1

2

3

4

5

Spectroscopy

6

7

8

9

10

(Mueller-Wodarg et al.)

11

12

"S#p = g$S#z

%dpdz

= "g$

!

p(z) = pS exp "zH

#

$ %

&

' (

13

Limb structure

(h0044_0009.nd2) HRSC

SRC

7.5 km

High-Resolution Stereo Camera /Mars Express

14

!

dH = cvdT + pd"

" = ! : Specific volume

p" = RT

pd" +"dp = RdT

dH = cpdT "#dp

Haze layer of Titan

15

cpd(lnT) = Rd(ln p)

"T = const.# pR /C p

#

" # T pSp

$

% &

'

( )

R /C p

dTdz

= "gcp

= "#d

$

16

d2zdt 2

= g" # "p

"p

!!p

d2zdt 2

= gT "1 "Tp

"1

Tp"1 = g

Tp "T T

T =T 0"#zTp =T 0"#d z $ :

17

d2zdt 2

~ "g#d "#T0

z

$d % $ is

N 2 = g"d #"T0

= g $ln% $z

"d #" > 0 $% $z > 0( )

"d #" = 0 $% $z = 0( )

"d #" < 0 $% $z < 0( )

Neutral (adiabatic lapse rate)

Altitude

Temperature

Stable

Unstable

18

19

1999

20

21

Venus

Pollack et al. (1980)

22

23

Convective adjustment

24

25

26

Composition of Earth’s thermosphere

27

28

29

30

Energy budget and temperatures of the terrestrial planets

Solar flux

(W/m2)

Reflectivity

Absorbed energy (W/m2)

Greenhouse effect

No Yes

Venus 2617 0.78 576 -50 470

Earth 1370 0.30 959 -18 15

Mars 589 0.16 495 -57 -53

31

32

Pressure gradient force

Geostrophic wind

Coriolis force

33

! v

"

"

! v =! k " #$ + #%

"# (! k $ "%) = 0 !

" #"$ = 0 !

34

35

Illustration showing the relationship among the rotational wind, divergent wind, and the velocity potential at 300 hPa for January (sample data from the NCAR Community Climate Model, CCM2).

36

37

38

39

!

40

41

42

43

44

!

45

46

47

48

49

( , 2005)

50

51