cs nft icg-ctkj tf prf`kssks fa rkgfvei arfg e pertcùier skt cntf enftokr, but eisf

cnìujks prf`kssks fa Cntkdretcfn (\ert Fnk), Rkprkskntetcfn (\ert wf)enj Fbmk`tcacètcfn (\ert orkk). oksk erk nft tok fniy òere`tkrcstc`sfa `fiik`tcnd es e prf`kss ‐ vercfus ftokrs oevk eirkejy bkkn gkntcfnkj‐ but toksk pertcùier edknjes eppkerkj scdncacènt afr tok ̀ fiik`tfrs unjkr

s`rutcny. ok perts afiifw keò ftokr cn fvkrieppcnd òrfnfifdcèi frjkr.\ert Fnk ‟Cntkdretcfn– prfvcjks en ocstfrcèi be`hdrfunj jkeicnd wcto tok`fiik`tcfn fa tok kerickst survcvcnd kxegpiks fa Hegfrf getkrcei ùiturkarfg 5?2? untci `crè 53?5. ok gecn kgpoescs icks fn tok kre fa Jutò

`fifncsetcfn (5321-5312), wcto pertcùier ettkntcfn tf tok cgpe`t fa tokgcsscfn, enj fn tok `fiik`tcfn fa Hegfrf getkrcei ùiturk afr Jutò gu-skugs. \ert wf ‟Rkprkskntetcfn–, jkeicnd wcto tok rfik fa tok ArkkpfrtGcncnd @fgpeny es petrfn fa Hegfrf èrvcnd, afùsks fn tok pkrcfj

`fggkn`cnd wcto tok trensakr fa tok rkdcfn tf Cnjfnkscen Ejgcncstretcfn(5310) untci 533?. okn tok afùs cs fn tok Arkkpfrt-spfnsfrkj Hegfrf Erts Akstcvei (533?-2


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Ofwkvkr, e afùs fn getkrceicty sofuij nft cgpiy en fppfsctcfn bk-twkkn tok ‟getkrcei– enj tok ‟ùiturei–. Cn ksskn`k, getkrcei ùiturk stuj-cks knjkevfur tf fvkr`fgk tocs jcòftfgy enj afùs fn tok weys fbmk`ts

enj submk`ts, pkrsfns enj tocnds, enj gcnjs enj bfjcks erk kntendikj enjprfju`k aurtokr rkietcfnsocps (Buòic 2


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ofwkvkr, rkakr tf ert es gfrk toen woet oes bkkn ‟ìesscackj es ert fbmk`tsby Tkstkrn ert ocstfry fr by tok cntkrnetcfnei ert gerhkt–. E``frjcnd tftokg ‟ert gehcnd cs e pertcùier hcnj fa ougen e`tcvcty toet cnvfivks bfto

tok `rketcvcty fa tok prfju`kr enj tok èpe`cty fa ftokrs tf rkspfnj tfenj usk ert fbmk`ts, fr tf usk fbmk`ts es ert–. Cn tocs wey, toky ettkgpt tffvkr`fgk tok auzzcnkss toet fatkn surrfunjs tkrgs suò es ‟fbmk`ts– enj‟tocnds–. Cn tocs stujy, tok prk`csk `fnnftetcfns fa Hegfrf fbmk`ts (icnhkj

wcto ocstfrcèi enj `fntkxtuei `crùgsten`ks) sofuij bk`fgk ìker cn keòpert fa tok bffh.


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\ERZ FNK=

CNZKDREZCFN


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ok tkrg ‟cntkdretcfn– cs bfrrfwkj arfg tok gcsscfnercks C cntkrvckwkjenj wof oej bkkn beskj cn tok Hegfrf rkdcfn bktwkkn 5312 enj 53?5.okcr arkquknt eiiuscfn tf tokcr gcsscfn fa cntkdretcfn prfgptkj gk tf

òffsk tok tkrg es tok tctik afr \ert Fnk. ‟Cntkdretcfn–, cntkdretcnd trejc-tcfnei Hegfrf kikgknts cntf en cgpfskj @orcstcen ùiturk, wes `fnscj-krkj tf bk tok tesh fa gcsscfnery e`tcvcty eatkr Tfrij Ter CC. ocs prf`kssfa cntkdretcfn by tok gcsscfnercks wcii bk kxegcnkj cn \ert Fnk, wocik

scguitenkfusiy skrvcnd es ocstfrcèi be`hdrfunj tf tok afiifwcnd perts.@oeptkr 2 afùsks fn tok sctuetcfn bkafrk Tfrij Ter CC. Kxpkjctcfns wkrk`fnju`tkj wcto tok ecg fa geppcnd rkdcfns enj kxpifrcnd tokcr pftkn-tcei afr `fifncsetcfn. oksk `fiik`tcnd e`tcvctcks, prkjetcnd gcsscfnery enj

`fifncei prkskn`k cn tok Hegfrf rkdcfn, wkrk eisf ducjkj by e `krtecnprcn`cpik fa ‟cntkdretcfn–, scn`k `fiik`tkj fbmk`ts enj hnfwikjdk oej tf bkacttkj cntf kxcstcnd rkprkskntetcfn systkgs. Es Beiierj (2


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K_\IFRCND ENJ PKZZICND

C. ‟Jcs`fvkrcnd– Hegfrf fbmk`ts= keriy kxpkjctcfns

ok usk fa tok tkrg ‟jcs`fvkry– cs egbcdufus bkèusk Kurfpkens jcj nftjcs`fvkr toksk pie`ks, wocò wkrk tokrk ifnd bkafrk. Ofwkvkr, ct cs uskj cn

perkntoksks tf kgpoescsk tok ae`t toet woet wes unhnfwn tf Kurfpkens wesnft nk`ksserciy tok èsk afr tok Hegfrf. ok kxpifretcfn fa tok Hegfrfrkdcfn wes pert fa tok Jutò ettkgpt et `fifncei kxpenscfn cn \epue, rk-

e`tcnd tf tok prkskn`k fa tok Kndicso enj tok Dkrgens cn tok kestkrn pertfa tok csienj fa Nkw Ducnke. Cn 5?2? Ocs Gemksty–s @frvkttk rctfn enjOcs Gemksty–s @fifncei Pòffnkr ok Crcs secikj tf tok Pfutowkst `fest fa\epue, frjkrkj by tok Nktokrienjs Dfvkrngknt ‟tf kstebicso e skttikgknt

fn sfgk `fnvkncknt spft fn tok Tkst `fest fa tok csienj– (Keri 5?04=0?0). Ietkr rkakrrkj tf es tok rctfn Kxpkjctcfn, tocs vcsct rksuitkj cn tok`fnstru`tcfn fa Afrt Ju Bus fn 2: Eudust 5?2?, e afrtrkss et rctfn Bey,negkj eatkr tok Qcs`funt ju Bus jk Docscdncks, Dfvkrnfr-Dknkrei fa tok

Jutò Kest Cnjcks. Cn tocs wey, tok Jutò afrgeiiy prfìecgkj tok sfutowkst `fest es e Jutò pfssksscfn (Keri 5?04= 032).24 Kn`funtkrs wcto ifèi`fggunctcks wkrk nft fa prcgery scdncacèn`k tf toksk keriy kxpkjctcfns,

wocò wkrk afùskj cnstkej fn tok `fifncei dfeis fa geppcnd enj ksteb-icsocnd `fntrfi fvkr tkrrctfry.2? Nkvkrtokikss, tok kerickst survcvcnd Hegfrffbmk`ts (nfw cn tok Netcfnei Guskug fa Ktonfifdy, Ikcjkn) wkrk `fiik`t-kj jurcnd tok rctfn Kxpkjctcfn enj tok kntouscesg fa tok Hegfrf trejkrs

cs kvcjknt cn skvkrei kxpkjctcfn rkpfrts (Keri 5?04= 0?48 Gùiikr 5?;4= ;?,4:). ok texcjkrgcst, Peifgfn Gùiikr, wof oej bkkn eppfcntkj tf afùsfn neturei s`ckn`k jurcnd tok kxpkjctcfn, jks`rcbks ofw tok Hegfrf pkf-

pik arfg [te ‟fbtecn gfst setcsae`tcfn arfg trejk–, wocò toky jcj arfgjush untci jewn jurcnd tok acrst jeys fa tok kxpkjctcfn–s stey8 trejk wes esfur`k fa kx`ctkgknt, e``fgpenckj by ifuj s`rkegcnd. Ok nerretks ofwHegfrf pkfpik `fgpktkj wcto keò ftokr enj pecj ettkntcfn tf keò fto-kr–s jkeicnds cn frjkr tf fbtecn dffjs quc`hiy. @ifto, hncak biejks, kgpty

bfttiks, errfws enj ftokr crfn tffis wkrk gfst jkscrebik, wocik gcrrfrs,`frei fr `fppkr rcnds wkrk fa ikss cntkrkst tf tok Hegfrf pkfpik (Gùiikr

24 Ofwkvkr, jcskesk enj ie`h fa suppicks ikj tf tok jketos fa 55< gkn enj tok ebenjfngknt fa

tok Afrt cn 5?01.

2? Afr en fvkrvckw fa tok Hegfrf skttikgknts cjkntcstkj jurcnd tocs kxpkjctcfn, skk Gfjkre(5?0


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5?;4= 4:, gy trensietcfn). Gùiikr (5?;4= 1?) cs fnk fa tok akw kxpkjctcfngkgbkrs wof gkntcfns toet wfgkn eisf oej e hkkn sknsk afr trejk, faakr-cnd aruct enj sedf cn e scgcier kx`ctkj stetk tf gkn. ok rctfn `fiik`tcfn

`fnscsts fa e verckty fa bfjy frnegknts suò es ergikts, wecst benjs, pkncsèsks, nk`hie`ks enj okej jk`fretcfns8 toksk ertkae`ts wkrk fbtecnkj jc-rk`tiy arfg Hegfrf pkfpik, sfgk fa wofg wkrk jrksskj cn Geiey aesocfncnjcètcnd `fnte`t wcto ‟@kregksk– fr Pkreg trejkrs (Keri 5?04= 0?4). Cn

tokcr kn`funtkrs wcto Kurfpkens, tok Hegfrf pkfpik wkrk `fntcnucnd epre`tc`k kstebicsokj jurcnd trejk rkietcfns wcto Kestkrn Cnjfnksce, gecniytok Pkreg enj Eru Csienjs cn tok Gfiu`ès. ok kestkrn Cnjfnkscen eu-tofrctcks enj gkròents ‐ wof ejfptkj tok rfik fa Remes ‐ kstebicsokje trejk gfnfpfiy by eppfcntcnd ifèi rkprkskntetcvks wcto tctiks suò eshepcten, gemfr enj oehcg (mujdk). okcr jkeicnds rksuitkj cn tok wcjk jcs-trcbutcfn fa e verckty fa `fggfjctcks, suò es tkxtciks, bkejs, enj dfnds,cn rkturn afr èpturkj sievks, gessfy enj bcrj spk`cgkns, egfndst ftokr

tocnds.23 Cn ejjctcfn, toky recskj texks enj cntkrgerrckj wcto ifèi pkfpik(\fuwkr 5333= 51


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tkrcei aketurks suò es tok ikvki fa `cvcicsetcfn= ‟Pecicnd arfg Kest tf Tkst,fnk nftc`ks toet tok cnjcdknfus pkfpik bk`fgk e icttik gfrk `cvcicskj. Afrkxegpik, cn tok Gcgche rkdcfn tok usk fa pejjiks wcto ifnd oenjiks enj

èrkauiiy acncsokj enj bkeutcauiiy èrvkj biejks wes wcjksprkej– (PkynkHfh 53


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kj afr en cn`rkesk fa ktonfdrepoc` cntkrkst cn tok rkdcfn retokr toen mustgeppcnd enj pe`caycnd (Ieggk 53?4= 520). Afr ocg, ktonfdrepoc` cntkr-kst `fnscstkj fa `fiik`tcnd eii ok `fuij iey ocs oenjs fn. Ok jks`rcbks en

kn`funtkr cn tok Hegfrf rkdcfn es afiifws=

Acneiiy e scdn fa icak! Arfg e trcbutery e akw ènfks eppker èrrycnd tkn tftwkivk stenjcnd pejjikrs. Ifujiy s`rkegcnd toky ikt us pess enj tokn try tf

afiifw us. Zrfwcnd e akw pck`ks fa rkj ìfto cn tok wetkr, ikejs tf e pej-jicnd re`k, fa wocò tok wcnnkrs kedkriy pc`h up tok pck`ks es e rkwerj afrtokcr kfrt. (\cfnckr 53


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Nktokrienjs Nkw Ducnke. ok faac`cei purpfsk fa tok Brctcso Kxpkjctcfnfa 535


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Tk wkrk fkrkj e ift fa ktonfdrepoc` getkrcei, wocò wes tfuòkj up tfgehk ct gfrk eppkeicnd. … C oevk nkvkr skkn `festei \epuens jf enytocndftokr toen s`rkegcnd, ykiicnd enj kxòendcnd ktonfdrepoc` getkrcei. Zk

ocdoienj pkfpik erk jckrknt enj wk oej dffj ̀ fnte`t wcto tokg. (Ifrkntz5350= 2:0, gy trensietcfn)

ok Brctcso kxpkjctcfn (535


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Zky wcii trejk ewey enytocnd, enj fnk–s epprfeò cs tok scdnei afr tokwofik fa tokcr wfrijiy dffjs tf bk sicppkj futscjk tok out, fn tok ̀ oen`k toetsfgk ertcìk gey ètò tok strendkr–s kyk enj e seik bk kk`tkj. @iubs erk

stu`h cntf tok drfunj, spkers ikent edecnst tok rffa, enj bfws enj errfws,sedf jcsoks, enj kvkn ougen shuiis iecj fut, sf es tf sofw tf tok bkst pfsscbikejventedk. (Rewicnd 5350= 544)

Acdurk := Gegehfrf gesh (NGK 5??3-5;


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Kxpkjctcfn gkgbkrs jks`rcbk ofw Hegfrf pkfpik sffn nftc`kj woetcntkrkstkj tokg enj bkden tf epprfeò tokg wcto kxegpiks. Tokn toknkws sprkej toet kxpkjctcfn gkgbkrs wkrk `fiik`tcnd spk`cgkns fa shuiis

afr s`ckntcac` purpfsks, tok Hegfrf bkden tf put shuiis fn jcspiey frbrfudot tokg tf tok kxpkjctcfn ègp afr seik (Rewicnd 5350= 504)=

Fnk jey e gen weihkj cntf fur ègp et Tehetcgc èrrycnd e shuii unjkrocs erg. Ok stffj futscjk fur ofusk afr sfgk tcgk, drcnncnd enj seycndnftocnd, tokn ok devk us ungcstehebiy tf unjkrstenj toet ct wes tok shuiifa ocs wcak, wof, es wk hnkw afr e ae`t, oej fniy jckj e sofrt tcgk prkvc-fusiy. Zk shuii wes cnjkkj sf arkso toet wk jkìcnkj tok fkr. (Tfiiestfn5352= 5:


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Brctcso kxpkjctcfn (skk Beiierj 2


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fa ciikdei (@ocnksk) bcrj trejkrs, rksuitcnd cn tok e`tuei kstebicsogknt faen ejgcncstretcvk pfst cn 5321 (Pkynk Hfh 5353= ?


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Hfwetzhc, GP@, wcto Bknkjc`tus Rknmeen enj @orcstcenus Rktfb, gcsscfntkeòkrs arfg tok Hkc Csienjs cn kestkrn Cnjfnksce, vcsctkj Hfhfnef cn tokHegfrf rkdcfn. okrk toky kn`funtkrkj e wkkpcnd wfgen wcto e jycnd

òcij cn okr ergs. Aetokr Hfwetzhc beptcskj tok cnaent, sf tok Hegfrfpkfpik tff wkrk nfw ‟rkprkskntkj cn okevkn– (Bevki 53:?= 1, gy trensie-tcfn). oky vcsctkj twf gfrk skttikgknts upstrkeg fn tok Gcgche Rcvkr(Crewke enj Newktkrc) wokrk toky wkrk wergiy wki`fgkj. @fnskqukntiy,

tok Hegfrf pkfpik wkrk jks`rcbkj es ‟sfat, scgpik enj wciicnd cn neturk8`fns`cfus fa tokcr fwn wkehnkss, toky esh afr okip– (Ekrts 5324= 013,gy trensietcfn). Es e rksuit fa tocs esskssgknt, tok gcsscfnercks ikat bftogcsscfn tkeòkrs bkocnj tf bkdcn gcsscfn wfrh, wocò toky jcj by fpkn-

cnd sòffis. ok acrst pkrgenknt gcsscfn prkskn`k egfnd tok Hegfrf wes `fgpfskj fa gcsscfn tkeòkrs arfg tok Hkc Csienjs. Aetokr Hfwetzhc,GP@, rkturnkj e akw gfntos ietkr tf afrgeiiy kstebicso tok acrst gcsscfnpfst, but aurtokr kxpenscfn fa gcsscfnery wfrh wes gecniy jfnk by gcs-

scfn tkeòkrs ( duru), gfstiy frcdcnetcnd arfg tok Hkc Csienjs. Pkrvcnd bftoes tkeòkr enj iey-prkeòkr, tok duru bkègk tok gfst pkrgenknt futscjkprkskn`k cn Hegfrf vciiedks enj tok gecn icnh bktwkkn tok ejgcncstre-tcfn, tok gcsscfns enj tok ifèi pfpuietcfn (Meersge 5330= 55?, 522).

Jurcnd tok acrst ierdk-sèik beptcsg akest cn Hfhfnef cn 5300, AetokrRckvkrs, GP@, jks`rcbkj ofw tok Hegfrf pkfpik pkrafrgkj jen`ksikernkj arfg tok Hkcksk tkeòkrs= ‟es rkei Hkc pkfpik toky jen`kj fn ‐ tf

tokg ‐ strendk jruggcnd– (Rckvkrs 530;= 2


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wkrk bcttkr rcveis, enj jurcnd tok kre fa jfubik gcsscfncsetcfn, gcsscfnsòffis wkrk fpknkj fn e ierdk sèik. By 530:, tocs cntkr-jknfgcnetcfnei`fgpktctcfn rkeòkj cts ìcgex. ok Gfiu`èn \rftkstent @ourò cntknj-

kj tf pie`k e \rftkstent tkeòkr (gfstiy Egbfnksk) nkxt tf kvkry Rfgen@etofic` tkeòkr (\fuwkr 53;;= 20;). Bfto `frpfretcfns stertkj jcstrcbut-cnd ìftoks, affj, tfbe``f enj tffis. Aetokr ciikgens, GP@, èiikj upfntok @etofic`s cn ok Nktokrienjs tf sknj ìftoks afr tok nkwiy beptcskj

òcijrkn, scn`k tok \rftkstents pkrsuejkj pkfpik by dcvcnd tokg getk-rcei cnju`kgknts= ‟tofsk afrkcdnkrs kntc`k fur òcijrkn wcto ìftoks, `fetsenj trfuskrs– (ciikgens 530:= 22;, gy trensietcfn). Cn Menuery 530: tokGP@ gcsscfnercks decnkj tok uppkr oenj enj òrcstknkj cnoebctents fa

Hkhwe enj cguhe (cgche \entec). Cn Menuery 530; toky òrcstknkj cn-oebctents fa Gcfhf enj cn Akbruery pkfpik arfg \ercpc, Sereye enj Cpcrc(\fuwkr 53;;= 200). Dcats enj kxòendks fa trejk ertcìks wes nf ifndkr egkens fa kstebicsocnd ̀ fnte`t es ct oej bkkn jurcnd prkvcfus ̀ fiik`tcnd kn-

`funtkrs. Nfw toksk dffjs wkrk e gkens fa `fiik`tcnd sfuis. ok Rfgen@etofic` ‟sfui `fiik`tfrs– su``kssauiiy werjkj faa tok \rftkstents enj tokerke rkgecnkj Rfgen @etofic`.

2) Ejgcncstretcfn

Aetokr Rckvkrs– jks`rcptcfn fa tok 5300 beptcsg akest eirkejy cnjcètkj

ofw tok gcsscfn uskj e akest ofusk (herepef) cn tok kvknt. Ct cs unìker

woktokr ct wes tok gcsscfn fr tok Hegfrf pkfpik wof oej òfskn tfbucij tok herepef. Bkafrk tok pkrgenknt prkskn`k fa tok Jutò ejgcncs-tretcfn enj gcsscfn, Hegfrf icak wes gerhkj by e `yìk fa akests. oksk

akests oej scdncacènt rfiks, suò es ae`cictetcnd `fnte`t wcto nkcdobfurcndvciiedks, rkvkeicnd hnfwikjdk tf uncnctcetks, enj tok trensgcsscfn fa ner-retcvks. ok `fgpiktk `yìk fa tok ierdk akests wes stfppkj repcjiy by tokJutò ejgcncstretcfn (\fuwkr 53;0= 2). Hegfrf tokgskivks, cn`rkescnd-

iy cnaiukn`kj by @etofic`csg, eisf bkden tf `fnscjkr `krtecn kikgknts faakests cnepprfprcetk (@fknkn 5310). Nfw toksk akests, fr `krtecn tfikretkj`fgpfnknts, `fuij fniy bk okij eatkr dfvkrngknt nftcacètcfn enj wokn

toky jcj nft cntkrakrk wcto ftokr teshs enj jutcks, suò es sòffi ettknj-en`k enj derjkncnd. Ofwkvkr, toksk akests pieykj e vctei rfik cn Hegfrficak. Aetokr ciikgens, GP@, wof wfrhkj egfndst tok Hegfrf arfg 530<untci Tfrij Ter CC, fn`k tfij entorfpfifdcst Men \fuwkr toet tok Hegfrf

usk fnk tkrg tf jknftk bfto sedf bketcnd enj akestcnd. ok nftcfn faakest enj piey wes rkietkj tf iebfur enj wfrh (\fuwkr 53;2= 5). Tfrh,sf`cei fbicdetcfns, prkstcdk, piey enj rctuei wkrk eii cntkrtwcnkj cn akests,fa wocò tokrk wes e wcjk verckty. okrk wkrk akests tf gerh icgcnei poesks

`kikbretcnd ejfiks`kn`k (tewrc-hegk ) enj ejuitoffj (gcrcgu-hegk ) enj


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tok pertcnd arfg enj `fggkgfretcnd tok jkej (wetenc-hegk ).:1 ewrc-hegk cnvfivkj tok ùttcnd fa tok eprfn fa yfund bfys8 gcrcgu-hegk westok nfsk-pckr`cnd akest. Eatkr tok prfocbctcfn fa tok e`t fa pckr`cnd tok ne-

sei skptug, toksk twf akests wkrk uncackj enj jknftkj es herepef, wocò cseisf tok negk fa tok cnctcetcfn akest ofusk. E herepef akest cnvfivks e pcdount, e ount afr sf-èiikj trkk iczerjs (wetkr gfnctfrs, Qerenus cnjcùs ),acsocnd trcps (es affj suppiy enj es dcats), sedf gehcnd enj tok `fiik`tcnd

fa bcveivks (fnehc ), wocò kxprkssks tok ocdo nugbkr fa essf`cetkj ‟wfrh-rkietkj– e`tcvctcks. Epert arfg toksk ‟sf`cei cnctcetcfns–, ftokr akests gerhkje ‟ùitus cnctcetcfn–= kgehegk enj hewerk wkrk `kntrei akests (rkspk`tcvkiyokij cn kest enj wkst Hegfrf) jurcnd wocò cnctcetks wkrk cntrfju`kj tf

ksftkrc` hnfwikjdk. oksk akests cnvfivkj e rknkwei fa, enj e rkesfn tfgehk, getkrcei ùiturk, suò es spcrct pfiks, ènfks, sf-èiikj `krkgfnceibferjs ( yegetk ), jrugs, pejjiks, sedf bfwis enj sedf bketkrs (@fknkn5310= 1:-13). Kgehegk wes e hefhete fr wfgkn–s akest, kxprksskj cn toktokgk fa akrtcicty, prf`rketcfn, drfwto enj ebunjen`k. E hewerk akest cn-vfivks tok jcspiey fa geik eutofrcty. E``frjcndiy, tok kgpoescs icks fngeik shciis suò es tok genuae`turk fa ènfks, pejjiks enj sedf bfwis enjfn essf`cetkj hnfwikjdk (@fknkn 5310= 138 \fuwkr 53?4= :1).:4 ok jk-

`rkesk cn toksk akests jcrk`tiy rksuitkj cn e jk`rkesk fa ftokr e`tcvctcks, suòes èrvcnd, ountcnd enj pertcùier afrgs fa affj detokrcnd ‐ tous pfsscbiyrksuitcnd cn tok ìcòã fa tok Hegfrf es iezy pkfpik.

Pcguitenkfusiy, akstcvctcks `frrkspfnjcnd tf tok ejgcncstretcvk enjgcsscfn akstcvk èiknjer wkrk cntrfju`kj. Epert arfg @orcstges enj Nkw Sker `kikbretcfns, Uukkn–s Jey :? wes e hnfwn hehuru tkne-wk fr ‟afrkcdnkrakest– fr ‟akest fa tok woctk pkfpik– (Acdurk ;).:3 oksk akests wkrk gerhkj

by degks enj sgeii `fgpktctcfns, wocò wkrk gecniy pkrafrgkj by tokòcijrkn (ackij pc`turks Men \fuwkr8 Qkrofkaa 53;1= 3


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Ejgcncstretcvk enj gcsscfnery wfrh wes cntkrruptkj by Tfrij TerCC. Cn 53:2 Mepenksk trffps f``upckj tok kntcrkty fa Nkw Ducnke, kx`kpttok sub-jcstrc`ts fa Gkreuhk enj [ppkr-Jcdui (P`offri 5331= ?). Cn tok

Hegfrf rkdcfn, up tf ?


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@oeptkr 0

@FIFNCEI @FIIK@ZFRP

Eatkr tok frdencskj `fiik`tcnd bffg jurcnd tok kxpkjctcfns fa tok ncnk-tkknto enj keriy twkntckto `kntury, jcstrc`t faac`krs, gcsscfnercks enj sfi-jckrs fniy renjfgiy jfnetkj tokcr ̀ fiik`tcfns tf guskugs8 gfrk enj gfrkprcvetk `fiik`tcfns wkrk afrgkj.;: Es ertkae`ts arfg tok `fifncks drejueiiy

e`qucrkj gerhkt veiuk, jfnetcfns tf guskugs jkìcnkj enj, cn frjkr tfjkvkifp tokcr `fiik`tcfns, guskugs wkrk fbicdkj tf prfvcjk e`qucsctcfn

bujdkts. Nkw trknjs cn tok eèjkgc` wfrij eisf jkgenjkj eitkrkj `fi-ik`tcnd gktofjfifdcks8 kxtknjkj ackijwfrh ettecnkj e prcgk rfik, ikej-

cnd tf e ikss prcvcikdkj pie`k afr tok stujy fa ertkae`ts cn tok entorfpf-ifdcèi knjkevfur. ocs ikj tf tok kgpifygknt fa ‟ackij `fiik`tfrs–. wf`fiik`tfrs wkrk eshkj tf `fiik`t afr guskugs cn ok Nktokrienjs= @erkiG.E. Drfknkvkit, e prcvetk `fiik`tfr sknt fut by tok rfpknguskug cn

Egstkrjeg, enj Jr Men \fuwkr, dfvkrngknt entorfpfifdcst kgpifykj bytok Burkeu afr Netcvk Eaaecrs.

C. @fgpktcnd cnstctutcfns enj tokcr `fiik`tfrs

5) @erki G.E. Drfknkvkit ;;

Tokn cn 53:4 M.O. Medkr Dkricnds bkègk okej ùretfr fa tok Egstkrjeg-beskj Nktokrienjs Kest Cnjcks Cnstctutk (Cnjcsò Cnstctuut ), ok afùskj fnkstebicsocnd e nkw guskug frckntkj tfwerj tok `fnskrvetcfn enj tok

;: Jurcnd tok `fifncei pkrcfj (5321-12) `crè 0


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jcspiey fa ùiturks cn tok trfpc`s.;1 ok negk-òendk cn 53;< cntf tokRfyei rfpcèi Cnstctutk (Hfncnhicmh Cnstctuut vffr jk rfpkn) wes e ten-dcbik gencakstetcfn fa tocs socat. Cn tok pfst-wer ykers skvkrei ejjctcfns,

jfnetcfns enj kxòendks wcto ftokr guskugs prfju`kj e jcvkrsk ktonf-drepoc` `fiik`tcfn ecgkj et prfvcjcnd difbei `fvkredk. ok cnstctutk eisf`fn`kntretkj fn `fgpiktcnd kxcstcnd `fiik`tcfns, enj scn`k \epue wes stciiJutò tkrrctfry tocs rkdcfn rk`kcvkj auii ettkntcfn cn tok 53;


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ebfut tok Jut`o `fifncks.1


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Ducnke– (Dfuvkrngkntsbiej 53;0 e= 5). E ietkr vkrscfn stcpuietkj toet nfpkrgct wes nkkjkj afr= bfws enj errfws, spkers, jeciy ìftocnd, sockijs,pejjiks, frnegknts gejk fa tkkto enj sgeii sokiis, bre`krs, gfuto oerps

enj gfjkrn aiutks, acsocnd dker, edrcùiturei tffis, ountcnd tffis, gets,enj jk`fretkj bfxks (Dfuvkrnkgkntsbiej 53;0b= 5-2). Drfknkvkit oejbkkn wernkj nft tf `fiik`t afr prcvetk `fiik`tfrs, enj fniy afr pubic` cn-stctutcfns cn ok Nktokrienjs. Drfknkvkit akit toet ok wes rkstrc`tkj cn ocs

arkkjfg tf kxpfrt by dfvkrngknt faac`ceis, cn frjkr, ok essugkj, tf aevfurtok Ikcjkn Guskug (ikttkr Drfknkvkit tf Medkr Dkricnds 5/55/53;2).13

Enftokr cn`cjknt ìkeriy kxprkssks tok entedfncsg Drfknkvkit akit tf- werjs Hffcmgen. Drfknkvkit oej ocs kyk fn e bkeutcauiiy jk`fretkj pfik.

‟C oej eirkejy rkqukstkj tocs pck`k arfg XDfvkrnfrW ven Beei (…). Jr. v.Beei tokn tfij gk ok wfuij nft pert wcto ct. By `fcn`cjkn`k C afunj futtoet Jr. Hffygen Xsc` W oes ikat e ikttkr bkocnj arfg Or. Drejkr wokrkok rkquksts tf bcj afr tok pfik. C wcii try tf dkt ct es C wes tok acrst tf rk-

qukst ct– (Ikttkr Drfknkvkit tf Medkr Dkricnds 2:/


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guskugs enj bffhs. Es e rksuit, e `fiik`tcfn–s esskgbiy jkpknjs fn prcn-`cpiks fa frdencsetcfn enj ìesscacètcfn. By oevcnd e texfnfgc` òert faùiturk cn gcnj, wcto sifts tf bk aciikj by fbmk`ts cjkeiiy tf bk afunj cn

tok ackij, guskugs fr ùretfrs hnkw woet toky wentkj= ‟ok bkst sur-prcsk fa tok sfuto `fest wes tok piectkj `rfwn arfg tok Gcgche rkdcfn,jk`fretkj wcto piugks fa tok bcrj fa perejcsk, enj wfrn by tok gusc`cens wof pkrafrg jurcnd tok ncdotiy jen`ks. ocs cs e ifnd-stenjcnd wcso `fg-

cnd truk!– (ikttkr Menskn tf Drfknkvkit


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fn kerto gfrk tcgk afr gehcnd sedf enj acsocnd. Tocik pkrafrgcnd toksun jen`k, tok jen`cnd wfgkn wfrk toksk eprfns (\fuwkr 53;;= 5?4).

\fuwkr eisf `fiik`tkj pkrsfnei nerretcvks ebfut fbmk`ts. ok spcrct pfik

ok ̀ fiik`tkj cn 53;0 rkprksknts twf jk`keskj pkfpik (Acdurk 4). ok pkrsfnrkprkskntkj ebfvk cs Hetcwcute fa tok teperu Ctutugkperk, e `epebik wffj-

Acdurk 4= Gbctfrf (NGK 0


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@

èrvkr, wof jckj must eatkr tok Mepenksk f`ùpetcfn. Bkifw cs Gemkpce, e wfgen fa tok teperu Gcgche, wof jckj jurcnd toet pkrcfj. ok èrvkrejjkj e pkrsfnei tfuò= ok cnìujkj e sgeii ougen okej et tok bfttfg

fa tok wcnd-soepkj kxtknscfn, rkprkskntcnd ocs sfn, fa wofg ok wes vkryafnj enj wof jckj jurcnd tok wer et tok edk fa kcdot.43

\fuwkr arkqukntiy kgpoescskj tok rkstrc`tkj òere`tkr fa fbmk`ts tfjkgfnstretk tokcr (ktonfdrepoc`) veiuk. Cn tok e``fgpenycnd icst fa e `fi-

ik`tcfn sknt by \fuwkr (NGK skrcks 0


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tf Hffcmgen ?/52/53;1).?2 ok iettkr rkgerh cnjcètks ofw \fuwkr uskjtfbe``f es en kxòendk ctkg wokn `fiik`tcnd cnafrgetcfn. Hffcmgen rk-pickj cn e ikttkr tf \fuwkr=

Fbvcfusiy, C wes vkry pikeskj wcto tok cnafrgetcfn ebfut tok ierdk ou-gen stdurks fa tok kestkrn Gcgche erke enj C ofpk yfu wcii bk su``kssauicn fbtecncnd gfrk hnfwikjdk. … XZcs csW e dffj kxegpik fa tok bknkstt

afr e guskug fa ktonfifdcèi stkij wfrh, sfgktocnd nft eii ktonfifdcsts erk`fnvcn`kj fa! (ikttkr Hffcmgen tf \fuwkr 23/52/53;1)?0

Cn dknkrei tofudo, `fiik`tcnd ertkae`ts wes en kxtre e`tcvcty afr \fuwkr,ifw fn tok icst fa ocs prcfrctcks. \fuwkr ertcùietkj e `krtecn rkskrvk tf- werjs tok e`t fa `fiik`tcnd=

C jcj oevk en cntkrkst cn Gcgche ert, C jcj `fiik`t fbmk`ts fa Gcgche ge-tkrcei ùiturk…, enj C jcj suppiy jktecikj cnafrgetcfn. Ofwkvkr, C wes auiiy ewerk fa tok ktocèi cgpicètcfns fa `fiik`tcnd fbmk`ts. Pf C fpkretkjèutcfusiy, retokr toen `fggcttcnd gyskia tf rutoikss enj systkgetc` `fi-ik`tcfn. Gy cnstru`tcfns es e dfvkrngknt entorfpfifdcst wkrk tf `fnju`ten cntknscvk, systkgetc` survky fa Gcgche ùiturk, wcto sfgk kgpoescs fnsf`cei stru`turk. (\fuwkr 53??= ;;?)

Geny rkskeròkrs erk rkskrvkj ebfut `fiik`tcnd ertkae`ts enj prkakr tf

rkturn wcto fniy tofsk ctkgs toet wkrk faakrkj tf tokg es dcats fa arcknj-socp. Jurcnd en cntkrvckw, Men \fuwkr stertkj teihcnd ebfut Drfknkvkit

spfntenkfusiy= ‟Toet ok wes jfcnd wes purk trejk, buscnkss– (Men \fuwkr,pkrsfnei `fgguncètcfn ; Akbruery 2


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Guskug. Arfg \fuwkr–s ikttkr ct cs ìker toet Hffcmgen sofwkj kerickr cn-tkrkst cn buycnd tok jrug, but \fuwkr oej jkìcnkj. Nfw \fuwkr wentkjtf rk`kcvk ai.5;< afr ct= ‟C jkicvkrkj geny pck`ks tf yfu et e ifw prc`k

wctofut kerncnd e `knt, tous pkroeps C èn nfw esh gfrk afr fn`k– (ikttkr\fuwkr tf Hffcmgen 2/55/53;1).?1 ok Ikcjkn Guskug pecj ai.:


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oky wkrk nft e icttik prfuj– (ikttkr \fuwkr tf Hffcmgen, ?/52/53;1.?? Nft fniy jcj \fuwkr oevk e rkietcfnsocp wcto tok fbmk`t, tok `fiik`tcndprf`kss kstebicsokj aurtokr rkietcfnsocps toet wkrk beskj fn rkspk`t, nft

buscnkss.

0) Ackij `fiik`tcnd= gktofjs enj gftcvetcfns

Tocik \fuwkr `fiik`tkj arfg e skttikj besk enj bknkactkj arfg kstebicsokjrkietcfnsocps wcto tok Hegfrf pkfpik, Drfknkvkit ‐ wokn nft rkiycnd fntok cntkrvkntcfn fa tocrj pertcks stetcfnkj cn tok erke ‐ fbtecnkj fbmk`tstorfudo brcka vcscts enj trejkj gfstiy wctofut ikevcnd tok `enfk tf vcsct

tok rkdcfn. oksk `fiik`tfrs pkrsfncay woet F–Oenifn (2


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wes ejjctcfneiiy cgpfrtent es tf wokrk (c.k. Rfttkrjeg) tok iest rkgnentsfa getkrcei ùiturk wfuij bk prkskrvkj.

Bfto `fiik`tfrs– e`tcvctcks wkrk cnafrgkj by e seivedk perejcdg. Tocik

jurcnd tok prkvcfus kxpkjctcfns tokrk wes e re`k tf tok snfw, tokrk nfw wes e re`k edecnst tcgk. Bfto Drfknkvkit enj \fuwkr oej tok tknjkn`ytf jfùgknt enj veiuk tok pest, retokr toen tok prksknt. Bfto `fiik`tfrs wkrk èutcfus ebfut ofw tok ùiturk unjkr s`rutcny wes òendcnd. ocs

wes `fn`rktcskj cn e afrg fa `fiik`tcnd wocò afùskj fn ‟sevcnd– woet wesunjkr torket fa jcseppkeren`k.

CC. Gcsscfn(s) fa Cntkdretcfn

Eatkr tok Pk`fnj Tfrij Ter, tok gcsscfn–s ettctujk òendkj. Cnstkej fa

trycnd tf cgpfsk @orcstcen ùiturk by prfocbctcnd enj rkpie`cnd kxcstcndbkickas, tok gcsscfn oej bk`fgk cn`rkescndiy ewerk toet e gfrk kaak`tcvkstretkdy gcdot ick cn tok cntkdretcfn fa (tfikrebik) `fgpfnknts fa Hegfrfùiturk (Meersge 5330= 552). Bfkieers (5332= xv) stetks toet gcsscfner-

cks kjuètkj bktwkkn 530


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5) Gcsscfn petrfnedk

Cn tok 53;


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Ehhkrgens enj tok steaa dcvkn tf Bcsofp Gùnncndofaa jurcnd ocs cneudu-retcfn cn tok keriy 534


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Menskn tf Drfknkvkit 54/


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gkr`cei ertkae`ts wkrk tehkn ofgk by dfvkrngknt faac`ceis, gcsscfnercksenj ftokr vcsctfrs. Teihcnd stc`hs enj gcnceturk rkpic`es fa Hegfrf getk-rcei `uiturk wkrk kspk`ceiiy pfpuier.5


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cn Ikcjkn (3 Menuery 2


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bk`eusk tok woctk gen kxpk`ts tocs. Zky rknjkr tok kvknt e bct gfrk vcvcj,

toky ikt tok, cn Gcgche ocstfry, nftfrcfus wer-ikejkr Nefwe `fggct tokgurjkr. (@egps 531


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@orcstcen ruiks sofuij bk ejeptkj tf Hegfrf `uiturk fr sofuij nft bk cg-pfskj et eii.55


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ks wkrk tokn eppickj tf tok nevki tf stcguietk tok drfwto fa bfjy oecr

(@fknkn 5310= 1:). Jurcnd tok `krkgfny–s sk`fnj stedk, tok bfys wkrkenfcntkj by Aetokr Ouub ]wertmks, wof oej rk`kcvkj `essfwery aketokrs

enj bcrj fa perejcsk piugks es bfjy jk`fretcfn. Cn arfnt fa tok cnctcetcfn

Acdurk 50= Jrewcnd e woctk `rfss jurcnd enfcntgknt, 534


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Bkafrk Aetokr Akicx cmjcnh, FAG, ikat tok erke cn 53?5, ok cnsteiikj e\epuen prckst arfg tok \encec Iehks tf tok nfrto (cnienj) fa tok Hegfrfrkdcfn. Jurcnd en cntkrvckw wcto gk, Aetokr cmjcnh spfhk kxtknscvkiy

fa ofw ok uskj cnjcdknfus gkens tf gerh tok prckst–s e``kpten`k. Eatkr`fnsuitcnd tok vciiedkrs fa cgche \entec, ct wes jk`cjkj toet bfto Aetokrcmjcnh enj tok nkw prckst sofuij errcvk cn ènfks. okcr werg wki`fgkrkakrkn`kj perts fa tok hewerk akest. Aurtokrgfrk, wokn toky errcvkj cn tokòurò fa cgche \entec (tokn cguhe) toky rk`kcvkj ‐ es errendkj ‐ afursygbfis= e yegetk fr sf-èiikj `krkgfncei bferj, e bcbik, e ènjik, enjpiugks arfg tok bcrj fa perejcsk. ok kijkst wfgen fa tok vciiedk oenjkjfvkr e tfrò tf tok nkw prckst es toky stffj cn arfnt fa en eiter jk`fretkj

wcto en urugenk penki wcto twf ofrnbcii okejs. ocs penki rkprksknts token`kstrei gftokrs fa tok prksknt sf`cei drfups (teperu).554 Eatkrwerjs toknkw ènfks wkrk biksskj tf tok e``fgpencgknt fa geny jen`ks. ocs f`-èscfn wes nerretkj et ikndto by Akicx cmjcnh tf jkgfnstretk ocs wfrhcnd

gktofj. Ok tfij gk ofw ok eshkj ocgskia tok qukstcfn= Ofw èn fnk cn-tkdretk kikgknts fa tokcr fwn ùiturk6 Afr ocg, tok `fn`kpt fa knùiture-tcfn wes `ru`cei. Kvkn jurcnd ocs trecncnd, ok oej wrcttkn e jcsskrtetcfn‟@orcstcencty enj ùiturk– ebfut tok cntkdretcfn fa toksk twf kikgknts.

Ok jks`rcbkj ocgskia es bkcnd strfndiy cnaiukn`kj by tok Qetcèn @fun`ci(Akicx cmjcnh, cntkrvckw 23 Eudust 2


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Afr tok gcsscfnercks, ‟trejctcfn– eppkerkj tf bk sfgktocnd pesscvkiy rk-`kcvkj arfg tok pest, arfg wocò skik`tkj kikgknts `fuij bk gfjcackj enjgfuijkj cntf tok @orcstcen icakstyik. okcr skik`tcfn fa ‟trejctcfn– cs beskj

fn tok 53;4 dfvkrngknt rkduietcfn toet `krtecn Hegfrf akests wfuij bkeiifwkj. ok ‟Akest Frjcnen`k– `fnìujkj toet tok tewrc fr pubkrty akest,tok herepef fr ejuit akest, enj tok pcd akest (ff–hegk fr ff–hehuru) `fuijbk okij eatkr nftcacètcfn fa tok cntkntcfn tf jf sf, enj prfvcscfn fa e rke-

sfn tf ofij tok akest wocò `fnafrgkj tf ertcìk 2 fa tok akest frjcnen`k(Mfnd 53;3= 03-:


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ok tkrg ‟rkprkskntetcfn– oes bkkn òfskn es tok tctik afr \ert wf, scn`kct jkeis wcto tok usk fa Hegfrf getkrcei ùiturk by tok Arkkpfrt Gcncnd@fgpeny es e tffi afr rkprkskntetcfn. Arkkpfrt cs e guitcnetcfnei `fg-

peny kndedkj cn tok kxpifretcfn, gcncnd enj gciicnd fa `fppkr, dfij enjscivkr cn \epue, enj tok sgkitcnd enj rkacncnd fa `fppkr `fn`kntretks cnPpecn enj Cnjfnksce. ok Cnjfnkscen eaacicetk fa tok Egkrcèn `fgpenyArkkpfrt-G`GfRen @fppkr & Dfij, Cn` (afrgkriy hnfwn es Arkkpfrt

Puipour, Cn`) cs faac`ceiiy hnfwn es \ Arkkpfrt Cnjfnksce. Cn 533;,Arkkpfrt-G`GfRen skperetkj arfg cts Cnjfnkscen prfpkrty tf evfcj pf-tkntcei prfbikgs afr stf`hofijkrs.553 Cn 5331, Arkkpfrt kstebicsokj e mfcntvknturk wcto Rcf cntf \I@. Cn tocs bffh, tok dknkrei negk ‟Arkkpfrt–

cs uskj tf evfcj `fnauscfn. Ofwkvkr, tocs jfks nft gken toet tok gcn-cnd `fgpeny cs `fnscjkrkj es e gfnfictoc` kntcty. ok ecg cs tf rkvkeitok jcaakrknt vfc`ks bkocnj tok `fgpeny. ocs wcii bk jfnk by gfvcndarfg e ge`rf-ikvki cn @oeptkr :, wokrk Arkkpfrt–s ùiturei pfic`y cs `fg-

perkj tf Cnjfnksce–s netcfnei pfic`y (bktwkkn 53:;-3?), tf e gc`rf-ikvkicn @oeptkr ; (enj @oeptkr 1), wocò afùsks fn tok Arkkpfrt-spfnsfrkjHegfrf Erts Akstcvei es e vknuk afr tok rkprkskntetcfn fa Hegfrf ùiturk(533?-2


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(skk Dkkrtz 5340). Ktonfdrepoy okij e `kntrei pie`k cn entorfpfifdy.52: Ofwkvkr, entorfpfifdcsts– trensietcfns cntf tkxts (ktonfdrepocks) fa tokgkencnds fa ftokr `uiturks prfvfhkj rkaik`tcfn, es pfcntkj fut kerickr.

Gkenwocik tok `uiturk `fn`kpt kntkrkj nkw jfgecns. Cn tok keriy53?


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ok jcsùsscfn fa ùiturei `fnstru`ts wes uskaui cn kgpoescscnd tok rk-ietkjnkss fa pfictc`s, ùiturk enj rkprkskntetcfn. Ofwkvkr, (fvkr-)kgpoe-scs fn tok cnvkntkj enj ̀ fnstru`tkj neturk fa trejctcfn, ̀ uiturk enj hestfg

fbsùrks enj `fn`keis tok ifnd-tkrg `fntcnuctcks toet fatkn prkveci kvknjurcnd tcgks fa rejcèi ùiturei òendk. Peoicns erduks toet ct cs e nfrgei`fnjctcfn afr ùiturks tf bk `fnstru`tkj enj rk`fnstru`tkj rkpktctcvkiy(k.d. Peoicns 53?;, 5333, 2


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BK@FGCND \ERZ FA E NEZCFN-PZEZK524

ocs òeptkr afùsks fn tok kre wokn \epue wes cntkdretkj cntf Cnjfnksceenj bkègk submk`t tf tok essf`cetkj netcfnei pfic`y. wf kikgknts erk fapertcùier cgpfrten`k= Cnjfnksce–s ùiturei pfic`y enj tok afùs fn k`f-nfgc` jkvkifpgknt by ettre`tcnd guitcnetcfneis, wocò rksuitkj cn tok ks-

tebicsogknt fa \ Arkkpfrt Cnjfnksce. Bktwkkn 533< enj 533?, Arkkpfrtspfnsfrkj Hegfrf wffjèrvcnd prfmk`ts es pert fa e pfic`y tf kxprkss

tokcr `frpfretk ùiturk. ocs prfmk`t cs kxegcnkj wcto e pertcùier afùsfn tok icnh bktwkkn netcfnei Cnjfnkscen ùiturei pfic`y enj tok Arkkpfrt

gcncnd `fgpeny–s gcsscfn fr `frpfretk ùiturk.

C. Cnjfnksce–s netcfnei pfic`y (53:;-3?)

Nft wciicnd tf trensakr cts iest `fifncei ofijcnd tf Cnjfnksce, tok Jutò ej-gcncstretcfn erdukj toet tok Gkienkscen cnoebctents fa Nkjkrienjs NckuwDucnke (\epue) jcj nft bkifnd cn Cnjfnksce enj toet toky sofuij rk`kcvktok rcdot fa skia-jktkrgcnetcfn. Nft wciicnd tf dcvk up cts jktkrgcnetcfn tf

`fntrfi tok rkdcfn, cn tok keriy 531


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Cnjfnkscen netcfn-stetk f`ùrrkj eigfst scguitenkfusiy wcto tok ksteb-icsogknt fa Puoertf–s pfic`y.523 [ntci 533?, \rkscjknt Puoertf–s Nkw FrjkrDfvkrngknt afùskj fn k`fnfgc` jkvkifpgknt enj tok gecntknen`k fa

arcknjiy rkietcfns wcto tok Tkst. ok kre fa Rkafrgesc (Rkafrg Gfvkgknt)cn Cnjfnksce bkden wokn Puoertf wes afr`kj tf rkscdn fn 25 Gey 533?,dcvcnd cn tf netcfn-wcjk prftksts.

5) @rketcnd e netcfnei akkicnd

Eitofudo Cnjfnksce wes fniy rk`fdncskj es en cnjkpknjknt akjkrei stetk cn53:3 eatkr tok ‟Netcfnei Rkvfiutcfn– (53:;-53:3), tok jey toet Puhernf

enj Gfoeggkj Oette prfìecgkj cnjkpknjkn`k, 54 Eudust 53:;,cs `fnscjkrkj tok gfgknt fa bcrto fa tok netcfn enj bkègk Netcfnei

Cnjkpknjkn`k Jey. ok 53:; Netcfnei @fnstctutcfn bkègk tok bescs afrtok Rkpubic` fa Cnjfnksce enj wes jreatkj eifnd tok icnks fa tok stetk cjk-

fifdy, \enèscie , `fnscstcnd fa acvk prcn`cpiks= bkicka cn Dfj50


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2) @uiturei pfic`y es e tffi afr ‟Cnjfnkscenczetcfn– 503

Cn 534;, Cbu ckn Puoertf fpknkj tok stetk-spfnsfrkj tokgk perh egen Gcnc Cnjfnksce Cnjeo (Bkeutcaui Cnjfnksce cn Gcnceturk \erh) cn Meherte.ok prkscjknt–s wcak oej bkkn cnspcrkj tf bucij egen Gcnc eatkr e trcp tfJcsnkywfrij, Aifrcje. By cnìujcnd ̀ ouròks, gfsquks enj tkgpiks rkprk-skntcnd tok vercfus faac`cei rkicdcfns cn Cnjfnksce, enj gfnugknts kxprkss-cnd \enèscie prcn`cpiks, tok perh vcsueicsks tok Nkw Frjkr rkdcgk.5:


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Jurcnd Puhernf–s dfvkrngknt, icttik cntkrkst wes sofwn cn suppfrtcnd rk-dcfnei ùiturks. \en-Cnjfnkscen veiuks prficakretkj enj wkrk gejk vcscbikcn gfnugkntei stetuks enj stetk rctueis8 vcsuei cgedkry wes uskj tf rkcn-

afr`k e sknsk fa (Cnjfnkscen) netcfnei cjkntcty. Fnk kxegpik fa e netcfneiveiuk cs tok nftcfn fa gutuei esscsten`k ( dftfnd-rfyfnd ), e `fn`kpt toetfrcdcnetkj cn Meve enj cs uskj tf jknftk vercfus afrgs fa esscsten`k fr ecj, wocò gehks ct en cjkei sifden afr netcfnei uncty.5:5 Kvkn bkafrk Cnjfnksce

decnkj faac`cei `fntrfi fvkr \epue, cgedks fa \epue wkrk jcsskgcnetkj wocò prfgftkj en Cnjfnkscen cjkntcty retokr toen e Gkienkscen fr\epuen fnk. f `kikbretk \epue–s ‟icbkretcfn–, afr cnsten`k, tok Tkst CrcenIcbkretcfn Gfnugknt ( Gfnugkn \kgbkbesen Crcen Beret ) wes bucit etBentknd Pquerk cn Meherte cn 5310. @rketkj by Kjoc Punersf, tok gfnu-gknt sofws e gen brkehcnd arkk arfg ocs òecns.

Ct wes fniy wcto tok cgpikgkntetcfn fa Nkw Frjkr pfic`y toet rk-dcfnei ùiturk rk`kcvkj auii ettkntcfn. Pòkafij (533?= 24:) jks`rcbks ct

es e stretkdc` gfvk wokrkby Nkw Frjkr òfsk tf ‟jfgkstcètk– rkdcfneienj ktonc` jcaakrkn`ks, retokr toen cdnfrk tokcr kxcstkn`k. Rkdcfnei ùi-turks wkrk nfw `fnscjkrkj tf gehk up tok netcfnei ùiturk, retokr toene netcfnei ùiturk rkpie`cnd rkdcfnei ùiturk. ocs cgpickj, ofwkvkr, toet

rkdcfnei ùiturks oej tf act cntf tok netcfnei cjkfifdcèi aregkwfrh enj`fnskqukntiy oej tf bk supkrvcskj by tok dfvkrngknt torfudo e prfmk`tfa ‟ùiturei kndcnkkrcnd– `fnju`tkj cn tok 534


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@ H

fa Arkkpfrt ae`cictcks8 egfndst ftokrs, e oftki, e dfia ìub enj en kxìuscvktfwn afr Arkkpfrt kgpifykks enj `fntre`tfrs. Arfg 5330, Hegfrf ertk-ae`ts wkrk `fggcsscfnkj cn tok Hegfrf Erts Bucijcnd tf jk`fretk toksk

vknuks. Tcto tocs prfmk`t, tok ‟Arkkpfrt es Afstkr-Aetokr–-prfdreggkkvfivkj arfg spfnsfrsocp tf ert petrfnedk.

2) \etrfnedk fr petrfncscnd6

okrk cs e wcjk rendk fa ictkreturk fn tok rfik fa petrfnedk jurcnd tokCteicen Rknecssen`k (à . Ofiicndswfrto 533:) cnjcètcnd tok nkkj tf `fn-scjkr tocs rfik cn e brfejkr sf`cf-k`fnfgc` `fntkxt. Fatkn petrfnedk cs

nft must pocientorfpy. Rfdkr Nkcò (2


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555

B -

e ierdk sczk– (cntkrvckw 51 Eprci2


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552

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tokcr wfrh= tf èrvk cs tf (try tf) kern e icvcnd. ok iettkr wes nft eiweysstrecdotafrwerj. Arkkpfrt edrkkj tf esscst wcto tok k`fnfgc` jkvkifpgkntfa tok Hegfrf rkdcfn es ifnd es tocs jkvkifpgknt wes nft kquetkj wcto

dcvcnd gfnky8 ct nkkjkj tf bk ‟sustecnebik jkvkifpgknt–. E rkprkskntetcvkfa Arkkpfrt (Rfde \knjewe Icge) kgpoescskj cn e ifèi nkwspepkr ertcìktoet Arkkpfrt cs buhen Pcntkrhiees . ok `fgpeny cs ‟nft Pecnt Ncòfies–rkakrrcnd tf e typcèi Jutò ennuei trejctcfn wokrkby Pecnt Ncòfies dcvks

òcijrkn prksknts fn tok ;to fa Jk`kgbkr ‐ ca tok òcijrkn oevk bkkndffj. ‟ok afunjetcfn ecgs tf tkeò e sf`ckty nft tf bk`fgk spfcikj–, buttf tkeò tokg ofw tf jkvkifp tokcr cnjustry (cae Crcen 5332, gy trensie-tcfn). okrkafrk tok cnctcei èrvkrs cn tok dkjund sknc Hegfrf jcj nft rk-`kcvk e seiery, but e ‟`fgpknsetcfn aunj–, wocò knebikj tokg tf suppfrttokcr aegcicks wocik kndedcnd cn spk`cac` ierdk-sèik wffjèrvcnd prfmk`tsenj wocik ikerncnd gerhktcnd shciis.

Cn 5330, e sofp wes fpknkj cn kgbedepure. Cnctceiiy hnfwn es ‟Erts

@kntrk–, ietkr ‟Hegfrf sofp–, tok sofp wes fpkn fn Gfnjeys enj epprfxc-getkiy fn`k kvkry torkk gfntos tokrk wkrk èrvcnd jkgfnstretcfns (Rfde\knjewe Icge, cntkrvckw 51 Eprci 2


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550

B -

tok bkst affj afr tokgskivks eatkr tokcr gftokr oej jckj. ok jen`k cs erkgcnjkr tf gecntecn tok ruik fa rk`cprf`cty ‐ en epprfprcetk tokgk cn tok`fntkxt fa petrfnedk.

0) Kxocbctcfns cn Meherte

Cn 533:, tok ‟Afstkr Aetokr– prfmk`t ettre`tkj netcfnei (enj cntkrnetcfnei)

rk`fdnctcfn torfudo tok frdencsetcfn fa twf Hegfrf kxocbctcfns cn Meherte.ok \rkscjknt fa tok Eutfnfgfus Dfvkrngknt fa @eteifnce, O.K. Gr. Mfrjc \umfi, enj tok Egbessejfr fa Ppecn, Entfncf Pånòkz Mere, vcsctkjtok Arkkpfrt gcnk cn Munk 533:. Fvkr iunò cn kgbedepure, \eui Gurpoy

‟oej gkntcfnkj tok kaafrts fa ocs `fgpeny cn cgprfvcnd tok icvcnd `fnjc-tcfns fa tok Ebfrcdcnei pkfpik cn toet rkdcfn cn suò gettkrs es ofuscnd,

okeito, enj ftokr erkes– ‐ rkakrrcnd tf tok Arkkpfrt Crcen Meye Afunjetcfn(Pånòkz Mere cn @fste 533:= X;W). Entfncf Pånòkz Mere bkègk cnspcrkj

tf frdencsk e Hegfrf kxocbctcfn et tok Ppencso Kgbessy cn Meherte (55-22F`tfbkr 533:), `f-spfnsfrkj by Arkkpfrt enj Ouertk, e Ppencso `fntre`-tfr fa Arkkpfrt, rkspfnscbik afr sfgk Knoen`kj Cnarestru`turk \rfmk`ts.54:

ok ikeaikt e``fgpenycnd tok kxocbctcfn Hegfrf= Ertk \rcgctcvf jk Crcen Meye/Hegfrf= \rcgctcvk ert arfg Crcen Meye , rkvkeis tok jcpifgetc` stretkdyfa tok kvknt. Bfto tok @eteifncen Gcncstkr fa @uiturk, Mfen Ductert C Edkii, enj tok Cnjfnkscen Gcncstkr fa Pf`cei Eaaecrs, Jr Cntkn Pfkwknf,

oej wrcttkn cntrfju`tfry gkssedks. Tocik tok acrst gkntcfnkj toet tocs

kxocbctcfn wfuij okip cn strkndtokncnd ‟tok arcknjsocp icnhs fa @eteifnce wcto Cnjfnksce–, tok iettkr nftkj toet ‟ùiturk `fnstctutks tok bkst tffi afrkstebicsocnd icnhs es wkii es strkndtokncnd rkietcfnsocps egfnd jcaakrknt

netcfns– (@fste 533:= X2W).54; ok jcspiey cn tok Ppencso kgbessy wes afiifwkj by e ierdkr-sèik `fg-

bcnkj Esget-Hegfrf kxocbctcfn. Hegfrf enj Esget= trejctcfnei wffj-èrvcnd arfg Crcen Meye/Hegfrf jen Esget= uhcren trejcscfnei jerc Crcen Meye tffh pie`k cn tok ifbby fa tok Tfrij rejk @kntrk cn Meherte (54-0<Nfvkgbkr 533:) enj wes frdencskj by \ Arkkpfrt Cnjfnksce cn `f-fp-kretcfn wcto tok Esget \rfdrkss enj Jkvkifpgknt Afunjetcfn. ocs kxoc-

bctcfn wes tcgkj tf ̀ fcn`cjk wcto e ̀ fnakrkn`k fa tok jkikdetks fa tok Esce-\e`cac` K`fnfgc` @ffpkretcfn (E\K@), cnìujcnd tok [PE, Eustreice, Nkw

54: @f-spfnsfrs enj frdencskrs wkrk tok @uiturei Jkpertgknt fa tok Eutfnfgfus Dfvkrngkntfa @eteifnce, tok Kgbessy fa Ppecn, \ Arkkpfrt Cnjfnksce enj Ouertk. Kerickr cn 533:,

Ouertk oej frdencskj e ‟cgche Rkdette–, e ènfk re`k afr nfn-\epuen enj Hegfrf pkfpik

fn tok gen-gejk iehk must sfuto fa tok Ouertk Fff`k et Gcik 2: (Terte 533:e= 50).54; Arkkpfrt eisf oes fpkretcfns cn Ppecn (sgkitcnd enj rkstncnd fa `fppkr `fn`kntretks).


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55:

@ H

]keienj, Mepen enj Pfuto Escen ̀ funtrcks (52-5? Nfvkgbkr 533:).541 ocskxocbctcfn wes `fnscjkrkj by Ofkjcetgf Ofkj, \ Arkkpfrt Cnjfnksce–s\rkscjknt et tok tcgk, es ‟en kyk fpknkr tf tok dknkrei pubic` fa tok kxcstkn`k

fa Hegfrf `ervcnds– (Ofkjcetgf Ofkj, kgeci ? Gey 2


123/292

55;

B -

retokr suddksts toet ct nkkjs tf bk trkesurkj. ok ‟prcgctcvk– cs òkrcsokjokrk retokr toen jkncdretkj8 ct cs essf`cetkj wcto neturk, csfietcfn enj eneròec` wey fa icak. E ‟prcgctcvcsg– fa tocs hcnj, cs, e``frjcnd tf ofges=

‟sfgktocnd gfrk spk`cac` toen en cntkrkst cn tok prcgctcvk= ct ettrcbutksen kxkgpiery stetus tf scgpik fr eròec` weys fa icak, enj tous arkqukntiysoerks tok prfdrksscvcst unjkrstenjcnd fa trcbei sf`ckty es en frcdcnei enjentk`kjknt afrg, but rkveiuks cts rujcgkntery òere`tkr es sfgktocnd tf

bk upokij– (ofges 533:= 54:). Tocik tokcr oergfny wcto neturk kx-prkssks tokcr prcgctcvknkss, tokcr csfietkj ̀ oere`tkr kgpoescsks tok eutokn-tc` stetk fa tokcr ert.54? Cn tok kxocbctcfn ikeaikt ct eppkers tf bk ksskntcei tfifètk tok fbmk`ts wctocn en ert-ocstfrcèi jcs`fursk wofs

jacobs 2011 - collecting kamoro: objects, encounters and representation on the southwest coast of...

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