1

izdj.k ifgys ßukxyksd vkf.k ukx yksdkaph laLd`rhÞ

2

vuqØef.kdk 1-1 izkLrkfod

1-2 ukxoa’k

1-3 ukxdqys

1-4 txrkph mRiRrh o dk’;ioa’k foLrkj

1-5 _Xosnkrhy ^ukx* izfrek

1-6 lkseoa'k foLrkj

1-7 jkek;.kkrhy ukxkaps lanHkZ

1-8 egkHkkjrkrhy ukxoa’kkps dFkkRe lanHkZ

1-9 iaMqoa’k o ukxoa’k ;kapk laca/k

1-10 vk;Z & vuk;Z fookg

1-11 ukx o x#M ;kaP;krhy oSj

1-12 vk;kZorZ

1-13 tacq}hi % ukxkaps fuoklLFkku

1-14 ikrky % ukxyksd

1-15 cyhpk lqry izns’k

1-16 gfjoa’kkrhy ukxfo”k;d lanHkZ

1-17 dkfLi;u leqnz% ukxlaL—rhps mn~xeLFkku

1-18 iqjk.kkrhy ukxLFkGs

1-19 iqjk.kkrhy ifo= ukxrhFkZ

1-20 vlqj Eg.kts dks.k\

1-21 vlqj Hkwizns’k dks.krk\

1-22 vk;Z vkf.k vuk;Z % ladYiuk

1-23 i.kh] ukx] nL;w] vlqj gs loZ ,dp

1-24 ekuooa’k’kkL= vkf.k Hkkjrh; ukxoa’k

1-25 tkV dqy vkf.k {kf=; ukxoa’k

1-26 ukxkaps Hkkjrkrhy vkxeu

3

1-27 fla/kqlaL—rhrhy liZiwtsps mYys[k

1-28 yksg;qxhu egk’elaL—rhrhy ukx

1-29 ukxoa’k o liZoa’k ,dp

1-30 ukxkaph o.kZO;oLFkk

1-31 ukxkaph ekr`lRrkd dqVqaci/nrh

1-32 ukxkaph Hkk”kk

1-33 bfrgklkrhy ukxoa’k

1-34 lkrh vkljk vkf.k ikp ukx

1-35 fonHkkZrhy ukxoa’k

1-36 v’ed vkf.k ukxlaL—rh

1-37 vijkUr vkf.k ukxlaL—rh

1-38 dksYgkiwj vkf.k ukxlaL—rh

1-39 egkjk”Vªkrhy {kf=; ukxoa’kh lekt

1-40 ^‘ks”k*oa’kh Eg.kfo.kkjs f’kans dqy

1-41 egkj vkf.k ukxoa’k % ,d vuqca/k

1-42 egkjk”Vªkrhy xzkeukes vkf.k ukxlaL—rh % ,d vUo;kFkZ

1-43 lekjksi

4

1-1 izkLrkfod %

laL—rh gh ckc brdh cgqvk;keh o xqarkxqarhph vkgs dh] frph

dkVsdksj o loZlekos’kd O;k[;k dj.ks dks.kkykgh ‘kD; gks.kkj ukgh-

laL—rh Eg.kts iz—rhr fodkj fdaok fc?kkM gksÅ u;s] ;k mÌs’kkus

frP;koj djk;ps fofo/k lE;d~ laLdkj gksr- ek.kwl gk HkksorkyP;k

fulxkZe/;s thoukP;k izxrhyk vuqdwy vls cny d:u Eg.kts

R;koj laLdkj d:u vkiys thou vf/kd lqjf{kr] vf/kd lq[ke;

vkf.k vf/kd le`/n cuforks- R;kpcjkscj Lor%ps nsg] eu] cq/nh]

vkRek ;kaP;kojgh laLdkj d:u Lor%e/;s gh cny ?kMowu vk.krks-

ßeuq”;lektkph MksGÓkkauk fnl.kkjh HkkSfrd oLrq:i fufeZrh o

MksGÓkkauk u fnl.kkjh( i.k fopkjkauk vkdyu gks.kkjh eukse; l`”Vh

Eg.kts laL—rh gks;-Þ v’kh MkW- bjkorh dosZ ;kauh O;k[;k dsyh

vkgs-1 laL—rhph fufeZrh] frpk fodkl gks.ks o rh fi<Ókku~fi<Ókk

laØkar gksr tk.ks] ;kykp lkaL—frd ijaijk EgVys tkrs- vFkkZrp gh

xks”V ,dk O;DrhP;k vf/kdkjkarhy ulwu lkewfgd vkgs- O;Drhps

thou vYidkyhu o ,dns’kh vlwu lektkps thou iznh?kZdkyhu o

fo’kky Hkwehoj iljysys vlrs- R;keqGs lektkrhy laL—rh] ijaijk

fi<Ókku~fi<Ókk pkyr jkgrkr- laL—rheqGs O;Drhps thou ?kMrs- frP;k

vkpkj&fopkjkauk ekxZn’kZu gksrs-

iq-x-lgL=cq/ns ;kaP;k ers] /keZ] oa’k] Hkk”kk o izns’k ;kaeqGs

ekuokaps fuR; i`Fkd lewg cur vlrkr vkf.k vki.k fuekZ.k

dsysY;k Lora= laL—rhpk R;k lewgkauk vfr’k; vfHkeku vlrks- rls

vl.ks ;ksX;gh vlrs- R;kokpwu rh laL—rh fVd.ks ‘kD;p ulrs- brj

ekuo lewg R;kaph i`FkxkRerk u”V d:u R;k lewgkaph laL—rh

mPNsfn.;kl lnSo Viysys vlrkr- v’kk fLFkrhr izR;sd ekuolewg

vkiY;k i`FkxkRersps j{k.k dj.;klkBh izk.kkiZ.kgh dj.;kl fl/n

5

gksrks( i.k ;k dkj.kkaeqGs i`Fkd >kysyk ekuolewg njosGh Lo;aiw.kZ

gksÅu Lora=i.ks tx.;kl leFkZ vlrksp vls ukgh- f’kok; ‘kstkjh

‘krdkuq’krds jkfgysys lekt ;k i`FkxkRersP;k Hkkousus ijLijka’kh

fuR; la?k”kZ d:u frlÚ;k nwjP;k vkØedkaiq<s cGh iM.;kpkgh laHko

vlrks- Eg.kwu txkrY;k cgqrsd HkwHkkxkr izR;sd ekuohlewgkyk

‘kstkjP;k vU; ekuohlewgk’kh laca/k tksMwu lokZaauh feGwu ,dkRe

lekt ?kMfo.ks vifjgk;Z gksÅu clrs- gh ,dkRerk lk/krkuk loZ

i`Fkd lewgkP;k i`Fkd laL—rhpk vknj d:u R;kapk leUo; lk/k.kkjs

/kqjh.k ykHkys rj rks lekt [kjk ,dkRe vkf.k la?kfVr gksrks o

R;keqGsp cy’kkyh gksrks] ukghrj ,dkRerk lk/kr ukgh o lk/kyh rjh

fryk yodjp rMs tkÅu lekt nqcGk gksrks o T;k lewgkauh v’kh

vHkax ,dkRerk lk/kyh vlsy R;kaP;k Hk{;LFkkuh iMrks-2

vktph vkf[ky Hkkjrh; laL—rh gk vusd ‘krdkapk ifjikd

gks;- oSfnd vk;Z izkphu dkGh dsOgkrjh iatkckr jkgr vlr-

fla/kwP;k iwosZdMhy ljLorh unhpk ifjlj gk lafgrkdkGh oSfndkapk

ifo= ns’k gksrk- rsFkwu rs iq<s xaxk;equsP;k dkBh ljdys- dkykarjkus

fgeky;kiklwu foa/;ioZrki;Zar R;kauh vkiyk lalkj FkkVyk- cÚ;kp

‘krdki;Zar foa/;i;Zar ghp vk;Z laL—rhph nf{k.ksdMhy vHks| lhek

dk;e jkfgyh- R;kP;k iyhdMhy ^nf{k.kkiFk* ;k lkekU; ukokus

mYysf[kyk tkr vlysyk izns’k gk jk{klkapk izns’k Eg.kwu x.kyk tkbZ-

^euqLe`rh*e/;s pkj fujfujkGÓkk izns’kkapk mYys[k vkgs] R;ko:u gk

foLrkj dlk dlk >kyk gs fnlwu ;srs- euwus mYysf[kysyk ifgyk

izns’k Eg.kts ljLorh o n`”k}rh ;k nksu u|kaP;k e/khy izns’k- gk

[kkl nsofufeZr vlwu R;kyk ^czãkorZ* Eg.kr- nqljk izns’k dq#{ks=kP;k

vkliklpk] ;kyk ^czãf”kZns’k* Eg.kr- frljk fgeky; o foa/;

;kaP;ke/khy( i.k Qkj iwosZdMhy o Qkj if’pesdMhy Hkkx lksMwu

mjysyk] ;kyk ^e/;ns’k* Eg.kr vkf.k pkSFkk Eg.kts fgeky; vkf.k

6

foa/; ;ke/khy o iwoZ leqnzkiklwu if’pe leqnzki;Zar iljysyk loZ

izns’k gk ^vk;kZorZ* gks;-3

Hkkjrh; laL—rh gh lafeJ vkgs\ ;k iz’ukps ,sfrgkfld /kkxsnksjs

FksV oSfnd dkGkr tkÅu iksgksprkr- dkj.k vktP;k Hkkjrh;

laL—rhoj T;k oSfnd laL—rhph Nki vkgs] R;k oSfnd laL—rhps

iqjLdrsZ ts osnlwDrdkj vk;Z yksd rsp eqGh v=R; dh ckgs:u

vkysys ;k iz’ukiklwup laL—rh&la?k”kkZpk o laL—rh&laxekP;k

iz’ukyk rksaM ykxrs- T;k yksdka’kh oSfnd vk;kZaapk laxzke >kyk rs

yksd dks.k gksrs\ R;kaph lkekftd] lkaL—frd O;oLFkk d’kh gksrh\

R;kapk izns’k dks.krk gksrk\ dks.kR;k ukokus rs lacks/kys xsys\ R;kaph

Hkk”kk dks.krh gksrh\ R;kaph dqVqacO;oLFkk dks.kR;k izdkjph gksrh\ ;k

iz’ukaph mRrjs ‘kks/k.ks Eg.ktsp ,dk Lora= laL—rhpk ‘kks/k ?ks.ks vkf.k

rh laL—rh Eg.kts ukx yksdkaph laL—rh gks;- _Xosnkiklwu rs bfrgkl

dky[kaMkrhy fofo/k xzkafFkd o xzkafFkdsRrj iqjkO;kP;k vk/kkjs ;k

laL—rhpk ijke’kZ ?ks.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs- dkfLi;u leqnzkiklwu rs

HkkjrkP;k dsjG izkarki;Zar gh laL—rh dks.kR;k dkj.kkus fodflr]

LFkykarfjr >kyh vkf.k R;kauh vkiys lkaL—frd vo’ks”k dls

lkaHkkGwu Bsoys- ;kpk mgkiksg fofo/k lanHkkZP;k vk/kkjs ?ks.;kpk iz;Ru

dsyk vkgs-

mRrj o nf{k.k Hkkjr ;kaP;k e/;Hkkxkoj vl.kkjs ts egkjk”Vªkps

iBkj] R;k iBkjkoj vk;Z o nzfoM ;kapk euksgj feykQ >kysyk vkgs-

egkjk”Vªkrhy ifo= unh xksnkojh] rh ,dsdkGh vk;Z o nzfoM ;kaP;k

izkarkrhy ljgÌ vlkoh o frP;k mRrj nf{k.k rhjkao:u vk;Z o

nzfoM ,desdka’kh y<ys vlkosr- vxLrhus bFks ifgY;kank

olkgrhdj.k dsys vls ekurkr- yksikeqnzk gh yksikeqaMk vlkoh] vls

bjkorh dosZaauh lkafxrys vkgs- egkjk”VªkP;k lhekjs”kkapk fopkj djrk

fonHkZ] ejkBokMk] dkasd.k o dksYgkiwj ;k fofo/k Hkkxkr ukxoa’kh;kaps

7

olfrLFkkus vk<Grkr- ejkBs o egkj ;k nksu tkrhapk iwosZfrgkl R;kauk

ukxoa’kk’kh tksMrks- ;k lokZapk lanHkZiqjd fopkj ;k izdj.kkr dsysyk

vkgs- ejkBÓkkaps flan dwG ;kauh Lor%l ^Q.khanzoa’kh;* Eg.kfoys vkgs-

dksYgkiwjP;k okMh jRukfxjhpk tksfrck gs R;kaps dqynSor vkgs-

egkjk”Vªkrhy vusd LFkGs o xzkes ;kapk laca/k ukxlaL—rh’kh vkysyk

gksrk- R;kaph ukos vktgh R;kaph lk{k nsrkr- ;k lokZaP;k vk/kkjs ukx

yksdkaph lakL—frd vksG[k lkax.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs-

1-2 ukxoa’k %

izkphu ikSjkf.kd lkfgR;ke/;s ukxyksd vkf.k R;kaps jkts b- ph

o.kZus vk<Grkr- izkphu laL—r lkfgR;kr ukxkapk mYys[k tkxkstkx

vk<Grks- R;kaph ijaijk oSfnd;qxkiklwu lq: >kysyh fnlrs-

_Xosnkrhy dkgh lwDrkaps ¼10-64 o 10-76½ nz”Vs ukx tkrhps gksrs-

fdR;sd _”khauh ukxdU;ka’kh fookg dsys gksrs- jkepanzkpk iq= dq’k o

jko.kkpk iq= es?kukn ;kps fookg ukx ;qorha’kh >kys gksrs- ;knokapk

ewG iq#”k ;nw o ‘kwjlsu izns’kkpk jktk mxzlsu ;kaP;k jk.;k

ukxtkrhP;k gksR;k- vtqZukus mywih o fp=kaxnk ;k nksu ukx r:.kha’kh

xka/koZfookg dsyk gksrk- R;k ukxfL=;k vR;ar yko.;orh gksR;k] vls

o.kZu laL—r xzaFkkr vk<Grs-

ukx yksdkaph olrh oax] ex/k] [kkaMoou] dq#{ks=] gfj}kj]

dsjG b- fHkUu izns’kkr gksrh- rs vk;Z gksrs dh vuk;Z] gs fuf’pri.ks

lkaxrk ;sr ukgh( i.k rs cgq/kk vuk;Z vlkosr- d’;i _”khiklwu dnzw

uked R;kP;k vuk;Z iRuhyk >kysyh larrh] rhp ukxtkrh gks;]

vls iqjk.kkr lkafxrys vkgs- iqjk.kkr ‘ks”k] oklqdh] r{kd] ‘ka[k]

‘osr] egkin~e] dacy] v’orj] ,yki=] ddksZVd] /kuat;] egkcy]

dqfyd] ukxsanz] vijkftr] vuar b- ukx O;Drhaph ukos vk<Grkr-

;k ukx tkrhP;k iq#”kkafo”k;h vusd ikSjkf.kd dFkk izfl/n vkgsr-

vuar] oklqdh] ‘ks”k gh dqys vk;kZaP;k toG vkyh- r{kd] ddksZVd]

8

dkyh; gh dqys ek= vk;kZa’kh lrr oSj dfjr jkfgyh- vk;kZa’kh

fe=Rokus okxwu ts ukx yksd R;kaP;k lektkr jkfgys] rs dkykarjkus

Hkkjrh; laL—rhr foyhu gksÅu xsys- ts dkgh vlaL—r o jkuVh ukx

vk;kZaph lRrk eku.;kl r;kj uOgrs] R;kauh vk;kZa’kh oSj lq: Bsoys-

vk;kZauh R;kauk ijkHkwr dsY;keqGs R;kauh fgeky;krhy ?kunkV vj.;kpk

vkJ; ?ksryk- R;kaP;koj vk;Z laL—rhpk izHkko iMw ‘kdyk ukgh-4

MkW- ,l~-,y~- fueksZgh ;kauh ;k fo”k;h lfoLrj foospu dsysys

vkgs- rs fyfgrkr] ßr{kd] ,sjkor] oklqdh gs egk;ks/ns gksrs- oklqdh

gk Hkksxorhrwu Lor%ps jkT;’kklu djhr gksrk- Hkksxorhuxj gs

czãkorkZiklwu nf{k.ksdMs nk[kfoys tkrs- ftFkwu iq<s jko.kkps jkT; gksrs-

fo”.kqiqjk.kke/;s Hkkjr uÅ }hikae/;s nk[kfoyk vkgs] R;kr ukx}hikpk

mYys[k ;srks- ukxkaP;k vusd jktkaiSdh vcqZn dknzos; gkgh ukekafdr

jktk gksrk- T;kP;k lHksr ukx turk ,d= ;sr vls] ftFks loZ fo|k

f’kdfoyh tkr vls- Hkkjrkrhy fofo/k jkT;kr ukxoa’k foLrkfjr

>kyk gksrk- ikrkGyksdkr lq/nk ukxoa’kh jkts gksrs- vFkoZosnke/;s

lq/nk r{kd] /k`rjk”Vª o ,sjkor b- ukxjktkapk mYys[k lkiMrks-5

dS- fo- dk- jktokMs ;kauh vkiY;k ^dksad.k o ukx* ;k

la’kksf/kr ys[kkr ukx o egkjk”Vª ;kapk laca/k yko.;kpk iz;Ru dsysyk

vkgs- ^egkHkkjrk*P;k ^m|ksxiokZ*rhy dqd.k ukxdqyko:u dksad.k gk

‘kCn izpfyr >kysyk vkgs] vls R;kaps Eg.k.ks vkgs- ikaMokaP;k uarj

gÓkk dqdq.k dqykus v’kh dkgh rjh tcjnLr fpjLej.kh; dkefxjh

dsysyh vlkoh dh] vijkUr Eg.kwu T;kyk iq<s ukekfHk/kku feGkys-

R;kykp dqdq.k ns’k] dksad.k] dksdWaaaaaaa.k gsgh uko yksdkr :< >kys- rs

brds dh] vkrk eghry] ikrky] jlkry] vijkUr gh ukaos vftckr

yqIr gksÅu dksad.k gs ,dp uko i`Fohrykoj xktr vkgs- gÓkk

ukokpk mYys[k vkt lqekjs ia/kjk’ks o”ksZ laL—r dkO;karwu] iqjk.kkarwu]

f’kykys[kkarwu o rkeziVkarwu ;sr vlysyk vk<Grks- ;s.ksizek.ks T;kyk

9

iqjkrudkyh eghry Eg.kr] R;k izns’kkr ukxyksd gksrs- gÓkk

ukxyksdkps if’peleqnzkdMhy ts Hkkx R;kauk ry] vry] ikrky]

jlkry oxSjs rykUrd ukos iqjkru dkGh gksrh- dkgh dkG gÓkk

if’pe leqnzkdMhy izkarkyk vijkUr gh laKk vls- iq<s R;kp

izns’kkyk ^dksad.k* gÓkk ukokus yksd vksG[kw ykxys- dksad.k gs uko

R;k izns’kkr jkg.kkÚ;k ukxkaP;k ,dk ijkØeh dqykP;k ukoko:u iMys

vkgs- R;k dqykus ijkØe dk; dsyk o dsOgk dsyk gs ekghr ukgh(

ijarq vuqes; vkgs-*6

1-3 ukxdqys %

^egkHkkjrk*lkj[;k ikSjkf.kd xzaFkke/;s fofo/k fBdk.kh ukxdqykaps

lanHkZ vkysys vkgsr- egkHkkjrkP;k ^vkfniokZ*rhy ^vkLrhdiokZ*r

^liZuke dFku* v/;k; vkysyk vkgs- R;kr ukxdqykapk mYys[k ;srks-

rks vlk% ßizFker% ‘ks”k tUekl vkyk- R;kuarj oklqdh] ,sjkor o

r{kd] rlsp ddksZVd] /kuat;] dkyh;] ef.kukx] vkiwj.k] fiatjd]

,yki=] okeu] uhy] vfuy] dYek”k] ‘kcy] vk;Zd] mxzd]

dy’kiksrd] lqeu] rlkp nf/keq[k] foeyfiaMd] vkIr] ‘ka[k]

okfyf’k[k] fu”Vkud] gsexqg] ugq”k] fiaxy] ckgÓkd.kZ] gfLrin]

eqn~xjfiaMd] dacy] vk’orj] dkyh;d] o`Rr o laorZd ukokps nksu

ukx] T;kauk ^in~e* v’kh laKk vkgs rs ‘ka[keq[k] dw”ekaMd] {ksed]

fiaMkjd] djohj] iq”ina”Vª] fcYod] fcYoaikaMqj] ew”kdkn] ‘ka[kf’kjk]

iw.kZHknz] gfjnzd] vijkftr] T;ksfrd] Jhog] dkSjO;] /k`rjk”Vª o

oh;Zoku vlk ‘ka[kfiaM] fojtk] lqckgw o oh;Z’kkyh vlk ‘kfyfiaM]

gfLrfiaM] fiBjd] lqeq[k] dkS.kik’ku] dqBj] dqatj] izHkkdj] dqeqn]

dqeqnk{k] frfRrjh] gyd] dnZe] cgqewyd] ddZj] vddZj] dqaMksnj]

egksnj b- eq[; ukxdqykaps mYys[k ;srkr-Þ7

R;kpizek.ks egkHkkjrkrhy ^vkfniokZ*rhy ^vkLrhdiokZ*r

v/;k; lRrkoUue/;s tuest;kus dsysY;k liZl=kph gfddr ;srs-

10

R;kr vusd nX/k likZaapk mYys[k vkysyk vkgs- r{kf’kyk ;k fBdk.kh

tuest;kus liZl= dsys gksrs- R;kr vusd ukxkauk HkLelkr Ogkos

ykxys- ;k ukxdqykaph ukos o ukxkaph ukos [kkyhy izek.ks vkgsr-%

ßoklqdhps dqykrhy dksfV’k] ekul] iw.kZ] ‘ky] iky] gyhey]

fiPNy] dkS.ki] pØ] dkyos’k] izdkyu] fgj.;ckgw] ‘kj.k] d{kd]

dkynard b- ukx ;srkr- r{kd dqykrhy iqPNkaMd] eaMyd]

fiaMlsDrk] jHks.kd] bfPN[k] ‘kjHk] Hkax] fcYorstk] fcjksgj.k] f’kyh]

‘kydj] ewd] lqdqekj] izosiu] eqn~xj] f’k’kqjksek] lqjksek] o egkguw b-

ukx ;srkr- ,sjkor dqykrhy ikjkor] ikfj;kr] ikaMj] gfj.k] —‘k]

fogx] ‘kjHk] Hksn] izeksn o lagrkiu b- ukx ;srkr- dkSjO; dqykrhy

,jd] dqMy] os.kh] os.khLda/k] dqekjd] ckgqd] ‘k`xsoj] /k`rZd] ekrkj

o vkrd b- ukx ;srkr- /k`rjk”Vª dqGkrhy ‘kadqd.kZ] fiBjd]

dqBkjeq[k] lspd] iw.kkZaxj] iw.kZeq[k] izgkl] ‘kdquh] njh] vekgV]

deBd] lq”ks.kk] ekul] vO;;] HkSjo] eqaMonkax] fi’kax] mEnikjd]

_”kHk] osxoku] ukx fiaMkjd] egkguw] jDrkax] loZlkjax] le`/n]

iVoklQ] ojkgd] ohj.kd] lqfp=] fp=osfxd] ijk’kj] r:.kd] e.kh]

Lda/k] v#.kh b- ukxkaps mYys[k ;srkr- ojhyiSdh fdR;sdkl rhu]

lkr ngk QMÓkk gksR;k- izy;dkykP;k vXuhizek.ks R;kaps fo”k dMd

gksrs-Þ8

egkHkkjrkrhy ^lHkkiokZ*r ns[khy vcqZn] ‘kØokih] LofLrd]

ef.kukx] dkSf’kd b- ukxdqykaps mYys[k ;srkr-9

egkHkkjrkrhy ^m|ksxiokZ*P;k ^Hkxo|kuiokZ*r ekryhph dFkk

;srs- rks vkiyh dU;k xq.kds’khlkBh ;ksX; ojkph fuoM dj.;klkBh

ikrkGkr vkysyk vlrks- R;k fBdk.kh R;kl vusd ukxkaps n’kZu

?kMrs- rks Lor% vusd Js”B ukxkapk mYys[k djrks- R;k ukxdqykaph o

ukxkaph ukos v’kk izdkjph vkgsr% oklqdh] r{kd] ddksZVd] /kuat;]

dkyh;] ugq”k] dacy o v’orj gs nks?ks ckgÓkdqaM] e.kh] vkiqj.k]

11

[kx] okeu] ,syi=] dqdqj] dqdq.k] vk;Zd] uand] dy’k] iksrd]

dSykld] fiatjd] ,sjkor] lqeukslq[k] nf/keq[k] ‘ka[k] uan] miuan]

vkIr] dksVjd] f’k[kh] fu”Bwfjd] frfÙkjh] gfLrHknz] dqeqn]

eRL;fiaMd] in~elaKd] iqaMfjd] iq”i] e`n~xji.kZd] djohj] ihBjd]

lao`Ùk] o`Ùk] fiaMj] fcYoi=] eqf”kdkn] f’kjh”kd] fnyhi] ‘ka[k’kh”kZ]

T;ksfr”d] vijkftr] dkSjO;] /k`rjk”Vª] dqgqj] —‘kd] fojtk] /kkj.k]

lqckgw] eq[kj] t;] cf/kj] va/k] fo’kqaMh] fojl] lqjl b- ukx R;kl

HksVrkr-10

T;kizek.ks egkHkkjrkr ukxdqykaps mYys[k vkgsr] R;kpizek.ks

^gfjoa’k* ;k iqjk.kxzaFkkr lq/nk ukxdqykaps o ukxkaps mYys[k izlaxkuq:i

vkysys vkgsr- ^gfjoa’kk*rhy ^fo”.kqiokZ*r cyjkekus ^vkfUgdLrks=*

EgVys vkgs- R;kr ß’ks”k] oklqdh] r{kd] ,yki=] ‘kqDyo.kZ dacy o

v’orj vls nks?ks] gfLrHknz] fiVjd] ddksZVd] /kuat;] iqj.kd] ukx

djohjd] lqHkukL;] nf/keq[k] ‘k`axkjfiaMd] f=Hkqoukr fo[;kr

vlysyk Hkxoku ef.kukx] ukxjkt vf/kd.kZ] rlkp nqljk gfjnzd b-

ps mYys[k ;srkr-Þ11 ^gfjoa’kk*P;k ^Hkfo”;iokZ*r ^okeukpk cyhps

;KLFkkuh izos’k* ¼v-70 ok½ ;k v/;;kr okeukpk ;KLFkkuh izos’k

gksrkuk] ‘ks”k likZps oklqdhizHkqfr /kkdVs ca/kw] d’;i] vigrkZ] egkcy

r{kd b- ukx R;kl gkr tksMwu mHks gksrs] vlk mYys[k ;srks-12

egkHkkjrkizke.ksp tkrddFksrns[khy ukxdqykaps mYys[k vkysys

vkgsr- fl/nkFkZ tkrdkrhy ^uranGg oXx* tkrdkP;k ^[kUnoUr

tkrddFks*r ¼Ø-203½ fo:iD[k ¼fo:ik{k½] ,jkiFk ¼,ykiFk fdaok

,yki=½]NC;kiq= vkf.k —“.k&xkSred ;k ukxdqykaps mYys[k ;srkr-13

;k dFksP;k rGfVisr nqxkZckbZ Hkkxorkauh ckWojP;k gLrfyf[krkryh

ukxkaph ;knh fnysyh vkgs- rh v’kh % /k`rjk”Vª] ,sjko.k] fo:ik{k]

—“.k] xkSre] e.kh] oklqdh] naMikn] iw.kZHknz] uan] miuan] vuorIr]

o#.k] lagkjd] r{kd] vuar] oklqeq[k] vijkftr] fNCclqr]

12

egkeuLoh] euLoh] ?kkyd] viky] Hkksxoar] Jke.ksjd] nf/keq[k]

iqaMjhd] ddksZVd] ‘ka[kukn] ?kEcy] v’orj] _f”kd] iqj.k] d.kZ]

‘kdVeq[k] dksyd] lquan] oRlhiq=] ,yki=] yEcqj] fifBy vkf.k

eqfpyhUn-14 v’kk izdkjs tkrddFksP;k dky[kaMkrlq/nk ukxdqys

vfLrRokr gksrh] gs fl/n gksrs-

‘ks”k ukx gk lqo.kZ ioZrkoj jkgrks- R;kyk gtkj eLrds vkgsr-

R;kus uhy oL= ifj/kku dsysys vkgs- rks leLr nsoh&nsorkadMwu

iwftyk tkrks- R;k ioZrkoj rhu ‘ka[kkokyk lksU;kpk rky o`{k vkgs(

tks egkizHkwP;k /otkps dke djrks- dnzwP;k loZ eqykae/;s ‘ks”k gkp

ijkØeh gksrk- dnzwP;k ‘kkikeqGs rks xa/keknuioZrkoj tkÅu riL;k

djrks- R;kph nsgR;kx dj.;kph bPNk gksrh- dnzwpk fourk o

lqi.kkZafo”k;hpk O;ogkj R;kyk vkoMr rls- R;krwup rks lalkjkfo”k;h

fojDr gksrks- R;kP;k rikyk izlUu gksÅu czãnso R;kyk ojnku nsrkr

dh] R;kph cq/nh lnSo /kekZr jesy- R;kpizek.ks czãkus vkns’k fnyk

dh] ikrkGkr tkÅu i`Fohyk vkiY;k eLrdh /kkj.k dj- ‘ks”kkus

vkns’kkps ikyu dsys o ikrGkr tkÅu jkfgyk- ‘ks”k ikrkGkr

xsY;kuarj oklqdh likaZapk jktk >kyk-15

r{kd egkHkkjrkrhy vusd ukxkaiSdh ,d izeq[k ukx- gk

d’;i o dnzw ;kapk iq= vkf.k lqrykrhy Øks/ko’k uked ukxla?kkpk

izeq[k gksrk- ;kP;k tUekfo”k;h vk.k[kh ,d dFkk ^vFkoZosnk*e/;s

;srs- ßfojkVkps ¼HkO;rsps½ pkj Hkkx >kys- varfj{k] nsork] euq”; vkf.k

thou- fojkVkus uarj likZauk Li’kZ dsyk] R;kosGh ^fo”korZ ,fg* Eg.kwu

R;kauh vkokgu dsys- R;kosGh r{kd iq=:ikus izdVyk-Þ16 ;k

r{kdkyk v’olsu o Jqrlsu vls nksu iq= gksrs- vtqZukus T;kosGh

[kkaMoou vXuhyk fnys- R;kosGh frFks r{kdkph iRuh o iq= v’olsu

gh nks?ks gksrs- [kkaMoou tGw ykxrkp rh nks?ks vkdk’kekxkZus frFkwu

ilkj Ogk;yk fu?kkyh( i.k vtZqukus ck.k ek:u r{kdiRuhpk f’kjPNsn

13

dsyk- v’olsugh vtqZukP;k gkrwu ej.kkj( gs /;kuh ;srkp r{kdkpk

fe= banz ;kus vtqZukfo#/n mHks jkgwu R;kl okpoys- R;kosGh r{kd

dq#{ks=kr gksrk- iq<s r{kdkus vtqZukP;k oa’kkrhy ijhf{krh jktkyk na’k

d:u Bkj ekjys-

ijhf{krkpk iq= tuest; ;kyk vkiY;k fiR;kP;k e`R;wps o`Rr

ea«;kadMwu letY;koj R;kyk r{kd vkf.k R;kps lexz ukxdqy

;kafo”k;h vR;ar Øks/k vkyk- R;kus r{kddqykP;k lagkjklkBh liZl=p

lq: dsys- ;k l=kr r{kdkph vBjk dqys u”V >kyh- ‘ksoVh r{kdkoj

vXuhr vkgqrh Eg.kwu iM.;kph ikGh vkyh vlrk] banzkus R;kyk

ikBh’kh ?kkrys- tuest;kyk gs letrkp R;kus banzklfgr r{kdkps

vkokgu dj.;kfo”k;h czkã.kkauk lkafxrys- rn~uqlkj czkã.kkauh R;kauk

cksykoys vlrk banzkus r{kdkpk R;kx dsyk- r{kd cGh iMrks vkgs]

vls ikfgY;koj banzkus eulsdMs /kko ?ksryh- eulsus tuest;kps eu

oGfo.;klkBh vkiyk iq= vkLrhd ;kyk izo`Rr dsys- vkfLrdkus

;KeaMikr tkÅu vkiY;k izHkkoh Hkk”k.kkus tuest;kyk izlUu dsys

vkf.k R;kP;kdMwu liZl= Fkkacfo.;kpk oj ekxwu ?ksryk-

tuest;kus liZl= Fkkacfoys] rks fnol ^uafnof/kZuh* uked

iapehpk gksrk- Eg.kwu rh iapeh ukxkauk vfr’k; fiz; vkgs] vls

Hkfo”; o czg~eiqjk.kkr EgVys vkgs- ^in~eiqjk.kk*uqlkj dk’ehje/khy

fcrLrk unh ¼>sye½ gs r{kdkps fuoklLFkku gks;- dk’ehjkrhy

tso.kxkoktoG vlysY;k rGÓkkdkBh r{kdkph iwtk vktgh izpfyr

vkgs-17

Hkkjrke/;s ;sÅu LFkkf;d >kysY;k flfFkd oa’kkph ,d izeq[k

‘kk[kk Eg.kwu rd oa’kkpk mYys[k ;srks- ;kykp laL—re/;s ^r{kd*

vls uko fnysys vk<Grs- r{kd] rqLrk o rd ;k ukokauh ;k oa’kkpk

mYys[k vusdokj vkysyk vkgs- dk’ehjkrwu nf{k.ksdMs ;sÅu rdkauh

jktLFkkukr jkT; dsys- fpRrksMoj xqfgyksrkaiwohZ rdkaps jkT; gksrs-18

14

ukxkapk ,d jktk oklqdh] d’;i o dnzw ;kaP;k vusd iq=kaiSdh

,d- v/kksfn’kspk Lokeh- R;kpk o.kZ uhy vlwu] dweZ gs R;kps okgu

vkgs- R;kP;k iRuhps uko ‘kr’kh”kkZ vlwu rs ^ikrkyokfluh* vls

vkgs- gk nsola?kkpk fe= gksrk- leqnzeaFkukP;k izlaxh nsoklqjkauh ;kph

nksjh dsyh gksrh- ukx/kUokrhFkZ gs ;kps fuoklLFkku gks;- ;k LFkkuh

nsokauh R;kyk ukxjktinkpk vfHk”ksd dsyk- /k`rjk”Vª ukokP;k ukxkus

;kyk fo”.kqiqjk.k lkafxrys vkf.k rs iq<s R;kus oRlukxkyk dFku dsys-

gk f’kokpk vuU; HkDr vlwu] f’kokpk nkg ‘kefo.klkBh R;kP;k

‘kjhjkojp jkgrks- f’kokus f=iqjnkg dsyk] R;kizlaxh oklqdh gk

f’ko/kuq”;kph izR;apk cuyk gksrks- tuest;kP;k liZl=kr ;kph ia/kjk

dqGs tGwu HkLe >kyh- vkLrhd equh ;kpk Hkkpk gksrk- mjysyh

ukxdqys R;kus okpoyh-19

dnzwP;k ‘kkikeqGs gk vfr’k; fparkO;xz >kyk gksrk- ,yki=

ukxkP;k lkax.;ko:u ukxkaP;k j{k.kklkBh R;kus vkiyh cgh.k

tjRdk: fgpk tjRdk: _”kh’kh fookg ykowu fnyk- czãnsokphgh gÓkk

fookgkl vuqerh gksrh- tuest;kP;k liZl=kr vusd ukx vXuhP;k

Hk{;LFkkuh iMw ykxY;kus vkfLrdkl lkgk¸; dj.;kph fouarh dsyh-

gk ukxkpk jktk gksrk- vk;ZdkP;k izkFkZusuqlkj Hkhelsukyk fnO;jliku

izkIr d:u ns.;kl ukxkauk gÓkkus vkns’k fnyk- gk o#.kksikld gksrk-

leqnzeaFkkukP;k osGh gk jTtw >kyk gksrk- d.kkZtqZukP;k ;q/nkr gk

vtqZukpk leFkZd gksrk- gÓkkus Ldankyk t;&egkt; ukokps nksu ik”kZn

fnys gksrs- Jh—“.kkus vki.k likZae/;s oklqdh vlY;kps EgVys vkgs-20

,sjkor] /k`rjk”Vª ukokP;k ukxkps iSr`d uko- dnzqiq= ukxkauk

,sjkor Eg.krkr- tuest;kP;k liZl=kr ;kph ngk dqys nX/k >kyh-21

egkdkO;kaP;k] iqjk.kkaP;k dky[kaMkr ,sjkor gs yksdfiz; o ;’kLoh

dqy gksrs- r{kd] ikSjo vkf.k /k`rjk”Vª gh ;kp dqykP;k ‘kk[kk gksr-

iatkce/khy bjkorh ¼jkoh½ unhdkBpk izns’k gk ;k dqykP;k

15

vf/kiR;k[kkyh gksrk- ,sjkorkus vkiY;k eqykauk xaxsP;k mRrjsdMhy

izns’k jkT;klkBh fnysyk gksrk- /k`rjk”Vª gk ,sjkorkpk ygku HkkÅ

gksrk-22

ddksZVd gk dnzwpk iq= Hkksxorh uked uxjhr jkgr gksrk- rh

uxjh ukxkaph ikrGkrhy jkt/kkuh gksrh- gk ukjnkP;k ‘kkikus nkokfXur

lkiMyk vlrk uyjktkus ;kyk ckgsj dk<ys- rs midkj Le:u ;kus

uyjktkyk ouoklkr lkgk¸; dsys-

ddksZVdkps izkr%Lej.k dfynks”kuk’kd vlY;kps letrkr-

R;kfo”k;h izkr%Lej.kkryk ‘yksd vlk]

ßddksZVdL; ukxL; ne;UR;k uyL;pA

_rqi.kZL; jkt”kS% dhrZua dfyuk’kue~AAÞ23

f'ko ;k fganw nsorsP;k xGÓkkHkksorh ddksZVd ukokpk ukx

vlrks- ukxiapehP;k fno’kh ddksZVd ukxkph fof/kor iwtk dsyh

tkrs- R;kpizek.ks liZna’k >kysY;k O;Drhps fo”k mrj.;klkBh

ddksZVdkph iwtk dsyh tkrs- R;keqGs fo”k mrjys tkrs] v’kh

yksd/kkj.kk vkgs-24

,yki= gk lgL=Q.kkapk ,d ukx vkgs- Jko.keklkr gk ukx

lw;kZcjkscj jkgrks- e/;izns’kkrhy Hkjgwr ;sFkhy f’kYikr cq/nkP;k

n’kZukFkZ vkysY;k ukxjktkaP;k vusd izfrek vkgsr- R;kr ,yki=kP;k

nksu fHkUu izdkjP;k ewrhZ fnlrkr- ,dk :ikr R;kyk ikp Q.kk vlwu

e/kY;k Q.ksoj ,d ;qorh vkgs- gs R;kps laiw.kZ ukx:i gks;- nqljs

:i v/kZekuo vkgs- R;kr R;kP;k ekuoeLrdkP;k ekxs ukxQ.kk vkgs-

ikyh Hkk”ksrY;k ckS/n ok³~e;kr cq/nkyk oanu d:u R;kps vk’khokZn

feGfo.kkÚ;k vusd ukxjktkaP;k dFkk vkgsr- R;k loZ ukxkr ,yki=

¼fdaok ,jdi=½ fo’ks”k izfl/n vkgs-25

vk;Zd gk oklqdh jkT;krhy ukx gks;- ;kpk laca/k ikaMokP;k

dqykrhy Hkhek’kh vkysyk gksrk- rks dqarhP;k ofMykapk vktksck gksrk-

16

T;k{k.kh Hkhekyk fo”kck/kk dj.;kr vkyh o rks ikrkGkr xsyk rsOgk

rks oklqdhP;k jkT;kr vkyk- rs jkT; izek.kdksVh ukokus vksG[kys

tkr gksrs- rsOgk Hkhekph fo”kck/kk ?kkyowu R;kyk lgL=ukxkps cy

iznku dj.;kr vkys vkf.k lRdkjiwoZd gfLrukiqjkl ikBfo.;kr

vkys-

vk;Zd gk dkSjO; dqykrhy ukx gksrk- dkSjO; gk ,sjkor

dqykrhy gksrk- vk;ZdkP;k eqykps uko fpdqjk gs gksrs- fpdqjk gk

lqi.kkZdMwu ekjyk tkrks- fpdqjkph iRuh gh okeu ukxkph eqyxh

gksrh- fpdqjkP;k eqykps uko lqeq[k gksrs- banzkpk lkjFkh vlysY;k

ekryhus Lor%ph dU;k xq.kds’khlkBh lqeq[kkph fuoM dsysyh gksrh-26

ukx jktdqekj bjkor gk mywihiq= gksrk- vtqZu ouoklkP;k

dky[kaMkr fofo/k rhFkZ{ks=kaps n’kZu ?ksr vlrkuk rks xaxsP;k

mxeLFkkuk’kh ¼âf”kds’k½ vkyk- rsFks mywih uked ukxdU;k vtqZukoj

eksghr >kyh- rh dkSjO; dqykrhy gksrh] rh fo/kok gksrh] frpk irh

lqi.kkZdMwu ekjyk tkrks] rh iq=ghu vlrs- R;kosGh vtqZukiklwu

fryk bjkou ukokpk iq= gksrks- mywihpk ca/kw vtqZukus [kkaMoou nkg

dsY;keqGs frpk frjLdkj djrks- rsOgk fryk ukxjkT;krwu ckgsj dk<ys

tkrs- dkykarjkus dq#{ks=koj R;kaph HksV gksrs- rsOgk ikaMokdMwu ;q/n

djrks- ‘ksoVh _”;’k`axhpk eqyxk vYeoqlk ¼Alamvusa½ jk{klkdMwu

ekjyk tkrks-27

in~eukHk fdaok ukxegkin~e gk xkserh unhP;k dkBh vlysY;k

uSfe”kkj.;kpk izeq[k Eg.kwu ;srks- ;kykp in~eukHk vlsgh EgVys xsys

vkgs- rks vfrFkhaps vknjkfrF; O;ofLFkr djhr vlrks- rks cqf/noku

gksrk] osnkapk vH;kld gksrk] rks laiRrh vl.kkjk /kuoku gksrk] rks

R;kxkyk izk/kkU; ns.kkjk gksrk- R;kus vusd czkã.kka’kh /keZ vkf.k vkRek

;k fo”k;koj ppkZ dsysyh gksrh-28

17

ukxjkt ugq”k gk nsoHkwehoj jkT; dj.kkjk jktk gksrk- dkykarjkus

R;kl inP;qr dj.;kr vkys- rks ‘kfDr’kkyh vkf.k yksdfiz; gksrk(

ijarq ‘kDrhpk] lkeF;kZpk xSjokij dsY;keqGs R;kyk nsoHkwehrwu gÌikj

dj.;kr vkys- uarj rks ,dk ukxdqykpk jktk cuyk- ;;krh gk

ugq”kkpk iq= gksrk] vls egkHkkjrkr vusd fBdk.kh mYys[k ;srkr-

;equk unhP;k dkBh vlysY;k ^fo’kk[kk;qik* ¼Visakhayupa½

;k vj.;kr ,d ukx Hkhekoj vkØe.k djrks o R;kl t[keh djrks-

rks ukx ugq”k vlrks- rks ugq”k v;qlpk iq= nk[kfoyk vkgs- v;ql gk

yq.kkj dqykpk ifgyk jktk gksrk- Eg.ktsp ugq”k gk ikaMokapk iwoZt

Bjrks- egkHkkjrkrhy iq: ok dq: dqy gs yq.kkj dqykphp ‘kk[kk

gks;- /k`rjk”Vª vkf.k tuest; ;kapk mYys[k ukx Eg.kwu vusd fBdk.kh

;srks- gfLrukiwjpk mYys[k lq/nk ukxiwj Eg.kwu vusd fBdk.kh vkysyk

vkgs-29

jkek;.k&egkHkkjrklkj[;k egkdkO;krgh vusd mYys[k

vk<Grkr- JhokfYefdjkek;.kkP;k ^dq’k/otkps fefFkysr vkxeu* ;k

lxkZe/khy ¼lxZ 70 ok½ ^n’kjFkkph oa’kijaijk* ;k ‘kh”kZdkarxZr

b’okdw oa’kkpk foLrkj ;srks- R;kr ugq”k ;srks- ^^b{okdw & dq{kh &

fodq{kh & ck.k & vuj.; & i`Fkw & f=’kadw & /kq/kqekj &

;qouk’o& eka/kkrk &lqla/kh& /kzqola/kh & Hkjr & vflr & lxj &

vleat & v’kqeku & fnyhi & HkxhjFk & ddqLRFk & j?kw &

izo`/n ¼dYek”kikn½ & ’ka[k.k & lqn’kZu & vfXuo.kZ & ‘kh?kzx &

e: & i'kqJqd & vacjh”k & ugq”k & ;;krh & ukHkkx & vt &

n’kjFk & jke] y{e.k vlk oa’kfoLrkj vkysyk vkgs-Þ30 ;k fBdk.kh

ugq”k gk lw;Zoa’kh; nk[kfoyk vkgs- ^gfjoa’kk*P;k ^gfjoa’kiokZ*r

^dk’;ioa’k* o.kZu ;srs- R;kr nuwpk iq= LoHkkZuw vkgs- R;kyk izHkk

ukokph eqyxh gksrh- R;k izHksiklwu ugq”k gk iq= >kysyk vkgs-31

gfjoa’kkr dnzqoa’kkps o.kZu ;srs- R;kr dnzwpk iq= Eg.kwu ugq”kkpk

18

mYys[k vkysyk vkgs-32 ;kpk vFkZ ugq”k ukokps rhu O;fDrik=s iqjk.k

ok³~e;kr vkysys vkgsr- jkek;.kkr ugq”k gk lw;Zoa’kh; vkgs] rj

gfjoa’kkrhy ugq”k gs nuqoa’kh; o ukxoa’kh; vkgsr-

1-4 txrkph mRiRrh o dk’;ioa’k foLrkj %

txrkP;k mRiRrh lanHkkZr iqjk.k ok³~e;kauh lfoLrj foospu

dsysys vkgs- egkHkkjrkP;k ^vkfniokZ*rhy ^vuqØef.kdkiokZ*r eg”khZ

O;klkauh txrkph mRiRrh Li”V dsysyh vkgs- ßejhP;kfnd lIr”khZ o

prqnZ’k euw vls ,dohl iztkirh gs loZ czãnsokaiklwu mRiUu >kys

vkgsr- fo’onso] vkfnR;] olw o vf’ouhdqekj gs R;k fo”.kwps va’k

gksr- ;{k] lk/;] fi’kkp] xqgÓkd o firj gs egs’ojkiklwu mRiUu

>kys- vusd Hkwirh] i`Foh] vki~] rst] ok;w] vkdk’k gh egkHkwrs] panz]

lw;Z] laoRlj] _rw] ekl] i{k o vgksjk= gh R;k loZ ‘kadjkiklwu

fuekZ.k >kyh vkgsr] vls foospu dsysys vkgs-Þ33

^vkfniokZ*rhyp ^laHkoiokZ*r ^vkfnR;kfnoa’kdFku* ;srs- R;kr

d’;i o n{kkP;k rsjk dU;k ;kapk fookg o R;kaiklwu tUekyk

vkysys fofo/k oa’k ;kaph lfoLrj ekfgrh vkysyh vkgs- vfnrh]

fnrh] nuw] flafgdk] Øks/kk] nuk;w] dyk] fourk] dnzw] fo’ok] equh]

izk/kk] dfiyk ;k n{kdU;kaiklwu d’;ikfn fofo/k oa’kkpk foLrkj

dsysyk vkgs- vkfnrhiklwu ckjk vkfnR; tUekyk vkys- /kkrk] fe=]

v;Zek] ‘kØ] o#.k] va’k] ex] fooLoku] iw”kk] lfork] Roêk o fo”.kw

;kapk R;kr lekos’k gksrks- fnrhiklwu fgj.;df’kiw tUeyk] R;kus nSR;

oa’kkpk foLrkj dsyk- nuwiklwu nkuo oa’kkpk foLrkj >kyk- flafgdkus

jkgwyk tUe fnyk- nuk;wus o`=kyk tUe fnyk- fourkiklwu rk{;Z]

vfj”Vuseh] x#M] v#.k] vk#.kh] ok#.kh b- lqi.kZ tUekyk vkgs-

dnzwus ‘ks”k] vuar] oklqdh] r{kd] Hkqtaxe~] dweZ] dqfyd b- ukxkauk

tUe fnyk v’kh gfddr ;srs-34 ^gfjoa’kk*rhy ^dk’;ioa’k* o.kZukr

d’;ikP;k iRuhaph ukos osxGh fnysyh vkgsr- vfnrh] fnrh] nuw]

19

vfj”Vk] lqjlk] [k’kk] lqjHkh] fourk] rkezk] Øks/ko’kk] bjk] dnzw o

equh gh ukos vkgsr- egkHkkjrkr fnrhyk fgj.;df’kiw gk ,dp iq=

vkgs] rj gfjoa’kkr fryk fgj.;df’kiw o fgj.;k{k vls nksu iq=

nk[kfoys vkgsr- egkHkkjrkr nuwP;k iq=kae/;s LoHkkZuwpk mYys[k vkgs(

ijarq oa’kfoLrkj ;sr ukgh- gfjoa’kkr LoHkkZuwyk izHkk ukokph eqyxh

vkgs- fryk ugq”k ukokpk iq= gksrks- o`”kiokZ gk nuqiq= vkgs- R;kyk

‘kfeZ”Bk ukokph eqyxh vkgs- dkykarjkus ugq”kiq= ;;krh o ‘kfeZ”Bk

;kapk fookg gksrks- gfjoa’kkr dnzwpk oa’kfoLrkj lkaxrkuk ‘ks”k] oklqdh]

r{kd] ,sjkor] egkin~e] dacy] v’orj] ,yki=] ‘ka[k] ddksZVd]

/kuat;] egkuhy] egkd.kZ] /k`rjk”Vª] cykgd] dqgj] iq”ina”Vª] nqeqZ[k]

lqeq[k] ‘ka[k] ‘ka[kikn] dfiy] okeu] ugq”k] ‘ka[kjksek] e.kh b-

ukxkapk mYys[k vkysyk vkgs- egkHkkjrkr ul.kkjh( ijarq gfjoa’kkr

;s.kkjh lqjlk gh d’;iiRuh lkafxryh vkgs- frP;k iksVh vR;ar

rstLoh o vusd eLrdkaps vls HkqbZoj ljiV.kkjs o vkdk’kkr Hkze.kkjs

lgL= liZ nk[kfoys vkgsr-35 ;kpk vFkZ egkHkkjr vkf.k gfjoa’k

;kaP;krhy lanHkkZae/;s rQkor tk.kors] oa’kfoLrkjkr folaxrh ;srs-

vls vlwu lq/nk gs loZ oa’kfoLrkj ekr`okpd Lo:ikps vkgsr-

,dkp dk’;idqykps o ,dkp fiR;kph larrh gksrh] gs Li”V vkgs-

MkW-,p~-,y~- dkslkjs ;kaP;k ers] ßukxoa’kkps yksd gs Lor%l dk’;i

xks=kps Eg.kfor vlY;kps vusd iqjkos miyC/k vkgsr- vk;ZiwoZ

dkGkr nso] nkuo] nSR;] vlqj o ukx ;kaph laL—rh vfLrRokr

gksrh- gs loZ d’;ikphp larrh vlY;keqGs rs ,desdkaps ca/kw gksrs-

R;kapk oa’kgh ,dp gksrk] vls Eg.kkos ykxrs-Þ36 dkgh fo}kukaP;k

ers] ßvfHktkr laL—r ok³~e;kr vlqj] nkuo] nSR; gs ‘kCn

lekukFkhZp ;kstysys vkgsr- gs ‘kCn izkphu yksdlektkps okpd

vkgsr-Þ37 ikSjkf.kd egkdkO;kr vkysyk gk laf{kIr dk’;i

oa’kfoLrkj vkgs- bfrgkl dky[kaMke/;s lq/nk ukxoa’kkps fofo/k nk[kys

20

lkiMrkr- tSu rhFkZadj egkohj] xkSre cq/n o pkokZd gs ns[khy

ukxoa’kkpsp gksrs- dkykarjkus rs izkphu Hkkjrkps egkuk;d cuys-38

1-5 _Xosnkrhy ^ukx*izfrek %

_XosnkP;k fofo/k eaMykae/;s ukxlaL—rhps mYys[k lkiMrkr-

R;kr banz o o`= ;kaP;k vuq’kaxkusgh lanHkZ vkysys vkgsr- o`= gk

,sfrgkfld iajijsr Ro”êÓkkpk iq= ekuyk vkgs- o`= gk Lor%yk

vftaD; o vej letr vls- rks ik.;ke/;s LoLFk iMwu gksrk- banz

R;kP;k ‘kks/kkyk fu?kkyk] rsOgk rks Lor%Hkksorh /kqD;kps vkoj.k ?ksÅu

clyk- rks eksBk y<o¸;k o ek;koh gksrk- lkjs nso R;kP;k leksj

tk;yk Hkhr vlr] Eg.kwu R;kauh banzkyk iq<s dsys- banz ek= eksBÓkk

/kS;kZus R;kP;k’kh y<yk- ts ts ijkØe vkiY;k eksBsi.kkP;k ohjJhus

mHk;rkauk d:u nk[koko;kps gksrs] rs nk[kfo.;klkBh banz o o`= gs

,desdka’kh >qatys( i.k banzkus o`=kyk Bkj ekjrkp txkrhy fufcM

va/k%dkj rRdkG u”V >kyk vkf.k vkiY;k ijkØekus vxnh izFke

ikpkj.k dj.kkÚ;k ;ksX; v’kk loZ fnO; foHkwrhapk banz gkp vf/kirh

>kyk- banz&o`= ;q/n f=ddqn ioZrkoj >kys vkf.k banzkus o`=kpk o/k

dsY;kuarj rh ‘kqHkokrkZ ok;wus loZ fo’okyk dGfoyh-39 _Xosnkr

vusd fBdk.kh banzlwDr vkysys vkgsr- frFks banzkyk ^vfjenZuk* gs

lacks/ku okijys vkgs-40 _XosnkP;k izFke eaMykrhy 32 O;k lwDrkr

vgh jk{klkyk Bkj ekjY;kps mYys[k vkgsr] rks vlk ßotz/kkjh banz

egku ijkØeh vkgs- R;kus ioZrkauk vkJ; dsysY;k vgh jk{klkyk Bkj

ekjys- ioZrkpk vMFkGk nwj d:u es?kkauk i`Fohoj o”kkZo djko;kl

ykoys vkf.k u|k izokfgr dsY;k- f=dnzqd uked ;Kkr lkse izk’ku

dsyk- jk{klkyk Bkj dsY;keqGs R;kaP;k ek;koh fØ;k can iMY;k-

Lor%yk vt; let.kkÚ;k o`=kyk >kMkP;k Qka|k rksMkO;kr]

R;kizek.ks R;kaps vo;o banzkus rksMys] rsOgk rks eksBÓkkus xtZuk djhr

i`Fohoj vknGyk- R;kus vMowu Bsoysys ik.kh rks ukghlk >kY;kus

21

izlUui.ks okgw ykxys- otz/kj banz i`Fohojhy leLr laiRrhpk Lokeh

vkgs-Þ41 izFke eaMykrhyp ^banz ijkØe*lwDrkr ¼lwDr 33½ o`=kpk

mYys[k ^o`=klqj* vkysyk vkgs- vlqjkapk vf/kirh Eg.kwu rks ;srks-42

banzkyk ^o`=gu~* vlsgh uko vkgs- pkSF;k eaMykr o`=klqjkpk mYys[k

vlk dsysyk vkgs- _XosnkP;k izFke eaMykrhy 51] 52] 54] 61]

74] 81] 165 ;k lwDrkar] pkSF;k eaMykrhy 17] 19 O;k lwDrkar]

lgkO;k eaMykrhy 33 rs 36 ;k lwDrkar] vkBO;k eaMykrhy 61

O;k lwDrkar o`=klqj o banzkP;k la?k”kkZps mYys[k ;srkr-

vk;kZaaP;k dkGke/;s czkã.k iqjksfgro.kZ oSfnd o oSfndksRrj

lektkpk loksZPp o.kZ Eg.kwu fodflr >kyk] vls loZlkekU;i.ks

ekuys tkrs- Ro”VÓkkpk iq= o`= gk nsokapk o vlqjkapk ifgyk czg~eu~

_fRot gksrk-43 R;kP;k gR;suarj czãgR;sps ikrd banzkyk ykxys-

R;keqGs R;kyk LoxkZrwu inP;qr Ogkos ykxys- R;kP;ktkxh ugq”kkyk

banzin ns.;kr vkys- gh dFkk _Xosnkr ukgh- vfgo`=kP;k lanHkkZr

osnkr T;k _pk vkysY;k vkgsr- R;ko:u vls fnlwu ;srs dh] vk;Z

yksd R;kph iwtk djhr ulr vkf.k R;kyk fi’kkp letwu vkiyk

Hk;adj ‘k=w ekuhr vlr- _Xosnkr vkysY;k ukxkaP;k mYys[kko:u gs

Li”V vkgs dh] ukx gs Qkj izkphu yksd gksrs- R;kaP;k ckcrhr gs

y{kkr ?ksrys ikfgts dh] ukx gs dks.kR;kgh izdkjs vkfnfuoklh fdaok

vlaL—r yksd uOgrs- ;k lanHkkZr nkl Eg.ktsp ukx gs vk;kZaP;k

izek.ksp fdacgquk R;kaP;kghis{kk lqlaL—r vkf.k lkeF;Z’kkyh gksrs] gs

_Xosnkrhy mYys[kko:u izekf.kr gksrs-44 egkHkkjrkrhy ^vkfniokZ*r

o`= gk nuk;wpk iq= lkafxryk vkgs-45 o`=klqjkP;k o/kkuarj banzkus

ueqph]djat] i.kZ;] oxan] ‘kacj vkf.k ‘kq”.k ;k jk{klkapk o/k dsyk-46

vlqjkauk] jk{klkauk _Xosnkr nL;w vls lacks/k.;kr vkysys vkgs-

nHkhd] oy] vUu] ‘kq”.k] fiizw] O;al] ueqph] :f/kØ b- jk{klkapk

banzkus o/k dsyk- _XosnkP;k frlÚ;k eaMykrhy ^laikrlwDrk*r i.kh

22

ukokP;k jk{klkP;k rkoMhrwu vusd /ksuwauk banz eqDr djrks- prqFkZ

eaMykr ¼18 os lwDr½ dq”kok ukokP;k jk{klhyk vkf.k O;al ukokP;k

jk{klkyk banzkus Bkj ekjys- iape eaMykrhy 34 O;k lwDrkr e`x

ukokP;k nSR;kyk Bkj dsys- lgkO;k eaMykr ¼27 os lwDr½

o`phoarkyk Bkj ekjys- lIre eaMykrhy 9 rs 11 O;k lwDrkr t:Fk

ukokP;k jk{klkl Bkj ekjys- v”Ve eaMykrhy 95rs99 O;k lwDrkr

—“.kklqj ukokP;k nSR;kl Bkj ekjys- n’ke~ eaMykrhy vkBO;k

lwDrkr f=f’kjl~] ‘kq”.k] i.kZ; b- vlqjkauk Bkj dsys] vls mYys[k

lkiMrkr- ;kfBdk.kh vkysys nSR;] nkuo] vlqj] jk{kl gs ukxoa’kh;

gksrs] vls fuf’pr gksrs- dkj.k o`=klqj gk R;kapk izeq[k gksrk-

Ro”êk ,d oSfnd nsork vkgs- _Xosnkr Ro”êÓkkps Lora= vls

,dgh lwDr ukgh( i.k R;kpk mYys[k ek= toG toG ikl”V osGk

vkyk vkgs- R;ko:u R;kP;klaca/kh ekfgrh feGrs] rh v’kh %

ßfo’ojpusP;k dk;kZr rks ,d loksZRre dq’ky dkjkxhj vlwu nsokauk

ykx.kkjh fofo/k ik=s r;kj dj.;kph dkefxjhgh R;kP;kdMsp vlrs-

Ro”êk gk dkjkfxjhr fu”.kkr gksrk] lkeF;ZlaiUu vlwu gh lR;fu”B

gksrk- rks iztkapk fuekZrk o iks”kdgh gksrk- _XosnkP;k frlÚ;k

eaMykrhy 48 rs 52 ;k lwDrkr lkseizk’kuke/;s vMFkGk dj.kkÚ;k

Ro”ê;kpk banzkus ckyi.khp ijkHko dsyk] vlk lanHkZ feGrks-Þ47

;kpk vFkZ Ro”êk gk vuk;Z nSor vlwu rks vlqj czãu~ gksrk- Ro”ê

Eg.k.;kps dkj.k gs dh] rks ‘kh?kz O;kirks] vls O;kdj.kdkj Eg.krkr

fdaok rks fRo”k~ /kkrwiklwu curks] T;kpk vFkZ gksrks izdk’k.ks fdaok

Ro{k~iklwu curks T;kpk vFkZ gksrks dj.ks-48 ‘ka- ck- tks’kh ;kaps

Ro“êÓkk fo”k;d er egÙokps vkgs- ßosnkae/;s Ro”êÓkkyk ukx vls

lacks/kys ukgh- r{kd gk ukx vkgs- Ro”êk o r{kd gs Ro{k~ ¾ r{k ;k

,dkp vk[;krkiklwu lk/kysys ‘kCn gksr- R;kpk vFkZ dkjkxhj gksrks-

osnkar Ro”êk :ia fi’krw vls o.kZu ;srs- gk larfrnkrk nso vkgs-

23

xHkkZ/kku ea=kr fo”.kwpkgh ;k Ro”êÓkkcjkscj mYys[k vkgs- ^fo”.kq% ;ksfua

dYi;rqa* ;k Ro”êÓkkP;k ^gkrk*f’kok; ¼except his arms or hand½

nqlÚ;k dks.kR;kp vaxkpk funsZ’k ukgh! vls E;kdMksusy Eg.krkr! gk

T;k dkjkfxjkpk gkr vkgs] rh dkjfxjh l`”Vh fuekZ.kfØ;sph vkgs-

Eg.kwu gk lqik.kh l`tu ek/;e] midj.k gks;( Eg.kwu gk gLr]

lqrkjkP;k okdl ¼%ok’kh½ ;qr gLr EgVys vkgs! l`tu izfØ;spk gk

gkr] gsp ;kps iz/kku vax gks;- Eg.kwu ;qfjuksesyk ekr`Ro ns.kkjk

vksfQ;u tj liZ vkgs] rj vkfnekrk vfnrhyk T;kP;k;ksxs banz:ih

iq= >kyk o fryk ekr`Ro izkIr >kys rks lq—rik.kh Ro”êklq/nk liZp

vlyk ikfgts vkf.k egkHkkjrkrhy r{kdko:u ;k fopkjkyk

nqljh iq”Vh feGr vkgs-Þ49 egkHkkjrkrhy ^vkfniokZ*r

^vkfnR;kfnoa’kdFku* ;srs- R;kr Ro”êk gk vfnrhpk vdjkok iq=

lkafxryk vkgs-50 MkW- uhjt lkGqa[ks ;kaP;k ers] ßRo”V~V gk ‘kqØkpk

iq= vkgs- ;kl vki.k fo’odekZ ;k ukokusgh vksG[krks- dkjkxhj]

okLrq’kkL=K ;k vFkkZus rks egku fuekZ.k gksrk- ;kph iRuh nSR;dU;k

fojkspuh vkgs- rh izYgkndU;k vkgs- gk fookg nkuo&nSR; ,sD;

n’kZforks- gk tksMI;kl fo’o:i Rok”Vª] o`=] lafuos’k gs iq= gksrs-

fo’o:i Rok”Vª gk vuk;Z iqjksfgr vkgs- ek= vlqjkaP;k fgrklkBh

fo’o:i Rok”Vª nsokae/;s lkehy >kyk vkf.k vlqjkaP;k cktwusp diV

djhr jkfgyk- banzkus R;kps diV vksG[kwu ^f=r* ;k viR;kdjoh

;kph gR;k djfoyh- f=r gk banzfe= ok banzgh ekuyk tkrs- _Xosnkr

,dk lwDrkuqlkj f=f’kjl Rok”Vª ;kph gR;k d:u f=r ;kus /ksuw izkIr

dsY;k- banz’k=w Rok”Vª gk f=f’kjl vkgs- gk _Xosnkrhy mYys[k

egÙokpk vkgs- banzkus fo’o:i Rok”Vª ;kph rhugh eLrds NkVyh]

vls _Xosn lkaxrks- fo’o:i Rok”Vª ekjyk xsY;kus fo’odekZ Ro”êk

;kus lwM ?ks.;kps Bjfoys o R;klkBh R;kus o`= ;kl tUekyk ?kkrys-

o`= gk nuqiq= o fojkspfuiq= vls fofHkUu lanHkZ feGrkr- ;kpk vFkZ

24

,o<kp dh] gk la?kZ”k dkgh ‘krds pkyw vlY;kus o`= ;k ukokpk

,dkgwu vf/kd O;Drh vlw ‘kdrkr- o`=k.kh vlkgh o`=kpk vusd

opuh mYys[k _Xosnke/;s vkgs- banzkus 99 o`= ekjys- ‘kacjkph

uO;k..ko uxjs mn~/oLr dj.kkÚ;k banzkus ‘kacjkP;k ‘kaHkjkO;k uxjkr

o`= o ueqph ;kauk Bkj ekjys vkgs-Þ51

_Xosnkr vcqZn dknzos; ;k ukx”khZpsgh mYys[k lkiMrkr-

_XosnkP;k nqlÚ;k eaMykrhy 14 O;k ^banzikyqin*lwDrkr banzkus

vcqZnkyk Bkj dsY;kpk nk[kyk vkgs-52 R;krhyp v”Ve~ eaMykrhy 3

Ú;k banzlwDrkr ;kph iqujko`Rrh >kysyh vkgs-53 rks ,d lwDrnz”Vk

gksrk- _XosnkP;k ngkO;k eaMykrhy 94 os lwDr ;kus jpys vkgs-

lkseLrqrh gk ;k lwDrkpk fo”k; vlwu xzkok gh R;kph nsork vkgs-

;kph _ph ¼10-94-9½ v’kh]

c`g}nfUr efnjs.k efUnusUnza Øks’kUrks·fonUuuk e/kqA

lajH;k /khjk Lol`fHkjufrZ”kq jk?kks”k;Ur% i`fFkoh eqif}fHk%AA

_fRotkaP;k ngk cksVkleosr urZu dj.kkjs lkse/kkjd]

banzikpkjd] ‘kCndkjh vkf.k lqla?kfVr xzkos Lor%P;k xtZusus i`Foh

O;kirkr- ;k lwDrkr vcqZnkus lksejl dlk dk<kok ;kpk oLrqikB

fnyk vkgs- gk ukx”khZ gksrk- ;kus ;Kkrhy mf.kok d’kk nwj djkO;k gs

lkafxrys vkgs- liZl=kr ;kph xzkO;kus Lrqrh dsyh gksrh- xzkok

‘kCnkpk vFkZ ^ojoaVk* vlk vlkok-54

_XosnkP;k izFke eaMykrhy 191 O;k ^vkr`.klw;ZlwDrk*r

¼fo?uksifu”kn~½ liZjkKhaps mYys[k vkysys vkgsr- ßHkwehoj vl.kkjs

lk/kkj.k] vlk/kkj.k vkf.k ik.;kr vlysY;k egku nkgd fo”kkus ek>s

‘kjhj O;kiys vkgs- fo”k ukgh’kk dj.kkÚ;k ;k ouLirh vkgsr- ,dk

fo”kkP;k toG ;srkp rh fo”kkyk [kkÅu Vkdrs] nqljh nwj djrs- rj

T;k fBdk.kh fo”kna’k >kyk vkgs] R;k fBdk.kh ;k ouLirhP;k

lkgk¸;kus vk?kkr dsY;kl rs fo”k nwj gksrs- ygku dGd] cks:] nHkZ]

25

eqat ukokps xor ;kae/;s jkg.kkÚ;k izk.;kae/;s fo”k vlrs- loZ= Hkze.k

dj.kkÚ;k likZauks i`Foh vkf.k varfj{k rqeps ekrkfirk vlwu lkse

vkf.k vfnrh ca/kqHkfxuh vkgsr- rqEgh ;k fBdk.kh jkgk] vxj fu?kwu

tk- ljiV.kkÚ;k vkf.k ukaxh ekj.kkÚ;k izk.;kauk fo”k vlrs- ;k

izk.;kiklwu nwj vlkos- lw;kZP;ktoG xsys rj rs fo”k lw;Z dk<wu ?ksrks

vkf.k euq”;kps ‘kjhj vfo”k gksrs- lw;kZyk fo”k ck/kr ukgh- fgj.;xHkZ

lw;Z ;k fo”kkl nwj djrks- dfiatyh if{k.kh fo”k [kkÅu Vkdrs-

ikdksGÓkk ns[khy fo”k ukgh’kk djrkr- uO;k..ko u|kaP;k ik.;kae/;s

fo”kgkjrk vkgs- R;kps eh Lej.k djrs- foapw eqaxqlkyk pkoY;kl

R;kyk fo”k ck/krs] i.k vkeps fo”k ek= eqaxwl ukghls djrs-Þ55 gh

,d lwDrnz”Vh vkgs- _XosnkP;k ngkO;k eaMykrhy 189 Øekadkps

lwDr fgus jpys vkgs- lw;Z gh ;k lwDrkph nsork vkgs- R;krhy ,d

_ph v’kh]

vUr’pjfr jkspuk·L; izk.kknikurhA

O;[;Uefg”kks fnoe~AA ¼_-10-189-2½

|koki`Fohae/;s mn; o vLr iko.kkÚ;k lw;kZps rst varfj{kkr

n`Xxkspj gksrs-56 ;kfo”k;h ‘ka-ck-tks’kh ;kaph lfoLrj foospu dsysys

vkgs- R;kaP;k erkuqlkj] ßvFkoZosnkr ¼5-10-4½ ^o`=* gk ^vgh*% liZ

Eg.kwu izfl/n vkgs- _Xosnkrhy lkiZjkKh lw;Z¼!½ ;k okD;krhy xw<

mdy.;kl vFkoZosnkrhy ^o`=kr~ tkrks fnokdj%* ;k okD;kph enr

feG.kkj vkgs- ¼vFkoZ 5-10-4½ ^o`=* gk ^vgh*% ^liZ* Eg.kwu izfl/n

vkgs- _Xosnkrhy lkiZjkKh lw;Z ¼!½ ;k izfresps iz;kstu dk;] gs

y{kkr ;sr ukgh( i.k vFkoZosnkrhy okD;kr gs iz;kstu dkghls lwfpr

gksr vkgs- ¼lw;kZ:ih½ liZ ¼o`=½ fnokdjkyk ¼lw;kZyk½ tUe nsrks! i.k

gk peRdkj ^liZ* laiznk; tk.k.kkÚ;k ^okfYedh*P;k dkO;kr iqu%

ikgko;kl feGrks- Jhjkepanz izHkwP;k dFksP;k lanHkkZr vFkoZosnkrhy

^o`=* ¼liZ½ lw;kZyk tUe nsrks- ;k fojks/kkHkklkpk myxMk gks.kkj vkgs-

26

b{okdwaps jkt?kjk.ks ^lw;Z* oa’kh; gks; v’kh J/nk vkgs- ^Do

lw;ZizHkoks oa’k%* v’kh T;k dqykph Lrqrh dsyh tkrs- R;k lw;Zoa’kkr

vorjysyk Jhjkepanz gk fo”.kwpk vorkj ekuyk tkrks vkf.k fo”.kw

¼%ukjk;.k½ gs nSor ^ukx’k;u* Lo:ikr fpf=ys tkrs- iqjk.kdFkkrwu

v’kh o.kZusgh vk<Grkr- fo”.kw ¼%ukjk;.k½ o ^jkepanz* izHkw gs ,dp

v’kh J/nk vlY;kus lw;kZus likZyk ¼jkepanzkyk½ tUe fnyk vls ;sFks

/ofur gksrs! ^lw;Z&ukjk;.k* ;k ‘kCnizfresdMwu ;k fojks/kkHkklkyk

iq”Vh feGr vkgs! iqu% ;k lanHkkZr] osndkyhu lw;Z o liZ ;kaph

lkaxM ?kkryh tkr vkgs] gs m?kM vkgs- gh izFkk _Xosnkiklwup vkgs

vls R;kaps er vkgs-Þ57

_XosnkP;k izFke eaMykrhy 89 P;k lwDrkl ^fo’osnsolwDr*

vls EgVys tkrs- rs ^‘kkafrikB* Eg.kwu izfl/n vkgs- R;kr ngk _pkapk

lekos’k vkgs- R;k vk’khokZn ea= Eg.kwu ;srkr- oa’ko`/nh] LusgizkIrh]

loZdY;k.k] vkS”k/kkrwu LokLFk laiknu] laifRrykHk o j{k.k]

dY;k.kizkIrh] laj{k.kkFkZ] Hkysi.k mi~Hkksxk’khokZn]’krk;q”; izkIrh] nsoh

vfnrhpk eaxy vk’khokZn gs rs ea= vkgsr- R;krhy nsoh vfnrhpk

eaxy vk’khokZngh [kkyhyizek.ks]

vfnfr|kSaj fnfrjUrfj{kefnfrekZrk l firk l iq=%A

fo’onsok vkfnfr% iTptuk vfnfrtkZrekfnfrtZfuRoe~AA

varfj{k] |qyksd] vkeps ekrkfirk] iq=] nsox.k] nsork] euq”;]

xa/koZ] liZ] fir`x.k] Hkwr vkf.k Hkfo”; gh loZ R;k vfnrhnsohphp

fofo/k :is vkgsr- ¼iaptuke/;s nsork] euq”;] xa/koZ] liZ] fir`x.k gs

gksr½ gsrw miHkksx o laj{k.k vkgs-58 _Xosnkrhyp n’ke~eaMykr

^lw;ZLo:ih* banzlwDr ;srs- iaptukuk vkiY;k rstkus rw mikld

dsysl- R;k iaptukr nso] euq”;] jk{kl] vlqj vkf.k firj ;kapk

lekos’k dsysyk vkgs-59 ;kfBdk.kh liZ% vlqj gs lekukFkhZ ‘kCn

Bjrkr-

27

^iTp&tu%* ;k ‘kCnkps ^osfnd baMsDl* us [kkyhyizek.ks

fooj.k dsys vkgs- ^---- gs ikp Eg.kts dks.k gs Bjo.ks eksBs dBh.k

vkgs- rs nso] euq”;] xa/koZ] vIljk] liZ o firj gs vlY;kpk ,srjs;

czkã.k [kqyklk djrs- rs pkj o.kZ o ikpok fu”kkn vlY;kps

vkSieU;o ekurks vkf.k lk;ukps er rsp vkgs- ;kLdkyk okVrs dh

rs ikp Eg.kts xa/koZ] firj] nso] vlqj o jk{kl gs gksr---* ikp

KkrhP;k ;k x.kkps o.kZu c`gnkj.;d mifu”kn~us ¼1-4-12½ [kkyhy

izek.ks dsys vkgs]

^R;kph ¼czg~ekph½ vkReizlqrh vtwu viqjh gksrh- rks x.k

izloyk- nsokae/;s olw] :nz] vkfnR;] fo’osnso o e:r gs ts

oxhZdj.k vkgs rs Kkfrokj vkgs*60

vlqj o liZ gs lekukFkhZ mi;ksftr ‘kCn vkgs- _Xosnkr o`=kpk

mYys[k o`=klqj vkf.k vfgo`= ;k nksUgh i/nrhus vkysyk vkgs- ;kpk

vFkZ gs nksUgh ‘kCn ,dkp Kkrh’kh lacaf/kr vkgsr- bFks liZ gk

vfnrhpk iq= Bjrks- vfnrhpk laca/k osnkr o iqjk.kkr ;srks- dnzw gs

iw.kZi.ks iqjk.kksDr ik= vkgs( gs y{kkr ?ks.ks vko’;d vkgs- fo’onso

vkf.k ukx ;kapk laca/k MkW- vkacsMdjkauhgh myxMwu lkafxryk vkgs-

ßoSfnd dkGkr o mRrj czkã.kdkGkr miu;ufo/kh dj.;kr ;sr vls-

R;kaps ri’khyokj o.kZus ;kaph tj dks.kh rqyuk d:u ikfgyh rj

R;kyk vls fnlwu ;sbZy dh] ;k nksUgh fo/khae/;s czãpkÚ;kus vkiY;k

miu;kukpk ,d Hkkx Eg.kwu tk.kR;kyk vk’p;Z okVsy- vktdky ts

miu;ufo/kh dj.;kr ;srkr- R;kr lwrkps nksjs gh e/;orhZ dYiuk

letyh tkrs vkf.k gs ;Kksifor okij.ks gkp loZ miu;ukpk gsrw

vkrk gksÅu clys vkgs dh] rs dls r;kj djkos o dls okijkos]

;kcÌy R;kr lfoLrj o ykacypd fu;e r;kj dj.;kr vkys

vkgsr- ;Kksiohrkr rhu nksjs vlys ikfgtsr- izR;sd nksÚ;kr uÅ rarw

vlys ikfgtsr- izR;sd rarw mRre jhrhus fo.kysyk vlyk ikfgts-

28

,d rarw ,dk nsorsps izrhd let.;kr ;srs- csachi;Zar iksgkspsy brds

ykac ;Kksiohr vlys ikfgtsr- rs csachP;k [kkyh tkbZy fdaok

NkrhP;k oj jkghy] v’kh r;kaph ykach vlw u;s- vksadkj] vXuh]

ukx] lkse] fi=] iztkirh] ok;w] lw;Z o fo’osnso ;k uÅ nsorkaps uÅ

rarw izrhd gksr] vls ^noyLe`rh*r EgVys vkgs- ;k erkr dkgh

dkGkus Qjd ?kMwu vkyk vlkok] vls fnlrs- dkj.k es/kkfoy Eg.krks

dh] b”Vh] i'kq;K o lkse;K ;kaP;ke/;s ts ;Kksifor okijko;kps

vlrs R;kyk rhu rarwpk QDr ,dp nksjk vlyk ikfgts( ijarq

vghu] ,dg o l= ;K ;kaP;ke/;s rhu izdkjps vXuh okijkos ykxr

vlY;keqGs ;k ;Kkr ;Kksifor rhu nksÚ;kaps vlys ikfgts- rhu

lo.kkZP;k ckcrhr lkr lksel”B ;Kkrlq/nk lkr nksÚ;kaps ;Kksifor

okijkos ykxr vls] nksu la/;kP;k ckcrhr ikp nksÚ;kaps ;Kksifor

okijkos ykxr vls-Þ61 ;kpk vFkZ vlk dh] ukx gk vfnrhpk iq=

vlY;kus R;kl nsorkae/;s LFkku ns.;kr vkys- o`=kklqj gk Ro”êÓkkpk]

vlqj czã.kkpk iq= vlY;kus banzkyk o`=klqjkP;k gR;suarj czãgR;sps

ikrd ykxys- oSfnd dky[kaMke/;s ukx gk nsork Eg.kwu iwtuh;

gksrk-

_Xosnkrhy ukxizns’k fuf’pr djrkauk fofo/k _pkapk vk/kkj

?;kok ykxrks- _XosnkP;k r`rh; eaMykrhy 33 os lwDr

^fo’okfe=&unh laokn*lwDr vls ;srs- R;kr mRrjikapky ¼l/;kpk

iatkc½ ;k izns’kkpk mYys[k vkgs- rks jktk lqnklkpk izns’k gksrk-

fcik’k ¼jkoh½] ‘kqrqanzh ¼lryt½ b- u|kgh ;srkr- iSyfrjh tk.;klkBh

fo’okfe= unhyk fouarh djrks- o`=gR;k banzkP;k vkKso:u vkEgh

okgkr vkgksr v’kk R;k fo’okfe=kyk lkaxrkr-62 iape eaMykrhy

53 os lwDr ^e:r* lwDr Eg.kwu ;srs- R;kr ‘kj;w] jlk] vfurHkk]

dqaHkk vkf.k Øqew ;k u|k e:rkauk u jks[kksr vlk mYys[k ;srks-63

nsork lwDrkr jktk jFkohrh gk xkserh unhP;k dkBh ioZrkapk vkJ;

29

d:u riL;k dj.;klkBh fu?kwu xsyk-64 vlk lanHkZ feGrks- lgkO;k

eaMykrhy 27 O;k ^banz*lwDrkr gfj;wih;k uxjkpk mYys[k ;srks-

Hkkj}kt Eg.krks] ßojf’k[kiq=kP;k o/kkP;k osGh rw izdV dsysY;k

lkeF;kZus eyk vk’p;kZr Vkdys- gfj;wih;k uxjkP;k iwosZdMs jkg.kkjk

o`phoarkyk rw Bkj ekjysl- R;k ijkØekP;k n’kZukus ts”B ojf’k[kiq=

ej.k ikoyk- 3000 o`phor~ lSfudkaph dops QksMyhl-Þ65

_XosnkP;k lIre~ eaMykrhy 18 os lwDr ^nk’kjkt ;q/n*lwDr Eg.kwu

;srs- ;k lwDrkr nk’kjkt ;q/nkps o.kZu ;srs- lqnkl jktkpk ;k ;q/nkr

t; >kyk ok ;q/nke/;s Hkkx ?ksrysys jkts ,dw.k rhl vkgsr- R;kaph

ukos iq<s uewn dsyh vkgsr- % fe’;w] rqoZa’k] nzgÓkw] do”k] iq:] vuw]

Hksn] ‘kacj] oSd.kZ] nqljk oSd.kZ] ;nw] eRl] iDFk] Hkykul~] vfyu]

fo”kkf.ku~] vt] f’ko] f’kXuw ;{kw] ;q/;ke/kh] ;k}] nsod ekU;eku]

pk;eku dih] lqrd] mpFk] Jqr] o`/n] eU;w] i`Fkw- gs ;q/n i:”.kh

vkf.k ;equk ;k u|kaP;k ifjljkr >kys- lqnkl jktkyk oRlw] Hkjr]

i’kwZ vkf.k i`Fkw ;k jktkauh lkgk¸; dsys- ;k lqnkl jktkyk banzkpk

ojngLr gksrk- R;keqGs R;kph Lrqrh izkjaHkh dj.;kr vkysyh vkgs-

lqnklkoj gYyk dj.kkÚ;k f’kE;w jktkyk banzkus ijLij fla/kqunhe/;s

cqMowu Bkj dsys- iq:”.kh unhyk eksBk iwj vkY;kus ik.;kyk

iljo.;klkBh pk;eku jktkP;k unhps cka/k QksMys vkf.k lqnklkyk

okV d:u fnyh- banzkus nzqgÓk] do”k] Jwr vkf.k o`/n ;kauk tykr

cqMfoys] vlk lanHkZ feGrks-66 _XosnkP;k n’ke~ eaMykr 75 os

^unh*lwDr ;srs- ;k lwDrkr fofo/k u|kaps mYys[k ;srkr- ß|kS] i`Foh]

varfj{k O;ki.kkÚ;k ,dohl u|kauh ;qDr v’kk fla/kqizeq[k

tyokfgU;kauks fooLorkP;k ?kjh rqEgh fuokl djrk- ioZr f’k[kjko:u

vorh.kZ >kysyk txr~Lokfeuh fla/kqunhP;k izokgkus Hkksorkypk lqihd

izns’k [kksnyk xsyk- fla/kqunhps rjax izekFkh o`”kHkkizek.ks xtZuk djhr

/kkor vkgsr- ekrsP;k ekxwu frP;k iq=kauh tkos- R;kizek.ks fla/kqunhP;k

30

ekxwu ;k ,dohl u|k tkrkr- xaxk] ;equk] ljLorh] ‘kqrqnzh] iq:”.kh]

vflDuh] e:r~o`/nk] forLrk] lq”kksek] vkftZfd;k oxSjs u|kauks

vkiY;k ekxkZus tkrkauk izkFkZuk Jo.k djk- fla/kqunhP;k ekxs izFke

rq”Vkek uarj lqlRokZ] jlk] ‘osR;k] xkserh]dqaHkk vkf.k ;sgyw ;k u|k

frps vuqdj.kdjR;k >kY;k-67 ;kp eaMykrhy 108 O;k lwDrkr

^laokn*lwDr ;srs- R;kr i.kh gk jk{klkapk lkgk¸;dkjh vkgs- R;kus

o`gLirhP;k /ksuw iGowu usY;k- jlk unhP;k iyhdMhy xqgsr R;k

BsoY;k- R;kapk ‘kks/k ljesdMwu ykxrks- rks ;k lwDrkr ;srks-68 ;k

lokZaps foospu vls dh( i.kh] nL;w] vlqj] jk{kl] ukx] vgh gs loZ

banzfojks/kh gksrs- ty vkf.k /ksuw ;kao:up R;kapk la?k”kZ ok ;q/n >kysys

vkgs- gs ;q/n cgqrka’kh banzfojks/kh lewgkP;k Hkwizns’kkr >kysyh vkgsr-

fo’ks”k d:u u|kdkBpk Hkwizns’k gkp ;k yksdkapk Hkwizns’k vlkok vls

Eg.kkos ykxrs- ;k u|kafo”k;h foospu djrkuk y{e.k’kkL=h tks’kh

;kaps er vko’;d Bjrs- ßfgeky;kP;k iyhdMs mxe ikoysY;k fla/kw

o czãiq=k ;k oGlk ?ksÅu Hkkjrkr mrjrkr- fgeky;kyk nksUgh

cktwauh doG.kkjs o ykac iljysys vls gs tyizokg nksu ckgwp gksr-

v/kZpanzkdkj cuysY;k mRrjsP;k ioZrjkthaP;k iksVkr f’kjysys lqekjs

2000 eSy ykac o 150 rs 200 eSy :an vls vR;ar lqihd o

likV vls ,d lq{ks= vkgs- fla/kw] xaxk o czãiq=k o R;kauk feG.kkÚ;k

u|k ;k {ks=krwu okgrkr- fgeky;kr mxe ikoysY;k >sye] fpukc]

jkoh] fc;kl o lryt ;k fla/kwl feG.kkÚ;k ikp u|kapk iapun

fdaok iatkc gks;- iatkc] fnYyh] mRrjizns’k] fcgkj] vklke o caxky

gs ;k lq{ks=kr varHkwZr gksrkr- ;k {ks=kP;k nf{k.ksl v[ksji;Zar ,d

iBkj iljysys vkgs-Þ69 ;kpk vFkZ gk loZ Hkwizns’k lqihd {ks= Eg.kwu

x.kyk tkr vlkok- R;ko:u izkphu dkGkr ;k ?kVuk ?kMY;k

vlkO;kr-

31

_Xosnkdkyhu Hkwizns’kkfo”k;h vkf.k Kkrhafo”k;h MkW- Mh-,p~-xkMZu

gs gh egÙoiw.kZ uksanh ?ksrkr- R;kaP;k erkuqlkj] “In Northern Sind,

and the Southwest Panjab were the Yadus, Turvasa and

Vrichivants, who along with the sage. Visvamitra, have been

classed as Asuras, though there is little doubt that they were Iranian

and for the most part Aryan. The Tritsu and Srnjaya were people

settled in the region of Madhyadesa between the Sarasvati and the

Yamuna. A long feud seems to have existed between the Eastern

and Western clans from the early days when the Turvasa and the

Vrichivants fought the Srnjaya at Hariyupiya which may well

indicate Harappa, down to the Battle of the ten kings when a

confederacy of all the western clans was beaten by Sudas leading

the Tritsu and Srnjaya, a defeat which ensured the easterners

against any encroachment across the suttej by their enemis the

Turvasa, Druhyu and Yadu.

There is little doubt that the western tribes had affected

compromises with the Panis and Asuras of the Indus valley and the

southern Panjab. The names of the Rshis Visvamitra and Bhrigu

are linked with the Asuras; Varchin who seems to have had some

connection with the Vrichirants was a Dasa and an Asura. The

Turvasa and Vrichirants are spoken of as having been brought by

Indra from across the sea, which word samdra may only indicate

the Indus, and these may well be the decendants of the Jhukar

people. The influence of the Asuras of the Indus valley was to

become so pervasive as largely to supplant the religious ideas of

the vedic Aryan, with whom one must associate most closely the

clans of Madhyadesa; as Hutton says in his book ‘Caste in India’ –

‘Even if this culture disappeared entirely from the Indus valley, it

may well have survived across the Jumna with sufficient vigour to

32

react to the Rigvedic Aryans whose religious beliefs it ultimately

submerged in its own philosophy and later clearly there were

Brahmans before the Rigvedic Aryans.”70

ojhy foospuko:u vlk fu”d”kZ dk<rk ;srks dh] _Xosn

dky[kaMkr fla/kqlaL—rh gh mRre voLFksr gksrh( ijarq vk;kZP;k

vkØe.kkuarj rh y;kyk xsyh- ;k laL—rhpk Hkwizns’k] yksdlekt]

Kkrh] foLrkj b-ps voyskdu ojhy ifjPNsnkrwu lgt gksrs-

1-6 lkseoa'k foLrkj %

egkHkkjrkr o gfjoa’kkr T;k izeq[k oa’kkpk foLrkj vkysyk

vkgs] R;kr lkseoa’k egÙokpk ekuyk xsyk vkgs- iq#oa’k] dq#oa’k o

;nqoa’k gs oa’k ;kp oa’kkrwu foLrkfjr >kysys vkgsr- gk panziwtd

oa’k gksrk- egkHkkjrkr vkf.k gfjoa’kkr ;k oa’kkfo”k;h fofo/k lanHkZ

lkiMrkr- egkHkkjrkP;k ^vkfniokZ*rhy ^laHkoiokZ*r n{koa’k ¼v-75½

o.kZu ;srs- R;kr lkseoa’kkph ekfgrh feGrs- d’;ikl vfnrhiklwu

ckjk vkfnR; >kys- R;krhy fooLokuuked iq=kyk ;e o euw gs iq=

>kys- euwiklwu ekuolarrh >kyh- pkj o.kZ mRiUu >kys- ts czkã.k

gksrs- R;kauh lkax osnkpk Lohdkj dsyk- osu] /k`”.kw] ufj”;ar] ukHkkx]

b{okdw] dk:”k] ‘k;kZrh] byk] o`”k/kz] ukHkkxkfj”V ;kauh {kk=/keZ

Lohdkjyk- euwyk vk.k[kh iUukl iq= gksrs( ijarq vkikilkar HkkaM.k

d:u R;kapk uk’k >kyk- bysP;k mnjh iqjjok vorjyk moZ’khiklwu

vk;w] /kheku~] vekDlw] –<k;w] ouk;w] ‘krk;w gs iq= >kys- vk;wyk

LoHkkZuohP;k mnjh ugq”k] o`/n’kekZ] jt] x;] vusul~ gs iq= >kys-

ugq”kkyk ;rh] ;;krh] la;krh] vk;krh] v;rh] /kqzo vls iq= >kys-

;;krhyk nso;kuhiklwu ;nw vkf.k rqoZlw >kys vkf.k ‘kfeZ”Bsiklwu

nzqgÓkw] vuw o iq: >kys- dkykarjkus O;qf”krk’ouked jktkus iq:oa’kkpk

foLrkj dsyk-71 v’kh lfoLrj oa’kkoG miyC/k gksrs-

33

egkHkkjrkP;k ^vuq’kklu iokZ*rgh lkseoa’kkpk mYys[k ;srks-

R;kr euwiklwu var/kkZrk & gfoZ/kkEkk & izkphucghZ& izpsrl& n{k &

nk{kk;.kh & vkfnR; & euw & byk & iq:jok & vk;w & ugq”k &

;;krh & ;nw & Øks”Bk & o`ftuhokr~& m”kaxw & fp=jFk& ‘kwj&

vkudnqanHkh ¼olqnso½ & —“.k & v’kk izdkjpk foLrkj feGrks-72

egkHkkjrkrhy gk oa’kfoLrkj =ksVd Lo:ikpk vkgs- gfjoa’kkr ;kis{kk

osxGh ekfgrh feGrs- gfjoa’kkrhy ^gfjoa’kioZ* v/;k; 2 e/;s rh

vkgs- ßo`{kkapk jktk tks lkseiztkirh rks vkrk dkgh FkksMsp o`{k jkfgys

vkgsr vls ikgwu] R;k izpsR;kdMs vkyk o Eg.kkyk] gs izkphucghZP;k

iq=kauks] vkrk vkiyk Øks/k vkojk- ;k vfXuok;wauh i`Foh cgqrsd

o`{k’kwU; d:u Vkdyh vkgs- dfjrk vkrk gs vXuh o ok;w ‘kkar gksÅ

|k o iq<hy Hkfo”; eyk dGr vlY;keqGs eh gh jRuklkj[kh fnO;

o vfrlqanj v’khgh ekfj”kk ukokph o`{kdU;k ek>s xHkkZr /kkj.k d:u

Bsfoyh gksrh] gh eh rqEgkyk nsrks( fgyk rqEgh vkiyh ck;dks djk o

fgtiklwu lkseoa’kkpk foLrkj gksÅ |k- ;k dU;sP;k fBdk.kh v/ksZ ek>s

o v/ksZ rqeps v’kh rsts feGwu n{k ukokpk vfXurqY; rstLoh iq=

gksbZy o rqeP;k riLrstkus cgqrsd tGwu xsysY;k i`Fohyk iqUgk

lathou d:u iztko`/nh djhy- lksekph gh izkFkZuk ,sdwu R;k

izpsR;kauh o`{kkaojhy vkiyk jkx vko:u rh o`{kdU;k ekfj”kk fg’kh

/keZfo/khus yXu ykoys- uarj nkgh izpsR;kauh feGwu R;k ekfj”ksP;k

fBdk.kh vkiY;k eukscykus xHkZ LFkkfir dsyk- ;kp xHkkZps fBdk.kh

lksekusgh vkiY;k rstkpk va’k ?kkryk- ex ;k mHk; rstkaP;k la;ksxkus

n{kiztkirh ukokpk egkrstLoh iq= mRiUu >kyk- ;kus lkseoa’kkph

o`/nh dj.;klkBh ukuk tkrhph vusd l`”Vh fuekZ.k dsyh-Þ73 n{k tj

lksekus LoxHkhZ /kjysY;k ekfj”ksps fBdk.kh fuekZ.k >kyk Eg.kts vFkkZrp

lksekpk gk nqfgr`iq= fdaok ukrw gksrk] rj n{kkusp vkiY;k u{k= laKd

dU;k vkiyk vktk tks lkse R;kyk nsÅu] R;kpk gk lkljk >kyk-

34

;k ?kksVkGÓkkl dk; Eg.kkos\ l`”VhP;k izkajHkh ekuoh ukR;kae/;s

f’kfFkyi.kk gksrk- rikojp Js”BRo voyacwu gksrs] vls Eg.kkos ykxrs-

lkseoa’kkph lq#okr panzkiklwu gksrs- panziq= cq/kkus gh ijaijk

?kkryh- c`gLifriRuh rkjk fgP;koj paanzkps izse tMys- rks fryk

panzyksdh ?ksÅu ;srks- uarj rMtksM gksÅu rkjk c`gLirhyk feGrs(

ijarq frP;k xHkkZyk ek= rks Lohdkjr ukgh- rksp xHkZ uarj cq/k Eg.kwu

vksG[kyk tkrks- cq/kkpk fookg euqiq=h byk’kh gksrks- cq/k o bykiklwu

iq#jok tUe ?ksrks- iq#jokpk fookg moZ’kh’kh gksrks- uarj vk;w tUekyk

;srks- v’kk i/nrhus lkseoa’k fodflr gksrks-74 ;k lkseoa’kkrp

dkykarjkus dkSjo] ikaMo o ;kno fuitys vkgsr-

gfjoa’kke/;s iq#oa’kkpk laca/k ukxoa’kk’kh vkysyk vkgs-

^iq#oa’kkuqdFku* ;k v/;k;ke/;s ¼d-32½ iq:pk iwoZt] _ps;w ;kyk

r{kdkph dU;k Toyuk fnY;kph ekfgrh feGrs- _ps;w o Toyuk

;kaP;kiklwu efrukj tUekyk ;srks] vlk gk v/;k; lkaxrks-75 v/;k;

Ø- 33 gk ;nqoa’kk’kh lacksf/kr v/;k; vkgs- ;kr ;nwP;k ikp

eqykauh lgL=n] i;ksn] Øks”Vk] uhy] vaftd b-uh ukxdU;ka’kh fookg

dsY;kps lanHkZ vkgsr-76 fdacgquk ;nqoaa’kt efg”eku ;kusp efg”erh

uxjh olfoyh vkgs- ¼vkt R;kl fonHkZ vls Eg.krkr½ ;nqoa’kkrhy

olqnsoiq= Ñ”.k ;kusgh vusd ukxdU;ka’kh fookg dsysys vkgsr] gs

ukdkjrk ;sr ukgh-

egkHkkjrkP;k dFkkReHkkxkfo”k;hpk _Xosnk’kh laca/k tksMrkauk

fp-fo-oS| Eg.krkr] ^^_Xosnkr lw;Zoa’k gs uko ukgh vkf.k panzoa’k gs

ukogh ukgh( i.k panzoa’kkP;k ewG mRikndkaph ukos _Xosnkr

lkiMrkr- iq#jok] vk;w] ugq”k] ;;krh b- ukos _Xosnkr lkiMrkr-

fo’ks”k gs dh] ;;krhps ikp iq=] ;k ikpkaph ukos o R;kiklwu mRiUu

>kysY;k ikap yksdkaph ukos _Xosnkr ,ds fBdk.kh vkysyh vkgsr-;k

,d= mYys[kko:u gs ikp HkkÅ gksrs] vls Li”V fnlrs- iqjk.kkarhy o

35

egkHkkjrkrhy panzoa’kkP;k ekfgrhyk _Xosnkar pkaxyk vk/kkj lkiMrks-

gs panzoa’kh {kf=; vk;Z vlwu vXuhps mikld gksrs- lw;Zoa’kh

{kf=;kaizek.ks rs banzkfn nsokaps HkDr gksrs- rs izFke xaxsP;k [kksÚ;krwu

ljLorhP;k rhjkoj vkys o rsFks R;kauh olrh dsyh b- xks”Vh

_Xosnkrhy _pkao:u fl/n gksrkr-Þ77 iq<s rs foospu djrkr]

ßpanzoa’kkpk ewG iq#”k egkHkkjrko:u iq#jok gk Bjrks- ;kP;k iwohZps

nks?ks panz vkf.k cq/k vki.k lksMwu nsÅ- iq#jO;kph vkbZ byk gh gksrh-

fgeky;kP;k mRrjsdMhy o”kkZl ^byk o”kZ* ¼mRrjdq:½ vls Eg.krkr-

;ko:u gs yksd iwohZ fgeky;kP;k mRrjsdMs vlkos- iq#jok o vIljk

moZ’kh ;kaps o.kZu _Xosnkr iq”dG vkgs- gk fgeky;krp gksrk vls

fnlrs- iq#jO;kuarj vk;w o ugq”kkps uko vkgs- R;kapkgh mYys[k

_Xosnkr vkgs- ;kaP;kuarj ;;krh gk vkiY;k oa’kkpk eq[; gksrk- ;kps

uko _Xosnkr euwcjkscj vkys vkgs- ;kus ‘kqØdU;k nso;kuh o

vlqjdU;k ‘kfeZ”Bk ;kaP;k’kh fookg dsyk- o`”kiokZ vlqjkP;k toGp

;;krhps jkT; vlkos- ;k nksUgh fL=;k fgeky;kP;k iyhdMP;k

Eg.kts ikj’khyksdkaP;k] vlqjkaP;k dU;k gksR;k- gh dFkk _Xosnkr

ukgh- egkHkkjrkr vkgs- iwohZ lkafxrY;kizek.ks gsp ikpiq= _Xosnkr

izfl/n vkgsr- gsp ikp iq= izFke fganqLFkkukr vkys- rs xaxsP;k

[kksÚ;krwu ljLorhoj iwohZ iljysY;k lw;Zoa’kh; vk;kZP;k jkT;ke/;s

?kqlys] vls fnlr vkgs- _XosnkdkGh R;kauh iatkckoj if’pesl o

v;ks/;sdMs iwosZl LokÚ;k dsY;k( ijarq R;k fl/nhl xsY;k ukghr-

;keqGs gs yksd ljLorh rhjko:u xaxk ;equsP;k fdukÚ;kus nf{k.ksdMs

ijlys- vlk R;kaP;k bfrgklkpk Øe- izkphu HkkjrkP;k e/;ns’kkrp

panzoa’kh {kf=; ;kph olkgr o ok< >kyh- vlsp vkiY;kl

_Xosnkiklwu rks egkHkkjrki;Zar xzaFkkrhy bfrgklko:u n`”VksRiRrhl

;srs-**78

36

lkseoa’k] panzoa’k fadaok ,syoa’k gs ewyr% ekr`iz/kku

dqVqaci/nrhps oa’k gksrs] vls ‘ka-ck-tks’kh ;kaps er vkgs- ekr`iz/kku

dqaVqci/nrh gh ewyr% panzksikldkaps oSf’k”VÓk gks; vkf.k fir`iz/kku

dqaVqci/nrh gh izdk’krÙokP;k ¼lkSj nSor½ mikldkr :< vlysyh

vk<Grs- eÚgkVh laLÑrhrhy ^osyh ijr.;kph pky* ;k rÚgsps

lks;fjd laca/k gs panzlaiznk;&lwpd vlY;kps n`”VksRiRrhl vkys

vkgs- gs ejgV~Vs Hkkstd ;kno ijaijs’kh fuxfMr vkgsr- ;kno Lor%l

^panzoa’kh*Eg.kforkr- ;k varlaxrheqGs ekuo laLÑrhrhy lR;kUos”k.kkr

rTKkauk xolysys ojhy lw= fo’oklkgZ vkgs] vls Eg.kko;kl gjdr

ukgh- panzoa’kh; ;knokaph dFkk vl.kkÚ;k egkHkkjrkr ekr`iz/kku

dqaVqci/nrhyk izk/kkU; vlkoh( ijarq eqGkr ekr`iz/kku vl.kkjh gh

dqaVqci/nrh fir`iz/kku dqaVqci/nrhpk vkdkj ?ksÅ ykxY;kps n`’;

egkHkkjrkr v;iklwu bfri;Zar loZ= fnlrs- gh v’kh ekr`iz/kku

dqaVqci/nrh fir`iz/kku gks.;kP;k ekxkZoj <dyyh tkrs- ;kps dkj.k

dk;\ fir`iz/kku dqaVqci/nrh ewyr% izdk’krÙo ¼lkSj½ mikldkaph gs

lw= [kjs vlsy rj ns’kh; ekr`iz/kku dqaVqci/nrh gh fir`iz/kku gksÅ

ykxY;kl] lkSj nSor mikldkapk izHkkop dkj.k vlyk ikfgts( i.k

gs v/kZlR; vkgs- gk lkSj izHkko uOgs] rj vkfnR;& panzkfnR;

mikluspk ifj.kke gks;] vls R;kaps Eg.k.ks vkgs-79

1-7 jkek;.kkrhy ukxkaps lanHkZ %

egkHkkjrkr T;kizek.ks ukxoa’kkpk foLr`r iV fpf=r gksrks- rlk

iV jkek;.kke/;s ;sr ukgh( ijarq dkgh =ksVd vkf.k egÙoiw.kZ lanHkZ

feGrkr- T;ko:u HkkjrkP;k nf{k.k Hkkxkr ukxlaLÑrh vfLrRokr

gksrh] vls BGdi.ks Eg.krk ;sbZy- jko.kkus ts ijkØe dsysr] R;kr

xa/koZ] nkuo ;kauk ftad.;kcjkscj ukxkaukgh ftad.;kpk lanHkZ feGrks-80

ikrkGkrhy Hkksxorh uxjhe/;s tkÅu laxzkeke/;s Hkqtaxkpk ijkHko

dsysyk fnlrks- oklqdh] r{kd] ‘ka[k vkf.k tVh ;k ukxkauk jlkrGkr

37

tkÅu ftadysys gksrs- R;kpcjkscj o#.kiq=kauk ftadysys gksrs-81

^lqanjdkaMk*rhy ckjkO;k lxkZr guqeku jko.kkP;k uxjhr Hkze.k djrks]

rsOgk mRÑ”V dfVizns’kkauh vkf.k iw.kZpanzkizek.ks vkYgkndkjd eq[kkauh

;qDr vlysY;k ukxdU;k rsFks guqekukP;k n`”Vhl iMY;k- R;kpizek.ks

jk{klkf/kirh jko.kkus ukxkauk ftadwu cykRdkjkus gj.k d:u vk.kysY;k

nqlÚ;k ukxdU;kgh guqekukP;k voyksdukr vkY;k82 vls o.kZu ;srs-

;k ,dw.k foospukr ikrkG] jlkrG] rkezi.khZ ¼Jhyadk½ b- Hkwizns’kkaps

mYys[k ;srkr- Eg.ktsp HkkjrkP;k if’pe fdukÚ;kiklwu rkezi.khZ

}hikai;Zar ukxoa’kh lekt brLrr- iljysyk gksrk- rks jk{klkaP;k

vf/kiR;k[kkyh gksrk] vlsgh Eg.krk ;sbZy-

1-8 egkHkkjrkrhy ukxoa’kkps dFkkRe lanHkZ %

_Xosnke/;s o`=klqjkps fadok vfgo`=kps dks.krsgh dFkkRe lanHkZ

feGr ukgh- o`=klqjkyk vfnrhpk iq= Eg.kwup lacks/kys xsysys vkgs-

iqjk.k o egkHkkjr ok³~e;kr gsp lanHkZ osxGÓkk vuq”kaxkus ;srkr-

Lora= v’kh oa’kkoG o R;krhy vn~Hkqrrk osGksosGh izR;;kl ;srs-

egkHkkjrkP;k vkfniokZrhy ^vkLrhdiokZ*r gh dFkk ;srs- n{k iztkirh

vkf.k vflDuh ;kaph dU;k dnzw vkf.k efjfpiq= d’;i ;kapk fookg

gksrks- lecy lgL= liZ Ogkos vlk frus irhiklwu oj izkIr d:u

?ksryk o R;kizek.ks lgL=ukxkaph rh ekrk gksrs- d’;ikph nqljh Hkk;kZ

fourk mQZ lqi.khZ fgyk v#.k o x#M ;kaph izkIrh gksrs- izFker%

v/kZoV ‘kjhjkpk v#.k tUe ?ksrks o rks fourkyk vfHk’kkfir djrks]

ßdnzwph rw ikp’ks o”ksZi;Zar nklh gks’khy vkf.k uarj ;s.kkjk x#M rqyk

nkleqDr djhy-Þ ;k ‘kki m%’kkikrwu dFkk izokfgr gksrs- dkykarjkus

dnzw o fourk ;kaP;kr iSt ykxrs- leqnzeaFkukrwu ckgsj iMysyk o

varfj{kfogkj dj.kkÚ;k mPpS%Jok uked ?kksMÓkkpk jax dks.krk\ fourk

ika<jk jax Eg.krs- dnzw Eg.krs] cjkscj vkgs( ijarq i`PN gh dkGh vkgs-

dnzw Lor%ps iq= likZauk cksykors o mPpS%JokP;k i`PNsyk fpdV.;kl

38

lkaxrs- dkagh liZ voKk djrkr- R;kauk dnzq‘kki feGrks- rh Eg.krs]

ßtuest;kus gksÅ ?kkrysY;k liZl=kr rqEgh HkLelkr Ogky-Þ ts liZ

dnzwyk enr djrkr] R;kauk liZ vls lacks/kys xsys vkgs vkf.k ts liZ

enr u djrk /keZfo/khus thou txrkr] R;kauk ukx vls lacks/kys xsys

vkgs- dkykarjkus x#MkP;k lkgk¸;kus fourk dnzwP;k nkL;krwu eqDr

gksrs( iajrq dnzwpk vfHk’kki ek= QGkyk ;srks- dnzqiq= liZ o

tuest;kps iwoZt ;kaP;ke/;s ‘kks/k izfr’kks/kkrwu vusdnk la?k”kZ ?kMrkr-

;kaps lanHkZ egkHkkjrkr ikuksikuh feGrkr- v’kkosGh foursps lqi.kZ iq=

gs iaMqoa’k o ;nqoa’k ;kauk lkgk¸; djrkr( gs /;kukr ?ks.ks xjtsps

vkgs-83

v#.k’kki o dnzq’kki ;krwu mn~Hkoysyh gh dFkk dkykarjkus

ladj tkrhyk tUe nsrs- R;kpk izfrfu/kh Eg.kwu vkLrhd iq<s ;srks-

egkHkkjrkr uarj liZ’kki fuokj.kkFkZ mik; ;srkr- ,yki= ukokpk liZ

brj likZauk czãnsokdMs tk.;kpk mik; lkaxrks- rsaOgk czãnso lkaxrkr]

ß{kqnz] ikikpj.k] tgjfo”kkps liZ l=kr Hk{k gksrhy( ijarq ts /keZ’khy

vlrhy rs ek= Hk{k gks.kkj ukghr-Þ dnzwyk liZiq=kizek.ksp tjRdk:

gh eqyxhgh vlrs- vusd iqjk.kkae/;s tjRdk:pk mYys[k eulk vlk

dsysyk vkgs- oklqdh gk vkiyh Hkfxuh tjRdk: gh ;k;koj uked

dqykrhy tjRdk:auk fHk{kk Eg.kwu nsrks- dkykarjkus nks?kkapk fookg

gksrks- R;krwup vkKsps mYya?ku dsY;keqGs tjRdk: iRuhpk R;kx

djrks- R;krwu fryk xHkZ/kkj.kk gksrs o vkfLrdkpk tUe gksrks- dkagh

dkyo/khuarj ijhf{krkP;k gR;spk izfr’kks/k Eg.kwu tuest; liZl=

vkjafHkrks- R;kr Üosr] —“.k] uhy] o;kso`/n o ckY;koLFksrhy liZ

vXuhr nsg viZ.k djrkr- pkj dksl ykachps liZ] dkukbrds vk[kwM

gksÅu ;Kkr HkLelkr gksrkr- r{kd likZyk banzkus vHk; fnysys

vlrs( ijarq uarj r{kdkl ,dVk lksMwu vejkorhl fu?kwu tkrks-

rr~{k.kh vkLrhd ;KeaMikr ;sÅu tuest;kdMwu liZl= Fkkacorks

39

vkf.k r{kdkyk thonku feGrs- dFkkRe ikrGhoj ;s.kkjs ‘kki vkf.k

m%’kki gs ?kVukaps iwoZfu;kstu djrkuk fnlrkr- Hkfo”;kr ;k ?kVuk

fuf’pr ?kM.kkÚ;k vkgsrp] vlk R;kpk vFkZ gksrks- egkHkkjrkr v’kk

izdkjP;k vusd ?kVuk ?kMysY;k fnlrkr-84

ojhy foospuko:u dnzw gh likZaph ekrk Bjrs- ;kpk vFkZ dnzw

ghp i`Foh vkgs- i`Fohykp ^liZjkKh* vls EgVys xsys vkgs- likZauk

dknzos; vlsgh Eg.krkr- Eg.ktsp i`Fohyk ^ukxyksd* vlsgh Eg.krk

;srs-85 dnzw gh Hkwekrk vkgs- MkW-oklqnso ‘kj.k vxzoky ;kauh vkiY;k

^bafM;k vSt uksu Vq ikf.kfu* ;k xzaFkkr HkwekrsP;k izkphu mfRFkr

e`fRrdkewrhZaps Nk;kfp= fnys vkgs- frps gkr likZauh os<ysys vkgsr

vkf.k frP;k MksD;koj ouLirh mxoysY;k vkgsr- rh rSfrjh;

lafgrsph] ,srjs; czkã.kkph o ‘kriFk czkã.kkph liZjkKh vkgs-86 ‘kjn

ikVhy ;kaP;k Eg.k.;kuqlkj] ßegkHkkjrkus ;k dFkspk pkSnk v/;k;kae/;s

foLrkj dsyk vkgs( i.k R;kr dnzw % i`Foh o lqi.khZ % vkdk’k

vlY;kpk mYys[k xGkyk vkgs- lqi.khZ o dnzw fdaok |kok&i`fFkoh gs

ekuo lektkP;k leuksRrj voLFskrhy iq#”k o L=h v/kkZaps fun’kZd

i{k ok oxZ gksrs- leuksRrj ekuolekt x.kkr fodflr >kY;kuarj

|kok i`fFkoh ;k fo’ok/kkZaP;k la;ksxkps fnXn’kZu dj.kkÚ;k ekuoh

i{koxkZP;k LoSj la;ksxkps :ikarj Hkwekrk o panznso ;kaps izfrfu/khRo

dj.kkÚ;k x.kekrk o frpk fu;rdkfyd czãu~ /keZirh ;kaP;k

nsofookgek;sr gksrs- L=hlRrkd —f”kiz/kku x.k tsOgk vR;ar

vkscM/kkscM votkjkauh unhoD= ’ksrhrwu ojdM ‘ksrhekykps mRiknu

d: ‘kdrks vkf.k ‘ksrh mi;qDr tukojkaP;k lkgk¸;kus iq#”k ‘ksrh

mRiknukrwu L=hph mpyckaxMh djrks( rsOgk dnzw jk”Vªh o lqi.khZ czãu

;kaP;k varxZr ukR;kps dnzw Lokehx.k o lqi.khZ nklx.k ;kaP;ke/khy

ukR;kP;k :ikr cfgxZrhdj.k gksrs- x.kkP;k varxZr oxkZpk ¼x.kk/kkZpk½

nkl o Lokeh ;k ‘kks”k.kkf/kf”Br oxkZP;k :ikr cfgxZr lk{kkRdkj

40

gksrks- ;k eUoarjkps izfrfcac nSoh ikrGhoj dFksr meVys vkgs-Þ87 iq<s

rs Eg.krkr] ßts lekt HkkSfrd vfLrRokrwu y;kyk tkrkr rs /kkfeZd

iaFk o LoxhZ; ok ukjdh; lekt Eg.kwu vfLrokr jkgrkr- ekr`oa’kd

nklizFkkd fla/kqlekt fir`oa’kd vk;kZadMwu ijkHkwr gksÅu nklkP;k

xrsZr fu%’ks”k >kY;kuarj ikrkGkr <dyyk xsysY;k vlqj jkt”khZ

cyhizek.ks rks ujdkr fpjLFkk;h >kyk- ;k vekuq”k txkps myVs

izfrfcac ^vejdks’kk*us tru d:u Bsoys vkgs- ;k jlkrykyk

^ukxyksd* Eg.krkr- HkwekrsP;k mikldkapk yksd- dkj.k ukx gs dnzwph

iztk vlY;kps lkafxrys tkrs- ukxyksdkyk ^cfy&lne~* vlsgh

Eg.krkr- vlqj jkt”khZ cyhpk fuokl ;k ujdkph fla/kw unh vkgs-

Eg.ktsp fla/kqlaL—rhP;k dkGkr dknzos; oa’kdkauk nkL;izFksr cafnLr

Ogkos ykxys- ukxoa’k gk dk’;i oa’k gksrk( dnzwoa’k gksrk gs ekU;

djkos ykxrs- vkLrhd gk dnzwpk ukrw Bjrks- rks vkiyh vkbZ

tjRdk: fgP;k toGp jkgrks vkf.k tuest;kP;k liZl=krwu

ekrqydqykpk m/nkj djrks] gs ukdkjrk ;sr ukgh( ijarq rks _”khp

gksrk] gsgh /;kukr ?;kos ykxrs-ÞtjRdk: _”kh gs czkã.k vk;Z gksrs-

oklqfdHkfxuh tjRdk: gh ukx gksrh- ;k nksgksP;k ladjkrwu

vkLrhdiokZl izkjaHk gksrks- R;keqGs rks v/kkZ ukx o v/kkZ vk;Z czkã.k

Bjrks-88

1-9 iaMqoa’k o ukxoa’k ;kapk laca/k %

‘kki vkf.k m%’kki gk iqjk.kdFkkapk dYiukca/k Bjysyk vkgs-

egkHkkjrkP;k vkfniokZr ;kph osGksosGh izfprh ;srs- fadacgquk

^vkfniokZ*rhy ^ikS”;iokZ*ph lq#okrp ‘kkikiklwu >kysyh vkgs-

tuest; dq:{ks=ke/;s nh?kZl= djhr vlrkauk lkjes; ukokpk iq=

;srks- R;kl foukdkj.k tuest;kps Hkzkrs gkdywu nsrkr- rsOgk ljek

tuest;kyk ‘kki nsrs dh] rqÖ;k l=kr vkdfLer fo?u mRiUu

gksrhy- ghp egkHkkjrkph lq#okr gks;- ;kyk tksMwup lkseJokph

41

dFkk ;srs- rks JqrJokuked _”khpk iq= vlrks- ,dk lfiZ.khP;k mnjh

R;kpk tUe >kysyk vlrks- dkykarjkus tuest; r{kf’kysoj pky

djrks o rks ns’k gLrxr djrks- rsFks /kkSE;_”kh fuokl djhr gksrs- rsFks

mRradkph dFkk ;srs- rks /kkSE;_”khpk f’k”; mRradkyk xq#iRuh

xq#nf{k.kk Eg.kwu ikS”; jktkP;k iRuhus /kkj.k dsysyh dopdqaMys

ekxrs- pkSF;k fno’kh iq.;dozr vkgs- R;kosGh rh fryk goh vkgsr-

uarj ikS”;iRuh rh dqaMys dk<wu nsrs o lkaxrs] ßgh dqaMys gj.k

dj.;kLro ukxjkt r{kd vxnh Viwu clyk vkgs- R;kus vusd osGk

ekÖ;k’kh gh dqaMys ekxwu ikfgyh( ijarq ekÖ;kiklwu rh R;kl feGkyh

ukghr- R;kLro eksBÓkk lko/kfxjhus ?ksÅu tk-Þ r{kd mRrdkadMwu

ek;koh:ikus dqaMys gLrxr djrks- banzkP;k vuqxzgkus mRrad ijr

feGforks( ijarq r{kdkpk lwM mxfo.;klkBh rks tuest;kl

gfLrukiqjkl tkÅu HksVrks- bFksp r{kd o tuest; ;kaP;krhy izR;{k

la?k”kkZph fB.kxh iMrs-89

tuest; r{kf’kyk ;k fBdk.kh liZl=kl izkjaHk djrks- R;kr

vusd liZ HkLelkrgh gksrk- czãnsokus lkafxrY;kizek.ks ts liZ

lfo”k/kkjh vlrkr( R;kapkp dqy{k; ;k liZ;Kkr gksr vlrks-

;kfo”k;h fp- fo- oS| ;kaps er lkax.ks xjtsps vkgs- R;kaP;k

Eg.k.;kuqlkj] ßO;kloS’kaik;ukP;k dkGkiklwu lkSrhP;k dkGki;aZar

Hkkjrh bfrgklklaca/kkusp T;k vusd nardFkk izpfyr >kY;k gksR;k]

R;kgh ;kr lkehy dj.ks t:j gksrs- ;k loZ xks”Vh lkSrhus

fBdfBdk.kh lkafxrY;k vkgsr o R;kl eq[; /k:up R;kus loZ xzaFk

r;kj dsyk vkgs- vkfLrdkph dFkk gh R;kiSdhp vkgs- ukx gs ewGps

euq”; vlwu R;kps yksdkaP;k dYiusr izR;{k ukx vFkok liZ ;kr

:ikarj >kys- gs dks.kkgh foospd okpdkP;k y{kkr ;s.;klkj[ks vkgs-

ijhf{krkpk [kwu dj.kkjk r{kd gk dks.kh rjh euq”; vlkok o

tuest;kus ts liZl= dsys rs likZaps l= ulwu ukxyksdkapk uk;ukV

42

dj.;kfo”k;hpk rks iz;Ru gksrk] vls Li”V fnlrs( ijarq likZph

dYiuk ,dnk izpfyr >kY;koj rh dYiuk Vkdwu ns.ks ‘kD; uOgrs

vkf.k r{kdkpk o ckdh mjysY;k ukxyksdkapk cpko vkfLrdkus dlk

dsyk gs gYyhP;k mik[;kuko:u fnlwu ;sbZy-Þ90

tuest;kP;k liZl=kfo”k;h MkW-,l~-,y~- flagnso fueksZgh ;kaps

ergh egÙokps vkgs- R;kaP;k erkuqlkj] ß------ bruk gh ugh mUgksaus

viusa fojks/kh ukxoa’kh tkfr;ksa dks vkx esa tykdj ekj Mkyk vkSj

tc xzUFk fy[kk rks dgk fd og ukx&;K Fkk] ftlesa tgjhys lk¡i

tydj HkLe gks x,A ;g fopkj.kh; iz’u gS fd Hkkjr tSls ftl ns’k

esa lkWi iwtk ds :i esa ukxiapeh eukbZ tkrh gSA tgk¡ lka¡i f’ko ds

xys dk gkj cuk gks vkSj ikyudrkZ fo”.kq dh ‘k¸;k Hkh lk¡ai gks]

tgka yksx lka¡i dks nsork ds :i esa ekurs gks] ogka¡ Hkyk ukxksa dh

lkewfgd gR;k ds fy, ukx&;K gqvk gks vfo’oluh; yxrk gSA

lEiw.kZ fo’o esa pwgksa ds lkewfgd lagkj ds iz;Ru feyrs gSa ij lka¡iks

ds lkewfgd lagkj dh ckr lquus dks Hkh ugh feyrhA fQj Hkkjr esa

ukxksa ¼lk¡aiks½ dks ekjus ds fy, ukx&;K D;ksa fd;k x;k\ lp rks

;g gS fd vk;Z czkã.kksa esa ukxoa’kh ‘kkldksa vkSj mudh tkfr ds

yksxksa dks vkx esa >kasddj ekj Mkyk FkkA fQj vius dks gR;kjs ds

nks”k ls cpkus ds fy, fy[k fn;k fd os rks tgjhys lkaa¡i FksA /keZHkh:

lekt esa vusd }kjk fd, tkus okys ;s lkjs ikideZ] iq.;deZ vFkok

/keZ ds :i esa cny fny tkrs FksA bUgas /keZ;q/n dgdj izLrqr djrs

FksA bl izdkj vk;ksZus ;gk¡ ds bfrgkl dks /kkfeZd tkek igukdj fo—

r dj fn;kAÞ91

egkHkkjrh; ;q/nkuarj gfLrukiwjph lRrk ikaMokauh ijhf{krkdMs

lksifoyh vkf.k okuizLFkkJe Lohdkjyk- nqljhdMs varxZr ;knoh&

eqGs ;knokaps opZLogh laiq”Vkr vkys- ;kpkp Qk;nk r{kdkus

mpyyk- R;kus ;k dkGkr ukxjkT;kapk foLrkj dsyk- v’olsukP;k

43

e`R;wpk izfr’kks/k Eg.kwu vtqZuiq= ijhf{krkpk [kwu dsyk- R;kosGh fla/k]

r{kf’kyk ;sFks ukxkaph jkT;s gksrh-92 r{kdkP;k gR;spk izfr’kks/k Eg.kwu

tuest;kusgh liZl= vkjafHkys vkf.k ukxoa’kkpk {k; ?kMowu

vk.k.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk( ijarq vkfLrdkeqGs rks QGkl vkyk ukgh-

;kpk vFkZ ukxoa’k o iaMqoa’k ;kaP;kr rhu fi<Ókkaiklwu okaf’kd la?k”kZ

pkyysyk fnlrks- r{kd&vtqZu] r{kd&ijhf{kr vkf.k r{kd&

tuest; vlk rks la?k”kZ gksrk- tlk gk okaf’kd gksrk] rlkp rks

jktdh;] /kkfeZd] lkaL—frd vlY;kpsgh vk<Gwu ;srs-

‘kki vkf.k m%’kkikP;k dFkkae/;s egkHkkjrkP;k ?kVuk

cka/kY;k xsysY;k vkgsr- dnzwP;k ‘kkikrwup tuest;kps liZl= fuf’pr

gksrs vkf.k ?kMrs ns[khy- ;k ?kVusyk vk.k[kh ,d dkj.k Bjrs] rs

Eg.kts ijhf{kr gR;k- gh ijhf{kr gR;k ‘kkikrwup gksrs- egkHkkjrkP;k

^vkfniokZ*r ;k ‘kkikph gfddr vkysyh vkgs-93 ijhf{kr e`x;slkBh

xsyk vlrk fo/n >kysys gfj.k taxykr fu?kwu tkrs- R;k{k.kh taxykr

¼’kehd½ ,d _”kh ekSu ri djhr gksrs- ijhf{kr R;kauk fopkjrks( ijarq

rs dkghgh mRrj nsr ukgh- rsOgk ,d e`r liZ /kuq”;kP;k Vksdkus

mpywu ijhf{kr _”khaP;k vaxkoj Vkdrks- gh okrkZ _f”kiq= ‘k`axh ;kyk

letrs- rsOgk ‘k`axh ‘kki nsrks] ßczkã.kkpk voeku dj.kkÚ;k o

dq#dqykl dyad yko.kkÚ;k jktkl] loZ Js”B likZr T;kps fo”k

vR;ar iz[kj vlwu T;kP;k nk<k fo”kkus HkjysY;k vkgsr o R;k

Øks/kkus gky >kysY;k r{kdkyk ekÖ;k ‘kkicykus izsj.kk gksÅu rks

vktiklwu lkrO;k fno’kh ;eyksdkl usbZy-Þ dkykarjkus ijhf{krkyk

QGs [kk.;kph bPNk >kyh( rsOgk vGhps :i ?ksÅu r{kd ijhf{krkyk

na’k djrks o vkdk’kekxhZ xeu djrks-

bFks ‘kaxhP;k ‘kkikrwu ijhf{krkph eqDrrk gksr ukgh vkf.k r{kd

fu;ksftr fno’kh o/k ?kMorks- [kjs rj ijhf{krkoj lwM mxo.ks gk

r{kdkpk izfr’kks/k vkgs- [kkaMoounkg iokZrhy ukxoa’kkpk {k;] R;kpk

44

lwM R;kyk ?;ko;kpk gksrk- R;klkBh rks fdR;sd o”ksZ okV ikgr

vlrks- vtqZukpk ukrw] vfHkeU;wpk iq= ijhf{krkP;k :ikus] ‘k`axhP;k

‘kkikus rks lwM mxorks- egkHkkjrkrhy gs lanHkZ ‘kks/k&izfr’kks/kkps

Bjrkr- nksu ekRrcj dqykrhy gk la?k”kZ Bjrks- ijhf{krkP;k

jktokMÓkkr dq.kkpkgh f’kjdko gksÅ u;s] ;kLro dMsdksV O;oLFkk

dsyh vlY;kps ikgwu r{kdkus dkgh ukxkauk czkã.kos”kkus QGs ?ksÅu

jktkdMs /kkMys- QGs ikgwu jktkyk rh [kk.;kpk eksg mRiUu >kyk-

r{kd ,dk QGkr vGhP;k :ikr gksrk- ‘kaxhP;k ‘kkikP;k lkeF;kZus

nqnSZokus T;k QGkr r{kd vGhP;k :ikus gksrk] rsp QG jktkus

[kkYys vkf.k jktk e:u iMyk- Eg.kts r{kdkdMs ok ukxyksdkadMs

:i cny.;kph dyk voxr gksrh] vls ekukos ykxrs-

egkHkkjrkP;k ^vkfniokZ*rhy ^laHkoiokZ*r v- 128 e/;s

Hkhekojhy fo”kiz;ksxkph dFkk ;srs- R;kr Hkhekpk vkf.k oklqdhpk

laca/k vkysyk vkgs- Hkhekyk Bkj ekj.;kP;k gsrwus nq;ksZ/ku dkydwV

fo”k vUukr ?kkyforks o rs Hkhekyk nsrks- fo”k izk’ku dsY;kuarj

tyØhMk djrkuk Hkhe ewfPNZr gksrks o ik.;krwup rGkyk tkrks o

ukxyksdkr iksgksprks- rsFkhy ukx R;kyk na’k djrkr( ijarq R;kyk

dkghgh gksr ukgh- R;k{k.kh oklqdhP;k –“Vhl Hkhe iMrks- rsOgk

Hkhekpk lRdkj o vknjkfrF; dsys tkrs- R;kP;k vaxkojhy loZ fo”k

dk<.;kr ;srs- f’kok; lgL= ukxcykph izkIrh gksrs- vkB fnolkauarj

R;kyk ijr ikBoys tkrs- ukxkadMs liZna’kkcjkscj fo”k mrjfo.;kph

dykgh vkgs- R;kpizek.ks xqIr gks.;kph dykgh vkgs- iaMqoa’k o

ukxoa’k ;kaP;krhy ,d egÙokpk /kkxk ;k dFksr ;srks] rks Eg.kts

oklqdh gk dqarhpk firk tks ‘kwjlsu vkgs] R;kpk ekrkeg vkgs- dqarhgh

iaMwph iRuh vkgs- ;kpk vFkZ egkHkkjr dkGkr ukxoa’k o iaMqoa’k

;kaP;kr oSokfgd laca/k izLFkkfir >kysys gksrs-94 R;keqGsp egkHkkjrh;

45

;q/nkrlq/nk vusd ukxoa’kh; dqykauh ikaMokaph cktw ?ksrysyh

ikgko;kl feGrs-

egkHkkjrkP;k ^vkfniokZ*r ^vtqZu ouokl*ioZ ;srs- R;kr

vtqZu&mywih lekxekph gfddr ;srs- vtqZu ouoklkr vlrkauk

xaxk}kjh okLrO; djrks- ,ds fno’kh vtqZu xaxkLukukdfjrk mrjyk

vlrk] mywih uked ukxdU;k R;kyk ,dk,dh ik.;kr vks<wu usrs-

R;k fBdk.kh R;kapk lekxe gksrks- R;k fBdk.kh mywihpk iwosZfrgklgh

vkysyk vkgs- mywih gh dkSjO; ukxjktkph vR;ar yko.;laiUu v’kh

dU;k- fgpk ,sjkor ukokP;k ukxk’kh fookg >kyk gksrk( ijarq ,su

rk#.;kr oS/kO; izkIr >kys- ,dnk rhFkkZVu djhr vtqZu gj}kjyk

vkyk- xaxkLuku d:u vfXudk;Z dj.;klkBh ik.;kckgsj ;sr vlrk

ukxdU;k mywih vtqZukP;k ‘kjhjlk San;kZus vk—“V >kyh vkf.k R;kyk

vks<wu rh ikrkGkr vkiY;k ukxHkoukr ?ksÅu vkyh- ßrw xaxsr

LukuklkBh mrjyk vlrk rqÖ;k n’kZukus eh enuk/khu >kys] eh

dkelDr >kys vkgs] eyk vuqdwy gksÅu ek>h dkeokluk r`Ir dj-

rq>s gs —R; /keZfojks/kh vl.kkj ukghÞ vls rh Eg.krs- dkgh vVhaoj

vtqZukus xka/koZi/nrhus ,sjkorkP;k laerhus fookg dsyk- fryk bjkor

ukokpk iq= >kyk- uarj rh vU; dks.kR;kgh O;Drha’kh fookg djhr

ukgh- vtqZuk’kh ,dfu”B jkgrs-95 v’oes/kkP;k osGh vtqZu cHkzwokgu

;kps ts ;q/n >kys( R;kr cHkzwokgukP;k ‘kj?kkrkus vtqZu ewfPNZr gksrks-

R;kph gh ewPNkZ oLrqr% mywihphp fde;k gksrh- dkj.k f’k[kaMhP;k

vkMwu vtqZukus Hkh”eo/k dsY;kus R;kyk ts iki ykxys gksrs] R;kps

fujlu Ogkos gk frpk gsrw gksrk- lathou e.;kP;k lkgk¸;kus rh

vtqZukyk ‘kq/nhoj vk.krs-96 egkizLFkkukl fu?kkysY;k ikaMokacjkscj

mywihns[khy vlrs- uarj rh vkiyk nsg xaxkiZ.k djrs- v’kk izdkjs

vtqZu o mywihpk laca/k ;srks- ukxoa’k o iaMqoa’k ;kapk jDrlaca/k

;srks-

46

dkykarjkus bjkoku gk egkHkkjrh; ;q/nkr ikaMokaP;k cktwus

y<rks- ^Hkh”eiokZ*rhy ^Hkh”eo/kiokZ*r ^bjkoukpk o/k gk v/;k;

vkysyk vkgs- gk bjkoku ukxyksdkr ygkukpk eksBk >kysyk vlrks-

mywihus R;kps ikyuiks”k.k dsysys vlrs( ijarq R;kP;k pqyR;kpk

v’olsukpk vtqZuk’kh }s”k vlY;keqGs R;kus bjkokukyk ?kjkrwu dk<wu

ykoys tkrs] rsOgk rks vtqZukph HksV ?ksrks- egkHkkjrh; ;q/nkr

‘kdquhP;k xt] xok{k] peZoku] vktZo vkf.k ‘kqØ b- Hkkokapk o/k rks

djrks- R;kosGh nq;ksZ/ku vk”;ZJ`axh jk{klkyk vkokgu djrks- vk”;ZJ`axh

o bjkoku ;kaP;kr vkdk’kkr ek;koh ;q/n gksrs- bjkokukus

ekr`oa’kkdMhy loZ ukxeaMGh lkgÓkkFkZ teoyh- Lor% vuarlaKd

likZizek.ks vR;ar fo’kky vls :i /kkj.k d:u vk”;ZJ`axhyk >kdwu

Vkdys- rsOgk vk”;ZJaxhusgh x#Mkps ek;koh :i /kkj.k d:u ukxkaph

pV.kh dsyh- ek;susp bjkokukpk ekr`oa’k laifoyk- R;kpizek.ks

bjkokukps f’kjgh /kMkosxGs dsys-97 v’kk izdkjs bjkoku egkHkkjrh;

;q/nkr ijkØe xktforks-

egkHkkjrkP;k ^vkfniokZ*rhy ^[kkaMonkgiokZ*r vtqZu o r{kd

;kaP;kr oSj tUekyk ;srs- vtZqu o Jh—“.k gs ;equkrhjhpk izns’k

ikg.;klkBh xsys vlrk R;k fBdk.kh fogkj djrkuk ,d czkã.k

R;kaP;kdMs ;srks- vXuhusp czkã.kkps :i /kkj.k dsys gksrs- rks czkã.k

lkaxrks dh] ;k [kkaMooukr liZjkt r{kd jkgrks- R;kyk banzkps vHk;

izkIr >kys vkgs- vXuh izTofyr dsyk dh] banz es?kksndkapk o”kkZo

djrks- tsOgk vXuhus [kkaMooukyk vkx ykoyh] rsOgk liZjkt r{kd

[kkaMokj.; nX/k gksÅ ykxrkp dq#{ks=kr tkÅu jkfgyk( ijarq R;kpk

ijkØeh eqyxk v’olsu [kkaMooukrp gksrk o R;kps vtqZukP;k

‘kjo`”Vhiq<s dkgh pkyr uOgrs- v’olsukyk fxGwu R;kph vkbZ

[kkaMooukrwu fulVr vlrk vtqZukus vkiY;k ck.kkauh frpk f’kjPNsn

dsyk] rsOgk v’olsukP;k eqDrrslkBh banzkus ok;O;kL= lksMys- R;keqGs

47

vtZqu ewfPNZr >kyk vlrk rso<Ókk vo/khr v’olsu fulVyk- vXuh]

vtqZu o —“.k ;k fr?kkauhgh larkikus ^rq>s fularku gksbZy* vlk R;k

ukxkl ‘kki fnyk-98 e;n’kZu iokZr mYys[k ;srks dh] [kkaMooukr

nkuo] jk{kl o ukx ,dtqVhus jkgr gksrs- ia/kjk fnol gs [kkaMoou

tGr gksrs- R;krwup vtqZukus e;klqjkyk vHk; fnys- v’olsu]

e;klqj o pkj ‘kkjax i{kh vls lgkt.k [kkaMooukrwu okpys- e;klqj

ukx gksrk\ dh jk{kl\ gs letr ukgh-

izLrqrP;k ?kVusfo”k;h ‘kjn ikVhy ;kauh eeZHksnd Hkk”; dsysys

vkgs- R;kP;k erkuqlkj] ßukx Eg.kts dknzos;] dnzwph larku- ,srjs;

czkã.kkr dknzos; x.kkus lkSi.ksZ; x.kkyk i.knkl dsY;kph dFkk vkgs-

dnzw Eg.kts i`fFkoh- ukx Eg.kts Hkwekrkiwtd- _Xosnkph mijksDr _pk

Hkwekrkiwtd x.kkyk exUn ok dqlhfnu~ Eg.krs- dqlhne~ gs dnzwps ,d

uko vkgs- [kkaMooukrwu QDr lgk izk.kh okpys] r{kdiq= v’olsu]

pkj ‘kkjaxi{kh o e;klqj- ifgY;k ikpkauk okpo.;kps Js; —“.kktqZukauk

fnys tkÅ ‘kdr ukgh- R;kauk Js; QDr e;kyk vHk; fnY;kcíyp

fnys tkÅ ‘kdrs- dkj.k rks ikaMokaph vuqie x.klHkk cka/kow ‘kd.kkjk

fo’odekZ gksrk( i.k loZ tkrh; egkHkkjr okpdkaojhy czkã.;kpk

ixMk ,o<k tcjnLr jkfgysyk vkgs dh] e;kus gh lHkk R;kP;k

vklqjh ‘kDrhus cka/kyh vls rs dGr udGr ekfur vkysys vkgsr-

rh izR;{k cka/kk;ps dke 8]000 jk{klkauh dsys] vls lHkkioZ ¼3-28½

lkaxrs- gs ^uodeZ* djk;yk R;kauk 14 efgus ykxys- bZ–‘kha rka lHkka

—Rok eklS% ifj prqnZ’kSA ¼2-3-35½- gs jk{kl dks.k gksrs\ rs fdadj

vlY;kps lHkkioZ ¼3-28½ lkaxrs-

_XosnkP;k 3-53-14 ;k _psrhy dhdV ;k ‘kCnkpk foPNsn

fu:Drkus ¼6-32½ fde~$—r% vlk dsysyk vkgs- Eg.kwu fdadjkpk

foPNsn fde~$dj vlk Ogk;yk ikfgts- vFkZ gksrks & ßdk; dke

d:Þ] vls Lokehyk fopkj.kkjs nkl ok xqyke- ukxx.kkps gs 8000

48

nkl gksrs- [kkaMongukr ;k fdadj nklkapk mYys[k dk ukgh\ ,d

dkj.k vls vlw ‘kdrs dh] nklizFkkd izkphu xzhlP;k bfrgklkr

?kMY;kizek.ks rs ‘k=qi{kkyk] Eg.kts ikaMox.kkyk] vxksnjp tkÅu

feGkys vlkosr- tkLr laHkouh; dkj.k vls dh] rs ‘kkD;kaP;k

ukxeqaM x.knklkaizek.ks ^nkrh r`.k /k:u ‘kj.k ;s.kkjs* f}ikn i’kw

vlY;keqGs e;kizek.ks R;kauhgh ^=kgh* Eg.kwu vtqZukph n;k

HkkdY;keqGs vtqZukus e;kizek.ks R;kaukgh ^ek HkS%* vls vHk; fnys

vlsy- O;klkaiklwu egkHkkjrkP;k HkkxZoxks=h; laLdkjdkai;Zar loZ

mPpo.khZ; vlY;keqGs uhpo.khZ; nklkauk izk.knku fnys xsY;kph

oLrqfLFkrh ikSjkf.kd Eg.kwu dFku dj.ks v’kqfpdkjd okVys vlkos gs

m?kM vkgs- Hkkjrh; tuthoukps n’kZu vki.kkyk dsoG ckS/n o

tSukalkj[;k vczkã.kh ok³~e;krp ?kMrs- ;ko:u czkã.kh oxhZ; o

tkrh; ijaijk fdekui{kh bfrgkl’kkL=kP;k fodklkyk fdrh izfrdwy

gksrh gs fnlwu ;sbZy- e; Lor%yk ^nkuokuka egkdfo%* Eg.korks- ‘kqØ

gk nkuojkt”khZ o`”kiO;kZpk doh ok dkO; Eg.kts iqjksfgr gksrk- Eg.kts

e; gk jkt”khZ r{kdkpk iqjksfgr gksrk- r{kdkP;k izklknkrwu e;kyk

ckgsj iMrkuk —“.kkus ikfgys gk mYys[k ojhy rdZ iq”V djrks- R;kus

fo’odekZ Eg.kts cka/kysY;k fofo/k okLrwaph ;knh vkf.k R;kus e;lHkk

cka/k.;klkBh o`”kiokZP;k lHkknzO;kapk okij dsyk- gs mYys[k ikgrk

ukxkaps x.kjkT; dsoG taxy vlw ‘kdr uOgrs- [kkaMooukps [kjs uko

[kkaMoizLFk gksrs- f=xrkZapk jkt”khZ lq’kekZ ;kph fc:ns izLFky $ vf/ki

$ izLFky $ vf/kirh v’kh gksrh- LFk ok LFky ¼ejkBh FkG½ Eg.kts

unh ckxkbZr- [kkaMoou gs uko dk\ [kf.Muh Eg.kts i`Foh- [kkaMoou

Eg.kts Hkwekrsps eaxyou ok okMh- gs ou R;kdkGh fdrh J/nkgZ gksrs

gs vki.kkyk ^dfyaxcksf/k* tkrdkrhy ^iFkfo;k e.Mks* o:u fnlrs-

r{kdkP;k efg”khps uko ukxh gksrs- gh ukxh HkwekrsP;k [kk.Mooukph

49

vEcikyh gksrh- frpk vtqZukus dsysyk f’kjPNsn gk t.kw —“.k

ikaMokpk nzkSinh fojks/kh vfHkpkjfo/kh gksrk!

;sFks banzkpk l[kk ukxjkt r{kd R;kP;k ukxx.kklg lnSo

jkgrks( Eg.kwu rks otz/kkjh ;k oukps laj{k.k djhr vlrks- r{kd

o#.klHkspk lHkkln vlY;kps lHkkioZ lkaxrs- ^fo/kqj tkrd* lkaxrs

dh] o#.k Lor% ukxjkt gksrk o rks Hkwekrspk irh gksrk- ukx gs

dknzos;] Eg.kts dnzwph larku] EgVys tkr- dnzw Eg.kts Hkwekrk o

Hkwekrsyk liZjkKhgh Eg.kr- ;ko:u r{kd’kkflr ukxx.k fla/kqoD=

‘ksrh djhr gksrk vls fnlrs- banz vXuhyk [kkaMoou tkGw nsr uOgrk

;kpk vFkZ gksrks- ;k ukxx.kkyk taxy tkGwu dqokjh tehu vusd

tksMÓkk tqaiysY;k eksBÓkk uxjkauh ¼egkyk³~xy½ ukax:u ofgrhyk

vk.kk;ps ra= ekghr uOgrs- ;k x.kjkT;kpk egkdoh] fo’odekZ]

f’kYiork oj e;klqj gksrk ;ko:u ;sFks ;equkrhjkoj

gjIik&eksgksatksnMkslkj[ks uxj vlkos- [kkaMoou ngu Eg.kts ikaMokaP;k

x.klsusus ;k ukxkaP;k x.kjkT;koj vkØe.k d:u ukxkapk dsysyk

lagkjgh gks;- gs vkØe.k T;k lgtxR;k ikj iMys] R;ko:u fla/kq&

laL—rhizek.ks gh laL—rh iruksUeq[k >kysyh gksrh vls fnlrs- ;k

mPNsnkr r{kdkph efg”kh vtqZukdMwu ekjyh xsyh- ;k lagkjkrwu vHk;

feGkys ikaMokaph lHkk cka/k.kkÚ;k e;kyk o rh cka/k.;klkBh

[kiysY;k 8000 fdadj nklkauk- ukxhus Loiq= v’olsukyk

okpo.;klkBh Lor%ph vkgqrh fnyh- ;ko:u rs ekr`oa’kd nklizFkkd

x.kjkT; gksrs-Þ99

ojhy foospuko:u [kkaMoounkgioZ ukxoa’k o ikaMooa’k

;kaP;k la?k”kkZl o jkT;lRrsl fdrh egÙoiw.kZ Bjrs] gs y{kkr ;srs-

gkp la?k”kZ tuest;kP;k liZl=ki;Zar tkrks- ;k nksUgh {k.kh ikaMokadMwu

ukxoa’kkpk {k; dj.;kpk iqjsiwj iz;Ru dsyk tkrks- liZl=kr banzkeqGs

o vkfLrdkeqGs r{kd okprks] gs /;kukr ?ks.ks vko’;d vkgs-

50

egkHkkjrkP;k ^d.kZiokZ*r d.kkZtqZu ;q/nkps lanHkZ ;srkr- ;kr

vusd ukxoa’kh; dqys gh vtqZu o d.kZ ;kaP;ke/;s foHkkxysyh gksrh-

vlqj] ;krq/kku] xqgÓkd o ‘kwnz likZauh d.kkZpk i{k ?ksryk rj equh]

pkj.k] fl/n] oSurs;] i{kh] jRus] fu/kh] loZosn] bfrgkl] miosn]

oklqdh] fp=lsu] r{kd] ef.kd] liZ] dknzos;] dknzos;larrh fo”kkjh

ukx] ,sjkor o R;kph iztk] dke/ksuw o R;kaph iztk vkf.k oS’kkyhps

iq=ikS= Hkksxh ¼liZ½ gÓkkauh vtqZukpk i{k ?ksryk- ukxoa’kkus vkikiY;k

ijhus ikaMo o dkSjo ;kapk i{k ?ksrysyk fnlrks-100

d.kkZtqZukP;k ;q/nkr Jh—“.kkl ns[khy ;kruk HkksxkO;k ykxrkr-

d.kkZus vP;qrkl Bkj ekj.;kP;k bjk|kus R;kP;kgh nsgkr likZlkj[ks

lGlGr tk.kkjs ikp izTofyr ck.k ?kqlfoys- rsOgk d.kkZus eksBÓkk

osxkus lksMfoysys gs lqo.kkZya—r ck.k Jh—“.kkps dop fonk:u

R;kP;k nsgkr f’kjys o rsFkwu rRdkG ckgsj iMwu Hkwmnjkr tkÅu

ikrkGkrY;k Hkksxorhps Luku d:u iqu% ek?kkjh ;srks( ijarq R;kpk nsg

fonh.kZ >kysyk vlrks- d.kkZpk /ot ns[khy ukxlk{kkafdr vlrks-101

d.kkZtqZu ;q/nkr]vtqZukpk ‘k=w v’olsu uked ukx

[kkaMooukrwu lqVwu i`FohP;k rGh ikrkGkr eksBÓkk Øks/kkus tkÅu

jkfgyk gksrk- rks R;k nq”V vtqZukpk lwM mxfo.;kl gh la/kh ;ksX;

vkgs] vls eukr vk.kwu ,dne eksBÓkk osxkus mlGh ek:u Hkwrykoj

vkyk vkf.k d.kkZtqZukP;k ?kksj j.kkr ‘kj:i /kkj.k d:u ,dk,dh

d.kkZP;k ck.kHkkR;kr izfo”V >kyk-

d.kkZtqZu ;q/nkr d.kkZus vtqZukyk o/k.;kdfjrk fuokZ.khpk Eg.kwu

tks ,d Hk;adj tyky o okdnkj ck.k Qkj fnolkaiklwu lqo.kkZP;k

HkkR;ke/;s panukP;k pw.kkZr fuR; iwtk d:u jk[kwu Bsoyk gksrk- rks

,sjkorkP;k oa’kkr tUeysyk] ‘k=q?kkrd] liZeq[k] mxz] izTofyr o

fuf’kr vlk ck.k /kuq”;kyk tksMyk vkf.k R;k oh;Z’kkyh d.kkZus

j.kkax.kkr vtqZukps eLrd mMfo.;klkBh rks use /k:u vks<yk- R;k

51

ck.kkr v’olsu ukx ;ksxcykus izfo”V >kyk] gs d.kkZyk ekghr

uOgrs( ijarq R;k ck.kkus vtqZuo/k u gksrk R;kpk fdjhV ikMyk-

v’olsukyk vkysys gs vi;’k vlrs- uarj vtqZukdMwu rks o/kyk

tkrks-

;kfo”k;hps osxGs foospu Hkyck dsGdj ;kauh izLrkousr dsys

vkgs- ßd.kkZtqZu ;q/nkr vtqZu vkiY;kyk vkVksi.;klkj[kk ukgh] gs

d.kkZyk dGwu pqdys- rsOgk R;kus tiwu Bsoysyk ukx’kj ckgsj

dk<yk- R;k ukx’kjkph dFkk v’kh vlkoh vls okVrs- [kkaMoou

nkgkP;kosGh ukxjkKh r{kdiRuh] fulVwu tk.;kP;k iz;Rukr e`R;qeq[kh

iMyh( i.k ,suosGh oknG fuekZ.k gksÅu frpk iq= v’olsu gk ftoar

jkgwu fulVyk- R;kus vtqZukoj nkr /kjyk- d.kkZ’kh R;kus la/kku

cka/kys- nks?kkapk }s”kfo”k; vtqZup vlY;kus lwr teys- vtqZukoj lwM

mxfo.;klkBh v’olsu ukxkus ,d oSf’k”VÓkiw.kZ liZeq[k ck.k d.kkZyk

fnyk- ,dnk i{;koj lksMyk dh osxkus tkÅu ge[kkl ‘k=wpk fu%ikr

djhy vlk gk liZeq[k ck.k- fpoV d/khgh u rqV.kkjk vlk gk ck.k-

d.kkZus rks ukx’kj& liZeq[k ck.k& /kuq”;kyk tksMyk vkf.k ‘kY;

udks rs useds cksyyk] ßd.kkZ! use uhV /kj-Þ d.kZ larkiwu Eg.kkyk]

ßeh nksunk ‘kjla/kku djhr ukgh-Þ d.kkZpk eukpk lerksy ‘kL=kus

fc?kMoyk- d.kkZus rls Eg.kts FkksMs pkpjrp] rks liZeq[k ck.k

vtqZukP;k daBkpk use /k:u lksMyk- bFks Jh—“.kkps lkjF;dekZrys

dkS’kY; izdV >kys- R;kus ?kksMÓkkauk b’kkjk nsÅu xqM?ks Vsdk;yk

ykoys- vFkkZr gÓkkph maph deh >kyh vkf.k d.kkZpk use pqdyk o

daBkoj cl.;k,soth vtqZukpk fdjhV iMwu xsyk- Jh—“.kkP;k

dkS’kY;kus] izlaxko/kkukus loZpt.k pfdr vkf.k larq”V >kys-

v’olsu ukx d.kkZyk vk.k[kh ,d liZeq[k ck.k nsÅ ykxyk vkf.k

ßvkrk uhV use /kjA Þ lkaxw ykxyk- ;k vf/k{ksikus d.kZ larkiyk-

R;kus v’olsukyk ?kkyowu fnys( rsOgk v’olsu ukx Lor%p vtZqukoj

52

pkywu xsyk vkf.k vtqZukus {k.kk/kkZr R;kpk fu%ikr dsyk-Þ102

r{kdkP;k ;k eqykpk >kysY;k o/kkpk lwMp uarj r{kd ijhf{krkP;k

gR;sus ?ksrks] gs y{kkr Bso.ks vko’;d vkgs-

1-10 vk;Z&vuk;Z fookg %

ukxoa’kh; eqyh ;k fookgklkBh eqDr vl.kkÚ;k gksR;k-

^vkLrhdiokZ*r oklqdh vkiyh Hkfxuh tjRdk:pk fookg tjRdk:

¼;k;koj oa’kh;½ _”khcjkscj ykowu nsrks-103 ^ikS”;iokZ*r JqrJO;kpk

laca/k ,dk lfiZ.kh’khp vkysyk vkgs- frP;kiklwu R;kyk lkseJok

uked iq= tUekyk ;srks-104 ,o<sp uOgs rj oklqdhpk oa’kt ‘kqjlsu

;kph dU;k dqarh fgpk fookg iaMwcjkscj >kysyk vkgs- R;keqGs dqarhgh

ukxoa’kh; Bjrs-105 egkHkkjrkP;k ^vkfniokZ*rhy ^vtqZu

ouokliokZ*rhy vtqZukpk laca/k ukxdU;k mywih’kh vkysyk vkgs- R;k

nksgksapk fookg laiUu >kysyk ukgh- vtqZukiklwu mywihyk bjkoku

ukokpk iq=gh gksrks-106 vusd ukxdU;k gÓkk rRdkyhu ifjfLFkrhr

LoSjkpkjh vlysY;k fnlrkr- ukxoa’kh tjRdk:yk ;k;koj t:Rdk:us

R;kxys- R;kauh uarj vU; O;Drha’kh laca/k Bsoyk ukgh- rlkp mywihus

ns[khy vU; iq#”kk’kh ok Lotkrhrhy iq#”kk’kh laca/k Bsoyk ukgh- R;k

vkiY;k irhacjkscj ,dfu”B jkfgY;k- ukx dksbZ lkai u gksdj ekuo

FksA vusd mnkg.k feyrs gS fd ekuoksa us ukxdU;kvksa ls fookg fd;kA

ekU/krk us vius iq= iq#dqRl dk fookg ukx dU;k ls fd;k Fkka A jke

es iq= dq’k dk fookg dqeqn ukx dh iq=h dqeqnrh ls gqvk FkkA107

Jh—“.kkus vusd ukxdU;ka’kh fookg dsysys gksrs] vls fdR;sdkaps er

vkgs-108

1-11 ukx vkf.k x:M ;karhy oSj %

x#M gs fo’ks”kuke vkgs- ,dk O;Drhps gs vfHk/kku vlwu

R;kpk firk d’;i _”kh vkf.k ekrk fourk Eg.kwu of.kZyh vkgs-

oLrqr% gh ns[khy ekuokaphp ,d tkr vkgs- i{;kaP;k vusd tkrh

53

vlwu ;karhy ,dk fof’k”V tkrhyk gs uko iMys vlkos vls okVrs(

ijarq brj if{ktkrhr vkf.k ;k tkrhr egnarj vkgs- R;k tkrh oU;]

vlaL—r vkf.k nqcZG gksR;k- gh tkr cyoku gksrh] vYi& laL—r

gksrh vkf.k jkT; dj.kkjh gksrh- gs yksd ewGps dk’;i

leqnzklehiP;k izns’kkr jkg.kkjs vlkosr vls okVrs- ukxkaps vkf.k

gÓkkaps dqy ,dp fnlrs- ukxkaph mRiRrh d’;i&dnzwiklwu vlwu

gÓkkaph mRiRrh d’;i&fousriklwu vkgs vkf.k dnzw] fourk gÓkk l[;k

cfg.kh vkgsr- d’;ikus foursyk oj fnyk gksrk dh] frps nksUgh iq=

v#.k vkf.k x#M gs i{;kaps banz gksrhy- rn~uarj iq<s x#Mkyk i{;kaps

jkT; izkIr >kys- i{;kauh iwT; ekuysyk x#M ekrslg oukr jkgw

ykxyk] vlsgh iq<s o.kZu vkgs- dnzw&foursP;k dFkso:u Li”V fnlrs

dh] dk’;i leqnzkrhjh jkg.kkjs gs yksd ,ds dkGh jkT; djhr gksrs(

ijarq ;kaps jkT; ukxkauh fxGa—r dsys vkf.k R;kauk R;kaps nkL; djkos

ykxys- ukx gs la[;sus foiwy gksrs- x#M tkrhps yksd vYila[;

gksrs- dkgh dkG Eg.kts ikp’ks o”kZ vls ijnkL; HkksxY;kuarj x#Mkus

vkiY;k ekrsl Eg.kts ekr`Hkwehl Lora= dsys- gÓkk Lokra«;izkIrhlkBh

x#M tkrhaP;k yksdkauk eksBÓkk izdkjps fnO; djkos ykxys- ßnsokaP;k

toGhy ve`r vkEgkl izkIr d:u ns’khy rj rqÖ;k ekrsph nL;karwu

eqDrrk d:Þ v’kh vV ukxkauh ?kkryh gksrh- x#Mkus R;klkBh

Lotukaph la?kVuk fuekZ.k d:u nsoka’kh ;q/n dsys vkf.k R;kapk ijkHko

d:u ve`r gLrxr dsys- gÓkk dk;kZr R;kl okyf[kY;kfn

_f”keaMGhps lkgk¸; >kys vlkos vls okVrs- banzkus okyf[kY;kapk

,dnk vieku dsyk gksrk- ;kLro R;kauh banzkpk ijkHko djhy vlk

nqljk nsosUnz fuekZ.k dj.;klkBh vkiY;k ri%lkeF;kZus ;K dsyk- ;k

ri%rstkus x#Mkph mRiRrh d’;i&fourk ;kaP;k mnjh >kyh] v’kh

x#M tUekph dFkk vkgs- x#Mkus vkiY;k tuuhl ukxkaP;k nkL;krwu

eqDr dsys- R;krp R;kus banz vkf.k fo”.kw ;kat’kh l[;gh tksMys-

54

x#Mkus nsoka’kh l[; dsY;keqGs fo”.kwus vkiyk x#M/ot

fpUgkafdr dsyk vkf.k x#Mkusgh fo”.kwps okgu gks.;kps ekU; dsys-

rsOgkiklwu ;kps Lora= jkT; vkf.k vfLrRogh u”V >kysys fnlrs-

iq<hy ;q/nkar gs yksd nsokadMwu nsokP;k ‘k=wa’kh y<r —“.kktqZukauh

[kkaMoou tkGys rsOgk banzkfn nso —“.kktqZuk’kh >qatys- ;k ;q/nkr

x#Mkusgh nsokdMwu Hkkx ?ksryk gksrk- rks gh —“.kktqZuk’kh >qatyk-109

v#.kiq= tVk;w vkf.k laiRrh ;kaps mYys[k jkek;.kkr vkgsr-

rsFksgh rs lRrkghu vkf.k ,dVsp n’kZfoys vkgsr- ;kLro x#M

yksdkaP;k lRrspk dkG Qkjp iqjkru gksrk vls Eg.krk ;sbZy-

1-12 vk;kZorZ %

fo’ks”kr% czkã.kxzaFkkae/;s vk;kZorZ gs uko okpk;yk feGrs-

vk;kZaP;k olkgrhyk vk;kZorZ gh laKk gksrh- oSfnd dkGkr

lIrfla/kwP;k izns’kkr vk;kZauh vkiyh olrh dsyh gksrh- dkykarjkus

mifu”knkaP;k dkGh vk;kZaph laL—rh iwosZyk dk’khiklwu fonsg

tuinki;Zar QSykoyh- Eg.kts iatkciklwu rks fefFkysi;Zar vk;kZaph

olkgr ok<yh- ;kykp ^vk;kZorZ* EgVys xsys vkgs- MkW- vt;fe=

‘kkL=h ;kauh ^vk;kZorZ vkf.k tacq}hi* ;k ys[kkr vk;kZorkZP;k lhek

lkafxrysY;k vkgsr- “Aryavarta as the the sacred land

(Punyabhumi) lying between the Vindhya and the Hima mountains.

These traditional definitions did not take into account the fact that

the region to the south of the Vindya mountain also had adopted

the vedic culture and had thereby become cultured probably

because already the broad division of the Indian sub- continent

between Aryavarta and Dakshinapatha had become too deep rooted

to make any definitional change permissible and acceptable.”110

vuk;kZaP;k ¼EysaPN½ lewgxVkr o.kZO;oLFkk uOgrh- vk;kZauh EysaPNkaP;k

Hkwehoj vkØe.k d:u rh xzg.k d:u EysaPNkauk pkaMkGklkj[kh

55

orZ.kwd nsÅu prqoZ.kkaZph LFkkiuk dsyh- iwosZdMhy caxky]

if’pesdMhy vjchleqnz vkf.k nf{k.ksdMhy foa/;ioZr ok ueZnk unh

gÓkk vk;kZorkZP;k lhekjs”kk gksR;k- e/;ns’kkpk lekos’k gk

vk;kZorkZe/;sp gksr gksrk- foa/;ioZrkP;k nf{k.ksdMhy izns’kkyk

^nf{k.kkiFkxkfeuh* ok ^tacq}hi* gh laKk fnyh xsyh gksrh- oSfnd

dkGkr iapun ¼iatkc½ gs vk;ZlaL—rhps dsanzLFkku gksrs- jkek;.k

dkGkr fonsg] dksly gs dsanzLFkku >kys( rj egkHkkjrdkGkr

gfLrukiwj] banzizLFk gs vk;Z laL—rhps dsanzLFkku gksrs- lk/kkj.ki.ks ;kp

izns’kkr vk;kZauh o.kZO;oLFkk ykxw dsyh gksrh-

1-13 tacq}hi % ukxkaps fuoklLFkku %

tacq}hi ,d izkphu ns’k- iqjk.kkauh Hkwxksykps o.kZu djrkuk th

lkr }his lkafxryh vkgsr] R;kiSdh ,d- gs i`FohP;k e/;Hkkxh vlwu

R;kpk vkdkj deyi=klkj[kk vkgs- ;kP;k e/kkse/k es:ioZr vlwu]

;k }hikHkksorh {kkjleqnz vkgs- ;k tacq}hikr es:] xa/keknu] ‘osr]

fgeky;] gseiwr] fu”k/k] ‘k`axor] fgj.;d o je.kd vls uÅ ioZr

vkgsr- tacq}hikryk egÙokpk o`{k Eg.kts tkaHkGhpk- R;ko:u ;kyk

^tacq}hi* gs uko iMys-

fo-dk- jktokMs ;kauh fo”.kqiqjk.kkP;k f}rh;ka’kkP;k nqlÚ;k

v/;k;kP;k [kkyhy ‘yksdkr tacq}hikps ;s.ksizek.ks Hkkx mQZ o”kZ

lkafxrysys vkgsr-

tacqIy{kk.gÓkkS }hikS ‘kkYefy’pkijks f}tA

dq’k% _kSapLrFkk ‘kkd% iq”Dj’pkSo lIreAA

tacq}hi% leLrkukesrs”kka e/;lafLFkr%A

rL;kfi es:eS=s; e/;s dudioZr%AA

Hkkjr izFke o”ksZ rr% fda iq:”ka Le`rA

gfjo"kZ rFkSokU;UesjskZnf{k.krks f}tAA

jE;d pksrja o”ksZ rFkSo rq fgj.e;aA

56

mÙkjk% dqjo’pSo ;Fkk oS Hkkjr rFkkAA

byko`Ùka pa rUee/;s lkSo.kksZ es::fPNªr%AA

;sFks lkrp o”ksZ mYysf[kys vkgsr( ijarq tacq}hikr ,dw.k o”kZ

uÅ vkgsr- R;krhyp ,d byko`Rr- gs byko`Rr o”kZ es:P;k if’pesl

o vlhfj;k vkf.k cWfcyksfu;k gÓkkaP;k iwosZl vkgs- byko`RrkP;k

mRrjsl dkfLi;u leqnz o nf{k.ksl vij leqnz vkgs- tacq}hi]

Iy{k}hi] _kSap}hi] ‘kkd}hi] iq”dj}hi b- lIr }hikaph ekfgrh

fo”.kqiqjk.kdkykr LFkwyekukus fnlwu ;srs-

tacq}hikP;k lanHkkZr jktokMs Eg.krkr] ßl/;k ;qjksfi;u

udk’kkr dk’ehjP;k mRrjsl ,dk fcanwiklwu lgk ioZrkaP;k jkaxk

fu?kkysY;k nk[kfoysY;k vlrkr- fgeky;] dkjkdksje] dq,uywu]

fFk,u’kku] fganqdq’k] lqyseku gs lgk ioZr T;k e/;fcanwiklwu fu?krkr

R;kyk fo”.kqiqjk.kdkj es: ioZr Eg.krks- gk ioZr Hkwin~ekP;k

df.kZdslkj[kk vkgs- gÓkkP;k nf{k.ksl fgeky; gsedwV] fu”k/k vls rhu

o”kZioZr vkgsr vkf.k gÓkkP;k mRrjsl uhy] ‘osr] ‘kaxh vls ioZr

vkgsr- fgeky;] gsedwV Eg.kts fganqdq’k o fu”k/k Eg.kts l/;kpk

lqyseku- gs es:P;k nf{k.ksdMhy ioZr >kys-Þ111

uhy Eg.kts dkjdksje] ‘osr Eg.kts dqjtuwy o ‘k`axh Eg.kts

fFk;u’kku gs es:P;k mRrj fn’ksdMhy ioZr gksr- gs lgk ioZr T;k

}hikr vkgsr] R;kyk tacq}hi gh laKk vkgs- l/;kP;k dk’ehjkr tEew

Eg.kwu rks izkar o ‘kgj vkgs] R;kaP;k ukokr izkphu tacw gs uko

jkfgysys vkgs- tacq}hikps Hkkjro”kZ] fdaiq#”ko”kZ] gfjo”kZ] jE;do”kZ]

fgj.e;o”kZ] mRrj dq#o”kZ] byko`Rro”kZ] Hknzk’oo”kZ o xa/keknu o”kZ

vls uÅ Hkkx vkgsr- iSdh ifgys rhu es:P;k nf{k.ksl o nqljs rhu

es:P;k mRrjsl vlwu gÓkk lkghaP;k e/;Hkkxh foLr`r if’pesl vls

byko`Rr o”kZ vkgs- iwosZl Hknzk’o o”kZ vkgs o e/;s xa/keknu vkgs-

fgeky;kP;k nf{k.ksl o nf{k.kleqnzkP;k mRrjsl ts o”kZ vkgs rs

57

iz[;kr Hkkjro”kZ gks;- ekuljksoj T;ke/;s vkgs rs Hknzk’o o”kZ gks;-

l/;kps vQxf.kLFkku o if’kZ;k T;k Vkiwr vkgsr rs iwohZps byko`Rr

o”kZ gks; vkf.k es:P;k mRrjsdMhy ts o”kZ rs mRrjdq: o”kZ gks;-

banzkfn nsoyksd tacq}hikP;k xa/keknu ÅQZ es:izns’kkr vfriqjkru

dkGh jkgr vlr-112 fl/n firj] nso] nSR;] nkuo] ukx] xa/koZ] ;{k]

jk{kl] fi’kkp b- tacq}hikr jkgrkr] vls iqjk.kkarjh lkafxrys vkgs-113

Jh okjkg egkiqjk.kkr v- 73 rs v- 87 i;Zar fofo/k }hikaph

o.kZus vkysyh vkgsr- R;kr tacq}high vkgs- tacq}hikps o.kZu djrkuk

lqes: ioZrkpk mYys[k ;srks- ;kykp byko`Rr letkos] vls iqjk.kdkj

ekurkr- ßioZrjkt es: ‘kqDy o.kkZpk vkgs- R;kph dkarh lw;kZlkj[kh

vkgs- rks /kwejfgr vfXuizek.ks iznhIr vkgs- rks pkSÚ;k,sa’kh gtkj ;kstus

map vkgs- rks lksGk gtkj ;kstus [kkyh vkgs o lksGk gtkj ;kstus

R;kpk i`Fohoj foLrkj vkgs- R;kpk vkdkj okMX;klkj[kk xksy vkgs-

R;kP;k f’k[kjkojpk foLrkj cRrhl ;kstus vkgs- gk ioZr fnO;

vkS”k/khauh Hkjysyk vkgs- ;kP;koj vR;ar laqnj ?kjs vkgsr- ;sFks loZ

nsork]xa/koZ]ukx]jk{kl o vIljk vkuan miHkksfxr vlrkr-Þ114 iq<s

iqjk.kdkj o.kZu djrkr] ß;k es:ioZrkP;k nf{k.ksyk vk.k[kh nksu

f’k[kjs vkgsr- rsFks QqykQGkauh lq’kksfHkr vls tEcqo`{kkaps ,d ou

vkgs- ;k o`{kkph iqjk.kizfl/n] xksM xa/k;qDr o ve`rrqY; v’kh QGs

ioZrkP;k f’k[kjkoj iMrkr- ;k QGkaP;k jlkiklwu mRiUu >kysyh

,d eksBh unh okgr vkgs- frP;kiklwup vXuhizek.ks ped.kkjs

tkEcwun ukokps lksus curs- nsork R;k lksU;kps vyadkj cuforkr-

nso] nkuo] xa/koZ] ;{k] jk{kl o xqgÓkdx.k ve`rrqY; v’kk ;k

tEcqQykaP;k jlkps lsou djrkr- Eg.kwu nf{k.ksdMP;k ;k ns’kkyk

^tEcqyksd* vls Eg.krkr- ekuo R;kyk ^tacq}hi* vlsgh Eg.krkr-115

taEcq}hikrhy panzksn; ioZrkojp likZph uxjs vkgsr] vlsgh o.kZu

58

;srs-116 Jh okjkg egkiqjk.kkrhy foospuko:u tacq}hikr ukx yksdkaph

olrh gksrh gs fl/n gksrs-

Jh okYehfdjkek;.kkP;k ^fdf”da/kkdkaMk*r tacq}hikpk mYys[k

;srks- lxZ 40 e/;s lhrsyk ‘kks/k.;klkBh lqxzho dkgh okujkauk iwoZ

fn’ksl ikBorks rsOgk tacq}hi] ;o}hi] lqo.kZ}hi] :I;d}hi b-}hikaps

mYYks[k djrks-^^-----‘kq/ntyleqnzkP;k mRrj rhjkoj rsjk ;kstusi;Zar

ykac vlysyk ,dtkr :i’khy Eg.kwu Qkjp eksBk lqo.kkZlkj[kk

mTToy ioZr vkgs- R;k ioZrkoj panzklkj[kk ‘osro.kZ o

deyi«kkaizek.ks fo’kky us«kkauh ;qDr vlk /kj.kh/kj ukx voyksdu

djky- loZ nsorkauk iwT;] lgL;] eLrds /kkj.k dj.kkjk vkf.k uhy

oL= ifj/kku dj.kkjk rks vuar nso ioZrkps vxzHkkxh olysyk vlrks--

-----**117 ;k o:u ns[khy tacq}hikr ukxyksdkaph olrh gksrh gsp

fl/n gksrs-

egkHkkjrkP;k ^lHkkiokZ*r gfjpaÜnzkus tacq}hi] dq’k}hi]

’kkd}hi] ØkSap}hi] ‘kkYefy}hi] iq”dj}hi] b- }his ftadwu ?ksrY;kpk

mYys[k vkgs-118 egkHkkjrkP;k milagkjkr fp-fo-oS| ;kauh

tacq}hikfo”k;d egÙokph uksan dsysyh vkgs- ßi`Fohph lkr }his

vkgsr- R;krhy tacq}hikoj vki.k jkgrks- tacq}hi Eg.ktsp lqn’kZu}hi

gks;- gs }hi okVksGs vFkok pØkdkj vlwu yo.k leqnzkus loZ cktwus

os<ysys vkgs- ;kps lkr Hkkx iMysys vkgs- vxnh ‘ksoVps

nf{k.ksdMps o”kZ Hkkjro”kZ gks;- R;k }hikrhy fde~oku ioZrkoj

jk{kl]gsedwVkoj] xqgÓk] fu”k/kkoj liZ] ‘osrkoj nso] uhykoj czge”khZ

jkgrkr- v’kh dYiuk dsysyh vkgs- tacq}hi gs ‘k’kkÑrhlkj[ks vkgs-

‘k’kkÑrhP;k nf{k.ksl o mRrjsl Hkkjr o ,sjkor gh nksu o”ksZ vkgsr-

ukx}hi o dk’;i}hi gs ‘k’kkps nksUgh d.kZLFkkuh vkgsr-Þ119 ;kpk

vFkZ ukx}hi gk tqcq}hikpkp Hkkx Bjrks- ukxyksd tacq}hikrp jkgr

vlr-

59

byko`Rr gs f’kokps fuoklLFkku vlwu f’ko gk lad”kZ.kkph]

cyjkekph] vuar’ks”kkph iwtk djrks- ;k izns’kkr cyhus vusd ;K

dsY;kps mYys[k vkgsr-120

fo-dk-jktokMs ;kauh tacq}hifo”k;d ts foospu dsysys vkgs

R;kpk rdZrhFkZ y{e.k’kkL«kh tks’kh ;kauh iqu#Ppkj dsysyk vkgs-121

MkW- uk-xks- ukankiwjdj ;kauh ns[khy R;kaphp jh vks<ysyh vkgs-122

ckS/n ok³~~e;ke/;slq/nk tacq}hikpk mYys[k vkysyk vkgs- MkW-

vt;fe«k ‘kkL«kh ;kauh ^vk;ZorZ vkf.k tacq}hi* ;k ukokpk ys[k

fyfgysyk vkgs- R;kr R;kauh foLr`r foospu dsys vkgs- rs ;s.ks

izek.ks] “In the Buddhist tradition Asoka is described as dvipa

chakravartin or ‘ruler of Dvipa’ Jambudvipa. According to the

Ceylonese chronicles (Mahavansa & chulavamsa) Jambudvipa was

distinct from Ceylon called sihaladipa or Tamrapani dvipa. The

pali Buddhist literature describes Jambudvipa as situated in the

south of the sumeru mountain with its extent being exaggerated to

ten thousand yojans out of which only three thousand yojans are

inhabited by human being while the remaining seven thousand

yojanas are occupied by oceans and Himalaya mountains. Then we

have a couple of repernsentations in early Roman art dating from

early centuries A.D. which have been identified as Bharata mata or

Bharata Lakshmi, but should appropriatly be colled Jambudvipa

mata of Lakshmi in our riew. Jambudnpa itself came to have seven

varshas or divisions called sveta, Hairanyaka, Airavata, llavrita,

Kimprusha, Hari and Bharata, which last now came to designate

what was earlier called Jambudvipa. In course of time Bhadrasva

and ketumala, which were two of the dvipas of the four dvipa

system, came to be regarded as two more varsthas of Jambudripa,

there by raising the number of vashas of nine. The conceptual

60

extent of Bhartvarsha also came to be extended to comprise nine

divisions so as to include much more than the Indian subcontiment.

The nine divisions of Bharatvarsha are enumerated as Indradvipa,

Kaserumat, Thamraparna, Gabhanstimat, Nagadvipa, Saumya,

Gandharva, Varuna and Kamaridvipa.”123

CkkS/n ok³~e;kr o ijaijsr tacq}hikpk vkf.k ukx}hikapk mYys[k

vkysyk vkgs- tkrddFkk ns[khy ;kyk viokn ukghr- tkrddFksrhy

^ekf.kdq.MyoXx* tkrdkrhy ^/kksulk[k* tkrdkr tacq}hikpk mYys[k

vkysyk vkgs-124 rsFks tacq}hi Eg.kts Hkkjro”kZ vkgs- R;kpizek.ks

^lqLlksfUn* tkrdkr ukx}hikpk mYys[k vkgs-125 ;k fBdk.kh

ukx}hikyk ^ls:e}hi* vlsgh EgVys vkgs- tacq}hikrp ukx}hi vkgs

vkf.k rsFks ukxlaLÑrh ukanr gksrh] vls Eg.krk ;srs-

Takcq}hikizek.ksp ‘ka[k}hikrgh ukxyksdkaph olrh vlY;kpk

lanHkZ feGrks- gs ,d izkphu Hkkjro”kkZtoGps }hi gksrs- ^ok;qiqjk.kk*r

;kps o.kZu fnys vkgs] rs vls ß ;k }hikpk foLrkj ‘kaHkj ;kstus

vkgs- ;k izns’kkrhy ‘ka[kfxjh ifo«k vlwu R;kpk vkdkj ‘ka[kklkj[kk

vkgs- R;kP;koj iq”dG jRus lkiMrkr- ;k }hikrhy ‘ka[kukx ;k

ifo«k unhP;k rhjkoj ‘ka[keq[k uked ukxjktkpk vkJe vkgs- vjch

HkwxksyoDR;kaP;k ers vkfÝdsP;k iwoZ fdukÚ;kojhy vWfcflfu;k rs

eknkxkLdji;ZarP;k izns’kkyk fdaok R;kP;k dkgh Hkkxkyk ‘ka[k}hi vls

Eg.kr- ‘ka[k}hi Eg.kts ‘ka[kkps csV- LVªWcksP;k ers bFkys yksd

‘ka[kkP;k ekGk xGÓkkr ?kkyhr vlr( i.k dkgh iqjk.kdkjkaps Eg.k.ks

vkgs dh] bFkys yksd ‘ka[kklkj[;k iksdG xqgkar jkgr vlr- ‘ka[kklqj

gk ‘ka[kkr jkgr gksrk o JhÑ”.kkus R;kpk o/k dsyk v’kh dFkk vkgs-

‘ka[keq[k ;k ukxjktkyk ,d ekuoklkj[kk o nqljk ukxklkj[kk] vls

nksu psgjs gksrs- ;k ukxkps QqRdkj vR;ar tgjh o m”.k gksrs- R;kauh

rks ‘kaHkj ;kstukai;ZarP;k izns’kkrhy loZ o`{kouLirh o izk.kh u”V

61

d:u Vkdhr vls- ;k izns’kkrhy gwckc ;k ioZrjktho:u okg.kkÚ;k

vfr’k; m”.k okÚ;kapk funsZ’k ;k QqRdkjkauh dsyk vkgs] vls

tk.kdkjkaps er vkgs- ‘ka[k}hikpk foLrkj ‘kaHkj ;kstus lkafxrysyk

vkgs- o#.kiqjk.kkrhy ‘ka[k}hi Eg.kts eknkxkLdj csV fdaok R;k

csVktoGP;k vkfÝdsP;k fdukiV~Vhojhy FkksMk izns’k fdaok gs nksUgh

Hkkx vlkosr-Þ126

1-14 ikrkG % ukxyksd %

jkek;k.k] egkHkkjr vkf.k fofo/k iqjk.kkae/;s ikrkGkps fofo/k

lanHkZ lkiMrkr- ikrkG gh iqjk.kkarxZr vn~Hkqr ladYiuk vkgs-

l`”VhP;k mRiRrhe/;sp ikrkGkphgh fufeZrh >kysyh lkafxrys vkgs-

^gfjoa’kk*P;k ^Hkfo”;iokZ*r l`”VÓkqRiRRkhph dFkk ;srs- R;kr fo”.kwP;k

ukHkhrwu czãkaM:i i`Fohph fufeZrh lkafxryh vkgs-127 ßgfjP;k

ukHkhrwu ,d deG mRiUu dsys- R;kl gtkj nGs ¼lgL=ko/kh

HkksxHkweh½ vlwu rs fueZG lw;kZlkj[ks o fgj.e; ¼euksgj½ gksrs- R;k

deGkP;k vusd m/oZeq[k ikdGÓkk R;kr nqxZe ioZrkaph Hkjysys EysaPN

ns’k gksr- R;kP;k T;k v/kkseq[k ikdGÓkk R;kp egkRE;k nSR;kaP;k o

likZaP;k fuoklkdfjrk Hkkx’k% dfYiysys ikrkG gks;- R;kP;k [kkyh

vlysyk mnd ukokpk tks deGkpk v/kksHkkx R;kr egkikrds dj.kkjs

yksd cqMrkrÞ128 vls o.kZu ;srs- l`”VhP;k v/kksHkkxkyk ikrkG

Eg.krkr- R;kP;k pksgkscktqauh mnd izokfgr vlrs] vls Eg.krk ;srs-

;k dYiusrwup i`Foh ‘ks”kukxkP;k eLrdkoj vkgs] gh ikSjkf.kd

dYikuk iq<s vkyh- R;krwup ukxyksdkaph dYiukgh iq<s vkyh-

iqjk.kkr pkSnk Hkqoukaryh i`FohP;k ojph lgk Hkqous ;kauk m/oZ

yksd EgVys vlwu] vryknh lkr yksdkauk v/kksyksd EgVys vkgs-

R;kaph ukos vry] fory] lqry] rykry] egkry] jlkry] ikrky

v’kh vkgsr- R;k izR;sd yksdkar vlqj] nSR; ok ukxkapk fuokl

vlrks-129

62

1- vry % bFks e;klqjiq«k fcy ;kps jkT; vkgs-

2- fory % ;kr gkVds’oj ‘kadj Hkokuhlg jkgrks-

3- lqry % cfyjktkps LFkku-

4- rykry % e;klqjkps jkT;-

5- egkry % Øks/ko’k uked likZaps fuoklLFkku- ¼dknzos;½-

6- jlkry % nSR; & nkuokaps fuoklLFkku]lqjHkhps

fuoklLFkku-

7- ikrkG % ‘ks”k ukxkps fuoklLFkku-

MkW- m”kkiqjh fo|kokpLrhaP;k ers] ßukxyksd dk e/;Hkkx ikrky

uke ls fo[;kr gSA D;ksafd tyLo:Ik ftruh Hkh oLrq,a gS] os lc

ogk i;kZIr :Ik ls fxjrh gS ¼irafr + vye ds vuqlkj ikr +

vye½A ogkWa nSR; rFkk nkuo fuokl djrs gSA ty dk vkgkj

djusokyh vlqj vfXu lnk m|hIr jgrh gSA og vius dks nsorkvksa ls

fu;af«kr ekurh gS] D;ksafd nsorkvksa us nSR;ks dk uk’k djds ve`riku

fd;k rFkk ve`r ihdj mldk vof’k”V Hkkx ogh j[k fn;k FkkA vr%

og vfXu vius LFkku ds vklikl ugh QSyrhA ve`re; lkse dh

gkfu vkSj o`f/n fuajrj fn[kk;h iMrh gSA lw;Z dh fdj.kks ls e`rizk;

ikrky fuoklh panzek dh ve`re;h fdj.kks ls iqu%th mBrh gSAÞ130

ikrkG Eg.kts v/kksyksd- ^irkfUr vkfLeu~ nqf”Ø;koUr%*¾

nq”ÑR;s dj.kkjs yksd T;kr iMrkr] v’kh LFkkus Eg.kts ikrkG gks;]

v’khgh O;k[;k dsyh tkrs- ikrkGkyk v/kksHkou] vlqjHkou]

cfyln~e] jlkry] ukxyksd b- cjhp ukos vkgsr-131

egkHkkjrkP;k ^m|ksxiokZ*r ikrkG ;k ‘kCnkph O;qRiRrh iq<hy

izek.ks vk<Grs&

^;Leknya leLrkLrk% irfUr tyewrZ;%A

rLekIrkrkyfeR;so [kk;rs iqjeqRreAA

63

^irfUr + vye~* Eg.kts ftFks Hkjiwj ik.kh iMr vlrs- R;k

jE; LFkkukyk ikrkG vls Eg.krkr-132

Patala, a watery region under the earth, are generally able to

keep the wicked dragons from overdoing the seasonal rains.133

fp-fo-oS| ;kaP;k ers]^^ijes’ojka’kh rknkRE; gksÅu czã:i

gks.ks gh lokZr mRre xrh o LoxZizkIrh gh dfu”B xrh vls ekuys-

Hkkjrh dkGkr ;k nksgksaP;k njE;ku fujfujkGÓkk yksdkaph dYiuk

izpfyr >kyh gksrh- egkHkkjrdkGh fujfujkGs yksd ;k nksu xrhaP;k

njE;ku dfYiysys gksrs- o#.kyksd] fo”.kqyksd] czãyksd b- vusd

gksrs- rlsp ikrkGkrgh Eg.kts i`FohP;k [kkyh vusd yksdkaph dYiuk

dsysyh gksrh- o#.klHkk] dqcsjlHkk o czãlHkk ;k rhu lHkkaps

fujfujkGs o.kZu vlwu R;kr fujfujkGs _”kh o jkts yksd clY;kps

o.kZu dsysys vkgs- rlsp ikrkGkrgh vusd yksd vlY;kps

m|ksxiokZr o.kZu vkgs vkf.k ikrkGkr ‘ksoVpk jlkrG gks;-

jlkrGkfo”k;h gYyhph dYiuk okbZV v’kh vkgs( ijarq rh pqdhph

vkgs- egkHkkjrdkGh jlkrG gk vfr’k; lq[khyksd vkgs] vlk let

gksrk-

u ukxyksds u lxsZ u foekus f=fo”VisA

ifjokl% lq[k% rkn`x~ jlkryrys ;FkkA

jlkrGkr lqjHkh /ksuw vlwu frP;k e/kqj nqX/kkus {khjleqnz >kyk

vkgs o R;kojpk Qsu fiÅu jkg.kkjs Qsui ukokps _”kh rsFks vkgsr

vls ekuys vkgs- ;k fujfujkGÓkk yksdkarhy xrh ‘kk’or ukghr] gs

Bjys vlwu R;k R;k nsokph HkDrh dj.kkjs yksd R;k R;k yksdkar

tkrkr vls ekuysys vkgs-Þ134

ojhy foospuko:u ikrkG Eg.kts HkksxHkweh vlsp Eg.kkos

ykxrs- gh ikrkys foojkrhy LoxZp gksr- R;kr le`/n Hkous] m|kus]

fogkjLFkkus vkf.k ØhMkLFkkus vkgsr-

64

fory gs lIrikrkykaiSdh nqljs- bFks gkVds’oj ;k ukokus ‘kadj

vkiY;k ik”kZnx.kkalg jkgrks- rks ikoZrh’kh layXu voLFksr vlrks-

frFks nso R;kph iwtk djrkr- frFks okLrO; d:u rks iztkirhP;k

l`”Vhps lao/kZu djrks- forykr gkVdh ukokph ,d unh okgr vlwu

rh f’kokP;k oh;kZiklwu mRiUu >kyh vkgs- ;k unhr vXuhP;k

eq[kkrwu xGysys gkVd ukokps lqo.kZ feGrs- ;k lqo.kkZph nSR;kauk Qkj

vkoM vlwu nSR; fL=;k R;kps vyadkj /kkj.k djrkr-135

vry lIr ikrGkaiSdh pkSFks- frFkyh Hkweh ihr o.kkZph vkgs-

R;k yksdkr e;iq= cykps jkT; vlwu dkyuseh] ueqph] ‘kadqd.kZ b-

nSR;] ukx o jk{klgh frFks jkgrkr- vry gh fojkV iq#”kkph ekaMh

gks;-136

egkry ¼vokZd~ry½ gs i`FohP;k [kkyh vlysys okyqdk;qDr

ikpos ry- fojkspu nSR;kps olfrLFkku- bFks ukx] nkuo o jk{kl ;kaph

gtkjks iqjs vkgsr-137

lqry gs ikrkGkrhy frljs yksd- lqry gk ukxyksdkapk ,d

Hksn vkgs- cyh gk lqrykpk vf/kirh vkgs-138

jlkrykfo”k;h MkW- fo|kokpLirh Eg.krkr] ßi`Foh ds lkrosa

ry jlkry esa xksekrk lqjfHk dk fuokl gSA i`Foh ds lkr jlksa ls

;qDr lqjfHk dk izknqHkkZo ve`riku ls r`Ir czãk ds eqag ls fudys lkj

ds va’k ls gqvk FkkA lqjfHk dk {khj fujarj i`Foh ij fxjrk gS ftlls

{khjlkxj dk fuekZ.k gqvk FkkA {khj lkxj esa mRiUu Qsu iq”Ik ds leku

tku iMrk gSA ml Qsu dk iku djusokys vusd eqfuJs”B jlkry esa

fuokl djrs gaS( tks fd Qsui dgykrs gSaA muls nsork Hkh Hk;Hkhr

jgrs gSaA lqjfHk dh iq=h&Lo:i pkj vU; /ksuq gaS ftuesa ls izR;sd

fdlh ,d fn’kk dks /kkj.k rFkk mldk iks”k.k djrh gSA bl izdkj

lq:ik&iwoZ dks] gafldk&nf{k.k] lqHknzk if’pe rFkk loZdkenq/kk &

mRrj fn’kk dk /kkj.k rFkk iks”k.k djrh gSAÞ139 Jh ^okjkg

65

egkiqjk.kk*rhy v/;k; 198 e/;s xk; ;k fnO; izk.;kps o.kZu

vkysys vkgs- R;kr xk;hP;k [kqjkaP;k vxzHkkxh ukxx.k fuokl djrkr]

vlk mYys[k ;srks-140 ß’ks”k ukx dks jlkry dk jkT; izkIr FkkA nSR;ksa

us mls ogka¡ ls fudky QsadkA mlus czãk ds dgus ls xkSreh ds rVij

f’ko dh vkjk/kuk dh A f’ko ds n’kZu ds fy, jlkry ls f’ko LFkku

rd x;kA og ekxZ fcyor~ gks x;k rFkk ogka xkSreh xaxk dh ,d

/kkjk cgus yxhA f’ko us mls viuk ’kwy iznku fd;k] ftlls mlus

‘k=qvksa dk lagkj dj fn;kAÞ141

jkek;.kke/;s fBdfBdk.kh jlkrGkps mYys[k vkysys vkgsr-

^ckydk.Mk*P;k miksn~?kkrkr lqxzhokpk fo’okl laiknu dj.;klkBh

jke ,dp eksBk ck.k lksMrks- lkr rky o`{k] R;kaP;k lehi vlysyk

,d ioZr] vkf.k Hkwyksdk[kkyh vlysyk lIrikrkG yksdkaiSdh ojP;k

ikapkalgorZeku lgkos jlkry Hksnwu rks ijr ;srks-142 ^ckydk.Mk*rp

lxjiq=kaph dFkk ;srs- lxjkP;k vkKsuqlkj rs i`Foh[kuu djrkr- R;kr

lkB gtkj ;kstusi;Zar vuqie jlkry gs [k.kwu dk<rkr-143

^mÙkjdkaMk*r 23 O;k lxkZr jko.kkP;k ;q/n eksfgesps mYys[k ;srkr-

R;kr o#.klkxjke/;s tkrk tkrk izos’k d:u jko.k jlkrGke/;s xsyk

vkf.k oklqdhus ifjikyu dsysY;k Hkksxorh uxjhe/;s tkÅu ukxkauk

iknkØkar dsys-144 ^vj.;dkaMk*r jko.kkps o.kZu ;srs- R;kus ,dnk

ikrkyke/;s Hkksxorh uxjhyk tkÅu vkf.k oklqdhpk ijkt; d:u

r{kdkph fiz; Hkk;kZ ftadwu ?ksryh vlk lanHkZ feGrks145

^mÙkjdkaMk*e/;s lhrk Hkwnsohlg ikrkGkr izos’k djrs- jke;.kdkjkauh

vfr’k; vn~Hkqr Lo:ikr gs o.kZu dsysys vkgs- ß----- gÓkk izek.ks

lhrk ‘kiFk d: ykxyh vlrk Hkwrykiklwu fu?kkysyk ,d fnO;]

vuqie o vn~Hkqr flagklu rsFks –“Vhl iMw ykxys- rs fnO; flagklu

fnO; nsg /kkj.k dsysY;k o fnO; jRukauh vya—r >kysY;k

vferijkØeh ukxkauh eLrdkoj /kkj.k dsys gksrs- R;k flagklukoj

66

izR;{k Hkwnsoh gksrh- frus lhrsyk gkrkauh mpywu ?ksrys vkf.k frps

vfHkuanu d:u fryk flagklukoj clfoys- uarj lhrsyk flagklukoj

clfoys-uarj rh lhrk flagklukoj clwu jlkrGke/;s izos’k djrs-Þ146

;kps Li”Vhdj.k djrkauk czãnso jkekyk lkaxrkr] ßR;k rikP;k

lkeF;kZus rh lq[kkus ukxyksdh xsyh vkgs-Þ147 ojhy foospukr

jlkrG Eg.kts ukxyksd gks;] vls Eg.krk ;srs- ukxyksdkalkBhp gs

fofo/k ‘kCniz;ksx mi;ksftysys vkgsr- vlqj] nSR;] nkuo] lqjHkh] ukx

b- ph gh fuoklLFkkus vkgsr-

egkHkkjrkrgh fofo/k iokZae/;s ukxyksdkaph o.kZus vkysyh

vkgsr- ^vkfniokZ*rhy ^ikS”;iokZ*r ukxyksd o.kZu ;srs- ßrsFks

mÙkdkal nsoky;s] jkteafnjs] /kfudx`gs] iV’kkGk] ØhMkHkqous lkekU;

¼nqik[kh½ olfrLFkkus o m|kuHkwfedk gÓkkaP;k nqrQkZ jkaxkp ykxwu

xsysY;k vk<GY;k-Þ148 ^m|ksxiokZ*P;k ^Hkxo|kuiokZ*r ekryhph

dFkk ;srs- rks Lor%P;k eqyhlkBh oj la’kks/kukdfjrk ikrkGkr izos’k

djrks- rsOgk ikrkGo.kZu ;srs- ßikrkGkr nSR;] nkuo jkgrkr- ikrkG

gs ukxyksdkaP;k e/;LFkkuh vkgs- tso<Ókk feGwu ofj”B tyewrhZ

vkgsr] rso<Ókkiklwu ty Eg.kts izpqj vlk tykpk ikr Eg.kts izokg

fdaok L=ko ;sFks gksr vlrks- txRdY;k.ksPNw ,sjkoruked gRrh

;sFkwup mnd usÅu es?kkr Bsorks vkf.k R;kpk ex banz ikÅl ikMrks-

lqizrhdkP;k oa’kkr tUeysys ,sjkor] okeu] dqeqn o vatu uked

Js”B fnXxt ;sFksp vkgsr- ukuk izdkjP;k ‘kDrhalg lapkj dj.kkÚ;k

nSR;nkuokaps vfrizfl/n ts fuoklLFkku rs gs ;kyk ^fgj.;iwj*

Eg.krkr- gs fgj.;iwj Eg.kts rykry gks;- gs ikrkGkykp ykxwu

vkgs- ;sFks ek;koh nkuo jkgrkr- dky[kat] fo”.kqenksn~Hko nSR;]

uS_ZR;] ;krq/kku o czãnsokps pj.kkiklwu mRiUu >kysys vlqj jkgrkr-

rsFksp /ksuwps jlkrygh vkgs- likZph Hkksxorh ukes jkt/kkuh bFks vkgs-

ghps oklqdh liZ ikyu d:u vkgs- vkiY;k ri%lkeF;kZus izHkko;qDr

67

i`Fohps eLrdh v[kaM /kkj.k dj.kkjk yksdizfl/n ukx ‘ks”k gk ;sFks

vkgs- ;kyk gtkj Mksdh vkgsr- lqjlsps iq= ukx [kq’kkyi.ks ukanrkr-

ukxkaps nsgkoj e.kh] LofLrd] pØ] deaMyw oxSjs fpUgs vlwu rs

LoHkkokus loZp eksBs Hk;adj vkgsr- dkghauk ikp’ks] ‘kaHkj eLrds

vkgsr- dkgh f}rqaM] iaprqaM] lIrrqaMgh vkgsr-Þ149 vls ukxyksdkaps

o.kZu ;srs- Hkksxorh Eg.kts fnO;unh- czãyksdkarwu mRiUu >kysyh

v[kafMr unh gh LoxkZr eankfduh] e`R;qyksdh xaxk o ikrkGkr

Hkksxorh ukokus okgrs-150 ^‘kkafriokZ*rhy ^ojkgkorkjo.kZuk*r Jh

fo”.kw ikrkGkr izos’k d:u R;k nso}s”VÓkk nSR;kapk ekal] esn o vLFkh

gÓkkaP;k jk’kh vkiY;k [kqjkauh mn~/oLr d:u lksMrks-151

^‘kkafriokZ*rhy ^eks{k/keZiokZ*r Hk`xqHkj}ktlaokn ;srks- R;kr

iaprÙofo”k;d ekfgrh ;srs- ßi`FohP;k ‘ksoVh leqnz vlwu leqnzkP;k

‘ksoVh va/k%dkj vkgs- va/k%dkjkP;k ‘ksoVh ty vkf.k tykP;k ‘ksoVh

vXuh v’kh fLFkrh vkgs- ikrkGkP;kgh ‘ksoVh ty vlwu tykP;k

‘ksoVh liZjkt okLrO; djrkr- R;kaP;kgh okLrO;LFkkukP;k ‘ksoVh

vkdk’k vlwu vkdk’kkP;kgh ‘ksoVh iqu’p ty vkgs- ;kizek.ks

tykuarj vkdk’k vkf.k vkdk’kkP;k ‘ksoVh ty brdsp ty:ih

ijekRE;kps ¼vkf.k vkdk’kkps½ izek.k voxr vkgs-Þ152

^vk’oesf/kdiokZ*P;k ^vuqxhrkiokZ*r mÙkadkph dFkk ;srs- rks

ukxyksdkr xsysyk vlrks- ßukxyksd gtkjks ;kstus foLrh.kZ vlwu frFks

fnO; jRus o eksrh ;kauh mRre lq’kksfHkr dsysys jktokMs lkj[ks ykxwu

jkfgys gksrs- rlsp gs rsFks iq”dG eafnjs dsoG lksU;kph cufoyh gksrh-

LoPN mndkP;k u|k vkf.k vusd tkrhP;k i{khleqnk;kauh xtctysys

o`{k R;kP;k –“Vhl iMys- R;k yksdkaps ts egk}kj R;k HkkxZokus ikfgys

rs ikp ;kstus :an vkf.k ‘kaHkj ;kstus ykac gksrs-Þ153 ;ko:u

ukxyksd ok ikrkG gk lqtyke~ lqQyke~ izns’k vlkok- tyfdukjh

vl.kkÚ;k izns’kkyk ikrkG gh laKk cgq/kk egkHkkjrdkyh vlkoh-

68

mywih&vtqZu lekxe ok dkfy;kenZu dFkk ;k ;kps mRre mnkgj.k

gks;-

^gfjoa’kk*rhy ^fo”.kqiokZ*r ^ukxyksddFku* ukokpk Lora=

v/;k; vkgs- vØwj Jh—“.k o cyjke ;kauk Ckztkgwu eFkqjsyk

vk.k.;klkBh Ckzt ;k fBdk.kh tkrks- rsFkwu ijrrkauk ;equsP;k rhjkoj

jFk ;sÅu iksprkap vØwj Jh—“.kkyk Eg.kkyk] ß;equk unhP;k

Mksgkrhy liZjkt R;kps Hkkxorea=kuh Lrou djrks- R;kps eLrdkoj

LofLrd fpUg vkgs- R;k lgL=’kh”kZ uhykacj/kkjh liZjkt vuarkyk eh

iz.kke dj.;kl tkr vkgs- rks ukxirh /kekkZpk vf/k”Bkrk vlwu R;kps

fBdk.kh vlysys fo”k ijekRE;kP;k vuqxzgkus ve`rklkj[ks >kysys

vkgs- ‘ks”kjkt ‘kkarhlkBh likZaph ifj”kn Hkjfo.kkj vkgs- rsFks Jh o

LofLrd fpUg ;kauh ;qDr vlysyk R;k f}ftOg liZjktkps eh n’kZu

?ksÅu ;equk Mksgkrwu ijr ;sbZi;Zar okV ikgk-Þ R;kuarj rks ukxyksdkaps

o.kZu djrks] ßmap Lo.kZe; rkyo`{k gk R;kps /otfpUg vlwu R;kus

gkrke/;s ukaxj ?ksryk gksrk o R;kps mnjkoj eqlG yVdr gksrs- R;kus

uhyoL= ifj/kku dsys vlwu R;kps vklu ‘osro.kkZps gksrs- R;kP;k

‘kjhjkph dkarh gh ‘kqHkz vlwu R;kus d.kkZr ,dp dqaMy /kkj.k dsys

gksrs- rks eÙk o lwIr vlwu R;kps us= deyklkj[ks gksrs- rks vkiY;k

‘kjhjkph osVksGh d:u cufoysY;k ‘kqHkz vklukoj yhysus clyk gksrk-

R;kps f’kjkoj nksu vfrlqanj LofLrdfpUgs vlwu R;koj R;kus loZ

i`Foh rksywu /kjyh gksrh- R;kps eLrd fdafpr Mkos cktwyk >qdysys

vlwu lqo.kkZP;k pqMsus ‘kksfHkoar fnlr gksrs- R;kP;k o{kLFkGkoj

lqo.kZdeGkph ekG :Gr gksrh- R;kps ‘kjhjkoj jDrpanukph mVh

ykoysyh gksrh- R;kps ckgw nh?kZ vlwu ukHkhps fBdk.kh deG gksrs-

R;k vfjanekph vaxdkarh ‘kqHkz vHkzklkj[kh vlwu R;keqGs R;kps rst

pksgksadMs Qkdys gksrs- oklqdh oxSjs liZx.k R;kps iwtu djhr gksrs-

dacy o v’orj nks?ks ukx gkrkarhy poÚ;k /kekZlukoj clysY;k

69

vkiY;k izHkwoj <kGhr gksrs- R;k liZjkt ‘ks”kkP;k vaxkoj ân;kojhy

^JhoRl* fpUgkus ‘kksfHkoar fnl.kkÚ;k firkacj/kkjh ?ku’;ke lukrukus

‘k;u dsys gksrs-Þ154

^gfjoa’kk*P;k ^fo”.kqiokZ*rhy nqlÚ;k v/;k;krgh ikrkGkpk

lanHkZ ;srks- dkyusehps gal] lqfoØe] Øks/k] neu] fjiqenZu] Øks/kgark

gh lgk eqys fgj.;df’kiwyk u tqekurk czãnsokph mikluk djrkr-

rsOgk fgj.;df’kiw R;kauk xHkZL; o/k gks.;kpk ‘kki nsrks- rsOgk rs

ikrkGkr nMwu clrkr- rsOgk ijes’oj R;kauk nsodhP;k mnjkr

izLFkkfir djrks-155

jkek;.k] egkHkkjr o gfjoa’k ;k fofo/k xzaFkke/;s d/kh ikrkGkr

ukxyksd lacks/kys xsys vkgs] rj d/kh ukxyksdkyk ikrkG gk ‘kCn

mi;ksftyk vkgs- ;k ikrkGkr ok ukxyksdkr ukx] nkuo] nSR;] lqjHkh

vknhapk fuokl vlrks- R;kpizek.ks ukxyksdkP;k Hkksorkyh tyL=ksr

dk;e vlrks- R;keqGsp unhizokgkP;k Hkksorkyhy Hkwizns’kkyk ukxyksd

vls Eg.kr vlkosr- rs tyj{kd vlrkr- rsFkwup R;kP;k uxjkr

izos’k vlrks] vlk letgh :< vlkok-

ikrkGkfo”k;h la’kks/kdkae/;s fofo/k erHksn vkgsr- Jh dhrhZnso

nslkbZ ;kaP;k ers] ikrkGyksd gk HkkjrkP;k if’pe fdukÚ;koj gksrk-

vkiY;k ;k fl/nkarkP;k iq”VhlkBh R;kauh vusd iqjkos fnys vkgsr-

xqtjkre/khy vusd LFkkukapk ikrkGk’kh laca/k tksMysyk vkgs- rkih

unhP;k eq[kktoGP;k izns’kkyk mRre ikrkyfcy vls vusdnk

EgVysys vkgs- ueZnk unhpkgh ikrkGk’kh ?kfu”V laca/k fnlrks- ueZnsyk

ukxkaph cgh.k EgVysys vkgs- fo”.kw vkf.k Ldaniqjk.kkr xHkfLreku

vkf.k ukx}hi gs nksUgh ikrkGkps Hkkx ekuysys vkgsr- Jh lqjsanzukFk

ckuthZ ;kauh gh nksu }his dPNP;k leqnzfdukÚ;ktoG gksrh] vls

nk[kfoys vkgs- izHkkl vkf.k fxjukj ;k nksu fBdk.kh vusd ikrky

foojs gksrh] vls Ldaniqjk.kkr lkafxrys vkgs- ;ko:u fla/kqunhP;k

70

eq[kkiklwu ‘kwikZjdki;ZarP;k HkkjrkP;k if’pe fdukÚ;kojhy izns’kkyk

iqjk.kdkGh ikrkG yksd Eg.kr] vls fl/n gksrs-156

fo-dk-jktokMsaP;k Eg.k.;kuqlkj] ßT;kyk iqjkrudkGh eghry

Eg.kr] R;k izns’kkr ukxyksd gksrk- gÓkk ukxyksdkps if’pe

leqnzkdMhy ts Hkkx] R;kauk ry] vry] ikrky] jlkry oxSjs

rykUrd ukos iqjkrudkyh gksrh- dkgh dky gÓkk if’pe lqenzkdMhy

izkarkyk ^vijkUr* gh laKk gksrh- iq<s R;kp izns’kkyk dksad.k gÓkk

ukokus yksd vksG[kw ykxys- dksad.k gs uko R;k izns’kkar jkg.kkÚ;k

ukxkaP;k ,dk ijkØeh dqykP;k ukoko:u iMys vkgs- R;k dqykus

ijkØe dk; dsyk o dsOgk dsyk gs ekghr ukgh( ijarq vuqes; vkgs-

ukxkaP;k ikrkykr xksozr ukes czã”khZ jkgr vlr- R;kapsp oa’kt

izLrqrps xkso/kZu czkã.k rj ulrhy\ gs xkso/kZu czkã.k iky] ukxksB.ks]

ukxkao] rGs oxSjs izns’kkr v|kigh vk<Grkr- czkã.k ukxkaps vUu

?ksr- gfjoa’kkr ukxiqjLFk ,dk ukxkP;k ;sFks ikgq.kk xsysY;k czkã.kkph

dFkk ;srs-Þ157

ojhy foospuko:u Hkkjrkpk if’pefdukjk gkp ukxyksd ok

ikrkG vkgs] vls fu”d”kkZvarh Eg.kkos ykxrs-

1-15 cyhpk lqry izns’k %

cyh gk nSR; izYgknkpk ukrw o fojkspukpk iq= gksrk- ;kyk

foa/;koyh o v’kuk ukokP;k nksu Hkk;kZ gksR;k- v’kusiklwu R;kyk

ck.kizHk`rh ‘kaHkj iq= >kys- gk fgj.;df’kiwP;k dqykrhy gksrk-

fo”.kwP;k okeu vorkjk’kh cyhph dFkk cka/kyh xsysyh vkgs-

ueZnsP;k mRrj rhjkoj Hk`xqdPN ¼e:p½ ;k {ks=kr cyhus

‘ksoVpk v’oes/k dsyk- R;k ;Kkr R;kus eqDrgLrkus nku ns.ks lq:

dsys- R;kosGh banz fo”.kwdMs xsyk vkf.k R;kus dks.kR;k rjh izdkjs

cyhyk u”V dj.;kph R;kyk fouarh dsyh- fryk vuql:u fo”.kwus

vfnrhP;k mnjh cVw okeukP;k :ikus tUe ?ksryk- ex rks cyhP;k

71

;KeaMikr vkyk- R;kus cyhP;k dr`ZRokph o nkr`Rokph [kwi iz’kalk

dsyh- cyhus R;kyk vklukoj clowu iwtk dsyh vkf.k rqyk dk;

gos vls fopkjys- okeukus f=ikn Hkweh ekfxryh- ‘kqØkpk;kZyk R;k

ekx.khr diV fnlys o R;kus cyhyk vkxzgkus EgVys dh] ßrw ;kyk

f=ikn Hkweh nsÅ udksl- gk rq>k ‘k=w fo”.kw cVq:ikus rq>k uk’k

djk;yk vkyk vkgs-Þ R;koj cyhgh frrD;kp fu/kkZjkus Eg.kkyk]ß

fo”.kw tj ekÖ;k nkjhpk ;kpd gks.kkj vlsy] rj R;kyk eh vo’;

nku nsbZu-Þ cyh vkiys ,sdr ukgh] vls fnlrkp ‘kqØkpk;kZyk Øks/k

vkyk vkf.k R;kus cyhyk ‘kki fnyk] ßrw Lor%yk ‘kgk.kk letwu

ekÖ;k vkKspk mienZ djrksl] R;k vFkhZ rw yodjp jkT;Hkz”V

gks’khy-Þ i.k rjhgh cyhus okeukP;k gkrkoj f=ikn Hkwehps mnd

lksMysp-

ex okeu ,dk,dh eksBk >kyk vkf.k R;kus nksup ikoykar

f=Hkqou O;kiys- ßvkrk frljs ikÅy dqBs Bsow\Þ vls fopkjrkp

cyhus vkiys eLrd R;kP;kiq<s okdfoys- okeukus frljs ikÅy

cyhP;k eLrdkoj Bsoys- yxsp x#Mkus R;kyk o#.kik’kkus c/n dsys-

cyhph rh voLFkk ikgwu R;kpk vktk izYgkn frFks vkyk vkf.k R;kus

cyhlkBh fo”.kwph d#.kk Hkkdyh- ex okeukus x#Mkyk lkaxwu cyhyk

eqDr dsys vkf.k R;kyk lIr ikrkGkaiSdh lqrykr tkÅu jkgk;yk

lkafxrys- fo”.kw iq<s Eg.kkyk] ßlqrykr eh rq>k }kjiky gksbZu o ek>s

pØ rq>s laj{k.k djhy- vktph frFkh dkfrZd ‘kq- izfrink vkgs- gh

frFkh cfyizfrink Eg.kwu vksG[kyh tkbZy vkf.k vktiklwu yksd R;k

frFkhyk rq>h iwtk djrhy-Þ

okeukph vkKk ekuwu cyh lqrykr xsyk- ex okeukus

‘kqØkdMwu R;kP;k ;Kkph lekIrh djfoyh- uarj R;kus cyhP;k

vuqpj nSR;kauk gkdywu fnys o i`Fohps jkT; euqiq=kyk fnys-158

72

^gfjoa’kk*P;k ^Hkfo”;iokZ*r v- 72 e/;s ;k dFksr banzkP;k

jkT;kph okV.kh nk[kfo.;kr vkyh vkgs- R;kr iwoZ fn’kk banzkyk

ns.;kr vkyh] nf{k.k fn’kk ;ekyk ns.;kr vkyh] if’pe fn’kk

o#.kkyk] mRrj fn’kk dqcsjkyk] m/oZfn’kk lksekyk o v/kjfn’kk

ukxjktkyk ns.;kr vkysyh vkgs- R;k R;k fn’kkaps rs vf/kirh

lkax.;kr vkys vkgs- T;k {k.kh cyhyk ukxik’kkr Vkd.;kr vkys]

R;k{k.kh x#Mkps vkxeu gksowu cyhyk t[kMwu clysys dacykfn liZ

R;k vlqjJs”B cyhyk lksMwu Hk;kus O;kdwG gksRlkrs- vkiY;k Hkksxorh

uked uxjkyk pkyrs >kys-159

lqry Eg.kts dU;kdqekjhP;k vkliklpk izns’k gks;] vls

mYys[k rfeG ok³~e;kr vk<Grkr-160 Hk`xqdPNkr ijkHkwr >kysyk

cyh fo”.kwP;k vkKsus lqrykr xsyk Eg.kts HkkjrkP;k if’pe

fdukÚ;koj dsjGkr R;kus jkT; LFkkiu dsys] vlk rdZ djrk ;srks-

dsjGh; yksd vktgh cyhyk jktk Eg.kwu vksG[krkr- cyhfo”k;h

dsjGkrY;k tursr vikj vknj vkgs- frFkyk ^vks.ke~* gk mRlo

cyhpkp mRlo vkgs- egkjk”Vªkrgh cyhfo”k;h izseknj vkgs- fnokGhr

Eg.kts dkfrZd ‘kq/n izfrinsyk ^bMkfiMk tkoks] cyhps jkT; ;soks*

v’kh egkjk”VªkrY;k xzkeh.k foHkkxkrhy ?kks”k.kk vlrs- ;ko:u cyhps

jkT; gs lqjkT; gksrs o iztspk ;ksx{kse mRre rÚgsus pkyfo.kkjs gksrs

vls fnlrs-161 MkW-uhjt lkGqa[ks ;kaP;k ers] ßfla/kqlaL—rhpk vlqjjkt

cyh ;kl okeukus Qlowu ikrkGkr <dyys- ;kpkp vFkZ cyh o

R;kP;k vuq;k;kauk fla/kw [kksjs lksMkos ykxys- R;kps dkgh vuq;k;h

bjk.kP;k if’pesl Hkwe/;lkxjkP;k fdukjiV~Vhoj tkÅu olys-

yscWukWuP;k Mksaxjjkaxkr vkJ;kl xsysY;k ;k vuq;k;kauk fQfuf’k;u

EgVys tkrs o R;kaP;ke/;sgh cyhjktkps iwtu gksr vlrs- dkgh

cyhvuq;k;h vktP;k caxky] fcgkjdMs <dysys xsys( Eg.kwup

vaxjkt cyhpk vki.kkl mYys[k feGrks- ;kus vafxjl dqykrhy

73

nh?kZrel~ _”khaps Lokxr dsY;kpk mYys[k feGrks- vafxjl dqykus

vk;kZa’kh dMoh >qat fnyh gksrh- cgqrka’kh cyhvuq;k;h ueZnsP;k

nf{k.ksl vkys o izkeq[;kus lgÓkknzh Mksaxjjkaxke/;s vkJ;kl xsys- cyh

lqry ns’kkr vkJ;kyk xsyk o gk lqry ns’k dksd.kpk ,d Hkkx

gksrk- R;keqGs nf{k.k Hkkjrkr o izkeq[;kus vjch fdukjiV~Vh o

lgÓkknzh njE;kuP;k izns’kkr cyhjktk gs uko /kkj.k dsysys vusd jkts

okjaokj gksÅu xsys- rqdZ vkxeukiwohZ egkjk”VªkP;k tM.k?kM.khr

fla/kqlaL—rhph ukG fVdfo.kkjs ?kVd izkeq[;kus lgHkkxh gksrs] gsp

R;krwu fl/n gksrs-Þ162

1-16 gfjoa’kkrhy ukxfo”k;d lanHkZ %

egkHkkjrke/;s ukxoa’kkps lanHkZ T;kizek.ks foLr`r Lo:ikr

feGrkr] R;kpizek.ks gfjoa’kkrgh feGrkr- ^gfjoa’k* gk xzaFk

egkHkkjrkpsp [khyioZ Eg.kwu vksG[kys xsys vkgs- —“.k gs nksUgh

xzaFkkrhy egÙoiw.kZ ik= vkgs- ^gfjoa’kk*P;k ^fo”.kqiokZ*rhy

^;equko.kZu* ¼v- 11ok½ o ^dkfy;kenZu* ¼v- 12 ok½ ;k nksUgh

v/;k;kr ukxfo”k;d lanHkZ ;srkr- ;equk unhP;k dkBkojhy

Hkwizns’kkr dkfy;kuked ukxkph lRrk gksrh- ;equsHkksorkypk Hkwizns’k

ukxoa’kh;kapk Hkwizns’k gksrk- rsFkhyp ,dk Mksgkr dkfy;k fuokl

djhr gksrk- R;k Mksgkps o.kZu djrkauk] ßrks Mksg ,d ;kstu ykac

vlwu] nsokaukgh nqyZ{; gksrk- rks Qkj [kksy gksrk- R;kps ik.kh dsOgkgh

{kwC/k gksr uls- rks leqnzkizek.ks laFk gksrk- typj i'kqi{kh ;kaph R;k

Mksgkr eqGhp olrh uOgrh- es?kkauh Hk:u VkdysY;k vkdk’kkizek.ks rks

Mksg ik.;kus rqMqac Hkjyk gksrk- R;k tykpk Fkkax ykx.ks ‘kD; uOgrs(

R;kP;k rhjkoj likZph eksBeksBh fcGs gksrh( R;keqGs rsFks fQjd.ksgh

eqf”dyhps gksrs- likZP;k QqRdkjkrwu mRiUu >kysY;k vXuhP;k /kqjkps

R;k MksgkHkksorh os”V.k iMysys gksrs- R;krhy tykpk i'kw fdaok brj

rkUgysys izk.kh ;kauk dkgh ,d mi;ksx uOgrk- f=dkG Luku dj.;kph

74

bPNk dj.kkÚ;k nsorkaukgh rks Mksg oT;Z dsyk gksrk- vkdk’kekxkZus

lapkj dj.kkÚ;k i{;kauk ns[khy R;k Mksgko:u map fQj.;kph lks;

uOgrh- r`.k tjh R;k MksgkP;k ik.;kr iMys rjh R;kP;k Hk;adj

vkxhus rs Rofjr tGwu [kkd gksbZ- rks Mksg vkSjl pkSjl ,d ;kstu

vlwu nsokaukgh nqxZe gksrk- R;krhy Hk;adj fo”k:ih vXuhus rsFkhy

o`{k tGr gksrs-Þ163 vls o.kZu gksrs- v’kk izdkjP;k Hkwizns’kkoj

liZjkt dkfy;k jkgr gksrk- unhP;k ;k Lo:iko:up fryk ^dkfyanh*

gs uko iMysys vlkos- rks iapeq[kh gksrk- ;kpk vFkZ ikp HkwHkkxkpk

Lokeh vlkok- v’kk dkfy;k’kh —“.kkus la?k”kZ dsyk o R;kps enZu

dsys] v’kh dFkk ;srs- gkp dkfy;k uarj dalkyk tkÅu HksVrks o

^xkso/kZu vk[;kuk*r banzk’kh eS=h d:u xksdqGkr vfro`”Vh ?kMowu

vk.krks- Eg.ktsp ;equk o R;k Hkksorkypk Hkwizns’k gk dkfy;k

ukxjktkpkp Bjrks] vls fuf’pr Eg.kkos ykxrs-

Hkkyck dsGdj ;kauh ;k dFkkRe lanHkkZps iq<hy izek.ks foospu

dsys vkgs- ^dkfy;k ukxjkt & dkfy;k ukx yksdkapk ,d usrk-

xksdqGktoGP;k vj.;kr oLrh d:u] x#M yksdkadMwu vlysY;k

HkhrheqGs nMwu jkfgysY;k ukxyksdkapk ,d iq<kjh- xksdqGkrhy iztk

R;kP;k HkhrheqGs xzLr >kyh gksrh- ;equspk Mksg R;kus Lor%P;k

fogkjkdfjrk jk[kwu BsoY;klkj[kk dsyk gksrk- nj fno’kh R;k Mksgkr

vkiY;k fL=;kaleosr tyØhMk d:u tkrkuk fo”kkjh jlk;ukauh rks

Mksg fudkeh d:u tk.ks gk R;kpk fuR; Øe Bjyk gksrk- ukx yksd

jlk;u fo|sr dq’ky gksrs vkf.k R;k tksjkoj jklk;fud fo”kkjh

okQkauh unh dkBkojph >kMs& >qMis tkGwu Vkd.;kr rs rjcst gksrs-

Jh—“.kkpk vkf.k R;kP;k xksi fe=kapk oufogkj ;k dkfy;kus laiq”Vkr

vk.kyk] rsOgk Jh—“.kkyk R;kph phM vkyh- LokFkkZlkBh fujijk/k

xksikapk lagkj dkfy;kus pkyfoyk vkgs] gs ikgwu R;kus R;kph [kksM

eksM.;kps vkf.k xksdqGkyk fuHkZ; djk;ps Bjfoys- R;kus ukx

75

yksdkaP;k nSuafnu dk;ZØekdMs y{k Bsoys- dkfy;kP;k tyØhMsP;k

osGh fo”kkjh Mksg fcufo”kkjh dlk dsyk tkrks] ;kps fujh{k.k dsY;koj

Jh—“.kkus vkiyk csr Bjfoyk-

T;k ouLirhP;k jlkus fo”kkoj mrkjk feGrks rh ouLirh R;kus

gLrxr dsyh- oufogkjkeqGs ouLirh jlk;ukpk Jh—“.kkus pkaxyk

vH;kl dsyk gksrk- R;keqGs ukxyksdkaps jklk;fud iz;ksxkojps mrkjs

R;kus ‘kks/kwu dk<ys vkf.k ,d fnol dkfy;kus tyfogkjkdfjrk

Mksgkr mMh ?ksrkp Lor%gh fo”kkoj mrkjk vlysY;k ouLirhpk jl

vaxkyk ykowu vkf.k lsou d:u ;equsP;k Mksgkr mMh ?ksryh-

ty;q/nkr jkst tyØhMk d:u izkoh.; feGfoys gksr- R;kus

dkfy;kyk tsjhyk vk.kys vkf.k R;kyk cqMowu ekj.;kpk vfoHkkZo

nk[koyk- rsOgk dkfy;kP;k jk.;k Jh—“.kkl ‘kj.k vkY;k vkf.k

R;kauh vHk; ekfxrys- ;equsP;k MksgktoGph oLrh lksMwu tk.;kP;k

vVhoj R;kus dkfy;kyk lksMwu fnys- ßx#M yksd ;knokps fe=

vkgsr- rw QDr ek>s ukao lkax- rs rqyk =kl ns.kkj ukghr-Þ vlk

lYyk dkfy;kyk Jh—“.kkus fnyk vkf.k dkfy;kdMwu jlk;ufo|spk

tkLr ri’khy vkf.k vH;kl Jh—“.kkus vkRelkr dsyk- dkfy;k

tkrkuk Jh—“.kkyk jlk;u fo|k nsÅu xsyk-

vkrk Jh—“.k jlk;urTK vkf.k ouLirhrTK >kyk gksrk vkf.k

R;kpcjkscj R;kus xksdqGkyk fuHkZ; dsys gksrs- vkrk iqUgk oufogkj

vkuankus lq: >kyk- xksixksihdkaP;k jklØhMk lq: >kY;k- xkbZokljs

vR;ar fuHkZ;rsus ;equsP;k e/kqj tykpk vkLokn ?ksÅ ykxyh-

xksdqGkps jku vkrk QGkQqykauh vkf.k i.kZjkthauh Qqywu xsys- Jh—

“.kkph eqjyh xksdqGoklh;kauk jatow ykxyh( i.k xksdqGkP;k jkukyk

vkf.k euq”;oLrhyk ,dk jk=hr ,dne vkx ykxyh- ;k vuisf{kr

vkxhus lkjs xksdqGoklh gokyfny gksÅu vkØanr lSjkoSjk iGw ykxys-

ßJh—“.kk! ;k ladVkrwu lksMoÞ Eg.kwu /kkok d: ykxys- Jh—“.kkus

76

dk; >kys vkgs] gs tk.kys- dkfy;kus fo’okl?kkr dsyk gksrk- eqÌke

jk=hP;k osGh lkjs xksdqG vkiY;k jklk;fud djkerhus HkLelkr

dj.;kpk ?kkV ?kkryk gksrk( i.k rks gs foljyk dh Jh—“.kkus vkiY;k

cqf/npkrq;kZus R;kph jlk;ufo|k dsOgkp ipoyh gksrh- Jh—“.kkus

lSjkoSjk iG.kkÚ;k xksixksihauk ,d= dsys- R;kaph letwr ?kkryh-

[kq’kky dk; tGrs rs tGw ns- fdrh osG tGrs rs ikgw] vls Eg.kwu

lokZauk ‘kkar mHks jkgwu xaer ikg.;kl lkafxrys- xksickydkaP;k

lkgk¸;kus tGR;k jkukrwu ouLirh gqMdwu vk.kwu R;kaP;k jlkus

ik.;kps gaMs Hkjys vkf.k pyk jaxiapeh [ksGw Eg.kwu R;kus rks fgjoV

jl mMo.;kl lq#okr dsyh- R;kr xqyky felGwu jaxiapehpk jax

eksBÓkk fipdkÚ;kauh loZ tGR;k ?kjkaoj f’kaiMyk vkf.k vkx

vkVksD;kr vkyh- xksdqG vkf.k R;kps jku okpoys vkf.k dkfy;kpk

ekx ?ksÅu R;kyk fo’okl?kkrkps izk;f’pRr fnys- gh lkjh dalkph

Qwl gksrh] gs dkfy;kdMwu dGY;keqGs Jh—“.kkus tkLr lko/k

jkg.;kpk fu’p; dsyk- dkfy;k tjh vkrk Jh—“.kkP;k okVsyk

tk.;kph ‘kD;rk deh gksrh- rjh dalkP;k vafdr vlysys brj ukx

yksd dkgh LoLFk cl.kkj uOgrs- R;kauk gkrk’kh /k:u xksdqGkoj ladV

vk.k.ks dalkyk ‘kD; gksrs vkf.k rls >kysgh- xksdqGkoj ,dne ,d

fnol ikolkph vfro`”Vh >kyh- njo”khZ xksdqGkrys xksitu gs itZU;

;ksX; gksÅu xksdqGkr /ku/kkU; le`/nh Ogkoh] xkbZauk pkjk feGwu

xksjlkph jsypsy Ogkoh vkf.k cyle`/nh Ogkoh Eg.kwu banzkpk mRlo

djhr vlr- Jh—“.kkus R;kph letwr ?kkryh- R;kauk iVowu fnys dh]

v’kk va/k–“Vhus ikg.;k,soth oSKkfud–“Vhus fopkj djk- ikÅl

d’kkeqGs iMrks] <x map v’kk ioZrkeqGs vMY;koj itZU;o`”Vh gksrs-

xkso/kZu gk xksdqGktoG vlysyk ioZr itZU;o`”Vhyk dkjd vkgs-

rsOgk xkso/kZukpk mRlo djk] ;K djk] rkanwG o rwikph vkgqrh |k-

;K/kwikP;k d.kkaoj okrkoj.kkryh okQ xksBwu es?kfufeZrhyk lkgk¸;

77

gksbZy vkf.k Hkjiwj itZU;o`”Vh dj.kkjs <x xkso/kZukyk vMY;keqGs

vkiY;kyk gok rso<k ikÅl iMwu /kkU; vkf.k xksjlkph le`/nh

gksbZy- xksikauk gs iVys vkf.k R;kauh xkso/kZukph iwtk dsyh- mRlo

vR;ar mRlkgkus ikj iMyk- xksieaMGh lq[kkr gksrh- vkdk’kkr vHkzsp

uOgs] rj itZU;es?k ;sÅ ykxys- HkjkHkjk tew ykxys vkf.k ,dne

itZU;o`”Vh lq: >kyh- xksieaMGhauk izFke vkuan okVyk- banzkis{kk

xkso/kZup tkLr Qynk;h Bjyk- rj ;k dYiusus rs vkuafnr >kys(

i.k itZU;kpk tksj dkgh peRdkfjd gksrk] rks Fkkacspuk- rsOgk rs

vk’p;Zpfdr >kys vkf.k uarj gokyfny >kys] Hk;Hkhr >kys-

Jh—“.kkyk gh tk.kho gksrhp- vki.k banziwtk can dsY;kph okrkZ

dalki;Zar iksgkspyh dh dal yksdHkzekpk Qk;nk ?;k;yk deh dj.kkj

ukgh- ukx yksdkaP;k lkgk¸;kus rks —f=e ikÅl ikMwu vkiys

xksdqGkrys LFkku vfLFkj dj.kkj- loZ xksi xkso/kZuiwtsr eXu vlrkuk

,d /kwjkpk >ksr lksM.kkjs ;ku mapko:u tkrkuk R;kus ikfgys nq:u

<xklkj[kk okV.kkjk rks /kwj Eg.kts —f=e ikÅl ikM.;klkBh

okrkoj.kkrhy okQ xksBo.kkjk jlk;ukpk Qokjk gksrk- dalkus

ukxyksdkauk fpFkkowu gs ;ku ikBfoys gksrs- itZU; veki lq: >kyk

vkf.k xksdqGkrys thou mn~/oLr >kys- dkykarjkus Jh—“.kkus lokZauk

xkso/kZukoj ,df=r dsysÞ164 lkjka’kkus] Jh—“.k gk ukxoa’kh vlY;kus

R;kus dkfy;kyk Bkj u ekjrk enZu] neu dsys vlsp Eg.kkos ykxrs-

MkW- ,l~-,y~- flganso fueksZgh ;kaP;k ers] ßosnksa es ,sls izek.k

feyrs gSa ftlls ;equk rV ij xk,¡ pjkus okys ‘;keo.khZ —“.k dk

vlqj gksuk fl/n gksrk gSA _Xosn ds vuqlkj va’kqerh ¼;equk½ ds rV

ij tc —“.k us vius nl gtkj lSfudksa ds lkFk iMko Mkyk rks bUnz

us vk;Zfo’k e#r dks vkxs c<k;k vkSj Lo;a c`gLifr dh lgk;rk ls

mlds lkFk yMk vkSj mls ekj MkykA —“.k dks ,d txg ^vnsoh

fo’k* dgk x;k gSA lk;.k us vnsoh fo’k dks dkys jax dk vlqj

78

crk;k gSA vnsoh fo’k Lor% eas xSj vk;Z tkfr ds fo’k ¼—“kd½ dk

izrhd gSA dks’kkEch us Hkh ,d LFkku ij —“.k dks ;nq tkfr dk dkyk

vuk;Z crk;k gSA

—“.kklqj dks ns[krs gh bUnz us dgk Fkk] ßml —“.kklqj dks eSaus

ns[k fy;k gSA og valqerh ¼;equh½ ds rV ij cus [kkjksa esa ?kwerk gSA

gs dkeukvksa dks nsus okys e#rx.k esjh bPNk gS fd rqe laxzke esa mls

ekj MkyksA valqerh ds fdukjs] nzqrxkeh —“.kklqj rstLoh gksdj jgrk

gSA mlds lafgr mldh lc lsuk dks bUnz us c`gLifr dh lgk;rk ls

ekj MkykA _Xosn esa —“.k xHkZ ds ekj fxjk, tkus dk o.kZu gSA

lk;.k us blds Hkk”; es —“.k uked vlqj dh xHkZorh iRuh ds xHkZ

dks ekj fn, Tkkus dh ckr dgh gSA vkSYBe Hkh ekurs gSa fd —“.k

dkyh peMhokyk vuk;Z FkkA ihNs geus ns[kk fd vuk;Z vk;Z dk

fojks/kh vFkkZr vlqj dk gh i;kZ; gSA vkt Hkh —“.k dks dkykgh

fn[kk;k tkrk gSA —“.k dks ukxoa’kh vlqj tkfr dk ekuk tkrk gSA

muds HkkbZ cyjke ds ckjs esa dgk tkrk gS fd mlds flj ij lnSo

ukxQuksa dh lqj{kk ¼ixMh½ jgrh FkhA mls ‘ks”kukx dk vorkj ¼ukxoa’k

dk uked½ dgk x;k gSA vU;= osnksa es mls vlqj dgk x;k gSA dksbZ

dg ldrk gS fd egkHkkjr o xhrk dk Hkxoku —“.k vkSj oSfnd

—“.k ,d u gksdj nks gSa vkSj oSfnd —“.k vlqj gks ldrk gSA ijUrq

egkHkkjr ds —“.k dh bUnz ls ‘k=qrk vkSj —“.k xHkZ ds fxjk, tkus dk

lUnHkZ mls oSfnd —“.k dk gh :i iznku djrk gSA —“.k us lfn;ksa ls

pyh vk jgh bUnz dh iwtk cUn djok nh vkSj bUnz us o”kkZ }kjk mls

Mqcksdj ekjus dh dksf’k’k dhA ;g —“.k ds bUnz ls oSj dk ifjpk;d

gSA nwljs bUnz oSfnd pfj= gS fQj —“.k nwljk dSls gks ldrk gSA ;equk

dk lUnHkZ Hkh —“.k dks oSfnd fl/n djrk gSA gkWaaaaaa] egkHkkjr] xhrk

vkfn vo’; ckn esa fy[ks x, gSaAÞ165

79

izk-Hkkyck dsGdj —“.kkyk ;nqoa’kh; ekurkr rj fueksZgh

—“.kkyk ukxoa’kh ekurkr- egkHkkjrdkG gk oa’k ladjkpk dkG

vlkok] vlsp ekukos ykxrs- dkj.k ;nqdqGk’kh oklqdh liZjktkps

ukrs gksrs] ;kps lanHkZ feGrkr- vtqZukusgh mywih ukxdU;sps ikf.kxzg.k

dsys gksrs- ;ko:u gs lgt fl/n gksrs dh] la’kks/kdkauh d/kh

fir`dqykapk mYys[k dsyk vkgs] rj d/kh ekr`dqykapk mYys[k dsyk

vkgs-

‘ka-ck- tks’kh ;kauh dkfy;kyk e`R;qLo:ih ukx EgVys vkgs-

Jh—“.k R;kps enZu djrks! Ekk:u Vkdhr ukgh- ^vkiks ukjk bfr

izksDrkA* vls Louke fuoZpu lkax.kkjk ^ukjk;.k* dkfy;kyk dlk

ekjsy\ dkj.k dkfy;k vikxHkZ ;equsP;k iksVh jkg.kkjk gks;! Lkekftd

ifjljkr ukj% e/kw% vki ;k laiznk;krhy gk ^e`R;q*:ih ladsr vkgs-

rks liZiaFkiwtd vlkok- egkHkkjrdkGh gk iaFk izpfyr vlkok-

dkfy;k gk vkilaiznk;h gksrk- —“.k gk ns[khy vkilaiznk;h iwtd

vlY;keqGs R;kus dkfy;kps enZu dsys] vls rs Eg.krkr-166

MkW- jk-fpa-<sjs ;kauh dkfy;kyk tyj{kd nsork ekuys vkgs- ^;k

dFksr ,dk egkfo”kkjh likZP;k Lo:ikr dkfy;kps fp=.k

Hkkxordkjkauh dsys vkgs- rs dsoG vn~Hkqrkpk jax Hkj.;klkBh vkf.k

—“.kkP;k ckyohjRokyk mBko ns.;klkBhp- oLrqr% dkyh; gk

tyk’k;kph jk[k.k dj.kkjk ,d mxz ukxnso vkgs- tyk’k; gs ;{kkauh

vFkok ukxkauh jk[kysys vlrkr vkf.k R;kaP;k laerhokpwu R;k

tyk’k;kapk okij dsY;kl rs ek.klkauk >ikVrkr fdaok ekjrkrgh]

v’kh letwr loZ= :< vkgs- dkfy;k gk vlkp ,d izHkkoh

tyj{kd ukxnso vkgs- tyj{kd nsorkaP;k Hk;keqGs fdR;sd le`/n

tyk’k; okijr ulr- yksd ik.;kokpwu rMQMr( i.k v’kk

tyk’k;kps ik.kh oT;Z ekuhr- dkfy;kenZukph dFkk tyj{kd

ukxnsokaP;k Hk;krwu yksdekul eqDr dj.;klkBh vkgs- in~eiqjk.kkr

80

rlsp ok;qiqjk.kkr ukxnsokaP;k ukekoyhr dkfy;kpk vkotqZu lekos’k

dsyk vkgs-

f’kyheq[kks nf/keq[k% dkfy;% ‘kkfyfi.Md%A

fcUnqikn% iq.Mjhdks ukx’pkiwj.kLrFkkAA

dkfy;kus fo[kkjysys ik.kh fiÅugh xksi ftoar >kys] rs

Jh—“.kkP;k ve`rL=koh –“Vhus- gh Jh—“.kkph ve`r–“Vh Eg.kts

[kqGÓkk dYiukapk fujkl dj.kkjh xhrkiz.khr foosd–“Vh gks;-167 ;k

dFksrwu ;{k o ukx ;k {kqnznsorkaP;k mikluspk fu”ks/k uksanfoyk vkgs-

;ko:u ns[khy dkfy;k gk vki laiznk;kpk izorZd vlyk ikfgts-

Eg.kwup —“.kkus R;kyk Bkj u ekjrk R;kps neu d:u vki

laiznk;kyk ftoar Bsoysys gksrs- gs /;kukr ?ks.ks xjtsps vkgs-

Jh—“.kca/kw cyjke gk ns[khy ;kp iaFkkpk izorZd vlkok- ;equsps ik=

xksdqGkdMs oGfo.ks] gs R;kpsp mnkgj.k Eg.kkos ykxrs-

1-17 dkfLi;u leqnz % ukxlaLd`rhps mn~xeLFkku %

egkHkkjrke/;s dk’;ioa’kkps o.kZu vkysys vkgs- ukx o lqi.kZ

gs d’;ikpsp iq= gksrs] gs fl/n >kys vkgs- dk’;ioa’kkpk Hkwizns’k

dks.krk\ gk iz’u tsOgk mifLFkr gksrks( rsOgk iqjk.kkrhy Hkwxksy o

bfrgkl ‘kks/k.ks xjtsps Bjrs- dS- jktokMs ;kauh gs dk;Z dsysys fnlrs-

R;kaP;k ers] ßvlhfj;k o ckfcyksfu;k ;kaP;k iwosZl dkfLi;u

¼dk’;ih;½ leqnzki;Zar bfyih izns’k iljysyk gksrk- byko`Ùk gs

tacqf}ikr vkgs] vls iqjk.kkr EgVys vkgs- byko`Rr ‘kCnkrhy ^Ùk* pk

^Ii* gksÅu bykbIi&bfyIi v’kk Øekus ^bfyih* gk ‘kCn fu?kkyk

vls rs ekurkrÞ168 lqjkleqnz Eg.kts dkfLi;u leqnz gks;- R;kP;k

Hkksorkyhp vlhfj;u laLd`rhpk tUe >kyk vkgs- rsFkhy yksd

Lor%yk vlqj Eg.kwu ?ksrkr- enakuh b-iw-700 rs 550i;Zar

vlqjns’kkoj Eg.kts vlhfj;koj jkT; dsys vls mYys[k feGrkr- MkW-

ltsZjko ;kaP;k ers] ßdkfLi;u leqnz Eg.kts vlqj if’kZ;Ul o

81

vfljh;Ul ;akuh d’;Ik _”khps uko T;kl fnys rks lkxj- vlqjkauk

if’kZ;kr vgqj EgVys xsys vkgs-Þ169 MkW- fueksZgh ;kaP;k ers] ßdqN Hkh

gks vk;Z fl/nkUr ls ,d lR; mHkjdj lkeus vkrk gS fd oSfnd

Hkkjrh; vlqjksa dk fo’o ds mu {ks=ksa ls izR;{k lEidZ Fkk] ftUgsa

fo}kuksa us vk;ksZ dk vkfn ns’k dgdj izLrqr fd;k gS] bl vk/kkjij

fu’p; gh vkfLVª;k] gaxjh] fLoV~tj yS.M] felz] teZuh] fyFkwfy;k

tSls ;wjksih; izns’k] :l ds {ks=] dSfLi;u lkxj {ks=] e/; ,f’k;k ds

lhfj;k] vlhfj;k tSls mRrjh {ks= rFkk vjc {ks=ksa ds lkFk Hkkjrh;ksa

dk izR;{k lEca/k FkkAÞ170 ;kpk vFkZ dkfLi;u leqnzkrhjko:up

vlqj] ukxlaL—rhgh fo’okr iljyh] Hkkjrkrgh vkyh- dkfLi;u

leqnz Eg.ktsp dk’;ioa’kh; foLrkj gks;] vls ekukos ykxrs- fofo/k

iqjk.kkae/;s ;s.kkjh leqnzeaFkukph dFkk ;kp fo/kkukl iq”Vh nsrs-

leqnzeaFku dqBs ?kMys ;kfo”k;h fuf’pr lkaxrk ;sr ukgh( ijarq

leqnzeaFku gs lqj vkf.k vlqj ;kaP;k lkgk¸;kus >kys( gs ek= fuf’pr-

lqj vkf.k vlqj ;k ladYiuk R;kp {k.kh fuf’pr >kY;k vlkO;kr-

jkek;.kkrhy ^ckydk.Mk*r ;kpk mYys[k ;srks- lxZ iapspkGhl e/;s

gh dFkk ;srs- ßleqnzeaFkukrwu vusd oLrw fu?kkY;k- ;krp lqjk mRiUu

>kY;kpsgh mYys[k vkgs- o#.kkph dU;k egkHkkX;orh ok#.kh vFkkZr~

lqjk vkiyk ifjxzg dj.kkjk dks.kh vkgs dh ukgh gs gqMdw ykxyh-

fnrhP;k iq=kauh R;k o#.kdU;spk Lohdkj dsyk ukgh( ijarq vfnrhP;k

iq=kauh Eg.kts nsokauh R;k vfuafnr o#.kdU;spk Lohdkj dsyk- rsOgk

lqjspk ifjxzg u dsY;keqGs fnrhps iq= vlqj >kys] frpk Lohdkj

dsY;keqGs vfnrhps iq= lqj >kys o R;k o#.kdU;spk Lohdkj

dsY;keqGs lqj g”kZ o vkuan ;kauhgh ;qDr >kys-Þ171 leqnzeaFkukrhy ;k

?kVuso:up lqj o vlqj ;k nksu tekrh ukok:ikyk vkysY;k fnlwu

;srkr- dkfLi;u leqnzkP;k nksUgh rVkoj ukx o lqi.kZ laL—rh

tUekyk vkyh] vls lanHkZ lkiMrkr- ;kpk vFkZ dkfLi;u leqnzkrp

82

leqnzeaFkukph ?kVuk ?kMkyh vlkoh- vlqj@nSR;@ nkuo gÓkk loZ Kkrh

ukxoa’kh; gksR;k- ekrqyiz/kku dqVqaci/nrhP;k gksR;k] gs ekU; djkos

ykxrs- lqi.kZ laL—rh d’kk izdkjs vLraxr >kyh] gs lkaxrk ;sr ukgh(

ijarq leqnzeaFkukP;k dFksrhy oklqdh ek= ukxlaL—rhpk iz.ksrk Bjrks]

gs ukdkjrk ;sr ukgh- egkHkkjrkP;k ^vkfniokZ*rhy d’;i] dnzw]

tjRdk:] oklqdh o vxLrhP;k vuq”kaxkus ?kMysY;k loZ ?kVuk gÓkk

dkfLi;u leqnzkiklwu rs r{kf’kysi;ZarP;k Hkwizns’kkrp ?kMY;k vlY;k

ikfgtsr- Hkk”kk’kkL=h; ikrGhoj ns[khy dk’;Ik o dkfLi;u gs nksUgh

‘kCn lekukFkhZ okVrkr- R;keqGs dkfLi;u leqnz gsp ukxlaL—rhps

mn~eLFkku ekukos ykxrs-

ukxlaL—rh gh tylaL—rh vlkoh] tyiwtd laL—rh vlkoh-

ukx vkf.k ty ;kapk vrwV laca/k vkgs- ‘ka-ck- tks’khP;k erkuqlkj

leqnzeaFkukrhy gk leqnz ^vkfn vkik* ph izfrek vkgs- ;k v[kafMr

vki% jlkr ve`r o e`R;w ;k mHk;’kDrh lkekoysY;k vkgsr-

eaFkukiwohZP;k voLFksrhy ^vkfn vki%jl* gk v[kafMr vkgs-

dkykarjkus gs vki ve`r o fo”kkr :ikarfjr gksrs- fo”k gs ukxlaL—&

rhpsp izrhd vlkos- fdacgquk ukxlaL—rh gh liZiwtd laL—rh

vlkoh-172

ojhy loZ foospuko:u dkfLi;u leqnz] ikSjkf.kd leqnzeaFkukph

dFkk gs ukxlaL—rhpkp iqjkok vkgs] vls Eg.krk ;srs-

1-18 iqjk.kkarhy ukxLFkGs %

iqjk.kkae/;s fofo/k fBdk.kh ukxLFkGkapk mYys[k vkysyk vkgs-

rh LFkys ukxizns’k ukghr( ijarq lhfer vFkkZus ukxHkweh vkgs- R;k

fBdk.kh ukxkapk fuokl vkgs] vls Eg.k.ks la;qfDrd Bjsy- jkek;.k]

egkHkkjr o iqjk.kkae/;s ;kfo”k;d lanHkZ lkiMrkr- jkek;.kkrhy 50

O;k lxkZr v;ks/;sP;k nf{k.ksyk xaxkrhjh ukxfL=;k ukanr vlY;kpk

mYys[k vkgs-173 ^v;ks/;kdk.Mk*r fp=dwVo.kZu ;srs- R;k fp=dwVkoj

83

mjx ukokps ukx okLrO; djrkr-174 ^fdf”da/kkdk.Mk*rhy 43 O;k

lxkZr iq.;oku yksdkaps olfrLFkku cuwu jkfgysY;k mRrj dq:P;k

izns’kkr xa/kokZlg ukx o fo|k/kj jkgrkr] vlk mYys[k feGrks-175

^lqanjdk.Mk*rhy ifgY;k lxkZr egsanzioZrkoj LofLrd fpUgs eLrdkoj

vl.kkjs ukx jkg.;kpk mYys[k lkiMrks-176 rs ukx fo”k/kkjh vkgsr-

f’kykauk na’k dsY;kuarj f’kykagh tGw ykxrkr] vls o.kZu ;srs-

^lqanjdk.Mk*rhyp NIiukO;k lxkZr guqearkps vfj”V ioZrkjksg.k vkgs-

R;k ioZrkoj Hk;adj likZaps okLrO; vlrs-177 ^mRrjdk.Mk*rhy

ikpO;k izf{kIr lxkZr if’pe leqnzkdMs ‘ks”k] oklqdh] fo’kkyk{k]

dacy] v’orj] ddksZVd] /kuat;] r{kd] mir{kd b- ukx okLrO;

djrkr] vlk lanHkZ feGrks-178 gs loZ jkek;.kkrhy ukxLFkGs vkgsr-

egkHkkjrkrlq/nk ukxLFkykaps mYys[k lanHkkZuqlkj vkysys

vkgsr- ^vkfniokZ*rhy ^ikS”;iokZ*r ukxojkapah Lrqrh ;srs- xaxsP;k

mRrjrhjkojhy ukxJs”Bkauk ^,sjkorizeq[kkauks* gs fo’ks”k.k ;srkr-

,sjkorkpk Hkzkrk /k`rjk”Vª gk vkiys eafnjkrwu ckgsj iMwu n’kfn’kk

mTTofyr djrks- rsOgk R;kP;k ifjokjkrys liZ 28008 gs

fdj.kkaizek.ks izl`r gksrkr- [kkaMooklh r{kd o v’olsu gs b{kqerh

unhP;k dkBh okLrO; dj.kkÚ;k izk.;kaps Lusgh vkgsr-179

^vkfniokZ*rhy ^vkLrhdiokZ*r es:ioZrkoj ukukfo/k Hk;adj ukx

jkgrkr] vls EgVys vkgs-180 ^vtqZuouokliokZ*r xaxkrhjh ukxdU;k

mywih o vtqZu ;kps lekxe gksrs-181 ^[kkaMoounkgiokZ*r ;equkrhjh

vlysY;k izns’kkr r{kd] r{kdiRuh o v’olsu jkgrks] ;kpk mYys[k

vkgs-182 ^lHkkiokZ*rhy fxfjoztkxeu v/;k;kr fxfjoztuxj Eg.kts

ex/kiwj ¼ex/kns’k½ pk mYys[k vkgs- rsFks vcqZn] ‘kØokih] LofLrd]

ef.kukx] dkSf’kd b- ukx jkgrkr- rs ‘k=wauk nq%[k nsrkr-183 vcqZn gs

vcw igkMkps izkphu uko vkgs] vls ia- egknso‘kkL=h tks’kh ;kaps er

vkgs-184

84

;equsP;k rhjkojhy ,d ?kunkV vj.; Eg.kts [kkaMoou- banzkpk

l[kk r{kd [kkaMooukr jkgr vls- vXuhus rs tkG.;kpk lkr osGk

v;’kLoh iz;Ru dsyk- czãnsokus vXuhyk Jh—“.k vkf.k vtqZu ;kaph

enr ?ks.;kl lkafxrys vlrk R;kyk ‘kD; >kys- [kkaMoounkgukP;k

izlaxh iGwu tk.kkÚ;kauk Jh—“.k o vtqZukuh vMoys rjhgh r{kdiq=

v’olsu o e;klqj fulVys- /k`rjk”Vªkus ikaMokauk dkSjokaiklwu osxGs

dj.;klkBh ;sFks tk.;kph vkKk dsyh gksrh- ikaMokauh rsFks olrh

dj.;kl ;ksX; vls cny d:u banzizLFk ukokph vkiyh ,s’o;ZlaiUu

jkt/kkuh dsyh- e;klqjkus Jh—“.kkP;k lkax.;ko:u ikaMokalkBh mR—“V

v’kh e;lHkk fuekZ.k dsyh- iwohZ gs ou vXuhyk Hk{; Eg.kwu fnys

gksrs- fnYyhiklwu 70 fd-eh- varjkoj vlysys esjB gsp iwohZps

[kkaMoou gks;-185 Indraprashta, the new city of Kurus, which was

also the capital of Pandava’s kingdom, is compared with Bhogavati

at (1,209). It is interesting to note that Indraprashtha was buit by

clearing out the Nagas inhabited in that region, especially in the

forest of Khandava. The older name of Indraprashta was

Khandavprastha. Since it was built by clearing out of Khandava

forest. Khandava forest and later the city Indraprastha alias

Khandvaprastha falls in modern day Delhi.186

^ouiokZ*rhy ^rhFkZ;k=kiokZ*r dSyklioZrkoj ef.kHknz ;{k

jkgrks- rsFks dqcsjkps eafnj vlwu R;k fBdk.kh ukxkaph olrh vlY;kpk

lanHkZ lkiMrks-187 ^Hkh”eiokZ*rhy ^tacq[kaMfuekZ.kiokZ*r fu”k/k ioZrkoj

liZ vkf.k ukx jkgrkr] vls egkHkkjrdkj lkaxrkr-188

eFkqjstoGhy ,dk xkokyk ukxLFkG vls lacks/kys vkgs-189

ckS/ndkGkr eFkqjk ukxoa’kh ujs’kkaP;k lRrsr vkyh- eFkqjsrys fdR;sd

ukx jkts vkiY;k ukokiq<s ^nÙk* ‘kCn ykfor- v’kk nÙkukekUr eqnzk

frFks fdrhrjh lkiMY;k vkgsr- ukxkaP;k lÙkkdkGkr eFkqjsr ‘kSo

85

iaFkkph fo’ks”k mUurh >kyh-190 frFks ukxkaP;k ewrhZr iq#”kkdkj o

likZdkj v’kh nksUgh :is vk<Grkr- ‘ks”kkpk vorkj ;k Lo:ikr

cyjkekP;k T;k ewrhZ feGkY;k vkgsr] R;kaP;k xGÓkkr oSt;arhekyk

o nsgkoj vusd vyadkj vlrkr- R;kaP;k ,dk gkrh eqlG o nqlÚ;k

gkrh efnjkik= vlrs- cgqrsd ukxewrhZ dq’kk.kdkyhu vkgsr- ;k loZ

ewrhZ yky okyqdke; nxMkiklwu cufoysY;k vkgsr- vls nxM

dykdkjkauk eFkqjstoG rkariwj] QÙksiwj fldjh] :iokl b- fBdk.kh

feGkys o ewrhZph ?kM.k dj.;kP;k dkeh rs eqyk;e Bjys-191

MkW- fo|kokpLirh ;kaP;k ers] ßukxyksd dk ‘kklu dsanz

dSyklioZr FkkA f’ko mlds x.k uk;d FksA ekuljksoj vkSj ?kkSykfxfj

ds mÙkj essa dSyklioZr gSA d’ehj] flfDeax ¼gfjo”kZ½] gkVd ¼yÌk[k½]

dkrZLoj ¼djkdksje½] fla/kqdks”k ¼fganqdq’k½] xa/kkj] dackst ¼dkcqy ?kkVh½

rFkk lqes: ¼fFkf’k;ku ioZr½ ukxyksd esa lfEefyr FksA vkt Hkh ogka

ds vusd LFkkuksa ds ukeksa ds lkFk ^ukx* ‘kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk

gS] tSls% cSjh ukx] vuarukx] ‘ks”kukx vkfn ogkWa dh izfl/n >hys gSA

lqes: ioZr ukxyksd dh if’peh lhek gSAÞ192

MkW- uk-xks- ukankiwjdj ;kaP;k ers] ßfgeky;] ;equsoj] ex/kkr]

[kkaMooukr] dq#{ks=kr] xaxsP;k mHk;rhjkaoj] xkserhP;k uSfe”;kj.;kr]

fu”kknkaP;k nqxZe izns’kkr] r{kf’kysdMs v’kk loZ= ukxyksdkaP;k

olkgrh gksR;k-Þ193

gfLrukiwj gs ns[khy ukx{ks=p gksrs- xtiwj] x;Mj] x;iwj]

x;uxj] xtàk] xtlkgo;] gfRFkiwj] gfLrxzke] ukxlkgc] ukxiwj]

gfLrukxiwj b- vusd xkos ;k {ks=kyk fnysyh vk<Grkr- egkHkkjrh;

;q/nkuarj ;k izns’kkoj ukxtkrhps ‘kklu vkY;keqGs R;kyk ukxiwj gs

uko izkIr >kys- izkphu gfLrukiwj uxj xaxsP;k uS_ZR; rVkoj clyys

gksrs- ;k izns’kkr xt fdaok gRrh eksBÓkk izek.kkoj lkiMr vlY;k

dkj.kkus ;kyk ifgY;kizFke xtiwj vls uko feGkys- uarj egkjktk

86

gLrhuss R;kyk gfLrukiwj vls uko fnys vkf.k egkHkkjrh; ;q/nkuarj

;k izns’kkoj ukxtkrhps ‘kklu vkY;keqGs R;kyk ukxiwj gs uko izkIr

>kys- gh frUgh ukos ,dkp vFkkZph okpd vkgsr-194 ‘kjn ikVhy

;kaP;k ers] ßekr`oa’kdrk gh L=hlÙkkdrsuarj o fir`lÙkkdrsvHkkoh

;s.kkjh voLFkk vlrs- Eg.kwu {k= L=h $ czãu iq#”k ¾ {kf=; viR;]

gk fu;e L=h lRrkdrspk gksrk- L=hlRRskr {k=kpk vFkZ gksbZ L=h o

czãupk vFkZ iq#”k- ;k lektkr nksup o.kZ gksrs {k= o czã- unhP;k

iqjkus vaFkjysyk xkGkr xkGisj ‘ksrh dj.kkÚ;k L=hlRrkd fla/kqlektkus

ekr`oa’kdrsr fodflr gksÅu tsOgk ijx.kkauk xqyke dsys( rsOgk {kf=;

czkã.k o nkl ;k rhu o.kkZpk lekt vfLrRokr vkyk- dq: x.kkph

jkt/kkuh vlysY;k gfLrukiwjps uko ukxlkân;h gksrs- ;k o brj

iqjkO;kao:u rh vxksnj ,dk vk;sZrj ukxx.kkph jkt/kkuh vlkoh vls

fnlrs-Þ195

The earlier interpretation could be the Naga king who rules

the regions around river Iravati (Jhelum).196

r{kdkus oloysyh r{kf’kyk uxjh gs lq/nk ukx{ks=p vkgs-

vQxf.kLrkukrhy dankgkj toGpk izns’k gk izkphudkGh xka/kkjns’k

Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tkr vls- dkcwyunhP;k [kksÚ;krhy dkgh Hkkx]

is’kkoj vkf.k jkoGfiaMh toGpk HkwHkkx gÓkk jkT;kr gksrk- gh xka/kkj

ns’kkph jkt/kkuh gksrh- ^v”Vk/;k;h*apk drkZ ikf.kuh vkf.k lezkV

panzxqIr ekS;Z ;kaps f’k{k.k r{kf’kyk fo|kihBkr >kys- xka/kkj ns’kkpk

jktk lqcy ;kph dU;k xka/kkjh gh /k`rjk”Vªkph iRuh- dkSjokaP;k

jktdkj.kkrhy ,d egÙoiw.kZ O;Drh ‘kdquh gk xka/kkjhpk HkkÅ-197

Jhyadk gs ns[khy ukxyksdkaps {ks= gksrs- b-iw- 5 O;k

‘krdki;Zar rs ;k csVkoj gksrs-198 Hkksxorh gh ukxkaph jkt/kkuh gksrh-

banzkph jkt/kkuh vejkorh( R;kpizek.ks ukxkaph Hkksxorh- ;sFsk oklqdhps

jkT; gksrs- nsoizns’kkP;k nf{k.k if’pe Hkkxke/;s Hkksxorh vkgs-

87

oklqdh] r{kd o ,sjkorkaps frFks jkT; gksrs-199 miyC/k ekfgrho:u

frcsV izsn’kkyk ikrkG vls EgVys xsys vkgs- The former palace of

the Dalai Lamas in Lhasa, Tibet is known as the Potala. The name

means ‘heavenly abode’.200

Bhogavati and Patalam seems to be

Naga cities in Tibetan region.201 ekuljksoj] lqes:ioZr] ukxkyWaM]

ukxiwj] iz’kkar egklkxj] cukjl b- ukx{ks=s vkgsr-202 Ancient India

except a region known as Airavata mentioned in the far north. It

seems that the first settlement of this race in India is the Kashmir

region. River Vitasta (Jhelum) in Kasmira is mentioned as the

abode of Naga Takshaka. The city named after Takshaka, viz.

Takshasila (Taxila) is just to the west of this river. Places lile

Anantnag also is found in Kashmir. Anant was the foremost among

all the Nagas. Iravati River (Ravi) to the south of Kashmir could be

the Indian territory of the Nagas called Airavatas. Their original

abode could be the Airavata region mentioned in the far north.203

ukxoa'kkpk izns’k vkdyu djrkuk r{kf’kyk ;k fBdk.kkl

egÙoiw.kZ LFkku vkgs- r{kf’kyk gk ‘kCn rd] r{kd] r.kad] r`”Vk ;k

fofo/k ‘kCnkaiklwu >kyk] vls Eg.k.;kr ;srs-204 r{kf’kyspk laca/k gk

r{kd ukxjktk’kh yko.;kr ;srks- r{kdkusp gh uxjh olfoyh gksrh

vlk egkHkkjrkr lanHkZ vkgs( ijarq jkek;.kkrgh r{kf’kysps lanHkZ

feGrkr- dSd;hiq= Hkjrkus r{kf’kykuxjhe/;s r{k laKd iq=kph

LFkkiuk dsyh- rh uxjh /ku/kkU;kauh le`/n dsyh] vls lanHkZ

vkgsr-205 cq/nkP;k tkrddFkkae/;s r{kf’kyk gs ,d laL—r fo|sps

eksBs LFkku gksrs] vls mYys[k feGrkr- ^gkjhr tkrdk*r gfjÙkpdqekj

gk r{kf’kyk ;k fBdk.kh tkÅu f’kdyk] vlk lanHkZ vkgs-206

r{kf’kyk gh xka/kkj ns’kkph jkt/kkuh gksrh vkf.k xka/kkj gk ns’k

bjk.k’kh vxnh ykxwu vlY;keqGs bjk.k gk fganqLFkkupk vxnh

88

‘kstkjpk ns’k gksrk- xka/kkj gk bjk.kh jkT;kpk Hkkx gksrk] vls fofo/k

iqjkos r{kf’kysP;k lanHkkZr lkiMrkr-

izkphu Hkkjrkrhy ,sjkorkpk izns’k gk ukxkapk izns’k Eg.kwu

vksG[kyk tkr gksrk- Hkkjrkpk mRrjsdMhy Hkkx Eg.kts fgeky; gks;-

;kykp gfjo”kkZ ¼frcr½ Eg.kwu vksG[kys tkr gksrs- rsFkhy e/; Hkkx

gk byko`Rr Eg.kwu gksrk- ;k byko`Rrkrhy cgqrsd loZ tyk’k;kaoj

ukxyksdkaph lRrk gksrh- ;kfBdk.kh fo”.kwus jef.kdk ljksojkoj ukxkpk

ijkHko dsyk gskrk- ;kp fBdk.kh ukx}hi o dk’;i}hi ;kalkj[ks }hi

gksrs- fgeor~ ioZrkP;k jkaxkae/;s fp=k vkf.k ,sjkor gs jkgr gskrs-

;sFkhy fu”kkn ioZrkoj ukxkaps fuoklLFkku gskrs- ;sFksp oklqdhus

Hkksxorh uxjhph fufeZrh dsyh gksrh- vusdnk ukx gs ;{kkacjkscj

lgokl djrkauk ikgko;kl feGrkr- dk’ehje/;s okg.kkjh forLrk

¼>sye½ unhP;k cktwyk r{kdkus r{kf’kyk uxjh olfoyh gksrh-

vtqZukus yksfgr uked dkf’ejh jktkapk ijkHko dsyk gksrk- R;kpizek.ks

mjx ;sFkhy jkspekuk jktkpkgh ijkHko dsyk gksrk- iatkce/khy bjkorh

unh Hkksorkyh ukxkaph olrh gksrh- oklqfddqykrhy o ,sjkor

dqykrhy vusd yksd R;k fBdk.kh jkgr gksrs- r{kdkus dq:{ks= ;k

fBdk.kh [kkaMoizLFkkph fufeZrh dsyh gksrh- r{kdkpk ca/kw Jqrlsu gk

egk|qEuk ;k fBdk.kh] b{kqerhP;k dkBh jkgr gksrk- ljLorhP;k dkBh

cyjkekus ukxo/kZu jkT;kph LFkkiuk dsysyh gksrh- xaxsP;k mn~xeLFkkuh

¼mRrj[kaM½ dfiyokLrw ;k fBdk.kh ukxkaph oLrh gksrh- dfiy gk

ukxkapk jktk gksrk- xkserhP;k rhjh uSfe”kj.;kr in~eukHk ukxkus

Lor%ps jkT; LFkkiu dsys gksrs- ex/ke/;s LofLrd vkf.k euw ;kauh

jkT; dsys gskrs-207 v’kk fofo/k jkT;kae/;s ukxkauh vkiyk oa’kfoLrkj

o jkT; dsysys fnlrs-

89

1-19 iqjk.kkrhy ifo= ukxrhFkZ%

iqjk.kkar ts vusd ukx{ks=s vkgsr] R;ko:up ukxrhFkkZaaph fufeZrh

>kysyh vlkoh- ts ukx ri%lkeZF;kus nsorkauk izlUu d#u ?ksr] v’kk

ukxLFkykaukp ukxrhFkZ lacks/kys xsys vkgs- egkHkkjrkr v’kk ukxrhFkkZaps

mYys[k ;srkr- ^ouiokZ*rhy ^rhFkZ;k=kiokZ*r ikaMokauh T;k

rhFkZLFkkukauk HksVh fnysY;k vkgs- v’kk rhFkkZaps funsZ’k ;srkr-

lkSaxf/koukr egkukx gs okLro djhr vlrkr- R;k oukr izos’k

djrkp euq”; loZ ikrdkrwu eqDr gksrks-208 rhFkZ;k=k dj.kkÚ;k

iq#”kkus dfiykoVkl tkos- R;k fBdk.kh ,d jk= miks”k.k d:u jkfgys

vlrk lgL= xksiznkukps Qy feGrs- R;k fBdk.khp ukxjkt vkf.k

egkRek dfiy ákaps loZyksdiz[;kr vls rhFkZ vkgs- rsFks tkÅu

ukxrhFkkZae/;s Luku djkos- Eg.kts euq”;kyk gtkj dfiy /ksuw nku

dsY;kps iq.; feGrs-209 ef.kukx rhFkkZpkgh mYys[k ;srks- ;k rhFkkZl

xsY;kuarj lgL= xksiznkukps QG feGrs- tks euq”; ef.kukxkps rhFkZ

izk’ku djrks- R;kyk liZna’k >kyk rjhgh fo”k p<r ukgh- rsFks ,d

jk= okLro dsY;kl lgL= xksiznkukps Qy feGrs-210

^‘kY;iokZ*rhy ^xnk;q/niokZ*r lkjLorksik[;ku ;srs- ;k

v/;k;kr cyjkekps rhFkkZaVu ;srs- rhFkZ;k=k djrkuk ljLorhl

nf{k.ksdMs ?kkywu iz;k.k dsys- rks ukx/kUok ukokP;k rhFkkZoj vkyk- gs

rhFkZ iUuxjkt oklqdhps fuoklLFkku gksrs- f’kok; R;k fBdk.kh pkSnk

gtkj equhaph oLkrh gksrh- ;kp fBdk.kh nsokauh tewu iUuxksRre

oklqdhyk loZ likZaaP;k jkT;inkoj ;Fkkfo/kh vfHk”ksd dsyk- ;k

fBdk.kh likZiklwu dks.krhgh Hkhrh ulrs-211 ;kp v/;k;kr egkunh

rhFkkZpkgh mYys[k vkgs- ßiwohZ Ñr;qxkkr vf”VZ”ks.k uked fOntksÙke

xq#x`gh jkgwu fuR; v/;;ukr rRij vls- jktk xq#P;k ?kjh jkgr

vlrk rks lnksnhr brD;k rRijrsus okxr vls- rFkkfi R;kph fo|k

iw.kZ >kyh ukgh- brdsp uOgs] rj R;kl osngh voxr >kys ukghr-

90

ex vxnh oSrkxwu R;kus eksBh ri’p;kZ dsyh vkf.k frP;k ;ksxkus

R;kl osnkaps mRєV Kku >kys- ex R;k fon~oku] osnK] fl/n o

vR;ar riLoh v’kk _f”klÙkekus R;k rhFkkZyk rhu oj fnys-

egkunhP;k gÓkk rhFkkZl vktiklwu iq<s tks euq”; Luku djhy] R;kl

v’oes/kkps egkQy izkIr gksbZy- ;k iq<s ;sFks likZfndkaph ck/kk gks.kkj

ukgh vkf.k ;k fBdk.kh vYidkGkr iq”dG eksBss QG feGsy-Þ212

^‘kkafriokZ*rhy ^eks{k/keZiokZ*r xkserhunhpk mYys[k vkgs-

uSfe”;kj.;kr xkserh unhpsdkBh ukx uked ,d uxj gksrs- R;kLFkYkh

in~eukHk uked egkfo[;kr /keZfu”B ukx jkgkr vls- R;keqGs rs ifo=

ukxrhFkZ cuys gksrs-213 ukxrhFkkZe/;s xkSreh unh ns[khy ifo= ekuyh

xsyh vkgs- xkSreh unhdkBh ?kMysY;k ?kVuso:u rh izfl/n >kyh

vkgs- ß‘kwjlsu uked jktk us egku iz;Ruksa ds mijkar ,d iq= izkIr

fd;kA og ,d fo’kky liZ FkkA fdarq ekuo Hkk”kk cksyrk FkkA mlus

jktk ls dgdj osnk/;;u fd;k] jktksfpr /kuqfoZ|k lh[kh vkSj fQj

fookg ds fy, bPNk izdV dhA jktk us iq= ds liZ gksus dh ckr

lcls Nqik j[kh FkhA og /keZladV esa iM x;kA eaf=;ksa dks cqykdj

mlus vPNh dU;k <wa¡<us dh vkKk nhA ,d o`/n ea=h us jktk dk

vfHkizk; jktk fot; dh dU;k Hkksxorh ls mldh vuqifLFkrh esa gh

mldk fookg dj fn;k vkSj cgw dk viuss jkT; esa ys vk;sA bl

izdkj dk fookg Hkh {kf=;ksa esa oS/kkfud FkkA dkykarj esa Hkksxorh us

vius ifr dk lk{kkRdkj fd;k( fdarq og fopfyr ugha gqbZA mldh

lgtrk ls ukx dks vk| Le`fr gks vk;hA iwoZdky esa og ‘ks”kukx dk

iq= Fkk rFkk f’ko dh ckg ij jgrk FkkA Hkksxorh mldh iRuh FkhA

f’ko ikoZrh dh okrkZ esa mlds galus ij f’ko us #”V gksdj mls

ekuo&dqy esa liZ gksus dk ‘kki fn;k FkkA fQj ;g Hkh dgk Fkk fd

xkSreh esa Luku djds og fnO; ekuo #i izkIr djsxkA Hkksxorh mlds

91

lkFk xkSreh esa Luku djus xbZA rnuarj og fnO; lqanj jktk gk x;kA

tgka mUgksus Luku fd;k] og LFkku ukxrhFkZ uke ls fo[;kr gSAÞ214

ukxrhFkkZizek.ksp dk’;irhFkkZapkgh mYys[k iqjk.kkr ;srks-

d’;ikus vcqZn ioZrkoj eksBs ri dsys- R;kosGh vU; _”khauh R;kyk

frFks xaxk vk.k.Ókkl lkafxrys- rsOgk d’;ikus f’kokph izkFkZuk d:u

R;kP;kdMwu xaxk feGfoyh- rh T;k fBdk.kh d’;ikyk feGkyh rs

LFkku dk’;irhFkZ Eg.kwu izfl/n >kys- uarj rh xaxk ?ksÅu rks LoLFkkuh

xsyk- R;k fBdk.kh iq<s ds’kja/kzrhFkZ mRiUu >kys- d’;ikus vk.kyh

Eg.kwu xaxsyk dk’;ih vls uko iMys- iq<s i`Foh nq”VkaP;k HkkjkeqGs

cqMw ykxyh vlrk d’;ikus fryk ekaMhpk vk/kkj nsÅu rkjys] Eg.kwu

i`Fohyk dk’;ih o mohZ v’kh nksu ukos feGkyh-215

Jh okjkg egkiqjk.kkr }kn’kvkfnR;rhFkkZpk mYys[k vkgs- ;equsr

dkfy;k ukx jkgr gksrk o ;sFksp dkfy;kâ`n rhFkkZr R;kps neu

Ñ”.kkus dsys o }kn’kvkfnR;kaph LFkkiuk dsyh- ;sFks Luku dsys vlrk

loZ ikis u”V gksrkr-216 okjkg egkiqjk.kkrp ‘ys”ekrd oukpk mYys[k

;srks- ß;kfBdk.kh ‘ys”ekrdk ukokpk ,d Js”B liZ jkgrks- R;kus

dBksj ri’p;kZ dsyh- R;keqGs lkjh ikis u”V >kyh- R;k fBdk.kh

ukxân; ukokps izfl/n ljksoj vkgs- rsFks loZ ikis u”V gksrkr] v’kh

/kkj.kk vkgs- rsFks f’ko i’kqifrukFk ukokus okLrO; djrks-Þ217

1-20 vlqj Eg.kts dks.k\ %

jkek;.k] egkHkkjrke/;s lqj vkf.k vlqj ;k ukokus lekt

foHkkxysyk fnlrks- ;k nksUgh ladYiuk Li”V dj.ks xjtsps vkgs-

vlqj& v$lqj nsokaps ‘k=w- iztkirhP;k ekaMhiklwu gs tUe ikoys- gs

;K/kekZps fojks/kh gksrs- ;kaps fuoklLFkku i`FohP;k [kkyh v/kksyksd

vkgs- ;kauh nsokacjkscj vusdnk ;q/n dsyhr- vlqj gs jk= o va/kdkj

;kaps izfrfu/kh vlwu reksO;kIr vkgsr- ^rSfrjh; czkg~e.kk*r vlqj

‘kCnkph O;k[;k iq<hy izek.ks fnyh vkgs-

92

usuklquklqjkul~trA rnlqjk.kkelqjRoeA

iztkirhus ^vlw*us Eg.kts izk.kkus R;kauk mRiUu dsys] Eg.kwu rs

vlqj Bjys- vlqj ‘kCnkpk vFkZ izk.koku] oh;Zoku] ijkØeh vlk

vkgs-218

ejkBh O;q++Rifrdks’kkr vlqj ‘kCnkpk vFkZ nSR; o jk{kl vlk

lkafxryk vkgs- osnkae/;s vlqj ‘kCn pkaxY;k vFkhZ okijyk vkgs- iq<s

vk;kZae/;s dyg mRiUu >kY;kuarj lqj vlqj vls nksu ‘kCn nksUgh i{k

ijLijkaP;k nsorkacíy vf/k{ksikus okijhr- >san vosLrke/;s vlqj ‘kCn

vgqj v’kk :ikr jkfgyk- ^lqj* ‘kCn oSfnd ok³~e;kr vkyk- vlqj&

rqQku& va/kkj & vk;sZrj lekt vlk R;k ‘kCnkP;k vFkkZr Qjd

>kyk-219 ;kp dks’kkr nso ;k ‘kCnkpk vFkZ vlqj lkafxryk vkgs-220

egkHkkjrkP;k ^m|ksxiokZ*rhy ^luRlqtkriokZ*r ¼v- 12ok½

vlqj ¼vlw Eg.kts izk.k] bafnz;s b- dkaps fBdk.kh je.kkjs vlqj- vFkkZr

vkReKkughu fo”k;klDr izk.kh½ gs izeknkeqGs uk’k fdaok e`R;w ikoys]

rj lqj Lo:ikps Bk;h je.kkjs vFkkZr vkReosRrs gs vizeknkeqGs Eg.kts

Lo:ikl /k:u jkfgY;keqGs czãHkwr >kys- gkp e`R;w vkf.k ve`R;w-

dkj.k e`R;w gk dkagh ,[kkns ok?kklkj[kk dks.kh ‘kjhjh vlwu rks tarwauk

xÍ djrks v’kkryk izdkj ukgh- rks dsoG dk;kZuqes; vkgs-221

y{e.k‘kkL=h tks’kh lq/nk vlw] izk.k o vkRek gs ‘kCn ,dkp

vFkhZ mi;ksftrkr- vkReu~ ‘kCn vusd vFkkZauh _Xosnke/;s okijyk

vkgs- R;k ‘kCnkps nksu eq[; vFkZ vkgsr- ‘kjhjkrhy thou’kDrh vlk

ifgyk vFkZ gks; vkf.k lca/k O;Drh gk nqljk vFkZ gks;- laca/k

O;Drhr ‘kjhj bafnz;s] vo;o] eu o ok.kh b- xks”Vh ;srkr- gs

O;DrhRo vga ¼vLen~½ ;k laKsus O;Dr gksrs-222

izk-n- d- dsGdjkaP;k ers]ß ^vlqj* gh laKk _Xosnkr vusd

LFkGh iwT; nso ;k vFkhZ vkysyh vkgs- ^egísokuk* vlqjRo ,dA*

i.k iq<s QwV iMY;koj oSfndkauh vlqjkyk nkuo Eg.kwu [kkyh vks<wu

93

lqjkyk nsokP;k eafnjkr vf/kf”Br dsys- ikj’kkauh vlqj fdaok R;kP;k

mPpkjkr ^vgqj* ;k ‘kCnkps nSoh oSHko dk;e Bsoys( i.k oSfnd nso

‘kCnkyk nq”V nkuokpk okpd BjfoykA O;ogkjkrhy HkkaM.ks /kekZrgh

vlk [kopVi.kk djhr vlrkr-Þ223

MkW- ,p~- ,y~- dkslkjs ;kauh vlqj ‘kCn vlw iklwu cuysyk

lkafxrys vkgs- R;klkBh R;kauh MkW- gkWx ;kaps er fun’kZukl vk.kwu

fnysys vkgs- vlqj gk ‘kCn osnkr nsokaP;kdfjrk okjaokj vkysyk

vkgs- _Xosn lafgrsP;k izkphure~ Hkkxkr vlqj ;k ‘kCnkpk okij

vosLrkrhy vgqj ;k ‘kCnkaP;k pkaxyk vFkkZizek.ksp dj.;kr vkyk

vkgs- _Xosnkr banz]o#.k] vXuh] lfor`] :nz fdaok f’ko b- lokZauk

vlqj gs fo’ks”k.k ykoysys vkgs- ;ko:u loZ nsokapk lekos’k

vlqjkrp dsysyk vlY;kps _Xosnko:u fnlwu ;srs( ijarq uarjP;k

laLÑr ok³~e;kr vlqj ‘kCnkpk vFkZ cnywu rks ‘kCn jk{kl ;k okbZV

vFkkZr okij.;kr vkY;kps fnlwu ;srs-224 MkW-nsohizlkn pVksik/;k;

;kauh vfXufo”k; _pk R;kaP;k xzaFkkr fnysyh vkgs- “O Agni, o

Asura, this ritual (yajna) of ours is full of cows, a sheep (aviman),

of food, of hours, of food of offspring; may thou be always without

anger being in our asserbly (sabhavan) a friend like human being

(nrivat- sakha) possessing huge wealth and cult waters.”225bFks

vXuhyk vlqj lacks/kys xsys vkgs-

_Xosnh ;kaP;k ers] ßlqj o vlqj gh ukos izkIr gks.;kps dkj.k

lqjspk izfrxzg o vizfrxzg gs gks;- v/;kReKkukP;k ekxs ykxysY;k

nsokauh ;K;kxkfndkaizek.ks frpk R;kx dsyk- rs lqjsP;k ,soth ;Kkr

e/kkpk mi;ksx d: ykxys o vlqjkauh lqjkikukph lo; ykowu

?ksryh- _Xosnke/;s izkjaHkh vlqj gk ‘kCn thou ns.kkjk ;k vFkhZ

okijysyk vkgs- vlqjkaps xq.kkuqo.kZu iq<hy _pkr vk<Grs-Þ226

94

1- xaHkhjos”kk vlqj% lquhFk%A _ 1A35A7 ¼mRre izsjd] mRre

pkyd vlk gk vlqj thounkrk vkgs-½

2- fgj.;gLrks vlqj% lquhFk% lqe`Ghd( Look;kRookZ³AA _-

1A35A10 ¼lqo.kkZph Hkw”k.ks gkrkr ?kky.kkjk] mRre usrk]

mRre lq[knkrk] vkfRed cykus ;qDr vlk gk vlqj toG

;soks-½

3- c`gNªok vlqjks cgZ.kk Ñr%AA _- 1A54A3¼dhfrZ;qDr vlk

gk thounkrk vkgs½

4- Roa fo’os”kk o#.kfl jktk ;s p nsok vlqj ;s p erkZ%A _

2A27A10 ¼gs vlqj o#.kk] ts nso o ts eR;Z vkgsr R;k

lokZpk rw jktk vkgsl-½

5- Roexzs #nzks vlqjks egks fno%AA _- 2A1A6 gs vXus] rw

|qyksdkis{kk eksBk] Hk;adj o vlqj ¼izk.knkrk½ vkgsl-

;kizek.ks nsokaP;k Bk;h vlqj gksrs( ijarq dkysd:u tlk jk{kl

;k ‘kCnkpk vFkZ foijhr >kyk] R;kizek.ks vlqj ;kpkgh mi;ksx myV

vFkhZ gksÅ ykxyk- vlqjk% lqjk;k vikukr~AA ¼vej 1@12½ lqjk ihr

uOgrs Eg.kwu vlqj vls R;kl Eg.kr- ;kalgh iwoZnso v’kh laKk vlwu

R;kps xq.ko.kZu mRre izdkjs dsysys vk<Grs- vlqj gk ‘kCn nSR; ;k

vFkhZ okij.Ókkr vkYÓkkiklwu lqj Eg.kts nso vlk vFkZ :< >kyk-

MkW- ,l~-,y~- flagnso fueksZgh ;kaP;k erkuqlkj] ßvlqj

dk ewy vFkZ izk.koku~] ‘kfDroku gSA ‘kkfCnd O;qRifÙk dh n`f”V ls

vlqj ‘kCn ^jk* /kkrq ls fu”iUu gksdj ^vlq* ls cuk gSA vlqj dh

ifjHkk”kk djrs gq, ,srjs; czkEg.k esa fy[kk gS & vlq”kq izk.ks”kq bfUnz;s”kq

,o jeUr bfr vlqjk%A vFkkZr tk izk.kksa esa bfUnz;ksa esa je.k djrk gS]

og vlqj gSA ,slk yxrk gS fd pWawafd vlqj ges’kk la?k”kZ esa fot;h

gksrs Fks] blfy, vlqj dk vFkZ gh izk.koku~] ‘kfDroku gks x;kA bl

n`f”V ls lqj vlqj dk foyksHk Fkk u fd lqj dk foYkkse vlqj FkkA lqj

95

ges’kk vlqjksa ls ekj [kkrs jgsA muesa la?k”kZ dh ‘kfDr u FkhA muds

ikl izk.k /kkj.k ds fy, vUu&/ku dh deh FkhA os cQZ ds jsfxLrku]

tgWak [kkus ihus dks dqN u Fkk] flok; dUnewy Qy vkSj i’kqvksa ds

ekal ds ,sls LoxZ yksdksa ls vk, FksA blfy, os ‘kfDrghu ok detksj

FksA budh bl fo’ks”krk dk o.kZu djrs gq, iapfo’k czkã.k esa fy[kk

Hkh gS fd vlqj cyoku Fks vkSj nso ¼lqj vFkZokys½ ;k vk;Z detksj

FksA tSfeuh; czkã.k Hkh mUgs ‘kfDrghu ok detksj crkrk gSA bl

izdkj ‘kfDroku] izk.koku~ vlqjksa ds foijhr muds ‘kfDrghu ok

detksj gksus ls vlqj ds foykse ds :i esa mUgsa lqj dgk rks dksbZ

vfr’k;ksfDr ughaAÞ227 okYehfdjkek;.k esa Li”V :i ls lqj vlqj dh

ifjHkk”kk djrs gq, fy[kk gS & ^ lqjk ihus ls lqj vkSj u ihus ls

vlqj dgs x,A* Þ228

iaptu ‘kCn _Xosnke/;s vusd LFkkuh vkysyk vkgs- _XosnkP;k

osxosxGÓkk _pkae/;s ikåptU;] ikåptU;e~] ikåptU;k] ikåptU;klq]

ikåptU;su vls ‘kCn okijys vkgsr- iaptu ‘kCnkpk vFkZ lk;.k]

;kLd vkf.k ,srjs; czkEg.kkr osxosxGk fnysyk vkgs- lk;.kkP;k ers]

xa/koZ] vIljl] nso] vlqj] jk{kl gk vkgs- ;kLdkP;k ers] xa/koZ]

fir`x.k] nso] vlqj] jk{kl gk vkgs- rj ,srjs; czkEg.kkr xa/koZ]

fir`x.k] nso] euq”;] liZ vlk fnysyk vkgs- ;kpk vFkZ vlqj gs

euq”; gksrs-229 ikSjkf.kd lkfgR;kr ek= vlqjkauk vuk;Z vls lacks/kys

xsys vkgs- ßpwWaafd vlqj ;k jk{kl vk;Z izo`fÙk;ksa ds fojks/kh Fks blfy,

ikSjkf.kd vk;Z ys[kdksa usa mUgas nq”V ân;] fo?udkjh] nq[knk;h ds :i

esa izLrqr fd;k gS tks LokHkkfod gSA jk{kl @vlqj mudh vIljk,Waaa

Nhu ysrs FksA bl dkj.k Hkh mudh muls ‘k=qrk FkhA fdlh fLFkfr esa

vk;Z Hkyk mUgas Js”B dSls cuk ldrs FksA vkt Hkh lEiw.kZ nqfu;k esa

vius fojks/kh ;k fotkrh; dks nq”V] ikih] uhp] dkfQj] ew[kZ b- dgus

dh izo`fÙk ikbZ tkrh gSA vr% mUgksaus vius ikSjkf.kd@czkã.k xzUFkksa esa

96

mUgsa ikih] uhp] nq”VkRek] tgjhys lka¡i b- #iks esa izLrqr fd;k rks

dksbZ vk’p;Z ughaAÞ230

1-21 vlqj Hkwizns’k dks.krk\ %

vlqj gk ‘kCn _Xosnkr lqekjs 105 osGk vkysyk vlwu

R;kiSdh 90 fBdk.kh R;kpk mi;ksx ^nso* ;k vFkkZus dsysyk vkgs-

_Xosnkr o#.kkyk vkf.k brj nsokauk vlqj EgVys vkgs- ;tqosZn o

czkã.kxzaFkkP;k dkykiklwu vlqj ‘kCnkpk nso’k=w vlk vFkZ :< >kyk-

_XosnkP;k vokZphu Hkkxkr o vFkoZosnkr ;kp vFkkZus gk ‘kCn ;srks-

czkã.kxzaFkkr nsoklqjkaP;k ;q/nkps vusd mYys[k vkysys vkgsr- vlqj gs

Lor%yk nsokaP;k cjkscjhps letr- m?kMi.ks R;kauh nsoka’kh y<k;k

dsysY;k vlwu] vusdnk nsokaoj fot;gh feGfoyk vkgs- nsokaps

ikSjksfgR; c`gLirhdMs vlwu] vlqjkaps ikSjksfgR; HkkxZo&’kqØkus

Lohdkjys gksrs-

vlqj Eg.kts dks.krs yksd] ;kfo”k;h rhu pkj ers vkgsr-

1- izkphu lqesfj;u yksd-

2- izkphu vlhfj;u yksd-

3- ex/k fdaok nf{k.k fcgkje/khy yksd-

4- izkphu bjk.kh vgqjeTnkps vuq;k;h-

Hkkjrkr vk;ZlaLÑrhpk izos’k gks.;kiwohZ vlqj] nSR;] nkuo o

ukx vls vusd ukokaps o fHkUu laLÑrhps lekt ukanr gksrs- gs yksd

vk;ZlaLÑrhps fojks/kd gksrs- ;ko:u vlqj gk vk;ZiwoZ Hkkjrkryk ,d

izcG lekt gksrk] vls fnlrs-231

vlqj dks.k gksrs\ ;k fo”k;h MkW-nsohizlkn pVksik/;k; Eg.krkr]

ß ^lk;.k Eg.krks] es: ioZrkoj vejkorh uxj vkgs] T;kr nso

jkgrkr vkf.k es:P;k [kkyh bjkorh vkgs] vlqjkaps uxj* iqjk.k

oLrq& la’kks/kdkaP;k dqnGhus bjkorhP;k dkBh ,dk izkphu uxjkps

vo’ks”k md:u dk<ys vkgsr] ts _XosnkP;k iqjkO;ko:u vlqjkaps

97

uxj vlkos vls ekuk;yk lcG dkj.k vkgs- vkiY;kyk gs uxj

gjkIik Eg.kwu ifjfpr vkgs- _XosnkP;k vusd eaMykr banzkyk vlqj?u]

vlqjkauk ekj.kkjk vls EgVysys vkgs- ojf’k[k o R;kps oa’kt ;kapk

banzkus o/k dsY;kps o.kZu vk<Grs- ;kpk vFkZ ojf’k[k vlqj gksrk- rs

T;k uxjkrhy gksrs] _Xosnkuqlkj ;k uxjkps ukx gfj;wih;k gksrs-

_Xosnkps gfj;wih;k gsp fla/kq[kksÚ;krys gjkIik vlkos] vls fo}okukaps

er vkgs- Eg.kwu fdeku dkgh ckcrhr rjh vlqj ;k ‘kCnkpk vFkZ

fla/kqlaLÑrhps drsZ gksrks] vls lk/kkj.ki.ks Eg.krk ;srs-Þ232-

fo- dk- jktokMs ;kP;k ers] ßv’’kqj] Asshur, vlwj] vlqj gs

yksd orZeku rSfxzl unhP;k o cSfcyksfu;kP;k mRrj izns’kkr jkg.kkjs

yksd gksrs- R;kauh fuusOgs ;sFks b-l- iw 1830 iklwu b-iw- 538 i;Zar

jkT; o olkgr dsyh- R;kiwohZ gs yksd Lora= jkT; d:u uOgrs-

cWfcyksfu;kP;k vaeyk[kkyh gksrs- lsesfVd cWfcyksfuvlps gs lacaf/kr

gksrs( ijarq oa’kkus ‘kq/n lsesfVd gksrs- cWfcyksfuvl lkj[kh lqesj

jDrkaph R;kaP;kr HkslG >kyh uOgrh- gs vlqj yksd f/kIikM cka/;kps

vlr- ‘k=wa’kh R;kaPkh okx.kh vR;ar Øwj rÚgsph o chHkRl vls- thr

‘k=wa’kh lH; rÚgsus okx.;kph th vk;kZaaaph pky rh ák vlqjkauk

ilar uls- Hkkjrh; iqjk.kkrwu o bfrgklkrwu R;kaph th o.kZus

lkiMrkr- R;kapk o ;qjksfi;u bfrgkldjkauh dsysY;k R;kaP;k o.kZukaPkk

rarksrar esG clrks- rsOgk vlw;kZ fdaok ns’kkrhy gs vlqj yksd

iqjk.kakrhy o bfrgklkrhy vlqj gksrs- R;kr fcydwy la’k; ukgh-

;qjksfi;u bfrgkldkjkauk o la’kks/kdkauk gh rknkRE;rk /;kukr vkyh

vlkoh( ijarq rh Li”Vi.ks lkaxko;kl rs v|ki dpjrkr- dkj.k m?kM

vkgs- lsesfVd ts vlqj] R;kaP;kiklwu ;gqnh laLÑrh fu”iUu >kyh o

;gqnh /keZ fu”iUu >kyk vkf.k rks /keZ l/;kP;k ;qjksfi;u yksdkauh

Lohdkjyk-

98

b- iw- 1830 r fuusOgs ;sFks jkT; LFkki.;kiwohZ b- iw- 7000

i;Zar gs yksd ygku ygku laLFkkus d:u cWfcyksfu;kP;k lqesfj;u

vk;Z o lsesfVd jktkaP;k veyka[kkyh vlrkuk Hkkjro”kkZr gs yksd

vkys vlkos] vls fo/kku dj.;kl vk/kkj vkgs- Ñ”.k o ikaMo ;kaP;k

dkGh cdklqj] tjkla/k] f’k’kqiky] dal] e;klqj oxSjs cÚ;kp vlqjkaph

ukos izfl/n gksrh- R;kiSdh dkghauk ikaMokuh ekjys o dkghauk Ñ”.kkus

ekjys- gs vlqj Hkkjro”kkZr dsOgk vkys- b-iw- 1830 iklwu rs b- iw-

538 i;ZarP;k dkGkr vlqjkaps jkT; l/;kP;k vQxkf.kLrku o

cyqfpLrku gÓkkaP;ki;Zar ns[khy d/kh iksgkspys ukgh- rsOgk b- iw-

1830P;k iwohZ cWfcyksfu;u lsesfVd jkT; vlrkuk( ijarq cgq’k%

lqesfj;u vk;kZaps cWfcyksfu;u ;sFks jkT; vlrkauk gs vlqj yksd

Hkkjro”kkZr vkys vlY;kpk cGdV laHko vkgs vkf.k vlk tj laHko

vkgs] rj Ñ”.kktqZukapk dkG b- iw- 1830P;k gtkj ckjk’ks o”kZ

ikBhekxyk vlkok vls eku.;kdMs nkV izo`Ùkh gksrs- Ñ”.k;qf/kf”BjkP;k

dkGh Hkkjro”kkZr ex/k] eFkqjk] dkBsokM oxSjs izns’kkr vlqjkaph jkT;s

vl.;kpk b-iw- 1830P;k vyhdMs laHkop ulY;keqGs] ijaijkxr b-

iw- 3176 fdaok 3102 fdaok 3076 gkp ;qf/kf”BjdkG ekU; djkok]

gs ;qfDrfl/n fnlrs-Þ233

izkphu Hkkjrkrhy vlqj vkf.k lqesfj;u yksd ;kaph laLÑrh

,dp vlY;kus vlqjkapk Eg.ktsp yksdk;frdkapk mn~xe lqesfj;u

laLÑrhr >kyk vlkok] vls nklxqIrkauk okVrs- lqesfj;u laLÑrhe/;s

e`rnsgkoj ts laLdkj djrkr R;kekxs T;k J/nk o letqrh vkgsr-

R;kapk yksdk;frdkaP;k nsgkReoknk’kh vxnh fudVpk laca/k vlY;kus

R;kauh gh miiÙkh lqpfoyh vkgs-234

_Xosnh ;kauh vlqjkauk bjk.k izns’kkps ekuysys vkgs- R;klkBh

R;kauh egkHkkjrkpk] jkek;.kkpk vk/kkj ?ksrysyk vkgs- R;kP;k ers]

ßvlqj gs uhpo`Rrhps jk{kl uOgrs- rs fganqLFkkukr vkysY;k vk;kZaps

99

HkkÅcan gksrs- /kkfeZd o brj ckcrhr R;kaP;kr y<k iMwu rs foHkDr

>kys rjh R;kaP;kr jkek;.k egkHkkjrdkGki;Zar csVhO;ogkj pkyw gksrk

vls fnlrs- vlqjkauhgh dkysd:u v/;kReKku laiknu dsys vlkos-

dsd; ns’khpk jktk v’oirh gk czg~eKkuh gksrk] vls mifu”knkar

lkafxrys vkgs- gkp dSd;hpk firk gks;- frP;k lkSan;kZyk Hkqywu

n’kjFkkus v’oirhl vklqjh fookgi/nrhizek.ks ‘kqYd fdaok o/kwph

fdaer nsÅu frph Hkk;kZFkZ izkIrh d:u ?ksryh- ‘kqYdknk[ky n’kjFkkus

dkgh jkT; v’oirhl fnY;kps jkek;.kkr lkafxrys vkgs-

dSd;kf/kirhl v’oirh gs uko iM.;kps dkj.k fganqLFkkukckgsjhy

R;kpk izns’k ¼Eg.kts bjk.k gk½ ?kksMÓkkcÌy iwoZdkGkiklwu izfl/n vkgs-

;qojkt jkT;kfHk”ksdkP;k osGh dSd;heqGs jkekl ouokl ?kMyk( rsOgk

Hkjr vktksGh gksrk- rsFkwu R;kl cksykowu vk.kkos ykxys- gk izokl

nwjpk vlwu rks T;k ekxkZus vkyk vls okfYedhus fyfgys vkgs-

R;ko:u ikgrk vQxkf.kLFkkuP;k iyhdMwu rks vkyk vls fnlrs-

nqljk vklqjh fookg eknzhpk iaMwcjkscj >kyk gk gks;- R;kosGh

enzkf/kirhl Hkh”ekus ‘kqYd fnys- lqj o vlqj ;kaP;kr brj

dkj.kkeqGsgh nG.koG.k vls- vlqj f’kYidysr fu”.kkr gksrs vls

fnlrs- e;klqjkus ikaMokaP;k banzizLFk uxjhr vR;ar ‘kksHkk;eku o HkO;

vls lHkkx`g cka/kwu fnys vls egkHkkjr lkaxr vkgs- vlqj ¼vgqj½ gsp

vkiys iwoZt vls bjk.kh ekurkr- R;kpizek.ks vgqj gs nsonwr gksr

vls rs letrkr( ijarq nsokaph x.kuk rs fi’kkP;kar djrkr- nsokaph

nsork tks banz R;kyk ikfi”V vls rs letr vlwu T;k Ro”êÓkkpk lqj

Ons”k djrkr] R;kykp rs iwT; ekurkr- lqjkaizek.ks gs ns[khy fe=kph

¼lw;kZph½ iwtk djhr vlr- gh fe=kph ¼fefgjkph½ mikluk

iqjk.kdkGh ;k ns’kkr pkyw vlkoh] vls fnlrs-Þ235

MkW-Jh-O;a- dsrdj ;kauh vlqjlaLÑrh gh bjk.khlaLÑrh gksrh]

gsp fl/n dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs- bjk.kkrhy exkapk oxZ

100

vfXuiwtscnn~y lqizfl/n gksrk- rksp exoxZ o vfXuiwtk Hkkjrkr

LFkykarfjr >kysyh vkgs- vlqjkaP;k ikSjkf.kd nsork usjxy ¼ujdnsork½

ucw ¼fo|kf/kirh½] ,drZ ¼;q/nnso½] csyekMZqd ¼mRrjdkyhu nsokapk

iq<kjh½ y[ew ¼eksBk liZ:ih nso&’ks”k ¼y{e.k½½ ;k Hkkjrkrlq/nk

:ikarfjr Lo:ikr vkgsr-236 Hkkjrkr vkysY;k vlqjkauh ns’;

nsorkapk ,dk,dh Lohdkj dsyk vls fnlr ukgh- ns’; nsorsl fojks/k

dj.kkÚ;k vlqjkaph ¼fgj.;df’kiwph½ dFkk vkt lajf{kr vkgs- R;k

dFksr ts uko vkgs rs ns[khy eksBs lwpd vkgs- ^df’kiw* gk izR;;

Hkkjrh; laLÑrhrhy ukghp gs lkaxko;kl udksp- ^vf’kiw* gk ‘kCn

vlqj Hkk”ksrhy nsoiwtd v’kk vFkkZpk ‘kCn vkgs- vf’kiw gk nsoiwtd

vls] R;kizek.ks oS|gh vls- vls ‘kD; vkgs dh] ^fgjud* ukokpk

vlqj vkiY;k nsokpk iqtkjh vlY;keqGs vfHkekuh vlsy- R;kyk

vkiyk eqyxk gk vU; nsokpk mikld vlY;keqGs jkx ;sÅu R;kyk

f’k{kk dj.;kl izo`Ùk >kyk vlsy- R;kph vfr’k;ksDrh dFkk r;kj

gksÅu ujflagkorkj o`Rrkar r;kj >kyk vlsy- fgj.;df’kiwph dFkk

r;kj >kyh rah ijdh;kal ns’;laLÑrhr vk.kko;kl izkphukaP;k

[kViVhpk ,d Hkkx gksrk] vls Eg.k.;kl izR;ok; ukgh-

ßbjk.kpk nso vgqjeÖn gk vlqjkaP;k vlqj nsokaphp lq/kkjysyh

vko`Ùkh gksrk- vlqjkae/;s nsofo”k;d ok³~e; vxksnj ok<ys gksrs-

cq/niwoZ nksu rhu’ks o”kkZr bjk.kP;k /kkfeZd fopkjkais{kk vlqjkapk /kkfeZd

fopkjp vf/kd egÙokpk gksrk- ;kpkp ifj.kke Hkkjrkoj >kyk-

vkiY;k foospuklkBh dsrdjkauh jkedFkspk vk/kkj ?ksrysyk vkgs-

R;kr vlqj fdaok ckchyksuh dFkkapk lekos’k vkgs] vls R;kauk okVrs-

jkedFksfo”k;h ,danj fopkj djrk vls okVwa ykxrs dh] jkedFkk

izFkeP;k Lo:ikr jko.ko/kkph ulwu n’kjFktkrdkizek.ks dsoG

jktdqykarhy dkjLFkkukph o xMcMhph vlkoh vkf.k v;ks/;k&

dkaMki;Zar ekfgrh ns.kkjs ,[kkns izkÑr dkO; ns[khy >kys vlkos

101

vkf.k nf{k.ksdMhy ijkØekps dFkkud R;kyk ekxkgwu tksMys vlkos-

gs dFkkud dksBwu vkys] ;kph dYiuk iw.kZi.ks djrk ;sr ukgh- rFkkfi

fofo/k dFkkuds ,d= gksÅu gs dFkkud r;kj >kys vl.ks ‘kD;

vkgs- vkneph dFkk R;kosGsl izpfyr vlkoh vkf.k rh fHkUu

Lo:ikr vlkoh- vknkn vkf.k jEeu~ gh ,dkp nsorkaph nksu ukos

vlY;keqGs lsesfVd yksdkr vknkn gs uko izpfyr >kys vlkos

vkf.k lsesfVd yksdkarhy vknknpk Eg.kts vknepk lsrw rks Hkkjrh;kar

jkekpk lsrw >kyk vlkok- jEeu gk lw;Znso Eg.kwu ckchyksue/;s

iz[;kr gksrk] rj bdMpk jke lw;Zoa’kh >kyk- rks ;q/nnso Eg.kwu

iz[;kr gksrk] rj bdMs ns[khy rks eksBk ijkØeh nso Eg.kwu >kyk

vkf.k vls eRLÓkkfn vusd vorkj [kkyfM;ke/kwu vkiY;kdMs vkys-

R;kizek.ks jEeu~ gk nsogh vkiY;kdMs vkyk R;kaps vkf.k

nk’kjfFkjkekps ,sD; dohauh dsys-

fot;kn’kehP;k l.kklaca/kkus gk l.k nf{k.ksr mn~Hkoyk vkf.k

rks jkekP;k LokjhP;k osGsl mn~Hkoyk v’kk rÚgsus Li”Vhdj.k vkt

dsys tkr vkgs( rFkkfi T;kvFkhZ ;gq++|kapk fdIiwj vkf.k oSfnd

ok³~e;kl vifjfpr vlysyk nljk gk ,dkp fno’kh ;sr vkgs-

R;kvFkhZ ;k l.kkl ijns’kewydrk gksÅ ikgrs- f’kok; T;kvFkhZ

;gq|kauh vkiyh cjhp’kh iapkaxi/nrh vklqjh yksdkadMwup ?ksryh

vkgs] R;kvFkhZ nljk gk l.k ns[khy vlqjka’kh vlysY;k laca/kkeqGsp

nf{k.ksr vxksnj iljyk vkf.k jkek;.k foLrkjdkyh nkf{k.kkR;

mRlofnu jkekP;k ukokyk tksMyk xsyk- nlÚ;kP;k fno’kh ‘keh

o`{kkr ikaMokauh vk;q/ks yifoyh] Eg.kwu ‘kehiwtu djkos gk fo/kh

vkgs( i.k R;kis{kk egÙokpk fo/kh tks ^jsMk ekj.ks* R;kyk jkedFksr

fdaok ikaModFksr LFkku ukgh- ;gqnhxzaFkkr ek= izfrinsiklwu

fot;kn’kehi;Zar ;K lkafxryk vkgs vkf.k fdIiwjP;k Eg.kts

fot;kn’kehP;k fnolkar ,desdkal HksVko;kl tk.ks gk fo/kh bL=kbZy

102

eaMGh vtwugh ikGrkr- R;keqGs nlÚ;kP;k fo/khph mRiÙkh Lora=i.ks

vlwu R;k l.kkpk laca/k vf[ky Hkkjrh; ok³~e;k’kh vkf.k

vkpkj/kekZ’kh jkedFkk o ikaModFkk ;k ekQZr tksM.;kr vkyk vlyk

ikfgts] vls fo/kku dj.;kl tkxk gksr- lsessfVd yksdkaP;k Qksfuf’k;u

‘kk[kse/;s o`{kiwtk fdaok izfrfu/kh Eg.kwu LraHkiwtk gksrh vkf.k R;k

iwtsyk ^v’ksjk* vls Eg.kr- nlÚ;kps vf/kd izpfyr :i ns[khy

n’ksjk vls vkgs vkf.k rs mÙkj fganqLFkku o caxky ;ke/ks okijys tkrs

vkf.k R;kps baxzth Lisfyax ^n’ksjk* mPpkj gksbZy vlsp vf/kd fyfgys

tkrs-Þ237 ;kpk vFkZ dsrdjkaP;k Eg.k.;kuqlkj bjk.kh yksd gsp vlqj

yksd gks;-

vlqjkaP;k lkezkT;kP;k j{k.kklkBh banzkus ukxyksdkaph fu;qDrh

dsyh gksrh- tkrd vðdFksrhy ,dfolkO;k tkrdkr iq<hy xkFkk

vkysyh vkgs]

vUrjk fOnUu v;qT>iqjku iåpfo/kk Bfirk vfHkjD[kkA

mjxdjksVh i;Llp gkjh enu;qrk prqjksp egUrkA

Vhdkdkjkus ;k xkFkspk vFkZ vlk ykoyk vkgs dh] nsokaps vkf.k

vlqjkaps v’kh nksu v;ks/; uxjs R;kaP;k njE;ku banzkus mjx ¼ukx½]

djksVh ¼lqi.kZ½] i;Llgkjh ¼dqHk.M Eg.kts nkuo jk{kl½] enu;qr¼;{k½

o pkj egUr Eg.kts pkj fnDiky j{k.kklkBh Bsoys( ijarq Vhdkdkjkpk

vFkZ /kekZuan dkslach ;kauk ekU; ukgh- VhdkdkjkaP;k vFkkZizek.ks mjx]

djksVh oxSjs fujfujkGs yksd gksrs( ijarq dkslachP;k erkuqlkj i;Llgkjh

djksVh ukokps mjx Eg.kts ukx vkf.k enu Eg.kts ehfM;u ;kaps okj

iq<kjh feGwu ikp vlk vFkZ ykoyk vkgs- ;k xkFksizek.ks nsokaph o

vlqjkaph nksu v;ks/; uxjs gksrh rh dks.krh\ ,d if’kZ;kph jkt/kkuh

o nqljh ,ykeph jkt/kkuh v’kh nksu v;ks/; ¼ftad.;kl dBh.k½

uxjs vlkoh- ;k xkFksr nsokapk jktk banz o vlqj R;kpizek.ks ukxkapkgh

mYys[k vkysyk vkgs- ;ko:u vls fnlwu ;srs dh] nsokaps tls

103

v;ks/; vls uxj gksrs- rlsp vlqjkapsgh v;ks/; vls uxj gksrs vkf.k

;k nksUgh uxjkaP;ke/ks banzkus vkiY;k lkezkT;kP;k j{k.kkdfjrk ;k ukx

yksdkaph fu;qDrh dsyh gksrh-238

1-22 vk;Z vkf.k vuk;Z ladYiuk %

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl&iqjk.kkauh vk;Z vkf.k vuk;Z ;k nksu ladYiuk

ijLijfojks/kh Lo:ikr LohdkjysY;k vkgsr- R;kpk usedk vFkZ

dk;\ vkf.k lqj&vlqjka’kh R;kapk dk; laca/k vkgs] gs ,sfrgkfld

ikrGhoj rikl.ks xjtsps vkgs-

ejkBh O;q++Ùifrdks’kkr vk;Z ‘kCnkpk vFkZ izkphu ekuooa’k vlk

dsyk vkgs- gÓkk oa’kkr baxzt] teZu] xzhu] jkseu] fyF;wfu;u] teZu]

ikj’kh] fganw oxSjs yksd varHkwZr vkgsr-239 MkW-vt;fe= ‘kkL=h ;kauh

^vk;kZorZ vkf.k tEcq}hi* ;k ys[kkr vk;Z ladYiusfo”k;h fo’ys”k.k

dsysys vkgs- “The word Arya was never employed in a racial

sence anywhere in the vast vedic and post vedic Brahmanical,

Jain and Buddhist literature in Sanskrit and prakrit . It

denoted only a cultured person, a gentleman . According to

the standard sanskrit lexican, the Amar –kosa this term is

with high born ( kulina) along with such other words as

mahakula , sabhya, sajjaha and sadhu. Jain, Buddhist, Tamil

literature also the word and arya or Dvija was never used in

a racial sense . In short, the term arya denoted an individual

who had attained a particular cultural level according to

established standards, without any reference to his racial or

religions attiliation. When used as adjective, it meant

respectable and as a mode af addness it carried the sense of

‘sir’ and ‘Madam”.240 ;k foospuko:u vk;Z ‘kCn oa’kokpd

ulwu lqlaL—r O;DrhlkBh okijyk tkrks( ijarq gk vFkZ ckS/n

dky[kaMkr tUekyk vkysyk vlkok-

104

Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’kkr ßvk;Z Eg.kts Hkkjrkr izkphu dkGh

okLrO; dj.kkjk lqlaL—r lekt] T;kauh oSfnd lkfgR;kph jpuk

dsyh] vlk lekt gks;-Þ ;kpk vFkZ vk;Z gk Hkkjrh; lekt gksrk]

vlss Eg.krk ;srs- gs yksd banz] vXuh] #nz] e#r b- nsorkaph mikluk

djhr gksrs- ;K;kx gk R;kapk eq[; /keZ gksrk( ijarq vk;Z gk ‘kCn

fof’k”V ekuooa’kkpk okpd ukgh- ;qjksikr tsOgk laL—r Hkk”kspk vkf.k

rqyukRed Hkk”kk‘kkL=kpk vH;kl lq: >kyk vkf.k izkphu Hkkjrh; o

izkphu ;qjksih;u ;kaps ,doa’klaHkoRokps ukrs ik’pkR;kauk fnlw ykxys]

rsOgk ;k loZ eksBÓkk ekuooa’kkyk ykxw iMsy] v’kk ,dk ‘kCnkph

xjt fuekZ.k >kyh- R;klkBh oSfnd laL—rkr vk<G.kkjk vk;Z gk

‘kCn fuoMyk xsyk vkf.k R;kps vk;Zu~ vls :ikarj d:u rks ‘kCn

fof’k”V ekuooa’kokpd fdaok Hkk”kkoa’kokpd Eg.kwu Lohdkjyk-241

jkek;.kke/;s vk;Z ‘kCnkpk okij vusd fBdk.kh >kysyk vkgs-

gk ‘kCn jk{kl] jko.k] dih b- ukgh lacks/ku Eg.kwu mi;ksftyk vkgs-

okuj] lqxzho vkf.k okyh ,desdkauk vk;Z Eg.kwu cksykorkr- jko.k

Lor%yk vk;Zirh Eg.korks- rdkZP;k ikrGhoj lkaxko;kps Eg.kts

jko.k vkf.k R;kps eaf=x.k gs mPPk tkrh; vlY;keqGs R;kauk vk;Z

EgVys tkr vlr- jko.k gk iqyRL; czkã.kkapk oa’kt gksrk- jkekyk

lq/nk vk;Z lacks/ku okijys xsys vkgs-242- R;keqGs vk;Z gk ‘kCn

lkfÙodrs’kh] ifo= dk;Z dj.kkÚ;k O;Drhyk lacks/ku Eg.kwu okijyk

tkr vls-

oSfnd laL—rkr] nkl fdaok nL;w ;kaP;k fojks/kh ;k vFkkZus vk;Z

gk ‘kCn okijyk tkrks- vk;Z lektkO;frfjDr Hkkjrkr izkphu dkGh

nzfoM] vlqj] jk{kl] okuj] nSR;] nkuo] ukx] fu”kkn] fdjkr] dSor]

nkl] nL;w] iqfyan] ‘kd] vka/kz] pou]Ik.kh]b- tekrh clysY;k gksR;k]

R;kauk vuk;Z gs uko fnys tkrs- Hkkjrh; vk;Z gs baMks vk;Zu

Eg.korkr- vk;kZph ifgyh olkgr lIrfla/kwP;k ¼iatkc½izns’kkr >kyh-

105

;k yksdkaukp ^oSfnd vk;Z* vls Eg.krkr- vk;Z ;k ‘kCnkus

fujfujkG;k yksdkauk fujfujkGs vFkZ vfHkizsr vlrkr- T;kauh osnkaph

jpuk dsyh rs eq[;r% vk;Z yksd gksr] vlk let lkekU;i.ks

Hkkjrkr izl`r vkgs( i.k bjk.kh yksdkauh vkiY;k ns’kkP;k bjk.k ;k

ukokr vk;Z gk ‘kCn v|kfi vof’k”V Bsoyk vkgs vkf.k vkiY;k

izkphu ok³~e;kr rks ‘kCn vusd osGk vkf.k vusd :ikr mi;ksftyk

vkgs- gh xks”V /;kukr ?ksryh Eg.kts vk;Z gs ukekfHk/kku dsoG

osnkaP;k iz.ksR;kaukp ns.ks] gs ,sfrgkfld n`”VÓkk ekU; gks.;klkj[ks ukgh-

f’kok; osnkaP;k iz.ksR;kaukp vk;Z vls Eg.k.;kr vk;kZaps ewGLFkku

Hkkjrkrp gksrs] gh xks”V ,d izdkjps x`fgrd`R; Eg.kwup

lwpfoY;klkj[kh gksrs-

MkW Jh- O;a- dsrdjkauhgh vk;Zoa’kkfo”k;h Lor%ps er ekaMysys

vkgs- R;klkBh _XosnkPkk vk/kkj R;kauh ?ksrysyk vkgs- ß_Xosnkr vls

dkss.krsgh lwDr fdaok o`Ùk ukgh] dh ts n’kjkK;q/nkiwohZ fu’p;kus

<dyrk ;sbZy- lqnkl o fnoksnkl ;ka’kh ledkyhu vls ok³~e;

Qkjp FkksMs vkgs- _Xosnkpk cjkplk Hkkx rs gksÅu xsY;koj nksu pkj’ks

o”kkZuarj >kyk vlkok- izkphu dkGh >kysys o ea=kr mYysf[kysys

lqnklkP;k vuq;k;kaps vkxeu] gs vk;Zu~ yksdkaps ifgysp vkxeu

dk;\ gk iz’u izFke fopkj.kh; vkgs- rs ifgys [kkl ukgh- dkj.k

R;kal izns’k eksdGk lkiMyk ukgh] R;kl y<kos ykxys- iq<s ljdw

ikg.kkÚ;kl izfrdkj dj.kkjs ukWu~ vk;Zu~ vlrs] rj lqnklkP;k

vuq;k;kaps vkxeu vk;kZaps ifgys vkxeu Bjys vlrs( i.k izfrdkj

dj.kkjs ukWu~ vk;Zu~ vlkosr vls fnlr ukgh- iq<s ljdw ikg.kkÚ;k

yksdkaP;k ‘k=we/;s dkgh ln`’; tkrhps vkf.k dkgh fol–’; tkrhps

vls nksUgh izdkjps yksd vl.ks ‘kD; vkgs- ,o<sp uOgs] rj ;q/n

l–’kka’khp >kys vlkos vls miyC/k lkfgR;ko:u o euq”;Hkze.kkP;k

vR;aar lkekU; i/nrho:u Eg.kkos ykxsy- vk;Zu~ Eg.kwu EgVysY;k

106

,dkp yksdlewgkps ,dkp osGsl vkxeu gksÅu R;kauh ns’k ftadyk

fdaok olfoyk] gh xks”V ‘kD;p ukgh- cksyu ?kkVkarwu fdaok [kScj

?kkVkrwu ,dne fdrhls yksd ;s.kkj\ ts ;srhy R;kauk Hk{;

feGfo.;kl rkRiqjrh rjh olkgr djkoh ykx.kkj- th ek.kls ;s.kkj

rh izFke toGpkp izns’k O;ki.kkj fdaok ,dnk ,[kknk izns’k O;kiyk

Eg.kts R;k izns’kkiklwu LosPNsus yksd brj= Hkze.k d’kkdfjrk

djrhy\ uohu ;s.kkj R;kl O;kiysY;k izns’kkrwu jLrk dk<wu nwj xsys

ikfgts fdaok tquhp olkgr fgldkowu ?ksÅu tqU;k olkgrokY;kl nwj

<dyys ikfgts- Eg.kts uohukaps HkkaM.k] ;q/n fdaok ekjkekjh Ogko;kph

rh izFke tqU;k Lotuka’khp gks.kkj- nL;w] jk{kl b- ‘kCn ‘k=qRookpd

vlys] rj rs nzkfoMh fdaok nqljh fHkUUkoa’kh; Hkk”kk cksy.kkÚ;k fof’k”V

yksdkalp ykoys d’kko:u\ ns’kkarhy dkGÓkk yksdkauk ftadwu R;kal

‘kwnz cufoys- ;k vokZphu ‘kks/kdkaP;k fo/kkukP;k eqGk’kh letwr

fnlrs rh v’kh dh] ea=dkGh mÙkj fganqLFkku dkGÓkk yksdkauh olys

gksrs vkf.k y{kko/kh fdaok dksVÓko/kh xksjs vk;Z vkf.k R;k lokZauh

f’kLrokj brD;k yksdka’kh ;q/n d:u v/kkZ y{k pkSjl eSy tehu

O;kiwu Vkdyh- gh dYiuk fganqLFkkupk ygkulk nksu pkj QqVkapk

udk’kk gkrkr vlyk Eg.kTks lksih fnlrs( i.k R;k fØ;sps ;FkkFkZ

Lo:i y{kkr vk.kw ykxys Eg.kts R;k fo/kkukph vlR;rk Hkklw

ykxrs- ;klkBh vk;Zu~ yksdkauh nzfoM yksdkal gkadwu fganqLFkku dkcht

dsys] R;kpk bfrgkl osnkr of.kZyk vkgs- vlY;k rÚgsph bfrgkl

lksik dj.kkjh fujk/kkj fo/kkus ftrdh nwj Vkdrk ;srhy frrdh nwj

>qxk:u fnyh ikfgtsr vkf.k la’kks/kuke/;s izR;{k ;q/ns dk; >kyh]

izR;{k la?k dks.kdks.krs fnlrkr] ;kfo”k;h ‘kkari.ks la’kks/ku dsys

ikfgts- dsrdjkauh iwoZlqjhaph ers [kksM.Ókkpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs-

iwohZaph ers%

1- vk;Z gs tkfrokpd fdaok egkoa’kokpd ukao gksrs-

107

2- fganqLFkkukr osnHkk”kh ¼vk;Zu~½ yksd vkys] R;kaps vkxeu osn

nk[kforkr-

3- vk;Zu~ vkys R;kosGh ns’kkarhy dkGÓkk yksdkacjkscj R;kaps

;q/n >kys-

4- vk;Zu~ jk”Vªkps lkekU; ‘k=w ns’kkarhy ewGps yksd gksrs rs

dkGs gksrs- Eg.kts vk;Zu~ yksdkaps gs vkxeu ifgysp gks;-

5- nL;w ;kpk vFkZ ns’kkarhy ewGps yksd-

MkW- Jh-O;a-dsrdjkaps er %

1- vk;Z gs f’k”VoxZokpd o ;tu’khyokpd uko gksrs-

2- vk;kZps vkxeu _pkar ukgh- fganqLFkkukr Hkjrkaps vkxeu

fdaok LFkkukarj rso<s _Xea=krhy mYys[kkao:u Li”V gksrs-

¼vk|½ vk;Zu~ yksdkaps vkxeu osnkao:u Li”V gksr ukgh

Hkjr yksd rso<sp vk;Zu~ gksr vls eqGhp fnlr ukgh-

3- Hkjr fganqLFkkukr vkys rsOgk R;kauk ns’kkr izos’k loZ

izdkjP;k yksdka’kh y<k;k djhr djkok ykxyk- Hkjrkl

fojks/k dj.kkjs yksd vk;Zu~ gksrs] nzfoMh fdaok dkGs uOgrs]

rj cgqrsd rs vk;ZZu~ egkoa’kkps vlkosr-

4- vk;Zu~ jk”Vªkps dkGÓkka’kh lkeqP;kf;d oSj fnlr ukgh-

vk;Zu~ yksdkaps lkekU; ‘k=qewyd ,sD; vlY;kps dksBs

fnlr ukgh- ns’kkr vk;Zu~ yksd izFkep ;sr gksrs]

v’kkcnn~y o R;kaP;k vxksnj dkGs yksd ns’kkar gksrs]

v’kkcnn~y iqjkok _Xea=kr ukgh-

5- nL;w Eg.kts ts ;tu’khy uOgrs rs- nL;w gk ‘kCn Qkj rj

‘k=qRookpd vlkok- rks ‘kCn i’kqZHkkjrh; vlY;keqGs R;kus

Hkkjrh; fof’k”V tkr n’kZfoyh tkr ukgh- ,ds fBdk.kh

dkgh piV~Ókk ¼vukl½ ukdkP;k yksdkal nL;w EgVys tkrs-

rs vk;kZaps ‘k=w gksrs vls ukgh-

108

6- nL;wa’kh ;q/nizlax of.kZyk ukgh- fnoksnkl o lqnkl ;kaps

vusd jk”Vªka’kh ;q/nizlax _Xosnkar of.kZys vkgsr- th jk”Vªs

fnoksnkl o lqnkl ;kaP;kfo#/n y<yh- mnk- ;nw] rqoZ’k]

iq: b- fnoksnklkis{kk fHkUu /kekZaph gksrh] vls let.;kl

eqGhp iqjkok ukgh-243

,dw.k foospukr dsrdjkauh vk;Z vkf.k vuk;Z] nL;w ladYiuk

Li”V dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs-

MkW- fueksZgh ;kauh ^vuk;Z* ;k ‘kCnk,soth ^v;Z* gk ‘kCn

mi;ksftyk vkgs- ^vj* ;k /kkrwiklwu ^v;Z* ‘kCn cuysyk vkgs- ;kpk

vFkZ єkd gksrks] vls R;kaps Eg.k.ks vkgs-244 izkphu _Xosn xzaFkkr

v;Z gk ‘kCn 88 LFkkuh vkyk vkgs vkf.k vk;Z ‘kCn 31 LFkkuh

vkysyk vkgs- R;kpk vFkZ Li”V ukgh( ijarq dkykarjkus R;kyk Js”B

vFkZ fnyk xsyk- vk;Z ‘kCnkpk vFkZ taxyh] vlH; ?ksrysyk vkgs-

nksUgh ‘kCnkauk ,dp letY;keqGs v;Zph Js”Brk vk;kZauk feGkyh- ts

dkykarjkus ;ksX; >kys ukgh- R;kaP;k ers] ßvk;ksZa dks ‘kj.k nsuk gh

bl ns’k dh laLÑfr ds iru rFkk xqykeh dk dkj.k cukA D;ksafd

ckj&ckj ijkftr gksus okys vk;Z tc czkã.k o.kZ esa LFkku ik x,

vkSj muds lEidZ esa i< fy[k dj Js”B cu x, rks mUgksaus u dsoy

Lo;a dks ijkftr djus okys] mUgsa Hkh[k ek¡xus] viuh vIljk,¡ nsus ds

fy, ck/; djus okys] rFkk lÙkk ,oa lEifÙk ls nwj j[kusokys vlqjksa

dks nq”V] ikih] uhp ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k] oju~ mUgksusa bl ns’k ds

lekt dks czkã.k] {kf=;] oS’; rFkk ‘kwnz tSls pkj o.kksZa esa ckWaVdj]

muds chp Nwr&vNwr] m¡p&uhp dh [kkbZ iSnk dj mudh laxfBr

‘kfDr dks fNUUk&fNUu dj fn;kAÞ245 ;kpk vFkZ vk;kaZiwohZ v;Z

lekt gk ;k Hkwehr fLFkjLFkkoj >kysyk gksrk- rks v;Z Ñ”kd] oS’;

gksrk-

109

_Xosnke/;s 31LFkkuh vk;Z ‘kCn vkysyk vkgs( ijarq dqBsgh

R;kpk vFkZ Js”Brkokpd ukgh- izkphu ok³~e;] fofHkUu ‘kCndks’k rFkk

fo}kukaP;k ers vk;Z ‘kCnkpk vFkZ taxyh] vlH; vlkp vkgs-

laLÑrps fo}ku okeu f’kojke vkiVs ;kauh vk;Z ‘kCnkph O;k[;k

djrkuk] vk;Z ‘kCn ^_* /kkrwyk ^.;r~* izR;; ykxY;kus >kysyk

vkgs- T;kr .k~]r~]br~ laKk yksi gksÅu _ pk xq.k vj$; us v;Z

vkf.k vk;Z >kysyk vkgs- _ e/khy v;~ izR;;krwu vj ‘kCn cuyk-

;krwup vk;Z ‘kCn tUekl vkyk- vk;Z ‘kCnkph mRiRRkh ^vj*

‘kCnkrwu >kysyh vkgs- vj ;k ‘kCnkpk vFkZ ykdwM gksrks- vj

iklwup vj.; >kyk- T;kvFkhZ taxy vlk gksrks- ;krwup vk;Z

Eg.ktsp taxyh vlH; >kysyk vkgs- oSfnd dky[kaMki;Zar vk;Z gs

taxyh vlH; gksrs- oSfnd vlqjkaP;k lgoklkr ;sÅu rs lqf’kf{kr

>kys- oSfnd dkGkrp R;kauh osn] jkek;.k] egkHkkjr ;k xzaFkke/kwu

vkiY;kyk vuq:i vls ys[ku dsys- ;k xzaFkkrhy ik= fganw cufoys

vkf.k vk;Z laLÑrh fcaco.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk- Lor%yk Hkkjrh;

nk[ko.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk- R;krwup o.kZO;oLFksl tUegh fnyk-

Lor%yk lqlaLdkfjr nk[koys- Hkkjrkr ekuocyhph izFkk vk;Z

czkã.kkauhp pkyw dsyh- v’oes/k] Ik’kqes/k gs ;Kgh R;kauhp pkyw

dsys-246 rs HkVds gksrs- ?kksMk gk R;kapk eq[; i'kw gksrk- R;kauk

dks.krkgh jktk uOgrk- rsOgk R;kauh banzkyk vkiyk jktk ekuys- rs lqjk

fi.kkjs gksrs- vk;kZalkBh nso gk ‘kCn dkykarjkus iz;ksxkr vkyk-

ojhy foospuko:u vls y{kkr ;srs dh] vk;Z vkf.k vuk;Z

gÓkk nksUgh ladYiuk la’kks/kdkauh ijLijfojks/kh LohdkjysY;k vkgsr-

R;kaph lkaL—frd ik’oZHkwehgh folaxrhiw.kZ nk[kfoyh vkgs- vuk;Z

lewgkr nL;w] nkuo] nSR;] ukx vknhapk lekos’k d:u lekarj

laL—rhyk ekU;rkgh fnysyh vkgs- fla/kqlaL—rhps mn~xkrs gs vuk;Z

gksrs] vlsp fu”d”kkZvarh ekurk ;sbZy-

110

1-23 i.kh]ukx]nL;w]vlqj gs loZ ,dp %

i.kh gk _Xosndkyhu vuk;Z lewg gks;- ;kLdkus vkiY;k

fu:Drkr i.kh Eg.kts O;kikj dj.kkjk]i.;kph vFkkZr foØs; nzO;kph

foØh dj.kkjk vlk R;kpk vFkZ fnyk vkgs- i.kh Eg.kts ok.kh gksr]

vls lk;.kpkpkZusgh EgVys vkgs- _Xosnkr nL;wP;k [kkyks[kky i.khaps

mYys[k ;srkr- rs vk;kZps 'k=w gksrs-247 banzkps vkf.k i.khaP;k la?k"kkZps

vusd lanHkZ _Xosnkr feGrkr- _XosnkP;k izFke eaMykrhy 62 os

lwDr ^banzlwDr* Eg.kwu ;srs- R;kr i.kh ukokP;k jk{klkauh yksdkaP;k

xkbZ pks:u ioZrkP;k xqgsr yifoY;k gksR;k- nsokph dq=h ljek fgyk

;k xkbZ dksBs vkgsr- ;kpk 'kks/k dj.;kl lkafxrys] R;kizek.ks rh

loZ= fgaMyh vkf.k jk{klkaP;k rkC;kr vlysY;k xk;h 'kks/kwu

dk<Y;k- frus banzkyk gh gfddr lkaxwu i.khauk Bkj ekj.;kph fouarh

dsyh- R;kpizek.ks jlk ukokP;k unhP;k cktwl vlysY;k fxfjxOgjkarwu

BsoysY;k xk;haph bUnzkus eqDrrk dsyh- i.khaapk o/k dsyk- banz vkf.k

HkxhjFk ;kaP;k Ñisus ljek ukokP;k nso'kquhus vkiY;k iq=kalkBh nw/k

feGfoys- banzkus vlqjkapk o/k dsyk vkf.k xk;h feGfoY;k- R;keqGs

vkuafnr >kysY;k nsokauh banzkoj iq"io`"Vh dsyh- lkr _fRotkauh izkFkZuk

dsY;kizek.ks oy ukokP;k jk{klkpk rw o/k dsykl-248 r`rh;

eaMykrhy 31 os ^laikrlwDr*] n'ke eaMykrhy 108 os

^laoknlwDr* ;kp vk'k;kaph iqujko`Rrh djrkr- ;kpk vFkZ i.khtoG

foiqy i'kq/ku gksrs- xk;hps eksBeksBs dGi gksrs] R;kpizek.ks rs /kkU;gh

fidfor- banzkcjkscjP;k la?k"kkZr ijkHkokuarj R;kauk vk;kZaps nkL;Ro

iRdjkos ykxys- osnkrys i.kha o gMIIkk laLÑrhps yksd gs ,d

vlY;kph 'kD;rk vkgs- funku R;kaP;kiSdh ,d oxZ rjh fla/kqizns'kkr

jkgr gksrk o gMIik laLÑrh R;kusp fuekZ.k dsyh] vls fnlrs-

i.khapk fudVpk laca/k vl.kkjs lkrR;kus vgh ;k ukokus

_Xosnke/;s mYysf[kys xsys vkgsr- rsgh i.khaizek.ksp vk;Za'k=wp

111

vkgsr- vgh o o`= ;k lekup laKk vkgsr- vghpk vFkZ ukxliZ

vlk vkgs- R;keqGs gs ukxdqfyd yksd gksrs] gs Li"Vp vkgs- ßThere

is description at serpent deity 'Ahivrtya' in the verses of this sacred

book 'Ahi' is synonym of serpent. The word 'Ahi Budhna' (the

serpent of base of a mountain) has come twelve times in the Rig-

Veda. The Description of Vritra also has come repeatedly in Rig-

Veda. He was dendly enemy of Indra and he ultimately was killed

by the later. He also has been called by the names like Dasyu,

Dasa, Asura and Ahi in Rigveda, the word 'Ahi' had also come for

Serpent. It means Ahi was a serpent. The greatest Ahi of vedic poet

was Vritra sarpa which could block waters. In Atharvaveda and

later. Brahmanical literature is also mention of 'Ahi' along with

'Vritra'. Ahi is a title of Naga kings and as well as serpent. In

support to this view there are enormous evidence in sanskrit

scripture such as in Amarkosha in the list of serpents there is

mention of Ahi Þ249

o`= o vgh ;k nks?kkapsgh tyfu;a=d Eg.kwu o.kZu >kys vkgs-

dkGÓkk es?kka'khp R;kaph rqyuk dsyh xsyh vkgs- ik.kh vMo.kkjs /kj.k

vlkp vFkZ vghP;k ^tyLraHkd* ;k fo'ks"k.kkrwu O;Dr gksrks-

/kj.kkpk osMkokdMk QqxoVk ,[kk|k dkGÓkk ukxkizek.ks fnlr

vlY;kus /kj.kkl o R;kekxhy ik.;kP;k QqxoVÓkkl vgh Eg.k.ks

lkFkZ vkgs- ghp /kj.ks banzkus QksM.ks Eg.kts vfgo/k Bjrks- vghaP;k

—"kdlaLd`rhpkgh var ;k /kj.kQqVheqGsp >kyk-

MkW- uhjt lkGqa[ks ;kauh i.khapk laca/k ;{k o ukxk'kh ykoysyk

vkgs- i.kh gs of.kd gksrs- of.kd 'kCnkiklwu e.kh gk 'kCn cuyk

vkgs- ;{kjkt dqcsjkpk e.kh ;k 'kCnk'kh lkrR;kus laca/k ;srks-

ef.kxzho gs R;akP;k eqykps uko vkgs- ef.kda/kkj] ef.kdkeqZd/kj]

ef.kHkw] ef.kL=fXou] ef.kHknz gs ;{k vkgsr- i.kh vkf.k ;{k ;kaps ukrs

112

e.khP;k ek/;ekrwu rs Li"V d: bfPNrkr- e.kh o ukx ;kapk vrwV

laca/k vkgs- yksddFkkae/kwu e.kh izlo.kkjk ukx ;srks- Eg.kwu e.kh ;k

'kCnkps ukxk'kh ,sD; lk/k.kkjs ukrs fnlrs- ukxkaph ekrk dnzw fgP;k

,dk iq=kps uko e.kh vkgs o rks fxfjozt 'kgjkuftd jkgr vlrks-

;kpkp vFkZ ukxkaukp e.kh vkf.k i;kZ;kus i.kh EgVys tkbZ- dnwzP;k

vk.k[kh ,dk ukxiq=kps uko ef.kLFkd vkgs- ef.ker gk o#.klHkspk

ukx vkgs- ef.ker gk ef.kHknzkiq= vkgs- ef.kHknz ;{kkP;k ikBhekxs

ukxkps N= vkgs- dqcsjukxk gs uko ;{k&i.kh&ukx ,sD;kps fun'kZd

Bjrs-

fyPNoh o`Tthx.kkph laHkkouk vczkã.kkapk vM~Mk v'khp gksrs-

gMIik laLd`rhps rs vkJ;LFkku gksrs- ukxoa'kkps ^Hkksx*o`Tthx.kkaps

lnL; gksrs- oS'kkyh ;k o`Tth jkt/kkuhe/;s Hkksfxu~ ukxkpk fuokl

gksrk- egkHkkjrkr oS'kkyhP;k Hkksfxu~ ukxkpk mYys[k djrs- ikapkyx.k

lq/nk ukxoa'kh gksrk- egkHkkjrkuarj r{kd ukxkus ijhf{krkpk o/k d#u

ikapky x.kkoj rkck feGoyk gksrk o dq:aPkk oa'kt tuset; ;kus

;sFks ukx lagkjl= lq: d:u iqUgk ikapkyakoj opZLo izLFkkfir dsys-

r{kd ukxyk var >kyk vlyk rjh iq<ph vusd 'krds ikapky

x.kkpk ukx jkatk'khp lac/k vkyk gksrk- ikapkyakph jkt/kkuh vfg{ks=

¼vfgPN=½ gksrh- ;sFks /kj.kahanz uked ukx jktkus ik'oZukFkkps j{k.k

dsys gksrs-250

MkW Jh-O;a-dsrdjakuh nL;w fdaok ng;w ;kapk vFkZ izkar fdaok

ns'k]thrjk"Vªs vlk ykoyk vkgs- jk{kl vkf.k oSjh vlk gh vFkZ d/kh

d/kh gskrks- rsFks gk 'kCn iqYyhaxh vkgs] vosLrkr L=hfyaxh vkgs-251

nkl gk 'kCn i.khalkBh okijyk tkr vls( ijarq nkl ;k

'kCnkpk vFkZ xqyke u gksrk rh ,d inoh Bjrs- MkW- ckcklkgsc

vakcsMdjkauh ukx vkf.k nkl gs 'kCn lekukFkhZ ekuysys vkgsr-

R;kaP;k ers] ßoSfnd nkl Hkkjrh; bZjkuh 'kCn ^nkgd* ps laL—r :i

113

vkgs- ukxkaP;k jktkps uko nkgd gksrs- R;keqGs ukxoa'kh;kauk nkl

EgVys tkr- nkl ;k 'kCnkpk vFkZ /kfudgh gksrks] ;keqGs i.kh nklgh

Bjys-Þ252

ukx&i.kh ;kaP;k laca/kkfo"k;h MkW- fueksZgh Eg.krkr] ß/kuiky

dh dU;k vkSj ;kKoY; eqfu ls vkB iq= gq,s ftuds uke Fks vuy]

vfuy] uUn] dqUn] dqeqn] oYyHk] vkSj 'ks[kj- bu vkBksa dk fookg

fo'kky jktk dh vkB dU;kvksa ls gqvkA Lkkros iq= oYyHk dks vxz

uke ckyd iSnk gqvkA mldk fookg ek/koh ukxdU;k ls gqvkA

blfy, vktHkh vxzoky ukx dks ekek dgrs gSA ;g ckyd cMkgh

izrkih fudykA dgrs gS dh] blhus vkxjk uxj dks clk;kA blh ds

ukels vxzokyks ds 17 xks= xxZ] xks;y] Xoky] cly] daly]

fgaly] eaxy] HkVV~y] frysx] ,sj.k] gSj.k] fVax.k] fuRRky] feRry]

rqfny] rk;y vkSj xksfHky pys A vxzoky okf.kd vktHkh ^fojlk*

dgs tkrs gSAÞ 253

^ejkBh O;qÙifRrdks'kk*r nklpk vFkZ uksdj] pkdj] xqyke

lkafxryk vkgs- nkl vkf.k nL;w ,dp vlY;kps lkafxrys vkgs(254

ijarq nL;w Eg.kts pksj] Mkdw] njksMs[kksj vlk ?ksryk tkrks( rj nkl

Eg.kts oSfnd nkrk Bjrks- ;k nkl oxkZusp fla/kqlaL—rh fuekZ.k dsysyh

vkgs] vls MkW-iz-jk- ns'keq[kkaps er vkgs-255 vosLR;kxzaFkkrgh nkgd]

ngkd gs 'kCn nklokpdp ;srkr- ,dw.k ukx&i.kh&nkl gs lewg

vuk;Z B:u ,dftulh Lo:ikps gksrs] vlsp ekukos ykxrs- ¼R;kpk

vFkZ na'k dj.kkjk vr,o liZ vlk vkgs-½

1-24 ekuooa'k'kkL= vkf.k Hkkjrh; ukxoa'k %

i`FohP;k ikBhoj dqBsrjh eqGkr ,dp ekuooa'k mRiUu >kyk

vkf.k R;krhy yksd fHkUu fHkUu izns'kkr tkÅu olY;kuarj frFkY;k

fHkUu gokekukP;k izHkkokeqGs R;kaps osxosxGs ekuooa'k cuys] vls

cgqrsd iafMrkaps er vkgs- HkkjrkP;k izkphu bfrgklkpk vH;kl d:u

114

'kkL=Kkauh Hkkjrh; laL—rhoj cjkp izdk'k ikMyk vkgs- Hkkjrkr

ekuokpk dks.krkgh oa'k mRiUu >kysyk ukgh( rj fHkUu fHkUu ekuoh

lewg fujfujkGÓkk dkGh ckgs:u Hkkjrkr ;sÅu olys] vls 'kkL=Kkaps

er vkgs- l/;k ts oa'k ;k ns'kkr vfLrRokr vkgsr] rs vusd

oa'kkP;k feJ.kkus vkysys vkgsr- usxzkbZV] vkWfLVªd] eksaxksykbZM] nzfoM]

vYikbZu o ukWfMZd ;k oa'kkps yksd Hkkjrkr ;sÅu olysys vkgsr-

vklkee/khy vaxkeh ukx tekrhr usfxzVks oa'kkpk FkksMk va'k

vk<Grks- rs yksd vxnh izkFkfed voLFksr gksrs- nxMh gR;kjs okijhr

gksrs vkf.k daneqGs o taxyh i'kw ;kaoj miftfodk djhr gksrs] uarj

vkysY;k vkWfLVªd oa'kkr rs lekfo"V >kys-256 Hkkjrkrhy [kkyP;k

oxkZrhy loZ yksdkr vkWfLVªd oa'kkpk va'k vf/kd izek.kkr vk<Grks-

izkphu dkGh ;k yksdkauk fu"kkn gs uko feGkys gksrs- iqfyan] 'kacj gs

;k yksdkaiSdhp gksrs- vkWfLVªd o usfxzVks yksdkaP;k feJ.kkeqGs >kysY;k

tekrhauk 'kcj fdaok eqaM Eg.krkr- R;k dkGkrY;k vusd nardFkk o

vk[;kf;dk iqjk.kkr lekfo"V >kysY;k fnlrkr- iqutZUe] vaMÓkkiklwu

fo'okph mRiRrh] fo".kwps dwekZnh vorkj] ukx] dklo] edj] okuj]

gRrh ;kaP;k :ikrhy nsorkaph iwtk ;k dYiuk vkWfLVªd laL—rhr

mxe ikoY;k gksR;k- nsodkph dYiuk vkWfLVªd yksdkaphp vkgs- fyax

gs f'kokps izrhd vkWfLVªd yksdkadMwu ?ksrysys fnlrs- rdZrhFkZ

y{e.k'kkL=h tks'kh ns[khy ojhy foospukl ekU;rk nsrkr-

lksf'kdi.kk] 'kjhjd"V dj.;kpk mRlkg] lewgfiz;rk] vkuanh o

[ksGdjo`Rrh] lk/;k laxhrkph vkoM] Hkh:rk( ijarq ladVkyk rksaM

ns.;kphgh r;kjh] 'kjhj deko.;kph gkSl gh vkWLVªykWbM yksdkaph

LoHkko oSf'k"VÓks gksrh- rs n.kdV] fouksnh ] FkV~Vs[kksj] fLerlq[k] jaxsy

o 'kkyhu vlr-257

vklke o czãns'k ;kaP;k lhesojhy MksaxjkG o taxyh izns'kkr

ukx ukokps vkfnoklh yksd jkgrkr- gs loZ yksd ,dk tkrhps ulwu

115

R;kaP;k vusd tkrh vkgsr- R;kaph ukos v'kh] vaxkeh] vkvks] dqcbZ]

dpk] ysaxeh] jsaxek] lsek] rax[kqy] tseh] pax] dksY;kad] yksFkk]

laxrke] ekvks] ekfjax] p[kslax] Qkse] f/kepqax] [khueqaxu b- ukx gs

uko R;kauk ux ¾ ioZr ;k 'kCnko:u feGkys- ukx gs R;kaps dqyfpUg

fdaok nsods gksrs] R;ko:u R;kauk ukx gs uko feGkys vlkos vlsgh

,d er vkgs- l[ky izns'kkrhy yksdkauh R;k loZ tekrhauk ukx gs

uko fnys- lkaizr gÓkk loZ tekrhaph ,d la?kVuk cuyh vlY;keqGs

R;kauk ukx gs uko fiz; >kys vkgs-258

fo'okpk fuekZrk] txkpk 'kkLrk o ekuoh thoukpk fau;ark

vlk dks.khrjh Js"B nso vlwu] R;kaP;k gkrk[kkyh vusd nsork

vkgsr] v'kh ukxkaph dYiuk vkgs- lw;Z gh R;kaph eq[; nsork gks;-

lsfe;ks o dqafpikbZ gs R;kaps pkaxys nso vkgsr- lsfe;k /ku nsrks o

dqafpikbZ gs fidkaps j{k.k djrks- lsfe;ksyk jsMs] feFkwu] xk;h b- i'kw

cGh nsrkr- rj dqafpikbZyk cdjh] dskacMh o vaMh nsrkr- :fivkok

gk R;kapk nq"V nso vkgs- R;kyk dq=s o Mqdjs cGh nsrkr- ukx yksd

Hkqrk[ksrkaukgh Hktrkr- HkwdaikeqGs i`Foh ik.;krwu oj vkyh] v'kh

ukxkaph dYiuk vkgs- Hkwdaikph nsorkp fo'o fuekZ.k djrs o ikih

ekuokauk LoxkZr tkÅ nsr ukgh] vls rs letrkr-259 ukx yksd

Lor%yk vtqZu o mywihps oa'kt letrkr-

ukx tekrhapk izns'k ukxHkweh Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tkrks- iwosZyk

czãns'k] mRrjsyk o if'pesyk vklke vkf.k nf{k.ksyk ef.kiwj v'kk

R;kP;k prq%flek vkgsr- gk lkjk izns'k MksaxjkG o nkV taxykus

O;kiysyk vkgs- ;krhy dkgh ioZrf'k[kjs lgk rs ngkgtkj QwV bap

vkgsr- ukxkaph cgqrsd xkos rhu rs pkj gtkj QwV map Mksaxjkoj

olysyh vlrkr-260 ef.kiwj gh ukxHkweh gksrh- ukxVksGÓkkauh ef.kiwj

oj vkØe.ks dsyh gksrh- b-l- P;k 18 O;k 'krdkP;k izkjaHkh ikEgsack

ukokpk jktk ef.kiwjP;k xknhoj clyk- R;kpk tUe jkt?kjk.;kr

116

>kyk gksrk( i.k R;kps ckyi.k ,dk ukx ljnkjkP;k ?kjh xsys- rks

Qkj ijkØeh gksrk- R;kus czãns'kkP;k jkt/kkuhi;Zar Lokjh d:u fot;

feGfoyk gksrk- rks xfjckapk okyh gksrk] Eg.kwu R;kyk xjhcfuokt gs

uko feGkys gksrs-261

vkvks ukx gh vklkee/khy izeq[k ukx tekr vkgs- vkiyh

mRiRrh ik"kk.kLo:ih ,dk nsorsiklwu >kyh] vls gs yksd ekurkr-

vkvks tekr ,dftulh ukgh- xkWaxlsu o pqaXyh ;k nksu ?kVd tekrh

,d= ;sÅu rh cuyh vkgs- vkvks ukx gs /kkMlh o egÙokdka{kh gksrs-

HkkokHkkokar fadaok dqGkdqGkar lRrkla?k"kZ lq: >kyk] dh R;kryk

drZcxkj vlsy rks uO;k tkxh tkÅu vkiys cLrku ekaMh- ex

brjgh vusd dqaVqac R;kP;k Hkksorh ;sÅu clr- ex frFks izeq[k

yksdkaps x.kjkT; LFkkiu gksbZ-262

vaxkeh ukx gh ns[khy ukxtekr- dksfgekr vkf.k vkliklP;k

izns'kkr ;kaph oLrh vkgs- vaxkeh ukx >we i/nrhus 'ksrh djrkr- loZ

>we tfeuh xkokP;k ekydhP;k vlrkr vkf.k dks.kR;kgh Hkkxkr

'ksrh djk;yk R;kauk ijokuxh vlrs- vaxkeh ukx lqxhP;k osGh l.k

lktjs djrkr- Qsczqokjh efgU;kr lktjk gks.kkjk lsdsU; iwtk gk

R;kapk lokZr eksBk mRlo vkgs- R;k fno'kh ?kjkrhy izR;sd iq#"k

,dsd dksacMk ekjrks- vaxkeh ukx vkiY;kyk brj ukx tekrhis{kk

Js"B letrkr- rlsp vaxkeh iSdh ,d oxZ vkiY;kr iw.kZ 'kq/n jDr

vlY;kpk nkok djrks vkf.k vkiY;kyk egku vax vls Eg.korks-

jDrkph 'kq/nrk fVdfo.;klkBh vkiY;k eqykeqyhapk fookg gk oxZ

egku vax xks=krp djrks- R;kaP;k xkoph O;oLFkk iztkra=kRed

vlrs-263

MkW- nsohizlkn pVksik/;k; ;kauh HkVD;k tekrhafo"k;h Lora=

foospu dsysys vkgs- ßThe tribal peoples line in diffenent stages

ranging form foot gathesing and hunting through shifting

117

cultivation to settled Hough cultivation.The Birhor, Korua and Hill

Maria depend on fool gathering and hunting for thein livehhoud .

The Baiga pauri (hill) Bhuiyan Juang and Kutia Kandh are shifting

cultivatiors. The Munda, Santal and Oraon depend primarily on

permanent plough cultivation for their living. The Naga have

developed a system of terraced cultivation with elaborate means of

irrigation by aqueducts.

Here is another interesting example of how much importance

is attached by the Nagas to the sexual act for the purpose of

achieving agricullural success. A part of the agricultural opertions

they observe is known as the path-chearian ceremony.

Zemi (kacha Nagas) villegers of the Pelekima group make a

path they clear at this time a model of the sexnal argans in coition.

The female organ is exactly modelled in clay, with day grass

represting the public hair, while a wooden stake serves for the mail

organ. Parties of young men and girls going to and from the field

stop by these models, while one to the young men works the stak in

an appropriate way to the great amusement of the rest of the party.

Crooke painted out that the original purpose of the festival

was to promote the fertility of men, animals and crops and it was

characterised by the most licentions debaucher and disorder …… It

is the regular saturnalia of India.Þ264

,dw.k foospukvarh ukxtekrhusp /kj.k] 'ksrh] l.k] mRlo]

fo/kh b-ph O;oLFkk fuekZ.k dsysyh vkgs] vls letrs-

1-25 tkV dqy vkf.k {kf=; ukxoa'k %

ukxoa'k gk Hkkjrkrhy {kf=; oa'k vkgs- ;ke/;s tkV dqykpk

lekos'k dsyk tkrks- ;k dqykus vkiyk oa'k liZiwtsP;k ek/;ekrwu

fodflr dsysyk vkgs- R;keqGsp R;kauk ukxoa'kh vlsgh lacks/kys xsys

118

vkgs- mRrjsdMhy tkV vkf.k dsjGe/khy uk;j ;k nksUgh tekrhr

liZiwtk vktgh izpfyr vkgs- vk;Z tekrhae/;s iwoksZRrj izns'kkr

olkgr dsY;kuarj xks= i/nrh :< >kysyh gksrh- R;kpkp iqjLdkj

dkykarjkus ukxoa'kh;kauh dsyk- R;krwup dqyy{k.kokn dqyfpUg

¼Totem½ gk ladYiuk R;kauh Lohdkjyh- R;kr i'kwauk vkf.k o`{kkauk

izk/kkU; fnys- vkpk;Z eksgu pWVthZ ;kauh dqyfpUg ijaijsfo”k;h Lora=

foospu dsysys vkgs- R;kaP;k ers] “From the most ancient time in

different countries, nations or tribes a particular mark or insignia

(animal, bird or plant) know as totem was in practice that insignia

was a subject of great respect and full faith for each and every

member of the tribe or Nation.”265

MkW-eqtqenkj ;kaP;k ers] “The killing of certain animals or

eating them is tabooed in some clans. Some tribes sign there of the

totem animal. When it dies is ceremonially mourned and buried as

a member are that totem organination is universal. J.F. Maclenon

was the first to understand the signiticance of totemism as a

primitive social institution.”266

izkphu dkGh ukxtekrhus liZ gs dqyfpUg Eg.kwu Lohdkjys

gksrs- rh R;kaph laj{k.knsork gskrh- R;keqGs fofo/k fo/khae/;s gs yksd

likZps eq[koVs /kkj.k djhr vlr- ukxoa'kkus bfrgkl o bfrgkliwoZ

dkGkr laiw.kZ Hkkjrke/;s jkT;s izLFkkfir dsyh gksrh- vfgo`=]

v'olsu] r{kd] yksgkj] ddksZVd] xks.kank gs mRrjsdMhy dk'khpk

czãnRr] ex/kpk f'k'kqukx o unoa'k] in~ekorh ¼Hkkjf'ko½] fofn'kk]

bjk.k] eFkqjk] vfgPN=] dS'kach] ekGok] pØdksV] e/;Hkkjrkrhy

Hkksxorh] vka/kz fdaaok lkrokgu] pkyqD;] iYyo] dnack] pksy gs

nf{k.ksdMhy jktdqys b-uh liZ gs dqyfpUg Eg.kwu Lohdkjysys gksrs-

119

tkV bfrgkldkj jke Lo:i twu ;kaP;k erkuqlkj] ßr{kd]

cPNd] fdyfdy] ddksZVd] dfyjkeuk b- ukxdqys gh tkV xks=h;

gksrh- eFkqjk] in~ekorh vkf.k dkafriwj ;k jkt/kkU;k ;kp dqykaP;k

vf/kiRÓkk[kkyh gksR;k- in~ekorhps ukx Vad gksrs- R;kauh lksuhirtoG

24 [ksMÓkkaph LFkkiuk dsyh- rs tkVxks=kaps gksrs- Vadkps iwoZt gs jktk

xtoØ gksrs- iwoZ iatkciklwu xaxk vkf.k jktLFkku bFks eyd tkVkauh

Lora= x.kra= LFkkfir dsys gksrs- ukxiwj gs ukxkaps 'kgj gksrs-

jktLFkkue/khy fldj ftYgÓkkr vkf.k e/;izns'kkrhy [kkjxks.k

ftYgÓkkr tkV yksdkauh ukxxks=kph LFkkiuk dsyh- nqtksM] dUojiqjk]

leiqjk] fldj gs fldj ftYgÓkkrhy ukxoa'kh; {ks= gksrs( rj cknokg

vkf.k [kkjxks.k gs e/;izns'kkrhy ukxoa'kh; {ks= gksrs-

dkgh tkV xks=h; ukxdqys ;s.ks izek.ks vkgsr- vcqnZ] vp'o]

vgh] vj] ,sjkor] vfyxh] vijkftr] vIr] vrhZeku] vFkZd]

vflr] vywd] voyd] vo;] v;g] cey] cuk] cjkstokj]

olkg] csfuoky] Hkkdj] Hkadj] HkkxZqj] Hkkjf'ko] Hksjks] fHkapj] fcgky]

fHkyo.k] fHkjky] nfg;k] /kd] /kksZY;k] nsa;w] nso=] xksjk] dkty]

dkyk] dy'k] dkysjkor] dkyh] dkyhjkek] dkyhjkerk] dkyh]

jkors] dkyhjk;s] dkyhg] dyhbd] dkyh;] dYe"k] dkyokfj;k]

dkfy;k] dey] dUoy] dkfj;k] dqyky] dqykj] dqvksnkj] dqew]

dq.kky] dqatj] dq"eud] dqgj] ysxk] ykspkj] ekrok] ekros] eqaMsy]

ukjk] ukxk] uxj] uxhy] uhy] vksMklh] vksy] ioy] ikXok] igy]

iky] igk'kh] ikj] iksy] iaMwy] iUu] ijlus] ikgwj] iksMu] iqpkys]

iqfu;k] jgy] jkst] jkstk] jks=k] lxlSy] lgkju] leksrk] lkejk] laxw]

lokM] lsonk] 'ka'kuw] 'ks"kek] f'o=k] 'kkS[kaM] flgkjk] fljkLokj]

flrjokj] lokPN] lqejk] lqryk] V[kkj] r{kd] Vadksj] VsVkjoky]

frjjoky] Vksdkl] VksVku] mMokys] mxjx] ogjoky] okbl] ofjd]

olr] oj.k] fogku] oksfM;k] ;ksy;k b-tkVxks=h; dqys vkgsr-

120

fd'kksjh yky QkStnkj ;kauh ukx {kf=;dqykaP;k mRiRrhP;k

vk/kkjs jkT;dR;kZaph ;s.ks izek.ks ukos lkafxrysyh vkgsr%

'ks"k] oklqdh] ,sjkor] r{kd] Vad] ddksZVd] /kuat;] dkyh;]

ef.kukFk] fiatjd] okeu] uhy] vfuy] dYe"k] 'kcy] v;Zd] mxzd]

dy'k] iksd] lqean] fnxeq[k] fuey] fiaMd] 'ka[k] ckyf'ko]

fo'rd] ugq"k] fiaxy] gfLrikn] eqaMj] fiaMd] djy] v'orj]

dkyh"kd] igy] /kro/kZd] 'ka[keq[k] dq"ekaMd] fleqd] fpanjd]

djohj] iq"inar] foYod] ika<qj] eq"dn] 'kadklqj] gfjnzd] vijkftr]

fiBjd] lqeq[k] dqBkj] dqatj] izHkkdj] dq'kkn] gyd] dqeqnD'kk]

fVDdj] egkliZ] dne] cgqeqYd] ddZj] daqnknSj] egksnjk] uachj]

tksfrd] iUux] Jkog] dkSjO;] /k`rjk"V`] 'ka[kfiaM] fojtk] lqckgw]

'kkyhfiaM] gfjrfiaM b-

egkHkkjrkrlq/nk vusd ukxoa'kh jktkaps mYys[k ;srkr- vgh]

f'ko=k] v'khr] ¼[ks<½] lsHkZd] lksfcz/kk] vLrhu] daVd] Likt]

vud] dqfyd] 'ka[kiky] njoh] vp'o] vtxj] foyxk] vksjhfo'kk]

djhdr] uSejr] iz|qDr] iz|qEu] jTtw] yksfgrkgh] j;joh] ogl] lsHkkZ-

ukxoa'kh;kauh R;kaP;k jkt/otkoj o uk.Ókkaoj ukxeqnzkapk okij

dsysyk fnlwu ;srks- mRrjizns'kkrhy cqyan'kgj ftYgÓkkrhy vgj xkoh

v'kh uk.kh lkiMyh vkgsr- egkHkkjrkrhy Hkhekph fo"kiz;ksxkph

gfddr vgj xkohp ?kMysyh gksrh-

ukxoa'kh; jktkauh >kj[kaMe/khy ikydksV ;k fBdk.kh jkT;

dsys gksrs- nqMh gh ukxoa'kh; olrh jktiwrkaphp 'kk[kk- fnyhi flag

vgykor ;k bfrgkldkjkus nqMh 'kk[kspk laca/k g"kZo/kZuka'kh tksMysyk

vkgs- ck;l jktiwr gh ns[khy ukxoa'kh;akphp ,d 'kk[kk gks;-

dsjG vkf.k rqGwukMwP;k izns'kkrlq/nk ukxoa'kkps lanHkZ feGrkr-

dsjGe/khy vyh;l udj ;k L=hus vk;Zoa'kh; uacqnjh uk;j

tekrhP;k iq#"kk'kh fookg dsyk gksrk- gk ukxoa'kh lekt liZiwtk

121

djrks- mRifRr'kkL=kP;k vk/kkjs o lkekftd lanHkkZo:u laiw.kZ HkkjrHkj

ukxoa'kh; lekt olyk gksrk] vlsp fnlwu ;srs-**267

1-26 ukxkaps Hkkjrkrhy vkxeu %

mRRksjdMwu vkysY;k yksdakcn~ny HkkjrkP;k bfrgklkr o

iqjk.kkar fdrhrjh mYys[k vkgsr- R;k ekukus iwosZdMhy yksdkaP;k

cn~ny mYys[k ukghr- T;kapk iqjk.kkr ukx Eg.kwu mYys[k ;srks- rs

yksd iwosZdMwu vkysys gksrs rh dk;\ v'kh 'kadk okVrs- nf{k.ksdMs

nf{k.kkR; fo'ks"kr% iwoZ fdukÚ;kojhy nf{k.kkR; iwoZ leqnzkP;k ekxkZus

tkok] lqek=k] osfuZvks oSxSjs izkarkr xsY;kps FkksMsFkksMs mYys[k lkiMrkr(

i.k ckgs:u vkysY;k yksdkaps mYys[k eqGhp ukghr- MkW-bjkorh dosZ

;kaP;k ers] vk;Z vkf.k nzfoM ;kapk mYys[k vki.k okjaokj djrks(

i.k iwosZdMwu vkysY;k gÓkk frlÚ;k Hkkxhnkjkyk fol:u pky.kkj

ukgh- rks vfrizkphu dkGkr fganqLFkkukr LFkkf;d >kyk vlkok o

vkiY;k udGr iwosZdMhy }kjkus gGwgGw vkr f'kjdr jkfgyk

vlkok- dkj.k R;kaph Hkk"kk vkt egkjk"VªkP;k e/;koj ftoar vkgs-268

izkphu bftIrf'k;u ok³~e;kr ukxakph ewG Hkweh ikrkG vlwu

rs iwosZdMhy canj vlY;kpk mYys[k vkgs- iqjk.kkuqlkj ikrkG ukxkaph

Hkweh vlY;kps Li"V gksrs- ;ko:u nzfofM;u yksd iwosZdMwu

if'pesdMs xsY;kps fnlwu ;srs- dkj.k ;kaukp esfMVjksfu;u oa'kkps

Eg.k.;kr ;srs- fo}kukauh ikrkG Eg.kts fla/kwP;k eq[kktoGhy izns'k

vlY;kps EgVys vkgs-269

MkW- uk- xks- ukankiwjdjkaP;k ers] ßleqnzke/;s ;akph izFkeph

ewGph olkgr gksrh- gs [kjs vlys rjh Hkkjrkr ;kaps ts ijkHko >kys]

R;kar rs vlqjkaizek.ks leqnzns'kkar ijr xsY;kph o.kZus ukghr-

vlqjkaizek.ks ^|kekjksgUre* vls [kkywu oj tk.kkjs vls ;kaps o.kZu

ukgh- ;k myV ;kaph okrkgr >kyh vlrk gs o:u [kkyh foojekxkZus

Eg.kts ioZrkaP;k f[kaMhrwu ikrkGkr xsys vFkok lca/k ns'kHkj iljys-

122

;kLro gs izFke ok;O;sdMhy izkarkr HkwekxkZus mrjys vkf.k ekxZ

tk.;kps ekxZ eksdGs ulY;kdkj.kkus ;kauk iq<sp Eg.kts Hkkjrkarp ;kos

ykxys- ,oap gs HkwekxZus vk;kZaP;k iwohZ ;sFks vkys vlkosr] vls

vf/kdka'kkus okVrs-Þ270

1-27 fla/kqlaLÑrhrhy liZiwtsps mYys[k %

fla/kqlaLÑrhe/;s fyaxiwtk] f'koiwtk] izpfyr vlY;kps vusd

mYys[k xzaFkkrwu lkiMrkr- MkW- jk-uk-nkaMsdj ;kauh fla/kqlaLÑrhP;k

/kekZfo"k;h lfoLrj foospu dsysys vkgs- ßfla/kqnsork vkf.k f'konsork

;k nksgksapk lk/kkj.k fo'ks"k Eg.kts R;kapk ekr`nsohiaFk] izlo'kDrh iaFk

o liZiaFk ;kaP;k'kh >kysyk lg;ksx gks;- fla/kq[kksÚ;kr feGkysyk

vusd L=hewfrZdk ojhy fo/kkukl iq"Vhp nsrhy- fla/kqnsorsP;k

eLrdkrwu ,d iq"io.kZ 'kf[kdk mxoyh vlY;kps nksu eqnzakoj

n'kZfoys vkgs vkf.k R;k;ksxs izlo'kDrhph nsork gs frps Lo:Ik

lqpfo.;kr vkys vkgs- rlsp usgehP;k l'kax ;ksxukf/kf"Br nsokP;k

nksUgh cktwauk nksu HkDr xqM?ks Vsdwu o izkFkZuslkBh gkr tksMwu clys

vkgsr vkf.k R;kP;k leksj osVksGh ?kkrysys nksu liZ vkgsr] vls ,dk

rkezeqnzsoj fpf=r dsys vkgs- R;ko:u fla/kq/kekZrhy R;k nsokpk

bfrgkliwoZ f'ko vlk mYYks[k dj.;kl izR;ok; vlw u;s- R;k

bfrgkliwoZ f'konsorsph iwtk gs fla/kq/kekZps lokZr egÙokps vax gksrs]

vls Eg.kk;yk ikfgts- bfrgkliwoZ f'koiz/kku /keZ osniwoZdkyhu

HkkjrkP;k vusd Hkkxkr izpfyr gksrk-Þ271

rdZrhFkZ y{e.kk'kkL=h tks'kh ;kaP;k ers] ßoSfnd o voSfnd

nzfoM /kekZps ,dhdj.k >kY;kuarj fuekZ.k >kysY;k fganq/kekZr gkse o

;K ;kauk nq ;e jpuk feGwu iwtsyk izk/kkU; feGkys- T;kaph iwtk

Lohdkjyh( R;kaps R;kcjkscjp nsogh Lohdkjys- f'ko o mek] fo".kw o

y{eh] fo".kwps vorkj] jke o Ñ".k ;k izeq[k nsork vkf.k R;kaP;k

minsork x.ks'k] Lda/k] ukx] uanh] HkSjo] guqeku] x#M] lhrynsoh b-

123

LohdkjY;k-Þ272 vlqj laLÑrhrhy osnkr fufnZ"V f=f'kjk Rok"Vª ;k

nsokps fp= vkgs( f'kokps uOgs- R;k fp=krhy ewrhZ m/oZfyaxh uXu

nk[kfoyh vkgs- f'kokP;k ukekoyhr ^uXu* gs ,d uko vkgs- gh uXu

v'kh f='kh"kZ ewrhZ i'kwP;k ifjokjkr nk[kfoyh vkgs- R;kr ukxgh

vkgs- lkse] o`"kHk o liZ ;kapk #nzk'kh laca/k iqjk.kkr lkafxryk vkgs-

lkse;kxk'kh vfXup;ukpk laca/k JkSrlw=kaph izfriknyk vkgs- f}rh;

lkse;kxkiklwu vfXup;u djkos] vls rsFks EgVys vkgs- rSfrjh;

lafgrsr o JSkrlw=kr vfXup;kukr o`"kHk djko;kl lkafxryk vkgs-

vfXup;ukr liZfo"k;d ea=kauh loZ nsorkauk ,d gkse djko;kpk

vlrks- v'kk jhrhus lkse] o`"kHk o liZ ;kapk :nzk'kh laca/k vkyk]

;kph dYiuk djrk ;srs- :nzkfHk"ksdkps chtgh vfXup;ukr

lkiMrs-273

MkW-LojkT; izdk'k xqIr ;kauh fla/kqlaLÑrhoj uohu izdk'k

Vkdysyk vkgs- R;kaP;k Eg.k.;kuqlkj ßOn the basis of some seal

representations from Mohenjodaro these scholars said that the

Indus Saraswati people were the worshippers of siva in his pasupati

form, in the form of yogi in the form of phallus etc but there again

such representations are very few; the so called 'Lingas' also, as

Dales has questioned, may not at all have been the phallus symbol.

On the basis of the Grent Bath of Mohenjodaro they felt that

the people were water worshippers. On the basis of some teracotta

figures and seal representation they observed that the Indus

Sarasvati people are full worshippers, snake worshipper etc.”274 ;k

foospuko:u ns[khy fla/kqlaL—rhr liZiwtk vfLrRokr gksrh] vlsp

Eg.kkos ykxrs- gh liZiwtk l`tukaP;k lanHkkZr izpfyr gksrh- liZ] fyax

ok f'k'u ;kapk laca/k lqQyhdj.kk'kh vlY;keqGs gh iwtk loZekU;

>kyh vlkoh-

124

MkW- Jh- O;a- dsrdjkaP;k ers] ßoSfnd eka=dkykrp ,d eksBh

lkekftd fØ;k >kysyh fnlrs- tsOgk oSfnd ok³~e; izlor gksrs(

rsOgk ns'; vk;Zu~ yksdkal eka= laL—rhP;k vk;Zu yksdkauh iw.kZi.ks

vkRelkr dsys o R;kaP;krhyp vusd laL—R;axs ?ksÅu nksUgh

laL—rhph ,d laL—rh cufoyh- _Xosnke/;s fyaxiwtdkapk gs f'k'ukl

nso let.kkjs Eg.kwu migkl dsyk vkgs] rj ;tqosZnkrhy vusd

lafgrkr ns'; yksdkaP;k nsokapk lRdkj dsyk vkgs- ikoZrh] "kMkuu]

x.kirh brD;kaoj f'konSors Lohdkjys vkgsr- rlsp ;KlaLFksr izkphu

ohjdFkkl LFkku nsÅu ,danj lwr ok³~e;kpk lRdkj dsyk vkgs-

rlkp ukx o liZ ;kapk ns[khy osn ekU; dsyk vkgs-Þ275 ;ko:u

f'ko] fyax ok liZiwtk gh osniwoZdkyhu vkgs gs _Xosnkusp rlsp

fla/kqlaL—rhP;k vo'ks"kkauh fl/n dsys vkgs-

f'k'uiwtk dk gksr gksrh\ ;k fo"k;h MkW- ,l-,y-flagnso

fueksZgh fyfgrkr] ßf'k'u dks chtHkwr ¼cht Hkwr%f'k'u½ dgk x;k gSA

bldk dkj.k gS fd f'k'u oh;Z:ih cht dks iRuh ds xHkZ es cksus dk

dk;Z djrk gSA ftl izdkj fdlku gy ds }kjk cht dks /kjrh ls xHkZ

esa cksrk gS rks u;h l`f"V ds :i esa Qly iSnk gksrh gS] mlh izdkj

ifr f'k'u :ih gy ds }kjk oh;Z] :ih cht dks viuh iRuh ds xHkZ

esa cksrk gS rks u;h l`f"V ds :i esa lUrku tUe ysrh gSA bl izdkj

f'k'u l`f"VdrkZ ds :i esa fn[kk;h nsrk gSA ;g f'k'u u dsoy u;h

l`f"V ds tUe vkSj foLrkj dk dkj.k gS] ojuk blls ekrk&firk Hkh

vej gks tkrs gS] D;ksafd ekrk firk gh rks lUrku ds :i esa tUe

ysrs gSA thoks thoL; dkj.ke~ vFkkZr tho gh tkoksa dks tUe nsus dk

dkj.k gS] ,slk dg x;k gS] ijUrq ewy dkj.k rks f'k'u gSA ;fn fdlh

dj.k ls f'k'u v{ke gks tk; rks thoksa dk tUe lEHko ughaA f'k'u

gh cht oksdj lUrku dks tUe nsdk l`f"V dks foLrkj nsrk gS vkSj mls

vej cukrk gSA blfy, bls vuUr dgk x;k gSA izkphu Hkkjrh;ksa us

125

,sls izR;{k l`f"VdrkZ f'k'u dks nsork ekudj mldh iwtk dh rks dksbZ

vk'p;Z ughAÞ276 ;ko:u vk;ZiwoZ laL—rh f'k'uiwtd gksrh] vls

Eg.krk ;sbZy- dkykarjkus f'k'ukps :ikarjp likZe/;s >kysys vlkos-

Eg.kwu liZ laiznk; tUekyk vkyk-

“The Indus valley civilization which is the most ancient

civilization of India was spread up in North-West. Harappa,

Mohenjodaro, Chanhudaro and Lothal were its most important

towns. The founder of Indus valley civilization were

Mediterranean's or Dravidians and Australoids, where as round

headed Alpines, appeared in nature age of this culture. In

excavation of these towns, in addition to Burnished Red wave, a

very high number of seals and seal impressions have also been

found out. Among the deals so found out on one seal, there is a

figure of chief deity with buffalo head, on its both sides are two

other man deities and behind each of them is a serpent in standing

posture. On another seal, there is a serpent, in standing posture,

behind the bull, which is fighting with a mighty man. On another

third seal, there is a serpent resting his head on a wooden bench or

seat, which is protecting a tree deity.

The presence of serpents on all the above three seals,

establishes that the serpent was their (Harappans) protector deity

and symbol of authority of rule. We can draw the following

conclusion from the above detail:

1. The tradion of serpent worship or totemism was prevalent

in Indus valley Civilization.

2. The scence depicted on the seal no. 2 shows its relation

with the myths of Bobyonia, which proves origin of this

tradition on Western Asia.

126

This fact finding is further corroborated by seal No. 4. This

figure is incised on a cylinder seal recovered from Babylonia

(Lajards culte de Mithra). This proves the origin of tradition of tree

and serpent worship in Babylonia from where later on it was

transferred to Indus valley.”277

1-28 yksg;qxhu egk'elaLd`rhrhy ukx %

egkHkkjrkrhy dq#;q/nkuarj yodjp ukxkauh gfLrukiwjoj jkT;

dfjr vlysyk ikaMokapk ukrw ijhf{kr nqljk ;kpsoj Lokjh dsyh-

R;kr ijhf{kr ekjyk xsyk- R;kpk iq= tuest; frljk ;kpscjkscj

lq/nk ukxkaps ;q/n >kys( ijarq rks ukxkauk ukeksgj.k d: 'kdyk ukgh-

tuest;kiklwu jkT;koj vkysyk pkSFkk jktk fpp{kw gksrk- ;kP;kp

osGsyk dq#jkT;kph jkt/kkuh vlysys gfLrukiwj xaxsP;k egkiqjkr

mn~/oLr >kys- ;kcjkscjp mRrj&if'pe lhesojhy ukxkaPkk lkj[kk

ncko ok<r gksrk- ;keqGs dq:auh gfLrukiwj lksMys vkf.k rs oRl

ns'kkr dkS'kach toG xsys- R;kosGh ukxakuh iqUgk ,dnk gfLrukiwjoj

vkiyk vf/kdkj izLFkkfir dsyk- gsp ukxkaps iqu#RFkku gksrs- ;k

ukxkaP;k iqu#RFkkukph lq#okr Eg.ktsp yksg;qxkpk izkjaHk gks;- ;kr

eqGhp 'kadk ukgh- MkW-ds-,y- n¶rjh ;kauh ikaMokpk i.krw tuest;

;kpk dky vankts b-iw- 150 vlk fnyk vkgs- ;k yksg;qxkpk dky

lq/nk b-iw- 1000 P;k lqekjkpk vkgs- yksg;qxhu laLÑrh vkf.k

egk'elaLÑrh gh ,dkp oa'kkP;k yksdkaph vlY;keqGs ;kp lqekjkyk

T;k ukx oa'kkP;k yksdkauh vkiys iqu#RFkku ?kMowu vk.kys( R;kp

ukx yksdkauh Hkkjrkr egk'elaLÑrhP;k dkGkr vkiyh jkT;s LFkkiu

dsyh- ;ko:u egk'e yksg laLÑrh vkf.k ukxkaps iqu#RFkku g;k

ledkyhu ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk vkgsr- if'peksRrj lhekizns'kkrhy

r{kf'kysP;k ukxkaP;k vkØe.kkeqGs vkf.k uSlfxZd vkiRrheqGs

127

gfLrukiwjP;k izns'kkr vlysY;k ikaMokP;k dq#oa'kkP;k jktkyk

gfLrukiwjps vkiys jkT; lksMkos ykxys-278

egkjk"Vªkrhy fonHkZ&ukxiwj izns'k gkp ukxHkweh Eg.kwu

cq/ndkGkr vksG[kyk tkrk gksrk- ukxiwjP;k fudV vlysyk iouh

LFkGkP;k mR[kuukr miyC/k >kysY;k ekS;ZiwoZdkyhu HkO; LrwikP;k

vo'ks"kko:u gh ckc fl/n gksrs] Eg.kts ukxiwj izns'kkP;k ukxHkwehr

ukxkauh tks cq/nnar loZizFke vk.kysyk gksrk] rks iouh ;sFks gksrk-

R;koj v'kksdiwoZ dkGkrp Lrwi mHkkj.;kr vkyk gksrk] ;kr 'kadk

ukgh- Hkkjrkr ukx yksd gs cq/nkP;k thoudkGkrp tls cq/nkps

vuq;k;h >kysys gksrs- rlsp egkjk"Vªkrhy egk'elaLÑrhps ukx yksd

cq/nkP;k thoudkGkrp R;kP;k /kekZps vuq;k;h cuys gksrs vkf.k ;kp

dkj.kkLro ekS;ZiwoZ dkGkr ;sFkhy ckS/n/kekZps vuq;k;h vlysY;k ukx

yksdkauh iouh ;sFks egkLrwi mHkkjyk gksrk] vls fuf'pri.ks Eg.krk

;srs vkf.k R;k dkGkr iwoZfonHkkZpk izns'k ukxHkweh Eg.kwu vksG[kyk

tkr gksrk-279

yksg;qxhu egk'elaLÑrhps yksd ukx gksrs- ;kpk mRÑ"V

iqjkrkfÙod iqjkok vxnh vyhdMhy dkGkr miyC/k >kyk vkgs-

vxnh vyhdMs ukxiwj fo|kihBkP;k izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl] laLÑrh

o iqjkrRo foHkkxk}kjs rkjlk] ft-ukxiwj ;sFks >kysY;k iqjkrkfÙod

mR[kuukr ,dk izkphu rkezk'e yksg;qxhu olkgrhps vo'ks"k

m?kMdhyk vkys- rsFkhy olkgrhps yksd rkezk'e yksg;qxkr ?kjs cka/kwu

jkgr vlr- R;kaph ?kjs o`Rrkdkj] NksVh o cYY;k jksowu r;kj dsysyh

vlr- gs yksd ukxkph iwtk djhr vlr- rkaC;kpk ,d ukx ;sFks

lkiMyk vkgs- rks dqaMyh ek:u clysyk nk[kfoyk vkgs- rkjlk

;sFkhy mR[kuukr lkiMysyk ukx gk bfrgkliwoZ dkGkrhy Eg.kts b-

iw- 1000 ps lqekjkpk vlwu Hkksdj/ku ;sFkhy feGkysyk ukx gk

lkrokgudkyhu vkgs- R;kpizek.ks ;sFkhy olfrLFkkukP;k mR[kuukr

128

,d ukxeqnzk feGkyh vlY;kpk mYys[k ;kiwohZ >kysykp vkgs- gh

ukxeqnzk fuf'prp lkrokgudkyhu vlyh ikfgts- R;ko:u

lkrokgukiklwu rj bfrgkliwoZ dkGkrhy egk'edkGki;Zar

ukxlaLd`rhpk laca/k izLFkkfir gksrks-280

egk'elaLÑrh gh iw.kZ:ikus yksg;qxhu laLÑrh vkgs-

egk'elaLÑrh gh foa/;kP;k nf{k.k izns'kkr lk/kkj.kr% fonHkkZrhy

ukxiwjP;k izns'kkiklwu lca/k nf{k.k Hkkjrkr miyC/k gksrs- ;k loZ

fBdk.kP;k egk'elaLÑrhr ,d:irk fnlwu ;srs- gh laLÑrhrhy

,d:irk Eg.kts ;k loZ fBdk.kh miyC/k >kysyh dkGh o rkacMh

e`n~HkkaMh gksr vkf.k ;k e`n~HkkaMÓkkcjkscj miyC/k gks.kkjh yksglaLÑrhps

vo'ks"k] yksg/kkrwph oSf'k"VÓkiw.kZ fofo/k 'ksrhph votkjs] fofo/k

izdkjph 'kL=s gh ;k egk'elaLÑrhph oSf'k"VÓks vkgsr-

egk'elaLÑrhP;k e`rkaP;k nQuLFkGkaP;k mR[kuukr vLFkhps Hkkx

feGys vlwu] rs ,dkis{kk vf/kd O;Drhps lkeqnkf;d nQu

vlY;kps vk<Gwu vkys vkgs- ;k nQu LFkGkaP;k mR[kuukrwu ,d

xks"V izdk'kkr ;srs dh] egk'elaLÑrhP;k yksdkae/;s vkf.k R;kiwohZP;k

laLÑrhP;k yksdkae/;s ljfelG >kysyh gksrh- nksUgh laLÑrhpk ijLij

laxe >kysyk gksrk-

MkW- fo'oukFk [kSjs ;kauh egk'elaLÑrhpk laca/k rfeG

laLÑrh'kh tksMyk vkgs- LFkGkaph ukos] Hkk"ksrhy 'kCn laink]

laLÑrhrys va'k ;k lokZaP;k fopkjkarh ;k fu"d"kkZyk iksgksprks dh]

egkjk"Vª Hkwehoj fyf[kr bfrgklkP;k iwohZP;k Eg.kts izkd~bfrgkl

dkGkr rfeG Hkkf"kdkaps okLrO; gksrs- iqjkru fo|sP;k n`"Vhus gk

fu"d"kZ nzfoM laLÑrhP;k bfrgklkrhy ,dk egÙokP;k dPP;k nqO;kph

m.kho Hk:u dk<rks- nf{k.k Hkkjrkr vusd fBdk.kh egk'e el.koVs

vk<Gwu vkys vkgsr- eksBÓkk f'kGkaph fjax.ks] isfVdk] FkMxh b- :ikar

gs el.koVs fnlrkr- R;kr 'kokacjkscj f='kwyklkj[;k oLrw lkiMY;k

129

vkgsr- ;k izdkjP;k Hkwekrhph o.kZus rfeG la?kok³~e;kr vkyh

vkgsr- ;k loZ xks"VheqGs gs egk'es vktP;k nzfoM laLÑrhps iwoZtud

vls ekurkr- ,ds dkGh ;k [kkl vo'ks"kkaP;k vk/kkjkus nzfoMkaps

osxGsi.k fl/n gksr vls- xsY;k rhl o"kkZr vlys el.koVs HkkjrkP;k

vusd Hkkxkr lkiMys- R;keqGs nzfoMkapk /kkxk fla/kqlaLÑrhyk

fHkMo.;kph 'kD;rk fuekZ.k >kyh-281

MkW- ek-ds- <oGhdjkaP;k ers] ßegkik"kk.k e`r O;DrhaP;k

FkMX;kaoj R;kaP;k Lej.kkFkZ mHks dsysys vk<Grkr- vls vlys rjh

dsoG eksBeksBs nxM oki:u mHkh dsysyh Lekjds ,o<Ókkiqjrkp

egkik"kk.kh; ;k laKspk vFkZ e;kZfnr ukgh- egkjk"Vªkr fonHkkZe/;s

fo'ks"kr% ukxiwj] panziwj o HkaMkjk ftYgÓkkr egkik"kk.kh; Lekjds

vk<Gysyh vkgsr- fonHkkZe/;s ,dw.k 91 LFkGs vkrki;Zar feGkysyh

vlwu QDr pkjp olkgrhP;k ckcrhr R;kaP;k ifjljkrhy

egkik"kk.kh; Lekjdka'kh R;k lkaLÑfrdn`"VÓkk layXu gksR;k vls

Eg.krk ;srs-282

yksglaLÑrh o egk'elaLÑrh ;k nksUgh laLÑrh ,dp gksr

vkf.k gh yksg;qxhu egk'elaLÑrh ukxakuhp fodflr dsyh gksrh-

,sfrgkfld ;qxkyk tUe ns.kkjh ghp laLÑrh gks;- yksg;qxkph lq#okr

vkf.k ukxkaps Hkkjrkrhy iqu#RFkku ;k leUo;h o iqjd ?kVuk vkgsr-

gs y{kkr ?ksrys rj cq/niwoZ dky[kaMkr ukxkaps vfLrRo lca/k Hkkjrkr

gksrs] gs lR; izR;;kl ;srs- R;kcjkscjp yksg;qxhu egk'elaLÑrh gh

ukxkaphp laLÑrh gksrh] gs fl/n gksrs-

1-29 ukxoa'k o liZoa'k ,dp %

ewG Hkkjrh ;q/n b-iw- 3000 P;k lqEkkjkl >kys] vls ekuys

rj egkHkkjr ;kuarj 2500&2700 o"kkZuh >kys- brD;k vo/khr

yksdkaP;k dYiusr o nardFksr ukx yksdkaps izR;{k ukx fdaok liZ

>kys] ;kaps vk'p;Z djko;kl udks- egkHkkjrdkyh ukx Eg.kts liZp

130

gksrs] ghp dYiuk :< gksrh- ek= rs usgehP;k likZizek.ks dsoG i'kw

ulwu nsoka'k izk.kh gksrs- gs euq";kizek.ks cksyr pkyr- fdacgquk R;kauk

fujfujkGÓkk nSoh 'kDrh gksR;k vls ekuys tkr vls- ;sFsk FkksMklk

tkLr [kqyklk dj.ks b"V vkgs- iwohZ ,ds dkGh ukx vkf.k liZ vls

nksu Hksn vlkosr vls fnlrs Hkxon~xhrsr ^likZ.kkfLe oklqdh* fdaok

^vuar'pkfLe ukxkauk* vlk Hksn lkafxryk vkgs- Hkxon~xhrsP;k dkGh

Eg.kts HkkjrdkGh liZ vkf.k ukx vls nksu yksd fganqLFkkups gksrs-

R;krhy liZ gs lfo"k Eg.kts vk;kZl =kl ns.kkjs vkf.k ukx Eg.kts

fufoZ"k =kl u ns.kkjs vFkkZr vuqdwy vlk Hksn vlkok- vuar gk

;keqGsp ukx vlwugh fo".kwP;k 'k;ukFkhZ dfYiyk vkgs- i.k lkSrhP;k

dkGh gk Hksn jkghyk ukgh vls fnlrs- dkj.k egkHkkjrkrhy

vkfLrdk[;kukr o ikS"kk[;kukr gk Hksn ewGhp jkfgysyk ukgh- liZ o

ukx ,dp vls tkxkstkxh fnlrs- rFkkfi 'ks"k fdaok vuar oxSjs ukx gs

fujkGs vkgsr] vls eku.;kl tkxk vkgs- tuest;kP;k l=kl liZl=

uko vkgs vkf.k ;k liZl=kr fo"kksYo.k liZ teys vkgsr- ;kfBdk.kh

teysY;kaph ukos gh fnysyh vkgsr- rh oklqdh] r{kd] ,sjkor]

dkSjO;] /k`rjk"Vª ;kaP;k dqykrhy vkgsr- vuar vFkok 'ks"k ;kP;k

dqykrhy ukghr- rlsp gs nksu liZ vkf.k ukxyksd fujfujkGÓkk

fBdk.kh jkgr gksrs] vlkgh vankt gksrks- vkfniokZrhy v/;k; 3

e/;s mRradkus ukxyksdkr tkÅu ukxkaph Lrqrh dsyh- rhr egRRokph

ekfgrh miyC/k gksrs-

cgwfu ukxsos'ekfu xaxk;kLrhj mRrjs A

r= LFkkukfi laLrkSfe egr% iUuxkfueku~ AA

;kr ukx xaxksRrj jkgr vls fnlrs- dq#{ks=kr vkf.k

[kkaMooukr [kkaMoouknkgkiwohZ r{kd o v'olsu jkgr vlr] vlsgh

fnlrs- ;kal tjh lkSrhuh ukx EgVys vkgs rjh gs liZ gksrs] vls

131

ojhy o.kZuko:u fnlrs- ;kaP;k fo"k;h ;k Lrqrhr 'yksd vkgsr- rs

vls&

vgeSjkorT;s"B Hkzkr`D;ks djua ue% A

;L; okl% dq:{ks=s [kkaMos ckHkoR"kqjk AA

r{kdÜpkjlsu'p fuR;a lgpjkdHkkS A

dq:{ks=p olrka unhfHk{kqerheuq AA

;sFks r{kd o v'olsu ;kapk laca/k O;Dr gksrks- r{kdkl

ukxjkt EgVys vkgs-

vol;ks ukx/kqfUu izkFkZ;Uukxeq[;rke~ A

vlsgh R;kaps o.kZu dsys vkgs- ;k ,danj gfddrho:u r{kd

gk likZaiSdh Eg.kts izfrdqykaiSdh vlwu rks ewGpk [kakMooukrhy

jkg.kkjk eksBk egÙokdka{kh o jktRokph bPNk dj.kkjk ukx gksrk o

R;kpk izns'k ikaMokauh tkGwu [kkylk dsY;keqGs ikaMokaps vkf.k R;kaps

o v'olsukps oSj mRiUu >kys] vls ekurk ;srs- ukx o liZ gs ewGps

,doa'kh vlys] rjh fHkUutkrh; gksrs- gh xks"V Hkxon~xhrso:u fnlrs-

gs ;sFks y{kkr Bsfoys ikfgts vkf.k ;ko:ugh Hkxon~xhrspk dkG

lkSrhP;k egkHkkjrkP;k iwohZpk fnlrks-283

1-30 ukxkaph o.kZO;oLFkk %

vk;ZiwoZ dky[kaMkr Hkkjrkr dks.kR;kgh izdkjph o.kZO;oLFkk

vfLrRokr vlrkauk tk.kor ukgh( ijarq mRrjczkã.kdkGkiklwu rs

egkHkkjrkP;k dkGki;Zar o.kZO;oLFksus Lor%ps Lora= vfLrRo

lektO;oLFksr fuekZ.k dsysys vk<Grs- T;k tkrhapk czkã.kka'kh laca/k

vkyk] R;kauk =Sof.kZadkr LFkku ns.;kr vkys- T;kapk czkã.kka'kh laca/k

vkyk ukgh] R;kauk 'kwnz Eg.kowu fg.kow ykxys] R;kuk osnkapk vf/kdkj

ukdkj.;kr vkyk- egkHkkjrkr 'kd] ;ou] dkackst] nzfoM] dfyax]

dqfyan] m'khuj] dksyh¼dksGh½] liZ] ekfg"kd] esdy] ykV] ikSaMª]

dk.of'kj] 'kSafMd] njn] nkoZ] pkSj] 'koj] ooZj] fdjkr] phu] xka/kkj]

132

rq"kkj] dad] iYgo] vak/kz] enzd] iqfyan o jeB ;kauk nL;w vls

lacks/k.;kr vkys vkgs-284

o.kZO;oLFksfo"k;h MkW-jksfeyk Fkkij fyfgrkr] ßThe varna

division originated from the descent groups of the lineage system

where in the senior lineages or close kins or the nucleur groups

formed the upper or ligher or the distant kins or the peripheral

groups forming the lower the varna and in the like manner

communities originally completely outside the lineage forming the

servile class or divorced classes as the lowest varna , i.e.

sudras.Þ285

Eg.ktsp =Sof.kd o 'kwnz ;kaph feGwu o.kZO;oLFkk vfLrRokr

vkyh gksrh-

fganwP;k xzke o lektjpuspk fopkj djrkuk jktokMs fyfgrkr]

ßxzke fdaok uxj EgVys Eg.kts rs vBjk ixM tkrh[ksjht brjkaps

cuysys uls- izR;sd /ak|kph Lora= tkr vlwu R;k tkrhps xzke cus-

izR;sd tkr gh vkikiY;k /ka|kph orunkj gksrh- T;kyk o`Rrh Eg.kts

oru ukgh vlk euq"; xzkekr gDdkus jkgw 'kdr uls- brj xzkekrwu

dks.kh csdkj vk;Z euq"; xzkekr jkg.;kph bPNk d: ykxyk rj

xzkekrhy o`fRroarkph Eg.kts orunkjkaph xzkelHkk Hk:u R;kauh

,derkus] cgqerkus uOgs] ijokuxh fnyh rj R;kaph LFkkiuk xkokr gksbZ

o rhgh mijh Eg.kwu gksbZ- mijhpk fejklh Eg.kts fi<htkr xzkeLFk

gks.;kl fdR;sd fi<Ókk tkO;k ykxr- gh dFkk vk;Z mijhph >kyh-

vuk;Z yksdakpk lekos'k xzkela[;k dkgh fo'ks"k laLdkj

>kY;k[ksjht gksÅ nsr ulr- vuk;Z nksu izdkjps vlr- ,rn~ns'kt

vuk;Z o cfgnsZ'kt vuk;Z- ,rn~ns'kt vuk;kZar ukx] dksy] fHkYy]

xksaM] iqDdl] dkrdjh] Bkdwj] oxSjs yksd ;sr- cfgnsZ'kt vuk;kZar

'kd] ;ou] ikjfld] ckfYgd] oxSjs yksd ;sr- ukx] dksy o jk{kl

133

gs ;k ns'kkr vk;kZaP;k iwohZps yksd gksr- vk;kZorkZr] nf{k.kkaj.;kr o

vijkUrkr xzkela[;k tsOgk dsY;k rsOgk ;k ,rn~ns'kt vuk;kZauk

xzkelaLFksr dks.krs LFkku |kos ;kpk fopkj iMyk- ;k fopkjkrwu

lqjf{kri.ks ikj ikM.;kl vk;kZpk iwohZpk ,d iz?kkr midkjd >kyk-

xq.kkauh o dekZus fHkUu blekaps fujkGs o.kZ dj.;kl vk;Z Qkj iqjkru

dkGkiklwu f'kdys gksrs- g;k f'k{k.kkpk vFkZ lrr eu%izo`rhpk

ifj.kke pkrqoZ.;Z gks;-

pkrqoZ.;kZrhy pkjh o.kZ cht{ks=kus i`Fkd~ gks.;kiwohZ vuqykse o

izfrykse laca/k ?kMr- R;k laca/kkiklwu th izKk fuekZ.k gksbZ- fryk rhu

fi<Ókkauh ewG fiR;kP;k o.kZkr ijr tkrk ;sbZ( i.k ladjt iztsph

la[;k ok<wu R;kaps vkilkrhy ek;sps dkSVqafcd laca/k ok<rk ok<rk

R;kph fiR;kP;k o.kZkr tk.;kph xrh Fkakcyh o ladj tkrh Lor%P;k

la?kVusr] o`RRkhr o /ka|kr fLFkj >kY;k-

T;k lektkph o`Rrh QDr cht{ks=kpk O;ogkj R;k lektkrY;k

lektkr ?ksÅu tkrs] vU; dks.kR;kgh jhrhusssss ukgh] R;k lektkl tkrh

Eg.krkr- tkrh QDr tUekus izkIr gksrs- brj dks.kR;kgh rÚgsus izkIr

gksr ukgh- tkfrlaLFksps ,d dk;Z vxnh csekywe gksrs rs gs dh]

cht{ks=kph 'kq/nh ijhiw.kZ jkgrs o ftoyxkaph rkVkrwV gh ukgh-

ladjakP;k o.kksZUurhpk iz'u lksMfork lksMfork vk;kZauh gh tkfrlaLFkk

fuekZ.k dj.;kph Dy`Irh lqpysyh vkgs- rhp Dy`Irh ,rn~ns'kt

vuk;Z lektkph LFkkiuk xzkelaLFkkr djrkuk vk;kZuh veykr

vk.kyh- R;k R;k vuk;Z lektkph vk;kZauh Lora= tkr Eg.kwu x.kuk

dsyh-

ladjkph O;oLFkk dj.;kr tkfrlaLFksph dYiuk lqpyh vkf.k

rh dYiuk vk;kZuh vuk;Z lektkauk ykoyh- brdsp uOgs rj

Lor%P;k pkrqoZ.;Z laLFksykgh ykoyh- ladjkrwu cht{ks= 'kq/nh

>kY;koj O;Drhauk pkrqoZ.kkZrhy dks.kR;kgh ewG o.kkZr ijr tkrk ;sr

134

vls- rlsp pkrqoZ.;kZrhy dks.kR;kgh [kkyP;k o.kkZP;k O;Drhyk

xq.kdekZpk mRd"kZ lk/kY;kl Eg.kts ri'p;kZ dsY;kl czkã.koxkZr

izfo"V gksrk ;sr vls- tkfrlaLFksph dYiuk lqpY;koj czkã.k] {kf=;]

oS';] 'kwnz gs pkjh o.kZgh tkrh cuys- l/;k gs pkj o.kZ vlwu

f'kok; pkj tkrhgh vkgsr- ukx] dksy ;k ,rn~ns'kt vuk;kZaiklwu

vR;at o ckgÓk tkrh tUeY;k-286

egkjk"Vªkiqjrk fopkj dsyk rj fo-dk- jktokMs Eg.krkr]

ßegkjkf"Vªdkaph ¼Eg.kts egjV~Vkaph½ o ukxakph nf{k.ksr tsOgk xkB

iMyh] rsOgk ukxyksdkar rhu o.kZ mQZ tkrh vfLrRokr gksR;k-

ukx&{kf=;] ukx'kwnz] ukx vfr'kwnz- iSdh ukx {kf=;ka'kh egkjkf"Vªdkapk

'kjhjlaca/k ;krwu ejkBs yksd fuekZ.k >kys- ukx vfr'kwnz Eg.kts l/;k

T;kauk vki.k egkj Eg.krks rs- ukx'kwnz ts gksrs rsp ejkBs yksd

vfLrRokr vkysY;k le;hps gÓkk ns'kkrhy 'kwnz gksr-Þ287

ojhy foospuko:u ukx gs ,rís'kh; vuk;Z gksrs] gs ek=

fuf'pr djrk ;srs-

1-31 ukxkaph ekr`lRRkkd dqVqcai/nrh %

Ekkr`lRrkd i/nrh gh vk;ZiwoZ lektO;oLFksps egÙoiw.kZ

oSf'k"VÓk vkgs- L=hiz/kku ok ekr`iz/kku vlysyh lektlaLFkk oSfnd o

voSfnd Hkkjrh;kae/;s izkphu dkGh gksrh- oklqdhP;k ?kjh R;kP;k

Hkfxuh'kh yXu >kY;koj tjRdk: ;k czkã.kkl jkgkos ykxys-

vtZqukpk fookg mywih ;k ukxdU;s'kh gksÅu frP;kiklwu bjkoku

uked iq= >kyk gksrk- rks vkiY;k ekrsik'khp jkfgyk gksrk-288

dqylaLFkkpk mn; gÓkk yksdkr tsOgk >kyk] rsOgk fiR;kis{kk

ekrspk vf/kdkj tkLr vls- fdacgquk dknzos; ukokusp rs vksG[kys

tkr- yXukr gs yksd >kMk>qMikaps nsonsod clfor vkf.k vkpk;kZ.kh

mQZ ,sj.khps iwtu djhr- ukxyksd ljiV.kkÚ;k ukx ukokP;k izk.;kph

iwtk djhr-289

135

MkW uhjt lkGqa[ksP;k ers] ßdukZVde/;s vktgh ukxoa'kkP;k

izFkkaps tru dsys tkrs- rqGw lektke/;s vGh; larku ukokph okjlk

gDd i/nrh vkgs- vFkoZosnkrhy liZfo"kuk'klwDrkr vyhu uked

¼ukx½ yksdlewgkpk mYys[k djrs- cgq/kk vGh; i/nrhpk ;k

yksdlewgk'kh laca/k vl.kkj- dkj.k rqGw laLd`rh ^;{k ukx* laLd`rhp

vkgs- vkGs ;kpk vFkZ ik.kh lkBfo.;kpk] >kMkP;k Hkksorkypk

ekrhpk orqZGkdkj [kÏk vlk gksrks- tylaLd`rh'khp ^vGh* ;k

'kCnkpk laca/k iksgksprks gs n'kZo.kkjs vla[; 'kCn Hkk"ksr vkiY;kyk

feGrkr vGh; larku izFksph oSf'k"VÓks [kkyhy izek.ks gksr-

1- dqVaqckps ewG ekr`lRRkkd i/nrhe/;s-

2- cfg.khpk eqyxk laiRRkhpk okjlnkj-

3- dqVaqckP;k laiRrhps foHkktu dsys tkr uls- vGh; larku

izFksps fu;e pkSnk dVV~ o lksGk dÍGs e/;s foHkkxysys

vlr-

vGh; larkuizFkspk voyac dj.kkÚ;k rqGw lektkps nqljs

oSf'k"VÓk Eg.kts fofo/k ^cGh*e/;s lektkph foHkkx.kh gks;- ^cGh* gh

nzfoM laKk oa'kkoG ¼lineage½ ;k vFkkZus rqGw lektkr okijyh

tkbZ-Þ290

1-32 ukxkaph Hkk"kk %

ukxkaph Hkk"kk gh osndkyhu izkÑr vlkoh- ukx dksd.kkr o

nf{k.ksr ts mrjys] rs osndkyhu izkÑr fdaok oSfnd Hkk"kk ?ksÅu

mrjys- uarj egkjk"Vhªd yksd egkjk"Vªh Hkk"kk ?ksÅu vkys] R;kapk o

ukxkapk laxe gksÅu eÚgkVh Hkk"kk] eÚgkVh yksd o eÚgkVh jk"Vª

tUeys- ;k ?kMkeksMhyk 3100+500= 3600 o"ksZ ykxyh] vls fo-

dk- jktokMsaps er vkgs- iq<s rs Eg.krkr] ßukxkaph Hkk"kk izk;%

vk;kZaP;k laLÑr Hkk"kslkj[khp vlkoh fdaok lk{kkr vk;kZph laLÑrp

vlkoh- R;keqGs gÓkkaP;k izns'kkr Eg.kts dksad.kkr o Ñ".ksP;k

136

mRrjsdMhy izns'kkr izFke laLÑr o uarj laLÑrkpk viHkza'k th

egkjk"Vªh R;k Hkk"kkaph lkoZafxd O;kIrh vlysyh fnlrs-Þ291

MkW-,p~-,y~- dkslkjsaP;k ers] ßrfeG Hkk"kk gh nf{k.k Hkkjrkrhy

yksdakphp dsoG Hkk"kk gksrh vls uOgs] rj vk;Z yksd ;sFks ;s.;kiwohZ

laiw.kZ Hkkjrkrhy yksdkaph Hkk"kk gksrh vkf.k rh dk'ehj iklwu

dU;kdqekjhi;Zar cksyyh tkr gksrh- oLrqr% rh lca/k Hkkjrkrhy ukx

yksdakph Hkk"kk gksrh- vk;Z vkf.k ukx yksd gh ijLijkaP;k laidkZr

jkgr vlY;keqGs ukx yksdakoj o R;kaP;k Hkk"ksoj cjkp ifj.kke ?kMwu

vkyk- mRRkj Hkkjrkrhy ukx yksdakuh R;kaph ekr`Hkk"kk vlysY;k

rfeG Hkk"kspk R;kx dsyk vkf.k R;k,soth vk;kZaP;k laLÑr Hkk"kspk

Lohdkj dsyk- R;keqGs mRRkj Hkkjrkrhy ukx yksdkauk nzfoM Eg.kwu

lacks/k.;kph vko';drkp Bjyh ukgh- nzfoM vkf.k oSfnd Hkk"ksP;k

ijLij laidkZrwu izkÑr Hkk"kk vfLrRokr vlyh vkf.k rh tuHkk"kk

>kyh- rsOgk ;k dky[kaMkr izkÑr Hkk"kk cksyyh tkr gksrh gs Li"V

gksrs- e/;izns'kkrhy vk;Z vkf.k ukx yksdakr Qkj eksBk izek.kkr

lafeJ.k ?kMwu vkys gksrs- ukxoa'kh; {kf=; jktkauk ozkR; tjh Eg.kr

vlys] rjh vk;Z {kf=;ka'kh R;kaps oSokfgd laca/k gksr gksrs-Þ292

vk;Z o nzfoM Hkk"kkarhy lk/kE;kZfo"k;h dkYMosyps vuqeku

vls vkgs dh] ßnzfoM yksd iatkckr ;sÅu olys o uarj vk;Z R;k

Hkkxkr vkys- dkgh dkG frFks ,d= jkfgY;kuarj b-l- iwoZ 11 O;k

'krdkr nzfoM yksd nf{k.k Hkkjrkr vkys- R;kdkGh nf{k.ksr ukx

yksdakph olrh gksrh- nzfoM yksd nf{k.ksr xsY;koj ukxkapk o

nzfoMkapk la?k"kZ >kyk- ek= dkykarjkus ukx o nzfoM ,desdkar felGwu

xsys o ,d= ukanw ykxys-Þ293

1-33 bfrgklkrhy ukxoa'k %

iqjk.k dky[kaM >kY;kuarj bfrgkl dky[kaMkyk lq#okr gksrs-

;k bfrgkl dky[kaMkr Hkkjrkr iz|ksroa'k] f'k'kqukxoa'k] ekS;Zoa'k] b-

137

fofo/k oa'kkuah Hkkjrkre/;s jktoV dsysyh vkgs- iz|ksroa'k gk iz|ksr

jktkiklwu b-iw- 2100 rs b-iw 1962 i;Zar gksrk- [kÚ;k vFkkZaus ;kp

dky[kaMkr Hkkjrkr ukxoa'kkus ewG /kjys gksrs-294 iz|ksroa'kkuarj

f'k'kqukxoa'k ex/kP;k jkT;koj vkyk- b-iw- 9&10 O;k 'krdkr

dk'khyk ukxkauh jkT; izLFkkfir dsys gksrs- dk'khP;k czãnRrkP;k

jktoa'kkrp ik'oZukFk gk tSukapk rsohlkok rhFkZadj tUeyk gksrk] rsOgk

ik'oZukFk gk ukxoa'kh; gksrk- ;kp ?kjk.;kr f'k'kqukx gk dk'khpk

jktk gksrk vkf.k gkp f'k'kqukx ex/kkpk jktk >kyk- R;kus f'k'kqukx

jktoa'kkph LFkkiuk dsyh- ;k f'k'kqukxkapk mYys[k ^f'k'kqukd* vlkgh

dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- ;ko:up ^ukx* vkf.k ^ukd* gs lekukFkhZ 'kCn

vlwu rs ukokP;k 'ksoVh okijhr- ex/kkpk jktk f'k'kqukx gk

ukxoa'kh; gksrk vkf.k R;k ukoko:u rks ukxoa'kh vlY;kps lwfpr

gksrs- Eg.kts b-l-iwoZ 7 O;k 'krdkr ukx yksd vkiY;k ukokr ^ukx*

vFkok ^ukd* ;k 'kCnkpk okij djhr gksrs] gs Li"V vkgs-295 iqjk.kkar

ukxjktkaph th oa'kkoGh fnysyh vkgs- frps nksu Hkkx dsysys vkgsr-

R;kryk ,d oa'k fofn'kk ;sFks jkT; djhr gksrk vkf.k nqljk oa'k

in~ekorh ;sFks jkT; djhr gksrk- fofn'kk ;sFks jkT; dj.kkÚ;k oa'kkr

iq<hy jkts gksÅu xsys- ¼l-iw 110 rs l-iw- 31½ 'ks"k] Hkksfxu~]

jkepaanz] /keZoekZ] oaxj- in~ekorh ;sFkhy jkts ¼b-l-iw-20 rs 30½

Hkwruanh] f'k'kquanh] ;'kksuanh] b-l-P;k nqlÚ;k 'krdkr ;k oa'kkrhy

fHkUu iq#"kkauh in~ekorh] dkafriqjh o eFkqjk ;sFks jkT;s LFkkiu dsyh- gs

jkts uoukx ;k ukokps vksG[kys tkrkr- R;kauhp iq<s Hkkjf'ko gs uko

/kkj.k dsys] R;kapk bfrgkl vR;ar xkSjo'kkyh vkgs-296 iqjk.kkr ;k

oa'kkrhy ngk jktkaph ukos fnysyh vkgsr- rh v'kh% f'k'kqukx]

dkdo.kZ] {ks=/kekZ] {k=kStk] fcafclkj] vtkr'k=w] n'kZd] mnk;h]

uafno/kZu o egkuanh- ;k jktkauh b-iw- 642 iklwu b-iw- 372 i;Zar

ex/kkoj jkT; dsys( ijarq ;k oa'kkph gh ikSjkf.kd ekfgrh lqlac/n o

138

fo'oluh; ukgh- ckS/n lkfgR;kryh fo'ks"kr% ^egkoa'k* ;k xzaFkkryh

ekfgrh bfrgklrTKkauh Lohdkjyh vkgs- ;k xzaFkkUo;s ;k oa'kkrhy

jktkaph ukos v'kh] fcafclkj] vtkr'k=w] mn;Hknz] vuq#/n] eaqM]

ukxnkld] lqlqukx] dkyk'kksd vkf.k R;kps ngk iq=-297

^eRL;iqjk.kk*r 'kS'kqukx oa'kkps mYys[k vkysys vkgsr rs ;s.ks

izek.ks %

gRok rs"kka ;'k%ÑRLua f'k'kqukxks Hkfo";fr

okjk.kL;ak lqr LFkkI; Jf;"Vfr fxfjozte~

f'k'kqukx'p o"kkZf.k pRokfj'kar~ Hkfo";fr

dkdo.kZ% lqrLrL; l f=a'k izkIRL;rs eghe~

"kVf=a'kr~ p{k=kStk o"kkZf.k {ksse/kekZ Hkfo";fr

pRofja'kr~ lek jkT;a {k=kStk% izkIL;rs rr%

v"Vkfoa'kfr o"kkZf.k fcfcalkjks Hkfo";fr

vtkr'k=qHkZfork iapfoa'kRlek u`i%A

iapfoa'kRlek jktk n'kZdLR;q Hkfo";fr

mn;ks Hkfork jktk rLekr~ -;fLra'kRlek u`i%

loS iqjoja jktk i`fFkO;k dqlqekà;e~

xaxk;k nf{k.ks dwys prqFkZ·/ns dfj";fr

pRokfja'kRlek HkkO;ks jktk oS uafno/kZu%

pRokfja'kr~ =;'oSo egkuanh Hkfo";fr

bR;srs Hkforkjks oS 'kS'kqukxk u`ik n'k

'krkfr =hf.k o"kkZf.k pf"Vo"kkZf/kdkfu rq

f'k'kqukxk Hkfo";afr jktku% {k=ca/ko%AA

R;kaps loZ ;'k f'k'kqukx u"V djhy o jktk gksbZy- okjk.k'kh

;sFks vkiY;k iq=kph LFkkiuk d:u Lor% fxfjoztkpk vkJ; djhy-

f'k'kqukx 40 o"kZ jkT; djhy- R;kpk eqyxk dkdo.kZ 36 o"kZi;Zar

i`Fohpk miHkksx ?ksbZy] {ks+++e/keZ 40 o"kZ jkT; djhy- {k=kStl~ 40

139

o"kZ jkT; djhy- fcafclkj 28 o"ksZi;Zar jktk gksbZy- vtkr'k=w 25

o"ksZ o n'kZd 25 o"ksZ jkT; djrhy] R;kP;k uarj mnfpu~ gk 33 o"ksZ

jkT; djhy] vkiY;k dkjdhnhZP;k 4 F;k o"khZ i`Fohoj xaxsP;k

nf{k.krhjh vlysY;k dqlqeiwj uxjkyk rks ¼mnf;u½ vkiyh jkt/kkuh

djhy] jktk uafno/kZu 40 o"ksZ jktk gksbZy o egkuanh 43 o"ksZ jkT;

djhy] gs ngk 'kS'kqukx jkts gksrhy- gs 360 o"ksZ jkT; djrhy- gs

{kf=;kaps ukryx gksr-298 iqjk.ks iz|ksroa'kkl 'kaHkj iklwu nhMls o"ksZ

nsrkr vkf.k R;kaP;k lekIrhuarj vkysY;k 'kS'kqukxkaiSdh cq/ndkyhu

jktk fcafclkj ;kpk dky lOok'ks o"kkZauh >kyk] vls iqjk.ks lkaxr

vkgsr- rj ;s.ksizek.ks mn;udkG fcafclkjkiwohZ lqekjs 250 o"ksZ vxksnj

;srks-

f'k'kqukxoa'kkuarj ex/koj uanoaa'kkus jkT; dsys- ;kapk dkG b-iw-

4Fks 'krd gks;- f'k'kqukxoa'kkrhy dkyk'kksd ¼dkdo.kZ½ ;kaP;k

jk.khpk ,d fiz;dj gksrk- R;kus izFke dkdo.kZ jktkpk fo'okl

laiknu dsyk o uarj R;kpk o/k d:u R;kP;k ngk iq=kauk flagklukoj

cloys- rks Lor%R;k jktiq=kapk ikyd Eg.kwu jkT; pkyfor gksrk-

iq<s ngk o"kkZr R;kus loZ jktiq=kauk Bkj ekjys o ex/kkps flagklu

Lor% cGdkoys- gkp uan oa'kkrhy ifgyk jktk gks;- tSu o ckS/n

ijaijsuqlkj rks 'kwnz o.kkZpk gksrk- ^egkcksf/kaol* ;k xazFkkr R;kps uko

mxzlsu vls fnys vkgs- iqjk.kkr R;kyk ^egkin~e* EgVys vkgs vkf.k

rks jktk egkuanhP;k ,dk 'kwnz nklhpk iq= gksrk vls lkafxrys vkgs-

MkW- dsrdjkaP;k ers] ß'kS'kqukxkuarj uan jkts >kys vkf.k uankauh

lkoZHkkSeRo feGfoys o tquh {kf=; ?kjk.kh u"V dsyh- gh {kf=; ?kjk.kh

lq: dsOgk >kyh gs vki.kkl BkÅd ukgh- rh u"V dsOgk >kyh] gs

ek= BkÅd vkgs vkf.k ;k uarj fujfujkGÓkk iqjk.kkr] fujfujkGÓkk

iqjo.;k] fujfujkGÓkk laikndkauh tksMY;k vkgsr vkf.k R;ko:u

'kS'kqukxkapk vardkG] rks iqjk.klaiknukpk egÙokpk dkG gksrk vls

140

Eg.krk ;sbZy-299 uankuh tsOgk ex/kjkT; rkC;kr ?ksrys o iq<s brj

jkT;s rkC;kr ?ksryh vkf.k loZ {kf=;oa'k ukghls dsys rsOgk

v'edoa'kns[khy ukghlk >kyk- uandkG vFkkZr 325 P;k iwohZ dsOgk

rjh vlyk ikfgts] vls dsrdjkaps er vkgs-300

iqjk.kakr egkiùuankyk ^nqljk ij'kqjke* Eg.kwu xkSjfoys vkgs-

dkj.k rks egkijkØeh gksrk- R;kus ,s{okdw] ikapkG] dk'kh] gSgÓk]

dfyax] v'ed] dq: ] eSFkhy] 'kwjlsu vkf.k ohfrgks= ;kaph jkT;s

ftadwu ,dk N=k[kkyh vk.kyh- R;keqGs rks ifgyk egku lezkV Bjyk

vkgs- rks 'kwnz o.kkZpk vlY;keqGs {kf=;kaP;k jktdh; opZLokph

iqjkru ijaijk rsOgkiklwu [kafMr >kyh- ^vk;ZeatqJhdYi* ;k xazFkko:u

dGrs dh] egkiù gk fo}kukapk vkJ;nkrk o fo|kapk iqjLdrkZ gksrk-

uanoa'kkr uÅ jkts gksÅu xsys] rs uouan Eg.kwu izfl/n vkgsr-

ikSjkf.kd ijaijsizek.ks egkiùuan o R;kps vkB iq= ;k uÅ jktkauh

ex/kkoj jkT; dsys- R;krhy ,dk eqykps uko lqekY; gksrs( i.k

^egkcksf/koal* ;k ckS/n xazFkkr rs loZ HkkÅ gksrs] vls lkafxrys vlwu

R;kph ukos fnyh vkgsr- rh v'kh] mxzlsu] iaMqd] iaMqxrh] Hkwriky]

jk"Vªiky] xksfo"kk.kd] n'kfl/nd] dSorZ o /ku] egkiùuankuarjP;k

jktkapk bfrgkl vKkrp vkgs- ek= 'ksoVpk jktk /kukuan ;kfo"k;h

dkgh ekfgrh miyC/k vkgs- dkykarjkus panzxqIrkus pk.kD;kP;k

lkgk¸;kus R;kpk mPNsn dsyk-

egkiùuankus 88o"kZ jkT; dsys] vls dkgh iqjk.kkr EgVys

vkgs( i.k dkgh iqjk.kkr R;kapk jkT;dkG 28 o"kkZapk lkafxryk vkgs-

ckdhP;k vkB uankuh QDr 12 o"ksZ jkT; dsys- R;koj uanoa'kkpk

jkT;dky luiw.kZ 364 rs 324 vlk Bjrks-301

bfrgklkrhy vk.k[kh ,d ukxoa'k Eg.kts Hkkjf'ko ukxoa'k

gks;- gk mRrj Hkkjrkrhy ,d izkphu ukxoa'k gksrk- b-l-P;k 1Y;k

'krdkr iùkorh ¼XokYgsjtoGhy iok;k½ ;sFks ,dk ukxoa'kkps jkT;

141

gksrs] rs dq'kk.kkauh u"V dsys- rsOgk R;k jktoa'kkrhy yksdkauh

caqnsy[kaMkrhy ?kunkV vj.;kr vkJ; ?ksryk- R;kuarj b-l-P;k 2Ú;k

'krdkr R;k oa'kkrhy dkgh ijkØeh iq#"kkauh iùkorhps jkT; iqUgk

ftadwu ?ksrys- iq<s R;kaP;krhy ,dkus dkarhiqjh ;sFks jkT; LFkkiys-

dq'kk.k jktk oklqnso ;kaP;k i'pkr ohjlsu uk;d ukxjktkus eFkqjsoj

Lokjh d:u dq'kk.kkpk ijkHko dsyk o frFks vkiyh lRrk LFkkiyh-

iqjk.kkr ;k jktoa'kkpk mYys[k ^uoukx* ;k ukokus vkysyk vkgs-

R;kykp iq<s Hkkjf'ko gs uko feGkys- b-l-P;k 8O;k] 9O;k n'kdkr

dq'kk.kkauh iùkorhps jkT; ftadys- b-l- 150P;k lqekjkl uoukxkauh

rs ijr ?ksrys vkf.k b-l- 175 P;k lqekjkl ohjlsukus eFkqjk ftadyh-

iùkorh] dkarhiqjh] eFkqjk ;k frUgh R;k oa'kkP;k jkt/kkU;k gksR;k -

iùkorh] dkS'kkach] eFkqjk] vfgPN= ;k fBdk.kh ;k oa'kkph uk.kh

lkiMyh gksrh- ohjlsukP;k dkgh eqnzkaoj ,dk cktwyk rkMo`{k vlwu

nqlÚ;k cktwyk flagklkukoj L=hewrhZ vkgs- frP;koj ukxN= vkgs- gh

ewrhZ xaxsph vlwu ^ukxN=* gs oa'kkps izrhd vkgs- ^rkMo`{k* gs

Hkkjf'kokaps jktfpUg vkgs- fcgkj] mRrj izns'k] cqansy[kaM] e/;izns'k]

ekGok] jktLFkku o iwoZiatkc ,o<Ókk foLr`r izns'kkr Hkkjf'kokaps

lkezkT; iljys gksrs- okdkVd jktkaP;k rkeziVkao:u letrs dh]

okdkVd jktoa'kkrhy izojlsukpk iq= xkSrehiq= ;kpk fookg

Hkkjf'kooa'kkrhy dU;s'kh >kyk gksrk- R;kpk iq= #nzlsu gkp

izojlsukuarj flagklukoj clyk- R;kyk Hkkjf'kokaps jkT; feGkys

gksrs-302

MkW- fo-fHk- dksyrs ;kauh vkSjaxkckn ftYgÓkkP;k] xaxkiwj

rkyqD;krhy x.ks'kokMh rkeziVkps okpu dsysys vkgs- R;kaP;k ers]

ßokdkVdkaP;k cgqrsd loZ rkeziVkr T;k Hkkjf'kokpk mYys[k ;srks] rs

vkiY;k [kka|koj f'kofyax /kkj.k djhr vlr- fdacgquk Hkkjf'ko

jktkpk oa'k R;kauh vkiY;k [ka|koj f'kofyax /kkj.k dsY;keqGs larq"V

142

>kysY;k Hkxoku 'kadkjkus mRiUu dsyk gksrk] vls EgVys vkgs- rsOgk

f'kofyax /kkj.k dj.;kph izFkk Qkj tquh gksrh]vls fnlwu ;srs-Þ303

iùkorh gh Hkkjf'kokaph jkt/kkuh gksrh- b-l-P;k ifgY;k

'krdkr frFks f'kouanh uked ukxjktk jkT; djhr gksrk- dfu"dkus

R;kpk ijkHko d:u iùkorhoj vkiyh lRrk LFkkiyh( i.k

ukxjktkauh dq'kk.kkauk frFkwu gqldwu ykowu iqu'p frFks vkiys jkT;

LFkkiys- uo ukxjkts iùkorhoj jkT; djrhy vls iqjk.kkr EgVysys

vkgs- R;k jktkaph ukos iok;ktoG lkiMysY;k uk.;kaoj feGrkr-

R;kar Hkheukx] Ldanukx] c`gLifrukx] nsoukx] foHkqukx b- ukos

vkgsr- gs jkts Hkkjf'ko oa'kkps gksrs- b-l-P;k frlÚ;k 'krdkr

Hkoukx ukokpk cyk<Ók jktk iùkorh ;sFks jkT; djhr gksrk-304

MkW-dkslkjsP;k ers] ßb-l- P;k nqlÚ;k 'krdkP;k mRrjk/kkZr

o`"kukxkus iqUgk ukxoa'kkph LFkkiuk fofn'kkr dsyh- uarj R;kus vkiys

jkt/kkuhps dsanz iùkorh ;sFks usys- gk ukxoa'k uoukx ;k ukokus

izzfl/nhl vkyk- f'kouanh fofn'kkpk vafre ukxjktk gksrk- R;kP;k

i'pkr 'kqxkapk fofn'kkoj vf/kdkj >kyk- R;kuarj iùkorh ;sFks

vkiys opZLo ukxkauh izLFkkfir dsY;koj rs Lor%yk uoukx Eg.kwu

ykxys- o`"kukx ;k ukxoa'kkpk laLFkkid b-l-P;k nqlÚ;k 'krdk,soth

ifgY;k 'krdkrp >kyk vlkok- iùkorhP;k uoukxoa'kkr izfl/n

vls rsjk ukx jkts >kys rs Eg.kts o`"kukx] o`"kHkukx] Hkheukx]

LdUnukx] olqukx] c`gLifrukx] O;k?kzukx] foHkqukx] jfoukx] Hkoukx]

izHkkdjukx] nsoukx vkf.k x.kifrukx- dkgh ukxjktkaps flDds fczfV'k

laxzgky;kr vkgsr- gh uk.kh 'ks"knkr] mRrenkr] iq#"knkr] dkenkr]

jkenkr vkf.k f'k'kqpanznkr ;k ukxjktkaph ekuyh tkrkr- jWIlu o

dfuaxge ;kaps ers] ohjlsu ukxoa'kh jktk gksrk- ohjlsups f'kDds

vf/kdka'kr% mRrj Hkkjr vkf.k iatkc ;sFks feGkys- ohjlsuP;k

f'kD;ka'kh Hkkjf'ko jktkaP;k f'kD;kapk Qkj ?kfu"V laca/k fnlwu ;srks-

143

MkW- t;lokyP;k ers] HkoukxkP;kiwohZ ohjlsuP;k oa'kkr cÚ;kp vU;

jkT;kauh jkT; dsys gksrs vkf.k R;kaP;k oa'kkps jkT; vkxjk o

vo/kP;k la;qDr izakrkr gksrs- dkj.k R;k fBdk.kh R;kps cjsp f'kDds

feGys vkgsr- R;kpizek.ks pjxukx] g;ukx] =;ukx] cfgZukx ;kapsgh

f'kDds feGkys vkgsr- iùkorhP;k ukxoa'kh jktkae/;s Hkoukx gk

lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ jktk ekuyk tkrks- x.kifrukx gk iùkorhP;k

ukxoa'kkpk 'ksoVpk jktk gksrk- ;kph x.kirhUnz] x.ksUnz] x.kirh vkf.k

x.kisUnz v'khgh ukos gksrh- x.kirh ukx ;kl if'pe ekyokpk Lokeh

vFkok v/kh'oj Eg.k.;kr vkys vkgs-Þ305

i`fFkoh"ks.k ifgyk ije~ f'koHkDr gksrk- R;kyk egs'oj HkDr

EgVys vkgs- i`fFkoh"ks.k izFke ;kP;k vkenkuhpk 'ksoV gks.;kP;k FkksMk

dkG vk/kh ¼b-l-380½ R;kpk eqyxk #nzlsu f}rh; ;kpk fookg

leqnzxqIrkph ukxjktdU;k dqcsjukxk fgP;kiklwu >kysyk eqyxk panzxqIr

;kaph dU;k izHkkorh xqIrk fgP;k'kh >kyk gksrk- gh egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk

okdkVdkaP;k uarj fnysY;k loZ lunkae/;s vfHkekukus lkafxryh vkgs-

i`fFkoh"ks.kkph jkt/kkuh ufUno/kZuyk gksrh- R;kaph foa/;foHkkxkoj

ukeek= lRrk gksrh-306

iYyo jktoa'k gk lq/nk rfeGukMwe/khy ,d yksdfiz; ukxoa'k

gksrk- rksMeaMye~ ;k izns'kkoj R;kauh jkT; dsys gksrs- b-l-P;k

frlÚ;k 'krdkr lkrokgukaph lRrk nqcGh >kY;kuarj R;kauh vkiys

Lora= jkT; lq: dsys vlkos] vls EgVys tkrs- ^ekf.kes[kyS* ;k

egkdkO;kP;k vk/kkjs iYyo jktoa'kkpk ewG iq#"k gk pksG jktiq= o

ukxjktdU;k ;kapk iq= gksrk vkf.k R;k ukxjktdU;sph tUeHkweh

ef.kiYYoe~ gh gksrh- R;keqGs R;kaP;k dqykyk ^iYyo* gs uko izkIr

>kys] vls rs Eg.krkr- Jh dk'khizlkn tk;Loky ;kaP;k ers] iYyo

yksdgh okdkVd oa'kkph ,d 'kk[kk gksrh-307 gfjoa'kkr EgVys vkgs

dh] ßnf{k.ksdMhy pkj jkT;s pkj ukx jktdU;kaiklwu ;nwP;k pkj

144

iq=kauh clfoyh( ijarq ;krhy ,sfrgkfld rF; vls vkgs dh] iYyo

jktoa'kkpk laLFkkid ewG iq#"k ohjdwpZ ;kus vka/kzP;k ukx

jktdU;scjkscj fookg dsyk gksrk vkf.k v'kk izdkjs ohjdwpZ gk

vka/kzkP;k ukxjkT;kpk vf/kirh gksÅ 'kdyk-Þ308

dnac jktoa'k gkgh ukxoa'kpk gksrk- dnac jktk Ñ".ko/kZu

;kP;k nsofxjh iz'kfLro:u fnlwu ;srs dh] dnacdqykph lq#okr

ukxka'kh lacaf/kr vkgs- jk;dksVk nkui=kr uewn dsY;kizek.ks v'oRFkkek

;kpk fookg ,dk ukx jktdU;scjkscj >kyk vkf.k R;kaP;kiklwu

>kysyk iq= Ldanf'k"; vFkok LdanoeZu ;kus iYyodqykph LFkkiuk

dsyh( ijarq brj rkezys[kko:u fnlwu ;srs dh] iYyo oa'kkpk ifgyk

jktk ohjdwpZ gksrk vkf.k f'kykys[kko:u Li"V gksrs dh] R;kus ,dk

ukx jktdqekjh'kh fookg dsyk gksrk- v'oRFkkE;kpk mYys[k dsoG

,dk iwoZtkP;k :ikr vkyk vlY;kps MkW-ds-ih tk;loky ;kaps er

vkgs- dnac jktoa'k gs pqVqdqy lkrd.khZps oa'kt gksrs vkf.k pqVqdqy

lkrokgukph ,d 'kk[kk gksrh- iYyo gh lq/nk lkrokgukaph ,d

'kk[kk gksrh- pqVqaP;kizek.ks gksrh] vls MkW- ds-ih tk;loky ;kaps er

vkgs- pqVqdqy dnac pkyqD; gs Lor%P;k gkfjrhiq= ekuO; xks=kps

Eg.kfor- ;k jktoa'kkr ts ekr`oa'k uko vkys vkgsr] rs ukxkaP;k

ekr`oa'kd izFksps lwpd vkgs-309

vkywioa'k gkgh nf{k.ksrhy ,d ukxoa'k- ;k oa'kkus b-l-P;k

nqlÚ;k 'krdkiklwu lksGkO;k 'krdki;Zar rqGwukMwoj jkT; dsys-

vkywd gs 'ks"kkps uko vkgs- R;ko:u vkywikapk ukxoa'k fuekZ.k >kyk

vlkok vls okVrs- eaxyksj ;sFkhy xksYyj x.kirhP;k nsoky;kr

,dk f'kykys[kkoj Q.kk/kkjh ukxkph ,d vkÑrh dksjysyh vkgs]

R;keqGs ojhy dYiusyk iq"Vh feGrs- ;k jktoa'kkps dqynSor f'ko

¼HkSjo½ gs vlwu mn;koj ¼mMwih rkyqdk½ ;k jkt/kkuhP;k 'kgjh] R;kaps

'kaHkwdYyw ukokps eafnj vkgs-310

145

MkW-misanz Bkdwj ;kauh ^Punjab under the Guptas* gk ys[k

fyfgysyk vkgs- ;kr xqIroa'k o ukxoa'k ;kpk oSokfgd laca/k

lkafxryk vkgs- R;kP;k ekrkuqlkj] ßChandragupta II also negotiated

matrimorial alliances which reflect this aspect of Gupta policy. He

married Kubernaga a Naga princess and thus secuked the

friendship of the Nage houses. He married his daughter,

Prabhavatigupta to Rudrasena II the vakataka prince. After her

husband's death she acted as a very capable regent and enlisted the

help of the Gupta officials in her administration with the result thak

the entire vakataka administration came under the Gupta cantrol.

The marriage of the laughter of kakusthavarman with a Gupta

prince naturally secured for him the friendihip of that important

traus vindhyan power.”311

panzxqIr f}rh; ;kus lq: dsysys gs oSokfgd laca/k leqnzxqIrkus

laiq"Vkr vk.kysys ikgko;kl feGrkr- 'The Gupta Era – A Review'

;k ys[kkr MkW-jktorjko ;kauh lfoLrj foospu dsys vkgs-

ßAccording to the verse 7 of the prayaga prasasthi, Samudragupta

destroyed Achyuta, Nagasena and Ganpatinaga and made

Kotakulaja his prisoner. King Nagasena of this list was of the

Bharasiva Naga family of Padmavati. Ganpatinaga was the rular of

Mathura where his coins have been found in good number. He was

obviously of the Naga lineage. The full name of Achyata may

have been Achyatanandin. He was also of Naga extaction. The

identification of Kotakulaja is not certain; but the also might have

been a Naga. Thus the main early enemies of Samudragupta were

of the Naga origin. It is quite significant for in the puranika

literature Garuda is described as an enemy of the snakes (nagas). It

may therefore be reasonably in fered that Vaishnava Samudragupta

146

made Garuda the emblem of his dynasty because of his enmity

with the kings of the Naga tribes, viewed by him as snakes. It

suggest that his politics was in fliunced however slightly by his

religions beliefs.”312

f'kykgkj jktoa'k ns[khy ukxoa'k gksrk- ;kaph nardFkkRed

ekfgrh miyC/k vkgs- rh Eg.kts] ßx#M jkst ,d liZ Hk{k.k dfjr

vls- R;klkBh jkst ,d ukx f'kGsoj iMwu x#Mkps Hk{; Eg.kts

vkgkj cur vls- ,ds fno'kh gs Hk{; gks.;kph 'ka[kpwM ukxkph ikGh

vkyh vlrkauk fo|k/kj jktdqekj ftewrokgu ;kus vki.k Lor%

x#Mkps Hk{; gksÅu ukxkps izk.k okpfoys- ftewrokgu f'kGsojhy

x#Mkpk vkgkj cuyk- R;ko:u R;kP;k oa'kkl f'kykgkj gs uko izkIr

>kys-Þ313 ;k vk[;kf;dsr ,sfrgkfldrk vl.;kph 'kD;rk Qkjp

deh- dkj.k ;k dkGkrhy cgqrsd jktoa'k vkiyh mRiRrh nSoh fdaok

ikSjkf.kd iq#"kkaiklwu >kY;kps nkos djrkr-

dk'ehje/;s ddksZVd jktoa'k jkT; djhr gksrk- dk'ehjfo"k;h

vusd vk[;kf;dk ^jktrjafx.kh* c[kj o ^uhyeriqjk.kk*e/;s

okpko;kl feGrkr- ,dk vFkkZus rks iqjkru bfrgkl vlkok- Qkj

izkphu dkGh frFks ,d fo'kky tyk'k; vlwu lrh ¼ikoZrh½ R;kr

ukSdkfogkj djhr vls- R;ko:u R;kyk ^lrhljksoj* gs uko iMys

gksrs- R;k tyk'k;kr tyksn~Hko uked ,d jk{kl vkiY;k vuqpjkalg

jkgr vlwu vklikl jkg.kkÚ;k ukx yksdkauk Qkj ihMk nsr vls-

R;kaP;k fouarhl vuql:u d';Ikequhus ojkgewye~ ¼ckjkewyk½ ;k

fBdk.kh ioZrkph jkax QksMwu R;k ljksojkrhy ik.kh ckgsj lksMwu fnys]

R;keqGs R;k jk{klkps lkeFkZ u"V >kys vkf.k rks ekjyk xsyk- iq<s

d';ikus likV izns'kkrhy yksdkauk frFks vk.kwu clfoys vkf.k 'ksrh

lq: dsyh- d';ikus ljksoj ehj vkVowu fuekZ.k dsysyh Hkweh Eg.kwu

fryk ^dk';iehj* gs uko feGkys] R;ko:up dk'ehj gs :Ik izpfyr

147

>kys vkgs-314 fo-dk- jktokMÓkkaP;k ers] ^jktrjafx.kh*r dk'ehjkr

iqjkrudkyh ukxkaps jkT; gksrs] vls foLr`r mYys[k feGrkr-315

vuarukx{ks= gs dk'ehjkrhy ,d izfl/n rhFkZ{ks= gks;- gs dksdjukxgwu

toGp] ekrZaM iBkjkP;k if'pe vaxkyk ik;F;k'kh vkgs- vaurukx

;sFkhy >jk fo'ks"k izfl/n vkgs- ;k >Ú;kps dk'ehjkr :< vlysys

uko vkgs ukxcy- vuar ;klkBh ukx vkf.k >jk ;klkBh cy] vlk

gk 'kCn cuysyk vkgs- ;sFkhy >jk nksu lqcd dqaMkrwu ckgsj iMrks-

;k nksu dqaMkP;k e/;Hkkxh vuarkps Eg.kts fo".kwps eafnj vkgs-

vuarprqFkZn'khP;k fno'kh bFks eksBh ;k=k Hkjrs- bFks xa/kd;qDr ik.;kps

,d dqaM vkgs-316 Qkj izkphu dkGh xksunZ ukokpk jktk d'ehjoj

jkT; djhr gksrk- rks ex/kkf/kirh tjkla/k ;kpk ukryx vlwu R;kP;k

cktwus JhÑ".kk'kh y<.;klkBh lSU; ?ksÅu xsyk gksrk- R;k ;q/nkr rks

cyjkekP;k gkrwu ekjyk xsyk vls dYg.k Eg.krks- R;kosGh

dk'ehje/;s ukx yksd jkgr vlwu R;k O;frfjDr xa/kkjh] [kl ¼d'k½]

njn b- tekrhaphgh olrh frFks gksrh- iqjkru dkGkiklwu dk'ehjkr

ukxiwtk izpfyr vkgs- frFkY;k vusd ljksojkauk o >Ú;kauk

ukxnsorkaph ukos feGkysyh vkgs- mnk- uhyukx] vuarukx]

oklqfdukx] r{kdukx b- ukx gh R;kauh laj{kd nsork gksrh- vcqy

Qty ;kus ^,sus vdcjh*r EgVys vkgs dh] R;k izns'kkr lqekjs lkr'ks

fBdk.kh ukxkaP;k vkÑrh dksjysY;k vk<Grkr- fo".kwus oklqdhyk bFks

lgifjokj jkg.;kpk vkns'k fnyk gksrk o bFks R;kyk dks.kh ekj.kkj

ukgh] vls vHk;gh fnys gksrs- b-l-P;k 4 F;k 'krdkrhy HkkjrkP;k

mRrjkiFkkrhy ukx jktoa'kkr leqnzxqIrkus mPNsn dsY;kuarj lkrO;k

'krdkr dk'ehj izns'kkr ukxkaps mRFkku >kY;kus fnlwu ;srs-

nqyZHko/kZukus ddksZVd ukxoa'kkph LFkkiuk dk'ehjkr b-l- 602 e/;s

dsyh- ;k ddksZVd ukx jkt?kjk.;kr ,danj 17 jkts >kys vkf.k

R;kauh b-l- 856 i;Zar Eg.kts ,dw.k 254 o"ksZ dk'ehjkr jkT; dsys-

148

;k oa'kkr vusd pkaxys dr`ZRooku o tksjnkj jkts >kys- nqyZHko/kZu

jkT; djhr vlrkuk g~;q,uRlax dk'ehjkr vkyk gksrk- ,danfjr

fgeky;kP;k ik;F;kiklwu rks feBkP;k Mksaxjki;Zarpk iatkcpk cgqrsd

Hkkx nqyZHko/kZukus vkiY;k rkC;kr ?ksryk gksrk- ;k izns'kkP;k

iwosZdMhy o nf{k.ksdMhy Hkkx Eg.kts gYyhpk iatkc] gk ek= r{kd

?kjk.;kP;k rkC;kr gksrk- ddksZVd ?kjk.;krhy jktfL=;kauh ckS/nfogkj

cka/kY;kps dYg.kkus o.kZu dsys-

ddksZVd oa'kkrhy eqDrkfiM mQZ yfyrkfnR; gk izfl/n jktk

gks;- yfyrkfnR;kus dukstpk cy'kkyh jktk ;'kksoekZ] T;kus 8 O;k

'krdkP;k vkjaHkh xkSM ns'kkP;k Eg.kts caxkyP;k jktkyk ftadwu mRrj

HkkjrkP;k cgqrsd Hkkxkoj LokfeRo feGfoys gksrs- R;kpk ;q/nkr

ijkHko d:u fot; feGkysyk gksrk- rlsp xkSM jktkyk ftadwu

dfyaxkfn nf{k.ksrhy ns'kkaoj lq/nk yfyrkfnR;kus vkiys LokfeRo

izLFkkfir dsys gksrs- ,danfjr ddksZVd ukx ?kjk.;kP;k venkuhr

dk'ehjps jkT; jktdh;n`"VÓkk Qkj cyoku jkfgys vlwu nksu osGk

laiw.kZ mRrj fganwLFkkups pØofrZRo ;k ukx ?kjk.;kP;k jktkdMs vkys-

;k oa'kkP;k jkT;dkGkr fo|sfo"k;hpk vkiyk ukoykSfdd dk;e

jk[k.;kr vkyk- brdsp uOgs rj o`f/anxrgh >kyk- dk'ehjps gs

ddksZVd ukx ?kjk.ks b- lukP;k uoO;k 'krdkP;k e/;kr u"V

>kys-317

'kkdf}ikrhy ex gs tsOgk ex/kke/;s ¼dhdV½ e/;s ;sÅu

LFkkf;d >kys rsOgk R;kapk laca/k oklqfddqyk'kh vkysyk gksrk- ex gs

lw;ksZikld Eg.kwu R;kauk ^lkSjczkge.k* vlsgh EgVys tkr vlr- ex/k

gs tjkla/kkps jkT; gksrs- tjkla/k o/kkuarj lgnsokdMs rs vkys- lkackus

lw;ksZikluslkBh ex czkã.kkauk cksyoys gksrs] vls Hkfo";iqjk.kkr

mYys[k ;srkr- izkphu Hkkjrh; exkaph jkg.kh lkaxrkuk MkW- dsrdjkauh

fyfgys vkgs dh] ßex yksd gs vO;ax /kkj.k djhr- rs vO;ax Eg.kts

149

vktP;k ikj'kakP;k dLrh lkj[ksp vl.ks 'kD; vkgs- oklqdhus lw;kZal

vkiyh dkr fnyh- rh ^ukxjktkaxlaHkwr* vlysyh lw;kZus /kkj.k dsyh

vkf.k R;klkBh lw;kZph izhrh vlysY;kauh rh /kkj.k djkoh- ^vOa;x*

vkf.k ^vH;ax * v'kh nksUgh ukos okijyh tkr gksrh] vls fnlrs-

u /kkj;afr ;sRosao Hkkstdk% iwtdk jos%

lkSjghuk u rs ;kT;k mfPN"Vk uk= la'k;%

Le`R;kpksj rsfg HkXuk jfoa ukgZfr iwftrqe~

iwt;arks jfoa rs fg ujd ;kafrjkSjoe~

vgksjxkRleqRiUuks gkO;axLrq rr%Le`r%

vFkkZr izR;{k likZph dkr okijko;kph uOgrh] rj rRln`';

nqljhp dlyh rjh fufeZrh okijko;kph gksrh- frph yakch dehr deh

108 vaxqys goh gksrh-318 ex czkã.k vkf.k ukx ;kapk dkgh,d laca/k

vlkok] vls Eg.krk ;sbZy-

fuekM gk ns'kfoHkkx vkgs- e/;izns'kkrY;k [kkaMok vkf.k

[kjxksu ;k nksu ftYgÓkakuk fuekM v'kh laKk vkgs- mRrjsl foa/; ioZr

vkf.k nf{k.ksl lkriqMÓkkP;k jkaxk ;kaP;ke/;s fuekM clyk vkgs-

egkHkkjrdkGh ;kyk vuwins'k Eg.kr- gs ,d tuin gksrs- bFks

jkg.kkÚ;k yksdkauk vuwi vlsp uko vkgs- efg"erh gh vuwins'kkph

jkt/kkuh gksrh- efg"erhykp vkt egs'oj Eg.krkr- vfrizkphu dkGh

bFks ukxkaps jkT; vlwu R;kapk jktk ddksZVd gk efg"erhykp jkgr

vls- dkykarjkus ;k izns'kkr gSgÓk ukokph ,d y<kÅ tekr ?kqlyh o

frus ukxakuk bFkwu gqldkowu ykowu frFks vkiys jkT; LFkkiys- R;k

tekrhP;k izeq[kkps ukogh gSgÓk vlsp gksrs-319

1-34 lkrh vkljk vkf.k ikp ukx %

Hkkjrh; feFkdke/;s iapukx vkf.k lIrukx gÓkk ladYiuk ewG

/k:u vkgsr- Hkkjrh; ewfrZ'kkL=kr gh ladYiuk fo'ks"kr% cgjkl

vkysyh vkgs- MkW- uhjt lkGaq[ks ;kauh gÓkk ladYiuk

150

,sfrgkfld&HkkSxksfyd vH;kli/nrhP;k vk/kkjs lqLi"V dj.;kpk

iz;Ru dsyk vkgs- R;klkBh R;kauh {ks=h; ijh{k.kgh dsysys vkgs- ukansM

ftYgÓkkrhy fjluxkoe/;s ,d eafnj vkgs- R;k eafnjkr lIrekr`dkaph

f'kykiÍhdk vkgs] R;kP;k fo#/n fHkarhoj nqljh f'kykiÍh dksjyh

vkgs] frP;koj mHks ikp ukx dksjysys vkgsr- la'kks/kd lkrh

vkljkaP;k tksMhus ikp ukxkaps vfLrRo izFke ikgr gksrs- ikp ukx gh

dk; laKk vkgs\ vkljkaP;k tksMhus lkr ukx dk ukghr] vlk iz'u

iMrks- f'kok; ukx ;k 'kCnkpkp ,d vFkZ lkr gh la[;k vkgs- ukx

o lkr ;kcjkscj ukx o ikp gsgh ukrs fnlrs- gs ukrs catkjkaP;k ,dk

fo/khe/;s Li"Vi.ks fnlrs- ewy tUekyk vkY;koj ckG&ckGkafr.khoj

gks.kkjk nqljk laLdkj ^taGok /kkssdk;sjks* gk gks;- ?kjkleksj vax.kkr

ygkulk [kÏk [kksnrkr- R;kr lkr dkMÓkk vlrkr] ex xkokrhy

ikp ygku eqykauk cksyorkr] ckGakrh.k ?kjkrwu nkjkr ;srs] frP;k

vksVhr tksa/kGk o ckGkP;k vaxkojhy diMs vlrkr] R;kl ^QyksR;k*

Eg.krkr- rsOgk cksykoysY;k ikpgh eqykaps diMs dk<wu R;kauk fnxacj

djrkr- rsFks Hk:u vlysyk ,d xMok rh eqys ,d= mpywu

ckGafr.khP;k MksD;koj Bsorkr- fHktowu vksoysY;k xOgkP;k ekGk

ckGafr.khP;k xGÓkkr] euxVkr cka/krkr- eqykauh MksD;koj BsoysY;k

dy'kkyk gGnhps rhu o fiBkps nksu vls ikp xa/k js[kysys vlrkr-

b"V nsorkauk Lej.kiwoZd ueu d:u ?kjkrwu vax.kkr vkysyh ckGarh.k

MksD;koj dy'k ?ksrY;kuarj gGwgGw [kksnysY;k pjhtoG ;srs- vkrk

R;kr foLro psrfoysyk vlrks- ckGafr.khP;k MksD;kojhy dy'k

rhp fooL= eqys mrjforkr o [kÏÓkktoG Bsorkr- ckGarh.k

mH;kmH;kusp mtO;k ik;kP;k vaxBÓkkus rks dy'k miMfors]

dy'kkrhy ik.kh lkaMwu pjhrhy vkx fo>rs-

ojhy fo/khrhy lkr dkMÓkk lkr vkljk ;k tynsorkaps

izfrfuf/kRo djrkr- fyaxkps izfrfuf/kRo ukx djrkr] gs Li"Vp vkgs-

151

ikp fnxacj eqys ikp ukxkapssp izfrfuf/kRo djr vkgsr- ikp ukx o

lkrh vkljk ;kapk vXuh o ik.;k'kh ?kfu"B laca/k vkgsp- dy'kkrhy

ik.kh R;kpsp fun'kZd vkgs- ukxkpk ,d vFkZ ^ik.kh* rj vk; Eg.kts

^lR;*] ^rGs* gks;- vkSa<k ukxukFk ¼ft- fgaxksyh½ ;sFkhy izfl/n

eafnjkP;k ekxs ,d vR;ar oSf'k"VÓkiw.kZ dqaM vkgs- rsFkhy O;oLFkkid

nso ;kaP;k ers] ;k dqaMkrhy ik.;kl ^ukxty* EgVys tkrs- ;k

eafnjkr lkrh vkljkaP;k ewrhZ vkgsr-

Ukkx ;k 'kCnkpk vFkZ lkr gh la[;k vlrkauk ikp ukx gh

ladYiuk d/kh o d'kh mn;kl vkyh] gk ,d la'kks/kukpk eqÌk vkgs-

uhjt lkGqa[ks ;kauh fla/kksRrj dky[kaMkiklwu 12 O;k 'krdki;Zaar ikp

o ukx ;k ladYiukauh ,df=r izokl dlk dsyk] ;kpk Ågkiksg dsyk

vkgs- ukx ;{kjkt dqcsj ;kl ^iafpd* EgVys tkbZ- gh ckc ikp o

ukx ;kapsp ukrs nk[kfors- vgh Eg.kts ukx gks;] rj dUuM Hkk"ksr

v¸; Eg.kts ikp gks;- v¸;: Eg.kts iaptu ok v¸;j Eg.kts ikp

O;Drh gks;- v'kk jhrhus nf{k.kkR;kae/;s ikp ;k la[;slkBh ^v¸;* gk

'kCn okijyk tkrks- vkti;Zar ^v¸;* 'kCn ^vk;kZ* iklwu cuyk

vkgs] vlsp ekuys tkrs- v¸; o vgh ,dp vlkosr- fyPNoh

o`Tth x.kkph laHkkouk vczkge.kkapk vìk v'khp gksrs- gjIik

laLÑrhps rs vkJ;LFkku gksrs- ukxoa'kkps ^Hkksx* o`Tthx.kkps lnL;

gksrs- oS'kkyh ;k oTth jkt/kkuhe/;s Hkksfxu~ ukxkapk fuokl gksrk-

egkHkkjr oS'kkyhP;k Hkksfxu~ ukxkapk mYys[k djrs- oTthpk o ukxkapk

?kfu"B laca/k egkjk"Vªkr fVdwu gksrks- gs vusd f'kykys[kke/kwu fnlrs-

gs foospu ukx o fyPNoh ;kaps ukrs Li"V djrs- fyPNoh

laFkkxkjke/;s Eg.kts x.klHkkLFkkuh brj {kf=; lnL;kauk ^v¸;ks* Eg.kwu

lacks/kr- gh ckc v¸; o vgh ¼ukx½ ,sD; n'kZfo.kkjhp vkgs- vk;Zd

gk liZjkt vFkkZpk laLÑr 'kCn ^v¸;*o:up cuyk vlkok] vls

laLÑre/;s nzfoM Hkk"ksrwu LohdkjysY;k 'kCnkae/;s gks.kkÚ;k cnykaph

152

oSf'k"VÓks ?ksrk Eg.krk ;srs- vk; jkts ;kno x.kkaps oa'kt gksrs o

;kno gs _XoSfnd iaptukaiSdh gksrs- pnw o ;{kw gs ,dp vlkosr-

ikapkyx.k ifjfpr vkgs] rks nzSinhps ekgsj Eg.kwu- ikapky 'kCn gk

dkjkxhj tkrh'kh lacaf/kr vkgs- gs ikapky tks gjIik laLÑrhrhy

vuk;Z vlqj fuekZrk Ro"Vk R;kps izfrfuf/kRo djrkr- ikapky ^fØoh*

;k ukokus vksG[kys tkrkr o R;kapk banzkus ijkHko dsyk gksrk- lksekus

en;qDr >kysY;k banzkus fØoh vlqjkapk ijkt; dsyk- ^fØoh* ;kpk

vFkZ ^ik.;kus Hkjysyk <x* ¼dkrMh fi'koh½ gksrks- egkHkkjrkuarj

r{kd ukxkus ijhf{krkpk o/k d:u ikapky x.kkoj rkck feGoyk gksrk

o dq:apk oa'kt tuest; ;kus ;sFks ukx lagkjl= lq: d:u iqUgk

ikapkyoj opZLo izLFkkfir dsys- r{kd ukxkpk var >kyk vlyk]

rjh iq<ph vusd 'krds iakpkyx.kkpk ukx jktka'khp laca/k O;Dr

gksrks-

Ikakpky gh ukxHkweh gksrh] ;kpk Li"V nk[kyk Eg.kts ikf.kuh

R;kaP;k jkt/kkuhl ^vfg{ks=* Eg.krks- f'kok; egkHkkjr o gfjoa'kiqjk.k

ikapky jkt/kkuhl vfg{ks=p Eg.krkr- tSudFkk vfg{ks=kpk laca/k

ukxjktk'kh tksMrkr- rsFks /kj.khanz uked ukxjktkus ik'oZukFkkps j{k.k

dsys- R;keqGs ;k uxjhps uko vfgPN= iMys] vls tSudFkk lkaxrs-

ukx jktkaps ;k uxjh'kh vlysys ukrs fryk vczkã.kh ijaijsrp

clors- xqIr dky[kaMkiwohZ ukx ?kjk.;kpsp ;sFks jkT; gksrs o vP;qr

ukokpk ukxjktk ;sFks jkT; djhr gksrk- xkSre cq/nkus ;sFks ukxjktklkBh

lkr fnol mins'k dsyk gksrk- v'kk jhrhus ikapky jkt/kkuh vfgPN=

ikp ukxkaph ladYiuk vf/kd n`< djrs- vfgPN=ps ^la[;korh* vls

uko tSu ijaijk ukssanfors- vfgPN=ps ewG uko vfg{ks= gksrs-

laLÑre/;s {ks= Eg.kts ukaxjysyh tehu gks;] rj dUuMe/;s Eg.kts

ukaxjysyh tehu {ks= gks;- rsOgk v¸;gksGs o vfg{ks= gs tj ,dp

vlrhy] rj v¸; o vgh gs ,dp vkgsr gs fl/n gksrs- v¸;gksGs

153

;k dUuM 'kCnkpk vfg{ks= gk laLÑr i;kZ; vkgs- dsjGps v¸;jkts gs

vghps oa'kt Bjrkr] rs ;knoa'kh; gksrs- vFkkZr ;nw gs iaptukiSdh

gksrs- nf{k.k dsjGP;k =ko.kdksjps b-l- rsjkO;k 'krdkrhy ;kno

osukM gs ^vk;* jkts gksrs] R;kapk laca/k i.kha'kh gksrk- ;ko:u

ukxoa'kh; i.kh 11O;k] 12O;k 'krdkr Lor%l ;kno jkts Eg.kw

ykxys gksrs- vk; Eg.ktsp ;kno jkts vkgsr- R;kauk vkghj ok

vk¸;jÍw ns[khy EgVys tkrs320

1-35 fonHkkZrhy ukxoa'k %

iqjk.kkr vkf.k bfrgklkr fonHkkZrhy ukxoa'kkps vusd mYys[k

lkiMrkr- fonHkkZrhy ukxoa'k gk mRrjsdMwu nf{k.ksdMs vkysyk

ukxoa'k vkgs- fdacgquk ;;kfriq= ;nw gkp ;kl dkj.khHkwr Bjysyk

gksrk] vls gfjoa'kke/;s uewn vkgs- gfjoa'kkrhy ^fo".kqiokZ*r

^g;Z'ojktkph dFkk* o ^;knokaph mRiRrh* ;kfo"k;h vk[;ku vkysys

vkgs- ßeuwP;k oa'kkr b'okdwP;k iksVh g;Z'o ukokpk jktk gksÅu

xsyk- g;Z'opk fookg e/kw uked nSR;kph eqyxh e/kqerh fgP;k'kh

>kyk- rs e/kqiqjkl jkgr- ;;krhP;k ;nqiq=kaiklwu mRiUUk >kysY;k

;knooa'kkr rq>k oa'k iq<s feGwu tkbZy- rq>k lw;Zoa'k iq<s lkseoa'kkph

'kk[kk cusy- ek>k mRrjizns'k rqyk viZ.k djrks] vls g;Z'o Egk.krks-

e/kqerhiklwu ;nw tUekyk ;srks- ;nw ,dnk egklkxjkr tyØhMk

dj.;klkBh tkrks] rsOgk likZauh R;kP;koj >Mi ?kkryh o liZiqjkr

?ksÅu xsys- leqnzkP;k mndke/;s rs iUuxuxj olysys gksrs- vla[;

liZfL=;k gksR;k] liZjktkps uko /kwezo.kZ gksrs] /kwezo.kkZus vkiY;k ikp

vfookfgr dU;k ladYiiwoZd ;nwyk viZ.k dsY;k- ;k ikp

ukxdU;kiklwu ;nwyk egkckgw] eqpqdan] iùo.kZ] ek/ko] lkjl o jktk

gfjr gs ikp iq= >kys- eqpqdqankus foa/; o _{koku ;k ioZrkP;k

lHkksorh ioZrkaP;k vkJ;kus nksu 'kgjs oloyh- ueZnsP;k rhjkoj

efg"erh uxjhph fufeZrh dsyh- iùo.kkZus lgÓkknzhP;k oj nf{k.ksdMs

154

,dk uxjkaph LFkkiuk dsyh- djohj uxjh R;kusp olfoyh- gfjrkus

fgjO;k mndkaP;k lkxjke/khy liZjktkP;k }hikps ikyu dsys- lkjlkus

ØkSapiwjph LFkkiuk dsyh vkf.k ek/kokus ;kSojkT;kpk Lohdkj dsyk-Þ321

eqpqdqUnkph efg"erhuxjh Eg.ktsp vktpk fonHkZ gks;- gfjoa'kkrp

vk.k[kh ,d lanHkZ feGrks- dkrZoh;kZtqZukus ddksZVdukxkps iq=] ts loZ

ukx R;kal ftadwu R;kaP;k efg"erh uked uxjhr vkiyh euq";oLrh

djfoyh-322 dkrZoh;Z gk ;nqiq= lgL=ftrkP;k oa'kkrhy Ñroh;kZpk

iq=] ;kyk lgL=ktqZu gsgh uko vkgs- fo-dk-jktokMÓkakps ers] gk

jko.kkpk ledkyhu gksrk-323 lHkkiokZr efg"erhuxjhrhy fL=;k

LoPNan okxrkr] Eg.kwu o.kZu vkgs- egkHkkjrkr ;kps nk[kys feGrkr-

lHkkiokZrhy ^fnfXot;iokZr* ^lgnsokpk nf{k.k fnfXot;* ukokpk

v/;k; ;srks- ;kr efg"erhuxjhpk mYys[k ;srks- rsFkhy uhy

jktkcjkscj R;kps ;q/n >kys- uhy jktkP;k dU;soj vXuh vklDr

>kyk- R;keqGs rh uxjh vftaD; Bjr gksrh- lgnsokus vXuhph Lrqrh

dsyh o rsFkhy uhy jktkl ftadys-324 'kjn ikVhy ;kauh ;k

?kVusfo"k;h lfoLrj foospu dsysys vkgs- R;kaP;k ers] ßegkHkkjrkP;k

efg"erho.kZuko:u th ueZnkrhjkojhy ,dk ns'kkph jkt/kkuh gksrh o

,ds dkGh gSgÓkkaP;k lgL=ktZqukphgh jkt/kkuh gksrh- rs ,d L=hjkT;

gksrs] vls fnlrs- egkdkO;kpk o`Rrkar lkaxrks dh] vfXunsokus fnysY;k

ojkeqGs efg"erhP;k fL=;kaoj iq#"kkps dks.krsgh fu;a=.k uOgrs o R;kaps

vkpj.k iw.kZi.ks vfucZa/k gksrs-325 ueZnkrhjh jkg.kkÚ;k L=hlRrkd

yksdkaukgh efg"kd Eg.kr vkf.k R;kaph jkt/kkuh gksrh ekfg"erh- nqxsZpk

vfHktu gkp izns'k vlkok- dkj.k egkHkkjr fryk ^foa/;kokfluh*

vls Eg.krkr- ;k ns'kkP;k vfucZa/k yaSfxd vkpkjkpk mYys[k dsyk

xsysykp vkgs- efg"erhP;k uhy jktkph dU;k dsoG vfXunsok'khp

la;qDr gksr vls- ^vuq'kkluioZ* ;k dFksph nqljh vkÑrh fuosfnr

djrs- ;k vkÑrhr uhyps uko nq;ksZ/ku vls fnysys vkgs- rks ueZnk

155

unhnsorspk /keZirh cuyk- ;k nsofookgkph QyJqrh lqn'kZuk ukokP;k

dFksr >kyh- gk o`rkar fu%lafnX/ki.ks lkaxrks dh] lqn'kZuk ghp nq;ksZ/ku

jktkps ,dqyrs ,d viR; gksrs- frus vfXunsokf'kok; dks.kk'khgh

fookg dsyk ukgh- vXuh gk nsokapk iqjksfgr czãu~ gksrk- Eg.kwu ;kpk

Li"V vFkZ gk gksrks dh] lqn'kZuk ueZnsizek.ks fu;rdkfyd czãuirh

djh- ueZnk foa/; ioZrjkthr mxe ikors- nqxsZps ,d uko

^foa/;okfluh* vlY;kus ueZnk gs frps ,d :Ik o uko vkgs- Eg.kwu

efg"kdkaP;k 'kkfldk Hkwekrk nqxsZps ,d :Ik vlysY;k unhnsork

ueZnsP;k lqn'kZuslkj[;k ekuoh izfrfu/kh gksR;k- efg"kdkaph

lqn'kZuslkj[kh efg"kh- frP;k czãu~ irhauk Bjkfod eqnrhuarj nqxsZP;k

^djkyk&vk;rukr* cGh nsbZ- R;kP;k 'koka'kh lekxe djh vkf.k

R;kapk es/k 'kks"kwu ?ksÅu x.k o fulxkZps iqu#Riknu djh-*326 ;ko:u

efg"erhlaLÑrh gh L=hlRrkd o ekr`oa'kd gksrh] vls Bkei.ks

Eg.krk ;srs-

MkW- Jh-O;a dsrdjkauh ^dFkklfjlkxjk*rhy Eg.kts ^c`gRdFks*rhy

dFkso:u fonHkZ gk ukxoa'kh; izkar gksrk] gs fl/n dj.;kpk iz;Ru

dsyk vkgs- R;klkBh R;kauh dFkspk vk'k;gh fnysyk vkgs- rks iq<hy

izek.ks vkgs- ^^ iwohZ xaxkrhjh dudiwj uked uxjkr dudo"kZ ukokpk

cyoku vlk jktk gksrk- rks jktk oklqdh ukxjktkpk iq= fiz;n'kZu

;kP;k ;'kks/kjk uked jktdU;sP;k Bk;h >kysyk iq= gksrk-

fonHkZns'kakrhy dqafMuiwj ;sFkhy jksynso ukokP;k fp=dkjkdMwu rsFkhy

jktk nso'kDrh ;kP;k vuarorh jk.khiklwu enulaaqnjh ;k jktdU;sP;k

lkSan;kZph iz'kalk ,sdwu R;kus frP;kdfjrk ekx.kh ?kkryh- nso'kDrhus

vuqerh fnY;koj R;k nks?kkapk fookg >kyk o dkgh fnolkauh dudo"kZ

dqafMuiqjkgwu dudiqjkl ijr vkyk-

,dnk olar_rwr jktk unhr vkiY;k fL=;kacjkscj fogkj djhr

vlrka ,dk L=hps mRrjh; oL= [kkyh ljdys- jktkus yksywi gksÅu

156

frP;k m?kMÓkk vaxkoj tyflapu dsys- rsOgk enulaqnjh

frP;kfo"k;haP;k eRljkus eksBÓkk Q.kdkÚ;kus oj vkyh o nqljs oL=

ifj/kku d:u vkiY;k eafnjkr xsyh o R;k m}sxkus f[kUui.ks vJw

<kGw ykxyh- jktkP;k gs y{kkar ;srkp rks frP;k eafnjkr xsyk] rsOgk

jktkus vkiY;k vijk/kkph dcwyh nsÅu fryk larq"V dsys-

R;k jk=h R;kyk ,d Hk;adj LoIu iMys- izkr%dkGh

jktn'kZukdfjrk vkysY;k ,dk laU;klkyk rs lkaxrkr- R;kus R;k

LoIukpk vFkZ vlk lkafxryk dh] R;kyk vkiY;k L=hiq=kpk iq<s

fo;ksx gksbZy o eksBÓkk nq%[kkrwu rks ikj iMsy] Eg.kts R;kpk R;ka'kh

iqu%lekxe gksbZy-

jktkyk iq= uOgrk] R;keqGsa rks f[kUu >kyk- ,dk jk=h R;kP;k

vkrsus Eg.kts oklqdhph dU;k jRuizHkk ghus R;kyk n'kZu fnys o

R;kP;kdMwu f[kUursps dkj.k dGrkp frus R;kyk dkfrZds;kaph

vkjk/kuk dj.;kl lkafxrys] rsOgk nqljs fno'kh jktkus dkjHkkj ea«;koj

lksiowu dkfrZds;kph vkjk/kuk dj.;kl lq#okr dsyh- R;kar R;kP;koj

vusd izdkjph rhoz ladVs vkyh( i.k jRuizHksus R;kP;k 'kjhjkr izos'k

dsY;keqGs R;kus rh lgu dsyh- rsOgk dkfrZds;kus R;kyk ojnku nsÅu

fo'ks"k vuqxzgkdfjrk vkiY;k xkHkkÚ;kr cksyfoys( i.k jRuizHkk Hkhrhus

R;kP;k 'kjhjkarwu fu?kwu xsY;keqGs rks fuLrst >kyk- rsOgk dkfrZds;kP;k

/;kukr R;kps diV ;sÅu R;kus L=hiq=kapk fo;ksx gksbZy Eg.kwu 'kki

fnyk( i.k x.kirhph vkjk/kuk d:u R;kus m%'kki feGfoyk dh] rks

'kki ,d o"kkZi;Zarp vkiyk izHkko nk[kohy-

iq<s jktk enulaqnjhiklwu iq= >kyk- R;kP;k "k"Bhiwtukfno'kh

vdfYiri.ks ,dk jk{klhus lwfrdkx`gkr izos'k d:u ckydkyk

Lruikukiklwu fgldkowu usys o rh osxkus rsFkwu xsyh- 'kksdO;kIr

gksÅu enulaqnjh gh frP;kiklwu xsyh- jktk nq%[kkus osMk gksÅu xsyk

o uxjkrwu ckgsj iMwu HkVdw ykxyk- fQjrk fQjrk rks foa/;kj.;kr

157

izkIr >kyk- rsFks rks foJkarh ?ksr vkgs rksp ,d flag R;kP;koj pkywu

vkyk- brD;kr vkdk'kkrwu ,d fo|k/kj ;sÅu R;kus R;k flagkl

ekjys- ;k fo|k/kjkoj iwohZ jktkus midkj dsys gksrs- R;kP;k

lkax.;ko:u rks vkiY;k L=hiq=kaph HksV gks.;kdfjrk fo/;kaokfluhP;k

n'kZukl fu?kkyk- okVsr foa/;knzhrhy fHkYykauh R;kyk idMwu nsohyk

cGh ns.;kdfjrk cka/kwu usys( i.k dkfrZds;kP;k izlknkus R;kus nsohyk

ueu djrkp R;kps ik'k rqVys- 'kcjkf/ki eqDrkQykus gs ikgrkp

jktkyk lksMwu fnys] brD;kr R;kaps 'kkikps o"kZ iw.kZ >kys-

brD;kr jRuizHkknsoh] enulqanjh o iq= ;kauk ?ksÅu rsFks vkyh]

rsOgk loZ= vkuanh vkuanh >kyk- 'kcjjktkP;k iRuhyk tkÅu

nso'kDrhl rsFks vk.kwu dkfrZds;kP;k lkax.;kizek.ks R;kus vkiY;k

iq=kps uko fgj.;o"kZ Bsoys o uarj rks Hkk;kZ o iq= ;kalg daqfMuiqjkl

Üo'kqjkdMs xsyk o rsFks dkgh fnol vkuankr ?kkyowu ijr dudiqjkl

vkyk-Þ327

ojhy dFkso:u efg"erhuxjhr oklqfddqy jkT; djhr gksrs]

vls Eg.krk ;srs-

fp-fo-oS| ;kauh ;knodqykP;k vuq"kaxkus egkjk"Vª vkf.k ukx

;kapk laca/k Li"V dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs- gfjoa'kko:u egkjk"Vªkr

;knokaph jkT;s LFkkfir >kyh gksrh] vls fl/n vkgs- ;kr ukxdU;kaph

larrh gksrh] vls o.kZu vlY;kus nzfoM tkrhps FkksMsls feJ.k vk;Z

tkrhr vlsy( ijarq if'pesdMhy o egkjk"Vªkrhy vk;Zyksd fo'ks"kr%

panzoa'kh vk;Z vkgsr] vlkp 'kh"kZekiu'kkL=kus o bfrgklkus fu.kZ;

gksrks- fonHkkZrhy o xqtjkrsrhy Hkkst rj fuf'pr vk;Z vkgsr- vkrk

la;qDrizkarkrhy e/;ns'kkps yksd feJ vk;Z vkgsr] Eg.kts R;kaP;k

ukdkps ifjek.k map ulwu e/;e vkgs- ;k xks"Vhpk fopkj djko;kl

ikfgts- ;sFkhy yksdkr izkjaHkh izkjaHkh fo'ks"kr% Hkkjrh ;q/ndkGh

ukxyksdka'kh cjkp feykQ >kyk vlkok- ;k feykQkeqGs ;sFkhy

158

izkarkrhy yksdkar nzfoM tkrhps cjsp feJ.k izkjaHkh >kys vlkos( i.k

vls feJ.k iq<s gks.;kps can iMys ;kr 'kadk ukgh- dkj.k tkrhps

egÙo fganqLFkkukrhy loZ yksdkar vfr'k; ekuys xsys vlY;kus] vls

feJ.k izkjaHkh dk; >kys vlsy rso<sp >kys] iq<s >kys ukgh-328

fonHkZ gh Qkj izkphu dkGkiklwu vk;kZaph olkgr gksrh o rsFks

R;kapk laca/k nzfoMka'kh vkyk ulwu dks.krjh brj oU; tekrha'kh

vkyk] vls MkW-bjkorh dosZ ;kaps Eg.k.ks vkgs- ifgY;k iz[;kr

oSnHkhZps uko yksikeqnzk vkgs- gs uko vk;Z uOgs- yksikeqaMk gÓkkps rj

:i uOgs uk\ eqaM yksdkaph jktdU;k yksik vlk R;kpk vFkZ gksbZy-

eqaMkapk ukxka'kh laca/k gksrk- R;kcíy ckS/n ok³~e;kr iqjkok lkiMrks-

^dkslypk jktk ilsunh gÓkkps eukr xkSrecq/nkP;k ?kjk.;kr yXu

d:u cq/nkus ukrsokbZd Ogkos vls gksrs- R;kus R;kosGP;k 'kkD;

izeq[kkyk rlk fujksi ikBoyk- loZ fyPNoh ?kjk.;kph lHkk ?ksÅu

Bjys dh] vkiyh jktdU;k ilsunhyk ns.ks 'kD; ukgh( i.k rls

dGoY;kl cyk<Ók dkslykf/kirh vkiyk fu%ikr djhy] Eg.kwu

egkuke 'kD;kph nklhiq=h ^oklHkjofRr;k* fgps jktdU;k Eg.kwu

R;kP;k'kh yXu ykokos- gh oklHkjoRrh;k ukxeq.Mk ukokP;k nklhph

egkukekiklwu >kysyh eqyxh gksrh- iq<s ;k laca/kkiklwu >kysyk

fonwMHk ukokP;k dqekjkus loZ 'kkD;dqykpk uk'k dsyk-* gh dFkk

ikyh ok³~e;kr lkafxrysyh vkgs- b-iw- 500&600 o"kkZph rh dFkk

vkgs- Eg.kts R;k osGh ukx vkf.k eq.M ,d vlkos vls fnlrs-

^yksik* gÓkk ukokps lkn`'; vtqZukph ck;dks ukxdU;k mywih fgP;k

ukok'kh vkgs- gÓkk dFkkHkkxko:ugh vls fnlrs dh] fonHkZ gh vk;Z

vkf.k ukx fdaok ewaM yksdakP;k laLÑfrlaxekph Hkweh gksrh-*329

mRrjsdMs nzfoMkapk o vk;kZapk la?k"kZ >kyk ukgh- iw.kkZ] o/kkZ o oSuxaxk

gÓkkae/khy vk;kZaph olkgr nzfoMkauk nf{k.ksdMs fiVkGwu >kysyh ulwu

nzfoMiwoZ vuk;kZ'kh la?k"kZ d:u >kysyh vkgs- nzfoMHkkf"kd xksaM o

159

dksyke gs e/;;qxkr nf{k.ksdMwu fonHkkZr ?kqlysys yksd vkgsr-

vfrizkphu dkGkiklwu laLÑr o lkaLÑrksn~Hko Hkk"kk vkf.k fn;sjoVwph

pky gÓkk izns'kkr cksyyh o vkpjyh tkr gksrh vls fnlrs- vijkUr

o fonHkZ vls egkjk"Vªkps nksu Hkkx ikfgY;kiklwu laLÑrksn~Hko Hkk"kk

cksy.kkÚ;kps izns'k Eg.kwu uDdh >kys-

MkW- ,p~- ,y~- dkslkjsaP;k ers] ßlkrokgudkyhu miyC/k

f'kykys[kkrwu egkj o Hkkst ;kp nksu ?kVdtkrhapk mYys[k ^egkjBh*

o ^egkHkskt* ;k ukokauh >kysyk vk<Gwu ;srks- ;ko:u

v'kksddkGkiklwu lkrokguki;Zar egkjjk"Vhªd ukxx.kkaps vfLrRo

izekf.kr gksrs- egkj vkf.k Hkkst ;k Kkrhdqykaps ts izfrfu/kh dqyizeq[k

Eg.kwu x.kkps lnL; fuoMys tkr- R;k x.klnL;kauk ^egkjBh* o

^egkHkskt* v'kh Kkrhizeq[kkaph mik/kh lkrokgudkGkr ns.;kr

vkY;kps fnlwu ;srs- lkrokgukauh jktk gh mik/kh /kkj.k dsY;kps Li"V

gksrs- la?kx.kkP;k fu;ekizek.ks loZ ?kVdKkrhapk ntkZ leku ekuyk

xsyk vkgs- R;kyk vuql:u egkjBh o egkHkkst ;kaP;ke/khy O;ogkj

leku ikrGhojps fnlwu ;srkr-;k nksu ?kVd Kkrhdqyke/;s fookglaca/k

leku ikrGhoj gksr vlr- dqy ok Kkrhizeq[k in oa'kijaijkxr

vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- fookglaca/k ijLij egkHkkstkae/;s egkjBhaP;ke/;s

rlsp egkjBh o egkjFkhaP;k e/;s gksr- egkHkkstkph eqyxh egkHkksthuh

egkjBhP;k dqykr fookfgr >kyh] rj fryk egkjBhuh EgVys tkr

vls- egkjBh vkf.k egkHkkst ;kauh vkiY;k ukokr ukx] uk;] ukd

;k inkpk okij dsysyk vkgs- lkrokgukaP;k ukokrlq/nk ukx inkpk

okij vk<Grks- ;k egkjBhP;k Kkrhpk okjlk vlysY;k egkj o

ejkBk ;kaP;kr ^ukd* inkUr ukokapk okij dj.;kph ijaijk vusd

'krdkaiklwu pkyr vkysyh gksrh-**330 Hkkst gs ;nqoa'kkps letys

tkrkr- ;k ;nqoa'kkP;k yksdakuk egj&egkj Eg.kts Js"B vls EgVys

tkr vls vkf.k egjsVk ;kpk vFkZ egj dk csVk vlk vlwu

160

JhÑ".kkyk ykoysys miin vlk vkgs- ^egjsVh* ;k L=hokpd 'kCnkpk

vFkZ ^o`"kHkkuq egj dh yMdh Jhjkf/kdk* vFkkZr Jh jkf/kdsyk

yko.;kr vkysys miin vlk vkgs- egj] egjk ;kpsp egkjk"Vªhr

egkj vls :i gksrs- Eg.kts egkj gs Js"B ukx gksrs vkf.k ;nqoa'kh; gs

lq/nk Lor%yk Js"B ukx Eg.kts egjsVk vFkkZr R;kaps oa'kt egj

Eg.kfor- R;ko:u Hkkst gs ;nwP;k x.kkps tls ?kVd gksrs rlsp

egkj&jV~B la?kx.kkps ?kVd gksrs-Þ331 ;ko:u fonHkkZr ukx o Hkkst

gk ,dp lekt bfrgkl dky[kaMkr ukanr gksrk-

MkW- fo-fHk- dksyrs ;kauh HkaMkjk ftYgÓkkrhy ^ikSuh* ;sFkhy

dksjhoys[kkps okpu dsysys vkgs- R;k dksjhoys[kkoj ^ukxl

ipusdkf;dl* v'kh vksG vkgs- gh czkãh fyihrhy vkgs- ;k dksjho

ys[kkus foospu djrkauk rs lkaxrkr] ßikSuh gs Qkj izkphu ckS/n dsaanz o

,sfrgkfld egÙokps LFkku vlys ikfgts- gs lHkksorkyP;k

ifjljko:ugh fnlwu ;srs- ;k ys[kkr dks.kk ,dk ukxkus nku fnY;kpk

mYys[k vkgs- ^ukx* gk 'kCn ;sFks cgq/kk ,[kknÓkk O;Drhps uko Eg.kwu

vkyk vlkok- R;ko:u gh nku ns.kkjh O;Drh ukxoa'kkrhy vlkoh

vls vuqeku dk<.ks ;ksX; gks.kkj ukgh- ukghrj ukx gk 'kCn T;k

ukokr vkysyk vkgs- R;k loZ O;Drh ukxoa'kkrhy vlY;k ikfgtsr]

vls vuqeku dk<kos ykxrs- mnk- ukx] ukfxyk] ukxnRr oxSjs rs

leFkZuh; gks.kkj ukghÞ- MkW- owYgj ;kaP;k ers] ^^ukx] ukfxyk]

ukxnRr b- ukokao:u R;kosGh izLFkkfir czkã.k /kekZP;k vuq;k;kr o

brj ik[kaMh yksdkr ukx ¼¾liZ½ ;k nsorsph iwtk vfLrRokr

vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- dnkfpr v'kh ukos cq/nkP;k ukxlsu ;k

ukokP;k f'k";kP;k ukoko:ugh Lohdkjyh vl.ks 'kD; vkgs- lkjka'k]

izLrqr ys[kkrhy ^ukx* ;k O;Drhukeko:u rh O;Drh ukxoa'kkrhyp

vlkoh] vls Eg.k.;kps dkj.k ukgh-Þ332 ijarq ckS/n laLÑrh o

161

;knodkyhu ¼;nqiq=½ lanHkZ y{kkr ?ksrk ^ukx* gk 'kCn O;Drhokpd

u Bjrk dqyokpd Bjrks] gsgh /;kukr ?;kos ykxrs-

ckS/nijaijsrhy izfrHkkoku xazFkdkj ukxktqZu gk fonHkkZr tUeyk

o rks lkrokgu u`irhpk lqân gksrk] v'kh vk[;kf;dk frcsVkr vkgs-

ck.kHkV~VkP;k ^g"kZpkfjrk*r ;k ukxktqZukpk mYys[k vkysyk vkgs-

ikrkGkrhy ukxyksdkr tkÅu ukxktqZukus ,d eksR;kph ekG vk.kyh

o rh R;kus rhu leqnzkpk vkf/kirh vlk tks R;kpk fe= lkrokgu

u`irh ;kyk fnyh] vlk g"kZpfjrkrhy dFkkHkkx vkgs-333

jkek;.kkr ns[khy fonHkkZrhy Hkksxorhpk lanHkZ ;srks- ßvxLrhps

x`g tsFks vkgs] rsFks likZps fuoklLFkku v'kh ,d Hkksxorh uked uxjh

vkgs- frP;krhy jLrs :an vkgsr vkf.k loZ cktwauh rh lqjf{kr

vlY;keqGs frP;koj 'k=wpk gYyk gks.ks v'kD; vkgs- rh{.k na"Vªk

vkf.k izpaM fo"k gÓkkauh ;qDr vlysY;k Hk;adj Hkqtaxkauh frps laj{k.k

dsysys vlwu egkHk;adj liZjkt oklqdh frP;ke/;s okLrO; djhr

vkgs-Þ334 vxLrh vkf.k yksikeqnzk ;kaP;k fookgkpk lanHkZ ekxs

vkysykp vkgs- R;ko:u lkaLÑfrd ik'oZHkweh y{kkr ?ksrk fonHkZ

vkf.k ukxlaLÑrh ;kapk ikSjkf.kd o ,sfrgkfld dky[kaMkr laca/k

gksrk] vls Eg.krk ;srs-

1-36 v'ed o ukxlaLÑrh %

vktps vksG[kys tk.kkjs iSB.k gsp lkrokgukaP;k dkGkr

izfr"Bku gksrs rj R;kiwohZ v'ed jkT; gksrs- nf{k.k Hkkjrkr

vk;hZdj.k izFker% iSB.kiklwu lq: >kys gksrs- b-iw-lgkO;k

'krdkiklwu iSB.kpk jktdh; bfrgkl lyxi.ks ekaMrk ;srks- vusd

tkrddFkkao:u o iqjk.kkao:u gs Li"V gksrs dh] ;k dky[kaMkr

xksnkdkBh v'ed vkf.k ewyd gh nksu egktuins gksrh vkf.k

izfr"Bku gh R;kaph jkt/kkuh gksrh- ckS/n lkfgR;ke/;s v'ed vkf.k

ewyd ;k VksGÓkkapk mYys[k vkyk vlwu ;k VksGÓkk Lora= vlY;kps

162

EgVys vkgs- MkW-Mh-Mh- dkslach ;kauh v'edfo"k;h foospu djrkauk

EgVys vkgs dh] ßvLld = v'o izns'k] ?kksMsokY;k VksGhP;k izns'k-

vLld yksd Eg.kts ifgys lkrokgu vls let.;kr dkgh gjdr

ukgh- R;kosGh R;akpk jktoa'k uOgrk] rj VksGhP;k voLFksrp rs

vlkosr- ;k oa'kk'kh ?kksMÓkkpk xks=fpUg ;k vFkhZ dkgh laca/k

vlY;kph ekfgrh miyC/k >kyh vkgs- ckojhps KkukFkhZ f'k"; T;k

ekxkZus xsys- R;ko:u vk.k[kh ekfgrh feGw 'kdrs- rs vLldkaP;k

iSB.kiklwu fu?kkys vkf.k ex/kkph jkt/kkuh jktxhj ;sFks vkys o

rsFks R;kauk R;k egku vkpk;kZaps n'kZu >kys-Þ335 ;ko:u v'ed o

lkrokgu laca/k Li"V gksrks- fo-dk- jktokMsauh ejkBÓkkapk vfrlaf{kIr

bfrgkl fyfgrkuk naMdkj.;kpk fopkj dsyk vkgs- R;kaP;k ers]

ßnaMdkj.;kP;k iwosZl vka/kz ukokps jkuVh Lo;aHkw yksd jkgr vlr- rs

fHkYy] dksG] iqaMª b- jkuVh yksdkagwu tkLr laLdkj{ke gksrs- R;keqGs

vk;kZaP;k lalxkZus lq/kk:u o vk;Z pkyhfjrh Lohdk:u R;kauh

vkiysp ,d laLFkku naMdkj.;kP;k iwosZl fuekZ.k dj.;kpk miØe

dsyk- R;kpk ifj.kke vlk >kyk dh] fonHkZ] dfyax] dksad.k]

rqaxHknzkrhj ;k pkj izns'kkr vk;kZapk o ukxkapk feykQ gksÅu

vk;ZlaLFkkus fuekZ.k gks.;kl lq#okr >kyh-Þ336 ;ko:u lkrokgu

laLFkku gs R;kiSdhp ,d vlkos] vls okVrs-

MkW- Jh-O;a-dsrdj dFkkRe lkfgR;kP;k vk/kkjs v'edfo"k;h

myxMk djrkauk fnlrkr- vlqjdFkkaps Hkkjrh; bfrgklkar egÙo

vkgsp( i.k egkjk"VªkP;k jktdh; o lkekftd bfrgklkr fo'ks"k vkgs-

mRrjdkaM Eg.kwu lekfo"V dsysys jko.kkfo"k;hps egkdkO; cjsp tqus

vlys rjh R;krhy vlqjkaP;k dFkk va'ksd:u ,sfrgkfld vl.;kph

'kD;rk vkgs- R;k dFkkao:u v'ed jk"VªLFkkiusl dkj.k >kysys

v'eduxj dkyds;kaP;k rkC;kr gksrs- dkyds; gs leqnzkr jkg.kkjs

vlqj gksrs vkf.k bYoy ukaokpk vlqj Qkj laifÙkeku gksrk vkf.k

163

R;kpk lagkj d:u vxLR;kus nzO; laiknu dsys b- vlqjdFkk iqjk.kkr

fo[kqjY;k vkgsr- v'e gs uxj izFke vlqjkauh olfoys vlkos- iq<s

v'euxj o R;kP;k Hkksorkypk izns'k feGwu v'edjk"Vª >kys vlkos

vkf.k rsFkhy jktdqykpk iq<s b'okdawP;k ?kjk.;k'kh laca/k tksMyk xsyk

vlkok vlk bfrgkl lwfpr gksr vkgs-337 MkW-dsrdjkaP;k ers] ßv'e

gs tj vlqjkaps uxj vlys vkf.k v'ed gs R;kps jk"Vª vlys rj

vktP;k egkjk"Vªh;kr vlqjkaps jDr vlys ikfgts] ;kr 'kadk ukgh-

lkrokgukl iSB.kP;k dks.kR;krjh jktkdMwu R;kpk iq=or Lohdkj

gksÅu jkT; feGkys] vls c`gRdFkk lkaxrs-Þ338 _Xosnkr vkf.k

iqjk.kkar vlqjkalkBh ukx gs fo'ks"k.k izpfyr vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs-

R;kiq<s v'ed gs jk"Vª vlqjkapsp Eg.ktsp ukxkaps vlys ikfgts-

lkrokgukaP;k lanHkkZr vusd nardFkk izpfyr vkgs- c`gRdFksr

lkrokgukP;k tUekph dFkk ;srs- ßiwohZ nhid.khZ ;k ukokpk ,d

iz[;kr o eksBk ijkØeh jktk gksrk- R;kph 'kfDrerh ;k ukokaph fiz;

Hkk;kZ gksrh- ,dnk fo"k;Hkksx Hkksxwu m|kukr futyh vlrk fryk lki

pkoyk] R;keqGs rh lk/oh ej.k ikoyh- rsOgk frP;k Bk;hp vklDr

vlysY;k jktkus viR; uOgrs rjh czãp;ZRo /kfjys- iq<s ;k jkT;kaps

j{k.k djhy vlk vkiY;kyk ;ksX; iq= ukgh] vls eukr vk.kwu

nq%f[kr >kysY;k R;k jktkl Hkxoku 'kadjkus LoIukr v'kh vkKk

dsyh] ßjktk] rw egkvj.;kr tkÅu Hkze.k djhr jkgk- rsFks tks

flagkoj clysyk dqekj fnlsy] R;kyk rw vkiY;k ?kjh ?ksÅu ;s] rksp

rq>k iq= gksbZy-Þ gk lk{kkRdkj ikgkrkp rks tkxk >kyk- R;kyk eksBk

vkuan okVyk o nqljs fno'kh e`x;sph r;kjh d:u rks vj.;kar xsyk-

ek/;kUg le;h iùljksojkP;k rhjh flagklukoj clysyk lw;kZlkj[kk

rstLoh ckyd R;kl fnlyk- dkgh osGkus rks ckyd flagkP;k

ikBho:u [kkyh mrjyk vkgs] vls ikgwu jktkus tykph vfHkyk"kk

dj.kkÚ;k flagkl ,dk ck.kkus ekjys- R;kcjkscj flagkps 'kjhj lksMwu rks

164

iq#"kkP;k vkdkjkpk >kyk- rks peRdkj ikgwu gs dk; vkgs\ vls

jktkus fopkjys- rsOgk rks Eg.kkyk] ßjktk] eh dqcsjkpk lkr ukokpk

;{k] fe= vkgs- eh ,dnk xaxsr Luku djhr vlysY;k ,dk

_f"kdU;sl ikfgys- frph gh –"Vh etdMs oGyh- ,desdkal ikgwu

vkEgh nks?ksgh dkeo'k >kyks- xka/koZfo/khus eh frps ikf.kxzg.k dsys(

i.k frP;k ?kjP;k yksdkauk tsOgk gs orZeku dGys rsOgk R;kauh Øks/kkus

fryk o eyk gh vjs ikI;kauks] ^rqEgh nks?ksagh LosPNkpkjh flag Ogk*

vlk 'kki fnyk- iq<s iq"dG izkFkZuk dsY;koj ^iq= gksbZi;Zar rw flagh

gksÅu jkg'khy o nhid.khZ jktkpk ck.k ykxsi;Zar rks ;{k flag;ksuhr

jkghy]* vlk R;kauh m%'kki fnyk- iq<s vkEgh flagkps tksMis >kyks-

dkgh fnolkauh ;k iq=kl tUe nsÅu rh e:u xsyh- rsOgk eh ;k

ckydkl nqlÚ;k flaghps nw/k iktwu ok<foys- vkrk rqÖ;k —isus eh

'kkikiklwu eqDr >kyks- eh gk ckyd rqyk nsrks- R;kps rw j{k.k dj-

R;k equhusp eyk vls dj.;kfo"k;h lkafxrys vkgs- brds lkaxwu rks

;{k xqIr >kyk vkf.k jktk R;k lqanj ckydkl ?ksÅu ?kjh ijr vkyk

o lkr uked ;{kkus vkiY;k ikBho:u okfgY;keqGs lkrokgu vls

R;kps uko Bsoys- dkgh fnol xsY;koj rks loZ fo|k o dyk ;kr

fu".kkr >kyk vkgs] vls ikgwu nhid.khZus R;kl jkT;kfHk"ksd dsyk o

Lor% ri'p;kZ dj.;kdfjrk vj.;kr xeu dsys- iq<s lkrokgu

Loiq#"kkFkkZus lkoZHkkSe jktk >kyk-Þ339 v'kh dFkk c`gRdFksr vkgs-

vkt th dFkk izpfyr >kysyh vkgs rh mRrjdkyhu xzaFkkrhy vkgs]

vls dsrdjkaps er vkgs- ^dFkklfjRlkxjk*r xq.kk<Ókkph tUedFkk ;srs-

izFke xq.kk<Ókkph dFkk Eg.kwu mRiUu gksÅu uarj rh lkrokgukaP;k

mRiRrhps Li"Vhdj.k dj.;kl ykoyh vl.ks frrds 'kD; vkgs-

dkj.k vn~HkqrdFkkapk izHkko iq<P;k dkGkr gksrkuk] vizfl/n

O;DrhaP;k ukok Hkksorkayh teysY;k dFkk vf/kd ifjfpr O;DrhaP;k

ukokoj <dyY;k tkrkr- MkW-ok-fo- fejk'kh] MkW-jk-Jh- eksjaophdj o

165

MkW-uhjt lkGqa[ks ;kauh xq.kk<Ókkph dFkkp lkrokgukaph ekuysyh vkgs-

xq.kk<Ókkph tUedFkk ;s.ksizek.ks vkgs] ßizfr"Bku izkarkr lqizfrf"Br

Eg.kwu ,d uxj vkgs- rsFks lkse'kekZ ukokpk dks.kh ,d mRre czkã.k

gksrk- R;kl oRlo] xqYed vls nksu iq= o JqrkFkkZ ukaokph frljh

dU;k v'kh rhu viR;s gksrh- dkagh dkykus Hkk;sZlg rks czkã.k ej.k

ikoyk- rsOgk R;k nks?kk iq=kauh vkiY;k Hkfxuhps ikyuiks"k.k dsys(

i.k ,dk,dh rh dU;k xHkZorh >kyh- rsOgk rsFks nqljk dks.kh iq#"k

ulY;keqGs R;k nks?kka ca/kwl ijLijkafo"k;h 'kadk vkyh( ijarq JqrkFkkZ

Qkj 'kgk.kh gksrh- fryk vkiY;k Hkkokaph o`Rrh lk'kad >kyh vkgs(

vls letys o R;kcjkscj rh u fopkjrkap R;kal Eg.krs]ß rqEgh

etfo"k;h iki'kadk d: udk- eh rqEgkl [kjk izdkj lkaxrs- dqekj

dhfrZlsu ;k ukaokpk ukxjktk oklqdhpk iqr.;k vkgs- eh Lukukyk xsys

vlrk R;kus eyk ,dnk ikfgys o R;kps fpRr dkeklDr >kys- R;kus

vkiys dqy o ukao lkaxwu xka/koZfo/khus ekÖ;k'kh yXu ykoys- i.k

Hkfxuhps rs Hkk"k.k ,sdwu] rw lkaxrsl rs [kjs d'kkao:u vls fopkjys]

rsOgk frus R;k ukxdqekjkps Lej.k dsys- R;kcjkscj rks izR;{k iq<s

vkyk vkf.k rks R;kal Eg.kkyk] ßfgyk eh vkiyh Hkk;kZ dsyh vkgs o

R;keqGs gh lqjlqanjh 'kkikiklwu eqDr >kyh vkgs- fgyk iq=p gksbZy o

R;kpk tUe gksrkap rqEgh fr?ksgh 'kkikiklwu eqDr OgkyÞ] vls lkaxwu

rks xqIr >kyk- iq<s dkagh fnolkauh JqrkFkkZ izlwr >kyh o fryk iq=

>kyk- rksp eh vkgs vls let- eh tsOgk tUekl vkyks rsOgk gk

xq.koarkpk vorkj >kyk vkgs] vls vkdk'kok.khus lkafxrys- rs ,sdwu

ekÖ;k cka/kokauh ek>s ukao xq.kk<Ók vls Bsfoys- ekÖ;k mRiRrhus ekÖ;k

vkbZpk o ekekpk 'kki {kh.k >kyk o rh fr?ksgh dkgh dkykus ej.k

ikoyh- R;keqGs eyk Qkj nq%[k >kys o ek>s loZ /kS;Z xGkys-

dkykarjkus nf{k.k ns'kkr tkÅu fo|k f'kdyks o iqu% izfr"Bkukr

166

vkyks- frFks vusd f'k"; etcjkscj vkys-Þ340 v'kh xq.kk<Ókkph dFkk

;srs-

MkW-jk-Jh- eksjoaphdjkauh iSB.k ifjljkps {ks=h; ijh{k.k d:u

dkgh yksdxhrs] nardFkk feGfoysyh vkgsr- R;k yksdxhrkr]

ßiSB.k oLrh] vtc fnlrh

oLrh ukxkaph] dSd o"kkZaph

oLrh gksrh 'kkyw 'ka[kkaph

jktk 'kkfyokgukph!Þ

rlsp yXukrhy eaxyk"Vdkarwugh lkrokgu lezkVkapk mYys[k

dsyk tkrks- eksjoaphdj thuizHklqjhaP;k ^izca/k fparke.kh*rhy dFkk

nsrkr- ßiSB.k uxjhe/;s ,d czkã.kdqekjh vkiY;k nksu Hkkokalg jkgr

gksrh- rh vfr'k; lqanj gksrh- ,dnk rh ik.kh vk.k.;klkBh

ukxMksgkoj xsyh vlrk rsFkhy 'ks"kjktkus fryk ikfgys o rks frP;k

lkSan;kZoj vuqjDr >kyk o R;kus rRdkG frP;k'kh fookg d:u frps

ikf.kxzg.k dsys- dkykarjkus rh xHkZorh >kyh- rsaOgk nksUgh Hkkokauh

fryk Vkdwu fnys o rs fu?kwu xsys- uarj rh iSB.kP;k dqaHkkjokMÓkkr

jkgw ykxyh- FkksMÓkkp fnolkr fryk iq= >kyk- rksp lkyokgu gks;-

lkyokgu dqaHkkjokMÓkkrp ok<r gksrk- R;kyk gRrh] ?kksMs] lSfud

dj.;kpk Nan gksrk- rlsp rks U;k;nkugh djhr gksrk- U;k;nkukeqGs

R;kph [;krh loZ= iljyh o mTtSuP;k foØekfnR;kyk gkp vkiyk

laHkkO; 'k=w vkgs] vls okVw ykxys- Eg.kwu R;kus iSB.koj izpaM lSU;

ikBfoys- rFkkfi] cky lkrokgukus vkiY;k fiR;kdMwu ¼'ks"kjktkdMwu½

ve`rdqaHk vk.kwu ,dk fofgfjr vksryk o fofgjhrhy ve`rty

ekrhP;k lSfudkaoj gRrhoj] ?kksMÓkkoj f'kaiMwu R;kauk lthoRo izkIr

d:u nsÅu R;kaP;k cGkoj foØekfnR;kpk ijkHko dsyk- iSB.ke/;s

vktgh ekrhps lSfud] gRrh o ?kksMs lkiMrkr o ve`rdqaHk vksrysyh

foghj dsoG iSB.ke/;s lkrokgukaP;k jktokMÓkkr nk[kforkr- vktgh

167

iSB.ke/;s lkrokguka'kh lacaf/kr vlysyk ukxMksg] jktokMk o vU;

vo'ks"k nk[kfoys tkrkr- brj= dksBsgh v'kk izdkjph fBdk.ks lkiMr

ukghr- rlsp ^ekrhps d.k bFkys lSfud* gh mDrh dnkfpr ;k

dFkso:up :< >kyh vlkoh-Þ341

^{kf=; ejkBÓkkaph oa'kkoGh o 'kk..kodqGh* ;k xzaFkke/;s

dy;qxkrhy 'kddR;kZapk ifjp; d:u fnysyk vkgs- rsFks

'kkfyokgufo"k;d vlsp foospu vkysys vkgs- ß----iq<s 'kkfyokgu

tUeykAA iSB.k uxjk ek>kjhAA czkã.k dU;sfp;k mnjhAA 'ks"koh;kZfp;k

HkjksojhAA tUeyk 'kkfyokgu 'kdkf/kdkjhAA rs.ks foØek ftafdysAA

vkiqyk 'kd pkyw dsykAA iq<s ikrkG nSorkpk dksi >kykAA

'kkfyokgu leqnzh cqMkykAA foijhr deZ ;ksxkusAA r;k

'kkfyokgukps dFkuAA ---Þ342 ;k dFkso:u ns[khy xq.kk<Ókkph dFkk

ghp 'kkfyokgukph dFkk >kysyh vkgs] vls lgt Eg.krk ;srs-

iSB.ke/;s lkrokgudkyhu vusd f'kYis vk<Grkr- ;kae/;s

ekrhps gRrh] ?kksMs o ckylSfud Qkj eksBÓkk izek.kkr vk<Grkr

vkf.k gs ckylSfud ekrhP;k gRrh] ?kksMÓkkaoj O;ofLFkr clrkr-

;kf'kok; lkrokgu o mTtSups {k=i ;kaps lrr oSj gksrs o xkSrehiq=

lkrd.khZus {k=ikapk ijkHko dsyk gksrk- gs ,sfrgkfld lR; nwj Bsork

;s.kkj ukgh- ;k lokZao:u lkrokgu iSB.k laca/k Li"V gksrkr-

MkW- uhjt lkGqa[ks ;kauh ojhy dFksps yksdrÙoh; Lo:ikr

v/;;u dsysys vkgs- R;kauh lkrokgukapk laca/k lkrh vkljka'kh

tksMysyk vkgs- lkrh vkljkapk egkjk"VªkP;k lkaL—frd o jktdh;

tM.k?kM.khrgh vR;ar egÙokpk okVk vkgs- lkrokgukaph ukekoyh rs

ekr`lRrkd i/nrhrwu mn;kl vkY;kps n'kZfors- mnk- xkSrehiq=

lkrd.khZ] ofl"Bhiq= iqGqokeh] ek<jhiq= 'kdlsu] dkSf'kdhiq=

lkrokgu b- lkrokgu jktkaP;k ukokrhy lkr ;k 'kCnkdMs

vH;kldkauh nqyZ{k dsys vkgs- lkrokgukapk tynsorka'kh vl.kkjk

168

?kfu"B laca/k o R;kaP;k ukokrhy lkr gk 'kCn ;kdMs xkaHkh;kZus

ikgosp ykxrs- lkrokgukaP;k O;qRiRrhP;k dgk.khdMs vki.k ikfgys

rj lkrh vkljk iwtki/nrhps vusd vo'ks"k R;k dgk.kh'kh tksMysys

vkgsr] vls vki.kkal fnlsy- lkrokgukP;k dgk.khr vk<G.kkÚ;k

dqaHk] dqaHkkjokMk] ukxMksg] 'ks"kjkt] ik.;kph lathouh b- eqÌÓkakph

vki.k uksan ?ksÅ- lkrokgudkyhu fookgi/nrhps vkdyu u >kY;kus

;k dgk.khoj uarj iq<s p<fo.;kr vkyh vlyh rjh ojhy rF;s

vki.kkal uofufeZr o ty ;kaps vrwV ukrs lkrokgudkyhu —"kd

ukx lektkus tiys gksrs] gsp Li"V djrkr- ojhy dgk.khe/;s

tydqaHk izrhd y{k.kh; vkgs- dqaHk xHkkZ'k;kps izrhd ekuys tkrs- gs

vH;kldkauk ekU; vkgs- fo'ks"kr% iztuuk'kh o ckydka'kh dqaHkkpk

laca/k gksrk] gs gjIik mR[kuukrhy e`r ckydkaP;k dqaHkke/;s xksGk

dsysY;k nQuko:u y{kkr ;srs- v'kk dqaHkkoj e;wjfpUgs vkgsr-

tyiwtkdaP;k –"Vhus dqaHk fufeZfr{ke ekuyk tkbZ- _Xosnkr ofl"B

tUekP;k lanHkkZr dqaHkkpk mYys[k feGrks- ukxkpk ,d vFkZ ty rj

vU; ,d vFkZ lkr vkgs- ;k dgk.khe/;s dqaHkkjokMÓkkpk mys[k vkyk

vkgs- R;kps vkdyu dj.;klkBh vki.k Mkd ;k fo/khph vksG[k

d:u ?ksÅ- Mkd gk ejkBokMÓkkrhy ,d l`tufo/kh vkgs- Mkd

xksa/kGfo/khps :i vkgs- ;k Mkdfo/khpk rqGwukMwe/khy MDdscGh

fo/kh'khp laca/k vl.kkj- Mkdfo/kh lkr vkljka'kh lacf/kr vkgs-

R;klkBh nksu tydqaHk ykxrkr- ;k fo/khph feGkysyh dkgh HkkaMh

Li"Vi.ks Mkdfo/khpk lkrh vkljka'kh laca/k tksMrkr- ;k ik=kaoj L=h]

iq#"k] panz] lw;Z] LofLrd o mlklkj[;k fnl.kkÚ;k lkr iV~VÓkk

dk<ysY;k vlrkr- dke o jrh ;k nsokrakpk mlk'kh laca/k vkgs-

Mkdfo/kh gk FkksjY;k eqykP;k yXukvk/kh ikj iMrks- lkrh vkljkaP;k

lanHkkZr ts"B iq=kP;k cGhph ladYiuk Kkr vkgs- ;k lanHkkZr dqarhpk

T;s"Biq= d.kZ ;kl ik.;ke/;s Vksiyhrwu lksMys xsys gskrs- gs y{kkr

169

?ks.ks t#jhps vkgs- xaxsus vkiys lkr iq= tUer%p ik=kr lksMY;kps

jktk 'karuwl Lor% MksGÓkkus ikgos ykxys gksrs- vktgh lkrh vkljkauk

ckyd lksM.;kP;k i/nrhps vo'ks"k vkgsrp- ijMhe/;s ok

ikG.;ke/;s uotkr ckydkl Bsowu lkr vkljkaP;k tyL=ksrkae/;s

R;kl rjaxfoys tkrs- ckydkps diMs rsFkhy dksGÓkkauk feGrkr- gÓkk

ckydkpk izrhdkREkd nkucGhp vkgs- lkrh vkljk lacaf/kr

tyLFkGkaP;k 'kkarhP;k] Mkdfo/khpk lw=/kkj dqaHkkj vlrks] gs egÙokps

vkgs- ;k foospukrwu lkrokgu jktkaP;k ukokrhy lkrpk lkrh

vkljka'kh laca/k vkgs] gk fu"d"kZ dk<w 'kdrks- lkrokgu gs ukxoa'kt

vkgsr- f'kok; R;kapk ;{kk'kh laca/k gksrk] gs lkrokguekrk egkjBh

u;fudsP;k izfl/n f'kykys[kkrwu fnlwu ;srs- ;ke/;s ;e] o#.k] dqcsj

;kalg lad"kZ.k o oklqnso gs nksu ;kno mYysf[kys vkgsr- ;e

fu_Zrh'kh lacaf/kr vkgs- o#.k o dqcsj nks?ksgh ;{k&ukx vkgsr- ;krwu

ns[khy lkrokgukapk lkrh vkljk o ukx ;kaP;k'kh laca/k fnlwu ;srks-

lkrokgu gs tyiwtd gksrs] ;kps vla[; iqjkos feGrkr- tqUuj gs

lkrokgukaps LFkG vkgs- tqUuj ys.;kae/;s 155 tyk'k; dqaM [kksnys

xsys vkgsr- dqaM iq"djkps izfrfuf/kRo djrks- O;kikÚ;kauh fofo/k

xHkZx`gkps nku dsY;kP;k uksanh feGrkr- lkrokgukaph uk.kh rs

tyiwtd gksrs gs n'kZforkr- lrhfljhP;k uk.;koj vR;ar Li"Vi.ks

unh dk<ysyh fnlrs-343 MkW- lkGqa[ksaP;k foospuko:u lkrokgu o

v'ed ukxlaL—rh R;kapk vuqca/k BGdi.ks Li"V gksrks-

iqjk.ks gh lkrokgukaP;k vH;klkps ,d lk/ku vkgsr- iqjk.kkr

lkrokgukaph oa'kkoG vkf.k jktkapk dky[kaM fnyk vkgs- i.k

jktkaph la[;k o dkG ;kckcrhr izR;sd iqjk.kkr erfHkUurk vkgs-

MkW-jk-Jh-eksjoaphdjkaP;k ers] ok;w] czãkaM] Hkkxor vkf.k fo".kw gh

iqjk.ks lkrokgukauk vka/kz vls mYys[kwu ;k jktkaph la[;k rhl nsrkr(

i.k R;kaph ukos nsrkuk ek= ;k iqjk.kkauh gh la[;k vuqØes 23] 24]

170

27] 17 o 18 v'kh fnyh vkgs- ;k jktoa'kkP;k dky[kaMkfo"k;h

eRliqjk.kkr 460 o"ksZ] ok;qiqjk.kkr 411 o"ksZ] czãkaM] fo".kw o

Hkkxoriqjk.kkr 456 o"ksZ fnyh vlyh rjh izR;sd jktkP;k dkGkph

,dw.k csjht djrk ;k oa'kkpk ,dw.k dkG 442 o"ksZ ;srks- ;ko:u

iqjk.kkarhy mYys[kkoj iw.kZi.ks folacwu jkgrk ;sr ukgh-344

vkjaHkhP;k lkrokgu jktkapk ukx yksdka'kh laca/k gksrk] gs frljk

lkrokgu jktk ;kP;k jk.khP;k uk;fudk vFkok ukxojnkf;uh ;k

ukoko:ugh Li"V gksrs- iqjk.kkae/;s mYysf[kysyk frljk vkU/kz lkrokgu

jktk lkrd.khZ ifgyk ;kph iRuh ukxfudk gks;- lkrd.khZ vkf.k

ukxfudk ;kaps nksu iq= osfnJh vkf.k 'kDrhJh gs jkts gksÅu xsys

vkgsr- ukxfudk gh vkiY;k irhlkscr vusd JkSr;KkaP;k izlaxh gtj

gksrh- frpk iq= osfnJh gk R;kP;k fiR;kP;k fu/kukizlaxh vKkr o;kpk

vlY;keqGs R;kyk flagklu feGowu ns.;kr frus egÙokph Hkwfedk ikj

ikMyh gksrh- R;keqGs cgq/kk ;k dqVqackpk uk.ks?kkV ;sFkhy izfrekx`gkr

frP;k fu/kukuarj irhlkscr frpkgh iqrGk mHkkjyk vlwu R;kr

irhP;k MkO;k cktwyk iRuhph tkxk vlY;kph Hkkjrh; ijaijk lksMwu

fryk irhP;k mtO;k cktwl mHks dj.;kr vkys vkgs-345

pqVw jktoa'k gh lkrokgukaph ,d mi'kk[kk gksrh- ;k dqykyk

lkrd.khZ o ukx v'kh vU; ukos gksrh- pq.V ;k laL—r 'kCnkiklwu

pqVw gk 'kCn >kysyk vlwu R;kpk vFkZ dfu"B vlk vkgs- lkrokgu

jktoa'kkphp gh dfu"B 'kk[kk gksrh-346 ojhy foospuko:u izfr"Bku

jkT;ke/;s lkrokgukaP;k vuq"kaxkus ukxoa'k foLrkfjr >kyk vls

Eg.krk ;srs-

1-37 vijkUr vkf.k ukxlaLd`rh %&

fonHkZ vkf.k v'ed ;kizek.ksp vijkUrke/;sgh ukxlaL—rh

ukanr vlkoh( ;kps ikSjkf.kd o ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ lkiMrkr-

vijkUrkykp o#.kyksd] ukxyksd] egkry ok dksad.k v'kk fofo/k

171

laKk fnY;k xsysY;k vkgsr- tEcq}hikP;k nf{k.ksl if'pesP;k cktwus

dksad.k vkgs] vls fo-dk-jktokMs Eg.krkr-347 gk izns'k naMdkj.;kP;k

nf{k.ksl o rqaxHknzsP;k mRrjspk Hkkx vkgs- rsFks ukxkaph laLFkkus gksrh-

ukxyksdkaP;k dksd.kiV~Vhr nSR;kaps ,d ygku laLFkku JhjkepanzkaP;k

dkGkiklwu gksrs- uarj rs ukxyksdkauh gLrxr dsys-348 foa/;ioZrkaP;k

if'pesl leqnzkP;k dkBpk dU;kdqekjhi;Zarpk tks l[ky izns'k vkgs-

R;kyk iqjkrudkyh eghry v'kh laKk vls- gÓkk eghrykps ry]

vry] ikrkG oxSjs pkSnk Hkkx vlr( iSdh lkr Hkkx mRrjsdMhy o

lkr nf{k.ksdMhy gÓkk eghry izns'kkr ukx uked yksdkaph oLkrh

vls- lcc gÓkkl ukxyksd Eg.kr- ukxyksdkr dqd.k ukokpk dks.kh

ijkØeh iq#"k >kyk Eg.kk fdaok dqd.k ukokph ukxkph 'kwj tkr gksrh

Eg.kk] R;kP;ko:u fdaok frP;ko:u eghrykyk iq<s dksad.k vlkgh

mPpkj gksbZ- l/;k viHkza'kkus dksad.k vlk mPpkj loZlkekU; vkgs- gk

dksad.k ÅQZ eghry izns'kkr vlysY;k dkgh 'kgjkaps o yksdkaps

o.kZu egkHkkjrkP;k ^m|ksxiokZ*rhy ^ekryhojkUos"k.kiokZ*r iqjkru

bfrgkl Eg.kwu fnys vkgs- ekryhyk ukjnkus lkxjjktk tks o#.k R;kps

ok#.;uked laLFkku nk[kfoys- rsFkwu ukxkps ikry ukokps uxj gksrs

rsFks usys] uarj fgj.;iwj ukokaps nSR;kps 'kgj nk[kfoys] ;sFks nSR;kps

Lora= laLFkku gksrs] iq<s lqo.kZ mQZ x#M yksdkapk eqyw[k ekryhus

ikfgyk- gs x#Myksd ijefo".kqHkDr vlwu ukxyksdkaps tUeoSjh gksrs-

x#MkP;k ns'kkarwu ekryh] oklqdh uked ukxkP;k Hkksxorh uked

uxjhl xsyk o rsFkhy jktiq=kyk R;kus vkiyh eqyxh viZ.k dsyh-

gÓkk ukxkaph vusd dqys gksrh- mnk- dqdq.k] djohj] ihBjd] fiaMkj]

ewf"kdkn oxSjs-349

MkW-fo'oukFk [kSjs ;kauh vijkUrfo"k;h vU; izknsf'kd Hkk"kkapk

v/kkj ?ksÅu foospu dj.;kpk vkxGkosxGk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs-

dksd.kph olkgr ij'kqjkekus oloyh v'kh iqjk.kdFkk vkgs- gSgÓkka'kh

172

>kysY;k ;q/nkr ijkt; >kY;keqGs ij'kqjke vijkUr Eg.kts dksd.kkr

iGwu xsyk] v'kh dFkk vkgs- ;kpk vFkZ gk eqyw[k MksaxjkG

vlY;keqGs vtwu futZulk gksrk vls la'kks/kdkauh EgVys vkgs-

dksd.kkps uko c`gRlafgrslkj[;k laL—r xzaFkkr o tqU;k rfeG xzaFkkrgh

dks³~d.k vls vk<Grs- dksxkaps ou rs dksaxou- dksaxou 'kCnkl

gGwgGw dksad.k:i feGkys vls let.ks lksiifÙkd ukgh vls ukgh-

v'kh O;qRiRrh jktkjke'kkL=h Hkkxorkauh fnyh vkgs- v|ru :< er

toGtoG rsp vkgs- dksaxw gk jktkgh ekuyk vkgs brdsp-

rfeG dksu~ Eg.kts v; vkf.k d.k~ Eg.kts LFkku fdaok tkxk-

dks³~d.k Eg.kts Hkhfrnk;d izns'k vlk vFkZ fu?krks- ij'kqjkekP;k

iyk;udFks'kh rks lqlaxr vkgs- dks.k~du ;kpk vFkZ ek= lkxjizns'kkpk

vf/kirh vlk fnyk vkgs- u u .k vkf.k vks vks· ;kaP;k LFkwy

vHksnko:u ;kph miiÙkh ykxrs- dks·] dks·u Eg.kts jktk] ioZr vls

vFkZ vkgsr- dks.k~·y~ Eg.kts <x- lkÚ;kaP;k eqGk'kh dks Eg.kts ojpk

mUur gh Hkkouk vkgs- R;keqGs dksad.k gk Mksaxjkpk o <xkapk izns'k

vlk vFkZ >kyk-

;kpk ^vijkUr* 'kh esG clw 'kdrks- izkphu LFkydks'kkr ;kps

izk—r :i vojkfrdk vls ,d fnys vkgs- R;kpk dks.k~d.k~P;k

Hkk"kkarjkus ;s.kkÚ;k ^<x* ;k vFkhZ ^vHkz*'kh laca/k vlkok-

vHkzkUr&vcjkUr&vijkUr Eg.kts <xki;Zar iksgksp.kkjk MksaxjkG izns'k-

egkuqHkkokaP;k vkpkj i/nrhr EgVys vkgs vkf.k ^rFkkiklkSuh es?kadj

?kkV rs ,d [kaMeaMG* ;krY;k es?kadj ?kkVkpk lanHkZ vijkUr

dksad.k'kh fuxfMr vlkok-350

fo-dk- jktokMsauh ^vijkUr Eg.kts vij leqnzkdkBpk vUr

Eg.kts izkar- vUr% izkUrkfUrds"kqp] vijlewnz Eg.kts if'pelewnz-

iwoZlewnzkP;k myV vijlewnz- vijlewnzkP;k dkBh iq"dG izkar

vlr-351 R;kykp ukxyksd Eg.kr-

173

ukx yksdkapk jktk oklqdhph jkt/kkuh Hkksxorh gksrh-

^m|ksxiokZ*P;k 109 O;k v/;k;kr r{kd o ,sjkor ;k ukxkauh

jf{kysyh vkf.k oklqdh ukxkus ikfgysyh Hkksxorh uxjh czãkorkZP;k nwj

nf{k.ksl vlysyh of.kZysyh vkgs- gÓkk Hkksxorh uxjhP;k fn'ksusp

jko.kkps jkT; vlysys lkafxrys vkgs- Eg.kts Hkksxorh] ikrky] ry]

xksd.kZ o eY; gs Hkwizns'k if'peleqnzkyxr nf{k.k fn'ksyk gksrs] gs

m?kM vkgs- ^m|ksxiokZ*P;k 110 O;k v/;k;kr o#.kkps ok#.k}hi

if'pefn'ksl gksrs vls o.kZu vkgs- ^m|ksxiokZ*P;k 98 O;k v/;k;kr

ukjnkus ekryhyk ok:.;uxjhrwu o ok:.;}hikrwu ukxyksdkr

usY;kpk o`RrkUr vkgs- o#.kyksd ukxyksdkP;k mRrjsl ykxwu vls

vkf.k ukxyksd o#.kyksdkP;k nf{k.ksl ykxwu vls- nksUgh ns'kkauk

if'peleqnzkph e;kZnk vls- Hkkjrjpukdkyh if'peleqnzkdMhy

izns'kkyk vijkUr] vijkUrd v'kh laKk vls- jlkrykph jkt/kkuh th

Hkksxorh uxjh rsFkhy fpdqjuked ukxkpk lqeq[k uked ukx ekryhyk

ilar iMyk- rkRi;Z Hkksxorh uxjh jlkrykph jkt/kkuh] jlkry

eghrykpk ,d Hkkx- eghry Eg.kts ioZrkaP;k ojhy tks i`"BHkkx

R;kP;kgwu [kksy vlk if'peleqnzkP;k dkBpk izns'k- gÓkkp izns'kkyk

fdaok izns'kkP;k dkagh Hkkxkyk iq<s vijkUrd vls uko iMys-352

egkHkkjrkr lgnso fnfXot;kP;k izlaxkus vijkUr o 'kwikZjd

{ks=kpk mYys[k ;srks- gYyh 'kwikZjdkyk lksikjk vls Eg.krkr- rs xkao

eqacbZP;k mRrjsyk olbZtoG vkgs- ckS/ndkGkr ;k fBdk.kh ukxoa'kkph

lRrk gksrh] vls Eg.krk ;srs-353

xksekard ij'kqjkekus oloys] gh xks"V vkrk nardFkkp ekuyh

ikfgts- dkj.k xksO;kr ij'kqjkeiwoZ vFkkZr vk;ZiwoZ olrh gksrh vkf.k

gh olrhlq/nk Hkkjrkrhy ewG yksdkaph ulwu iwosZdMwu Hkkjrkr

vkysY;k vkWfLVªd yksdkaph gksrh] vlk fl/nkar vkrk la'kks/kdkauh

ekaMyk vkgs- vk;kZaps vUu xgw o to gksrs] v'kh osnkaph lk{k vkgs

174

vkf.k rkanwG] ikulqikjh] ukjG] dsGh] gGn] HkksiGk oxSjs inkFkZ ;k

vkWfLVªd fdaok izksVk vkWLVªksykbZM yksdkauh Hkkjrkr vk.kys o uarj

vk;kZauh R;kapk Lohdkj dsyk] vls lquhfrdqekj prthZ lkaxrkr-

Jherh bjkorh dosZ o vkpk;Z lsu ;kauhgh ;k fo/kkukyk ikfBack fnyk

vkgs- vkWfLVªd yksdkarwu ukx] nzfoM rsFks vkys- R;kauk 'ksrh ekghr

gksrh- rlsp xzkela[;kaP;k :ikus R;kauh lektkph fof'k"V jpuk dsyh

gksrh vls fnlrs-354

MkW-Mh-Mh- dkslach ;kaP;k ers] ds=kikys ;k xksekard 'kCnkpk

vFkZ {ks=iky vlk vkgs- Eg.ktsp ^'ksrkpk laj{kd* vlk gksrks- gs

fo'ks"k.k f'kokyk Dofpr( ijarq 'ks"kkyk tkLr osGk okijys tkrs-

iwohZP;k dkGh rs QDr uO;k olrhlkBhp rso<s okijkr vkys vlkos-

xzkeiq#"k] vkfniq#"k ;kaP;ko:u ewG iq#"kkphp mikluk n'kZfoyh

tkrs-355 {ks=ikykP;k :ikrwup 'ks"kiwtk vktgh vfLrRokr vkgs-

xksekardkr nSoriwtsP;k ek/;ekrwu ukxiwtk] ukxlaL—rh vktgh

vo'ks"k:ikr jkfgysyh vkgs-

fo-dk- jktokMs ;kauh ukxkaP;kiwohZ dksad.kkr dksGh yksd jkgkr

vlr] vls EgVys vkgs- gs ewGps dksad.kkr leqnzfdukÚ;koj

iqjkrudkGh jkgr vlkos- ukxkauh Eg.kts l/;kP;k dksad.kkrhy

ejkBÓkkauh] HkaMkÚ;kauh o egkjkauh dksad.kkr olrh dj.;kP;k vxksnj gs

dksad.kP;k leqnzfdukÚ;koj iqjkrudkyh gksrs- rsFkwu ukxkaP;k jsVÓkkus gs

lgÓkknzhP;k dqgjkr f'kjys vkf.k vk;kZauh naMdkj.;kr olkgrh

dsY;koj vk;kZaP;k yxr olkgrh d:u jkfgys- iqjkrudkyh dksYgkiwj]

dksYyiwj gs dksyyksdkaps xkao vlwu rsFks iq<s f'kykgkjkauh vkiyh

jkt/kkuh dsyh- vk;kZaP;k o ukxkaP;k iwohZ dksad.kkr gÓkk yksdkaph

olrh gksrh- [kkuns'kkr vk;kZaP;k uarj gs yksd vkys- dksad.kkr gs

yksd brj dksBwu vkys gs lkax.;kl lk/ku ukgh- rsaOgk dksad.kps gs

Lo;aHkw gksr vls fo/kku dsys vlrk okoxs gks.kkj ukgh-356

175

ukxkaph th xkaos rh ukxLFkyh rs ukxjxkao] ¶yhV vkiY;k

Dynasties of the Canarese district e/;s ukxj[kaMkpk Eg.kts ukxkaP;k

ns'kkpk mYys[k djrks- ukx gÓkk 'kCnkph "k"Bh 2 izR;; ykxwu ukxj

:i gksr vlkos- ukx&j&[kaM Eg.kts ukxkaps [kaM o ukx&j&xkao

Eg.kts ukxkaps xkao-357 dksad.kkr v'kh vusd ukx iz;ksx vl.kkjh

xzkeukes] xkao lkaiMrkr- flanxko ¼flanxzke½] ukxk;yh ¼ukxLFkGh½]

ikys ¼ikrkya½] ukxjxkao ¼ukxjxzke½358 ukx>jh] ukxkao] ukxjs] ukxGh]

ukxikMk] ukxokMh] ukxyksyh] ukx'ks"k b-359 xkaos vktgh ;k xkokaP;k

ukoke/;s ukxoa'kkph Le`rh f'kYyd vkgs- ojhy loZ foospuko:u

vijkUr o ukxoa'k ;kaps laca/k Li"V gksrkauk fnlrkr-

1-38 dksYgkiwj vkf.k ukxlaLd`rh %

dksYgkiwjP;k olkgrhps izkphu uko djohj- gs xksear ioZrkP;k

ik;F;k’kh olys vlY;kps Hkkxorkr lkafxrys vkgs- ^tjkla/kkus —“.k

o cyjke ;kapk ikBykx dsyk] rsOgk gs ca/kw eFkqjsgwu djohjkdMs iGwu

vkys o frFks ,d jk= foJkarh ?ksÅu izkr%dky gks.;kiwohZ xksear

ioZrkoj p<ys*] v’kh dFkk vkgs- czãnsokpk ekuliq= dksyklqj o

R;kpk iq= djohj ;kauh ;k uxjkP;k ifjljkrhy nsokauk o yksdkauk

Qkj NGys] Eg.kwu ‘kadjkus djohjkyk Bkj ekjys vkf.k R;kps uko

R;k LFkkukyk fnys] v’kh vk[;kf;dk vkgs-360

MkW- jk-Jh- eksjoaphdjkaP;k ers] ßczãiqjh dksYgkiwje/;s vlysys

izkphu olkgrhps LFkG- izk- lkadfy;k o Jh- nhf{kr ;kauh

1945&46 e/;s ;sFks mR[kuu dsys- R;kosGh ;sFks ^ikWflMkWu* ;k jkseu

lkxnsorspk czkWa>pk mR—“V iqrGk lkiMyk- R;ko:u czãiqjhph vk|

olkgr lkrokgu dkGkr b-iw- 200 P;k vklikl >kyh vlY;kps

vk<Grs- czãiqjhph HkjHkjkV b- P;k 2&3 Ú;k ‘krdkr Eg.kts

lkrokgu& jkseu laidkZP;k dky[kaMkr >kyh- lkrokgukuarj

‘khykgkj jktoa’k rsFks lÙksoj vkyk-Þ361

176

ßikSjkf.kd dky[kaMkr dksyklqj gk ;sFkhy jktk gksrk- gk ^dksy*

tekrhpk jktk gksrk- gs ewGps dksad.kkr leqnzfdukÚ;koj iqjkrudkyh

jkgr vlkos- ukxkauh Eg.kts l/;kP;k dksad.kkrhy ejkBÓkkauh]

HkaMkÚ;kauh o egkjkauh dksad.kkr olrh dj.;kP;k vxksnj gs dksad.kP;k

leqnzfdukÚ;koj iqjkrudkyh gksrs- rsFkwu ukxakP;k jsVÓkkus gs lgÓkknzhP;k

dqgjkr f’kjys vkf.k vk;kZauh naMdkj.;kr olkgrh dsY;koj vk;kZaP;k

yxr olkgrh d:u jkfgys- iqjkrudkyh dksYgkiwj& dksYyiwj gs

dksy yksdkaps xkao vlwu rsFks iq<s f’kykgkjkauh vkiyh jkt/kkuh dsyh-

vk;kZaP;k o ukxkaP;k iwohZ dksad.kkr ;k yksdkaph olrh gksrh-Þ362

vls fo-dk- jktokMsaps er vkgs- foa/; o lgÓk ;k nksu ioZrkr

vk;kZauk gs dksyk yksd HksVys- gs yksd Mqdjkph f’kdkj djhr-

R;ko:u dksy ¼Eg.kts Mqdj½gk ‘kCn laL—rkr vkyk vkgs- dksykgy

‘kCn dksyk o gy ;k nksu ‘kCnkapk la/kh vkgs- gy Eg.kts nq%[k oxSjs

rhoz osnuk nk[kfo.kkjk ‘kCn- ;k nq%[kØks’kokpd gy ‘kCnko:u

fu?kkys vkgsr- mn~xkjokpd gy /kkrw laL—rkr ukgh- gs ukao

dksyuked vuk;Z yksdkaps vkgs o rs vk;kZauh mpyysys Li”V fnlrs-

lkrkkjk izkarkr dksGs Eg.kwu xkao vkgs] rs iwohZ dksykaps xko vlsy-363

egkHkkjrkr djohj fdaok djohj ihBjd~ v’kk ukxkpk mYys[k

;srks-364 ;ko:u ukxoa’kh djohj vkf.k dksyk tekrhr o.kZladj

>kyk vlkok- R;krwu dksyklqj o djohj ;kaps ukrslaca/k firk&iq=kps

tksMys tkrkr- egkHkkjrh;q/nkuarj ukxoa’kh; tekr gh nf{k.ksdMs

vkyh gksrh] gs fl/n >kysys vkgs- dÚgkMps f’kansoa’kh; Lor%yk

^Q.khanzoa’kh;* Eg.kwu ;srkr rs ;kp dkj.kkus- MkW- jk-fpa-<sjs ;kauh

dksYgkiwjps egky{eh eafnj vkf.k flan oa’k ;kaP;krhy vuqca/k

fuf’pri.ks Li”V dsysyk vkgs-

Hkkjrh; [;krhP;k ‘kfDrihBkar xkt.kkÚ;k ;k LFkkukps efgeku

gtkj&ckjk’ks o”kkZiwohZiklwu yksdekulkr :tysys gksrs] vls

177

,sfrgkfld izek.kkao:u fnlrs- rsjkO;k ‘krdkP;k izkjaHkh ;knokauh ;k

Bk.;kdMs y{k fnys gksrs] vls fla?k.k ;knokP;k egky{eh eafnjkr

miyC/k >kysY;k ¼lu 1218&19 ;k dkGkrY;k½ dksjhoys[kko:u

Li”V gksrs- ;knokaiwohZ dÚgkM&dksYgkiwj Hkkxkr jkT; dj.;kÚ;k]

Lor%yk ^djgkViqjojk/khLoj* vkf.k ^Jh egky{ehyC/kojizlkn* gh

fc#ns vfHkekukus yko.kkÚ;k f’kykgkj jktiq#”kkauh Jh egky{ehps

oSHko ok<fo.;kr iq<kdkj ?ksrY;kps R;kauk vusd dksjhoys[kkarwu

fnlrs( ijarq egky{ehps vktps iqjkru HkO; eafnj ek= R;kauh cka/kysys

ukgh- rs R;kaP;k mn;kP;k iwohZiklwu bFks mHks gksrs-

;k dkGkP;k iwohZiklwu dÚgkM&dksYgkiwj Hkkxkr flanoa’kh;

jktdqykps vf/kiR; gksrs- rs Lor%yk ^Q.khanzoa’kh;* vkf.k

^djgkViqjojk/kh’oj* Eg.kfor vlr- vktgh tksfrckps HkDr Eg.kwu

xkt.kkjs XokYgsjps f’kans gsgh vki.k Q.khanzoa’kh; fdaok ukxoa’kh;

vlY;kps Eg.kforkr- tksfrck gk ukx:i nso vkgs- uxk:ih {ks=ikG

vkgs- ;k tksfrckP;k miklusr je.kkjs] R;kps iq= Eg.kfo.kkjs vkf.k

dksYgkiqjkr jkT; dj.kkjs flanoa’kh; jkts gs ;k nksUgh nSorkaP;k HkDrhr

jeysys vl.kkj] gs vuqeku rdZlaxr Bjrs- Jh egky{ehps eafnj

falnoa’kh;kauhp cka/kys vlkos] vls MkW-jk-fpa-<sjs ;kaps er vkgs-365

dÚgkM Hkksorhp mj.k] ikyh] ukxBk.ks b- xkos vkgsr- rh loZ

xzkes ukxoa’k lwpd vkgsr- fo-dk- jktokMs Eg.krkr] ^ßo#.kuxjhps

l/;kP;k mj.k xkokP;k ukoka’kh ikrkG uxjhps l/;kP;k iky

¼ikvky½ ukokP;k ukxksB.;ktoGhy xkaokP;k ukaok’kh] fgj.;kiqjkpsa

gj.kbZ ukaokP;k xzkeukek’kh o Hkksxorhps HkksxksVh ukokP;k xzkeukek’kh

lkE; fnlrs-366 ;ko:u flanoa’k vkf.k dksYgkiwj ;kapk vuqca/k

izLFkkfir gksrks-

MkW- uhjt lkGqa[ks oktsxko] dqaMy] nsojk”Vªs] dqaHkkjxkao]

vkojokMh ;k xzkelewgkpk ukxoa’kh; oTthx.kk’kh ukG Li”Vi.ks

178

tksMrkr- egkjk”Vª o oTthx.kkps ukrs vacseqGsp –< gksrs- dskYgkiwjph

vackckbZ ghp egky{eh vkgs- egky{eh eafnj loZlk/kkj.k dY;k.khP;k

foØekfnR; lgkok ;kP;k dky[kaMkP;k 25 o”ksZ vkxsekxs 11@12 O;k

‘krdkr cka/kys xsys vlkos- egky{eh eafnj f=dqVkRed vkgs o ;kp

dkGkr okth ?kjk.;kus f=dqVkRed eafnjs cka/kY;kph brj vusd

mnkgj.ks vkgs- oStkjlkps f=dwV eafnj rj vR;ar Li”V iqjkok vkgsp-

vack ^f=vack* :ikr iwtyh tkbZ- ;kph osn lk{k nsrksp- cnkeh

pkyqD;kaP;k dkGkrp ekdZ.Ms; iqjk.kkph jpuk >kyh o R;ke/;s

^nqxkZlIr’krhpk* lekos’k dsyk xsyk vkgs- oTth&eYy izcy

>kY;kusp czkã.kh O;oLFks}kjs o R;kaP;k ekr`nsorkauk izfrf”Br dj.kkjs

gs iqjk.k fyfgys xsys- ;kuqlkj dksGuxjP;k dksGfo/oalhP;k gYY;keqGs

lqjFk ¼lqjV~V½ jktkps jkT; xsysys vlrs- vack R;kl jkT; ijr

feGowu nsrs] gh vR;ar izkphu dgk.kh ;kr of.kZyh vkgs- ijkHkwr

>kY;koj dksyklqjkus vacsyk ‘kj.k tkÅu vkiY;k ukokus vacsps LFkku

vksG[kys tkos v’kh fouarh dsyh- R;keqGs dksYgkiwj gs vacsps LFkku

>kys- ,d dksYgkiwj egkjk”Vªkr vlys rjh nqljs oTthaP;k ex/k ns’kkr

gksrs- R;klanHkkZr egkHkkjrkrwu feG.kkjs HkkSxksfyd Kku fo’kky unhph

ekfgrh nsrs- vR;ar ifo= ekuY;k xsysY;k ;k unhP;k dkBkoj

^djohj* uked ifo= LFkG vkgs- unhP;k dkGh djohjiwj vkgs- ,l~-

lh- ljdkj ;kauk djohuxj vktP;k oS’kkyh uthdP;k vk/kqfud

^dksYgwgk* ;k [ksMÓkkk’kh tksM.;kpk eksg gksrks- vackckbZ nsoLFkku

vl.kkjs egkjk”Vªkrhy dksYgkiwj] djohjuxjh Eg.kwugh vksG[kys tkrs-

^djohjekgkRE;* gk xzaFk rsp n’kZforks- oTthx.kkP;k egkjk”Vªk’kh

vl.kkÚ;k ukR;kpk gk vk.k[kh ,d /kkxk gks;-367

ikSjkf.kd dkG] ,sfrgkfld dkG ok lkaL—frd vuqca/k ;k

lokZarwu dksYgkiwj izkrkar ukxoa’kh; lekt vfLrRokr gksrk] vlsp

Eg.krk ;srs-

179

1-39 egkjk”Vªkrhy {kf=; ukxoa’kh lekt %

egkHkkjrkP;k vkfniokZr fofo/k ukxkaph ok ukxdqykaph ukos

vkysyh vkgsr- ukxkapk laca/k gk ikrkGk’kh yko.;kr vkysyk vkgs-

czãkorkZiklwu ueZnsi;Zarpk loZ izns’k gk vk;kZorZ Eg.kwu vksG[kyk

tkrks- R;k [kkypk izns’k Eg.kts ukxizns’k gks;] vls vksG[kys tkrs-

egkjk”Vªkr vejkorh uthd Hkksxorh vkgs- tkyuk ftYgÓkkr Hkksxo/kZu

¼Hkksdjnu½ vkgs] rj dksYgkiwj ftYgÓkkrgh Hkksxorh fBdk.k vkgs-

oS’kkyhps ukxgh Hkksfxu~ Eg.kwu vksG[kys tkr vlr- ;kpk vFkZ ;k

loZ fBdk.kh ukxoa’kh jkgr gksrs- xzkeukekae/;s ‘kD;rks fi<Ókku~fi<Ókk

cny laHkor ukgh- dqyukekaP;k lanHkkZrgh vlsp Eg.kkos ykxrs- fo-

dk- jktokMs ;kauh dkasd.kkrhy o ns’kkrhy dkgh ejkBs yksdkaph

dqyukes ?ksÅu R;kapklaca/k ukxoa’kk’kh yko.;kpk ;’kLoh iz;Ru dsyk

vkgs- MkW-,l~-,y~- fueksZgh ;kaP;k ers] ßgs ejkBs dq.kch ¼dqVqach½

{kf=; gksrs- —“khlaL—rhph lq#okr o foLrkj ;kauhp dsyk gksrk-Þ368

fo-dk- jktokMs ;kauh ejkBs ukxoa’kh;kph fnysyh ;knh [kkyhy izek.ks

vkgs]369

laL—r egkjk”Vªh ejkBh

oklqfd oklqb okls] Hkkls

r{kd r[kv r[ks] fr[ks

ddksZVd dDdsmv dksdVs] xksdVs

dkyh; dkyhv dkfy;S] dkG;s] dkGs

okeu cke.k cke.ks

dqdqj && dksdjs

dqdq.k && dksad.ks

uand .akn; uans] .kans

dy’k dyl dG’ks

180

iksrd iksrv iksrs

fiatjd iatjv fiatjs

ukx ukx ukx

‘ka[k la[k lad

dksVdj dksV~Vjv dqVjs

fu”Vªfjd fuV~Vfjv fupqjs

frfÙkj && frrjs

eqXnj eksXxj eksxjs

djohjd djohvv djos

ihBjd && fiBjs

fnyhi && nqGhi] /kqGi

f’kjh”kd f’kjh[kv f’k[ksZ] f’kdsZ

‘ka[kiky¼ukxuanukVd½&& ladiky

fojtk && fojts

;kaf’kok; dkgh dqyukes MkW- fueksZgh ;kauh fnysyh vkgsr-370

dacy & dkEcys

ef.k & ekus]e.ks

vk;Zd & vMds

‘kcy & lkcGs] lkWaiys

lqeu & lkscus] lkus] lkse.ks

fiaxy & fiaxys

fiaMjd & ia<js

fcYod & csYgs] csys

gfjnzd & gyns

iUux & ikuds

Jhog & f’k[ks] lq[ks

dqBj & dqBjs

181

dqatj & dqWatjs

dnZe & dne

ddZj & ddZjs

ukxoa’kh ejkBh dq.kch lektkP;k dqyukekaph lwph

[kkyhyizek.ks vkgs-371

1- {khjlkxj 2- okrkjdj 3- thrdj 4- fnO;dj

5- ds’kjdj 6- dk’ehjdj 7- vkfIrdj 8- ckdhdj

9- ekgqjdj 10- ekgqydj 11- ckysdj 12- rysdj

13- dkjdj 14- ekjsdj 15- [ksndj 16- okndj

17- ryofudj 18- okf’kUndj 19- foapwjdj 20- ekuiqjdj

21- Qf.koj 22- ekyoj 23- j.k/khj 24- /kkek/kj

25- ldokj 26- cgknqj 27- dqygkj 28- dkyHkkj

29- ok?kekj 30- vopkj 31- nkrkj 32- dsnkj

33- dqcsj 34- ukoj 35- gtkjs 36- Hkk.Mkjs

37- flaxkjs 38- rqaxkjs 39- ekylqjs 40- efUnlqjs

41- nsony 42- jk;cy 43- pUnzcy 44- egkdqy

45- ‘kknwZy 46- jkmy 47- iVsy 48- c?ksy

49- xksfgy 50- eksfgy 51- lkcy 52- ;koy

53- /khlky 54- cgky 55- Hk;ky 56- fojkG

57- /koky 58- [k.Mkys 59- txiky 60- /kkeiky

61-vuaxiky 62- vcaxiky 63- txnkys 64- gj;ky

65- fcygkys 66-fljlkys 67- lxte 68- lksudne

69- ekljax 70- j.kflag 71- egkyqax 72- nso:ax

73- nkfyEc 74- dqlqEHk 75- jktgal 76- jktdks”k

77- ns’keq[k 78- nso:[k 79- xkbdokM 80- xk;dokM

81- e`xokgu 82- xogku 83- jk;x.ks 84- dsnkjk.ks

85- dkyHkkSu 86- flukcku 87- jk.kk 88- ekU;

182

89- llku 90- fnoku 91- /kwed 92- fryd

93- efyd 94- /kfud 95- uk;d 96- f’kjd

97- tkyxqat 98- okyqap 99- xksj{k 100-lkGqa[k

101-;enkns 102- jk;tkns 103-j.kNksM 104-ekueksn

105-Hkknqx 106-[kjx 107-ijcUHk 108- eksjHk

109-pkfUni 110- eksdk’kh 111- ekyi 112-mikL;

113- eksfgr 114-fufer 115- dqEeqj 116- eqjeqj

117- lqulqus 118-nqunqus 119-fdVfdVs 120- dVeVs

121- lsukirh 122- dk;irh 123-djeV 124-ejeV

125- lkriqrs 126- ikyiqrs 127-jkMoUr 128-j.kftr~

129-Hkksxlkrs 130-f’kjlkrs 131-dyikr~ 132-txrki

133-ok?ks]ck?k 134- ?kkx] ?kk?k 135-jkts]jkt% 136- /keZjkt

137-jkm]jko 138-nsojko 139-/kkjjko 140-Hkkysjko

141-nkSyrjko 142-gEchjjko 143-ukxfryd 144-xkaxuk;d

1-40 ‘ks”koa’kh Eg.kfo.kkjs f’kans dqy %

{kf=; ejkBÓkkaps lkseoa’k] lw;Zoa’k o ‘ks”koa’k ;k rhu oa’kkr

foHkkx.kh >kysyh ikgko;kl feGrs- iwoksZDr lanHkkZuqlkj lw;Zoa’k gk

dkykarjkus lkseoa’kkph ‘kk[kk >kysyk vkgs( ijarq ‘ks”koa’kkus Lor%

osxGsi.k fVdoysys vkgs- ^{kf=; ejkBÓkkaph oa’kkoGh o ‘kk..kodqGh*

;k xzaFkke/;s ‘ks”koa’kkpk lfoLrj ifjp; gksrks- R;ke/;s d’;ikP;k

pkSnk fL=;kaph ukos vuqØes vfnrh] fnrh] darqdh] fourk] izHkkorh]

lksekoarh] lqyrkuknsoh] :ekorh] es?kkorh] dksVhiùkorh] dudjs[kk]

:iorh] lqearh] P;kjLokuh] iùkorh] v’kh fnysyh vkgsr-372

ikSjkf.kd ukoka’kh gh ukos ,d:i gksr ukghr- darqdhps iq= uoukx

vlk mYys[k ;srks- iqjk.kkr dnzwps iq= ukx vkgsr- bFks ek= darqdhps

nk[kfoys vkgsr- ‘ks”koa’kkpk xq: vac_”kh lkafxryk vkgs- R;kuarj 36

dqykapk foLrkj lkafxryk vkgs- Hkkstjktkps Hkkslys gs miuke vlwu

183

ukxiwj ;sFks R;kauh lÙkk izLFkkfir dsyh- eFkqjk ;sFks ;knokauh xknh

LFkkiwu ‘ks”koa’kkph iwrZrk dsY;kps lkafxrys vkgs- ‘ks”koa’kkpk o`{k gh

xzaFkke/;s fnysyk vkgs- R;kr Jhfo”.kw &fojph & d’;i& oklqdh &

fla/kqjkt &‘kkfyokgu &dksjViky& Vkd & f’kank vlk oa’ko`{kkpk

mYys[k ;srks-373 R;kf’kok; ‘ks”koa’kkph Lora= dFkkRe mRiRrhgh

lkafxrysyh vkgs-374 rh v’kh] ß}kikj;qxke/;s eka/kkrk ukokpk jktk

gksÅu xsyk- eka/kkrkyk Hkkuqerh ukokph iRuh gksrh- rh jtLoyk

vlrkuk eka/kkrk frP;kdMs Hkksxkph ;kpuk djrks( ijarq rh udkj nsrs-

R;ko:u jktk frP;k’kh vcksyk /kjrks- ;keqGs rh fpafrr gksrs- ,ds

fno’kh xaxkrVh Lukuk’kh tkr vlrkuk frph HksV fo’okfe= _”kh’kh

gksrs- rh loZ gfddr lkaxrs- fo’okfe= leL;sps fujkdj.k

dj.;klkBh fryk ,dk dqihe/;s vfHkeaf=r ty nsrkr- frus rs

irhP;k eLrdh ykoko;kps vlrs- R;kuarj rks jktk fryk o’k gksbZy]

vls fo’okfe= lkaxrkr- mRlkgkiksVh rh dqfidk m?kMrs- rsOgk dkgh

tykps Fksac /kj.khoj lkaMrkr- rks vks?kG ‘ks”kkP;k eLrdkyk Li’kZ

djrks- rks dkefiMsus O;kdwG gksrks- rks Hkkuqerhyk HkksXk nsÅu tkrks-

rh gk o`Rrkar fo’okfe=kyk lkaxrs- fryk xHkZ/kkj.kk gksrs- tks iq=

izlorks rks ‘ks”k vlrks- dkykarjkus R;kP;k fookgkph fpark ykxrs-

eghiky ukokpk jktk vlrks- R;kyk iq= ulrks- yko.;orh ukokph

eqyxh vlrs- yko.;orhpk o ‘ks”kkpk fookg laiUu gksrks- R;kauk

dkykarjkus iq= gksrkr- gkp ‘ks”koa’kkpk vkjaHk Bjrks- Jh/kj] xaxk/kj]

egh/kj] iqjanj] ukxksnj] os.kq/kj] ;ksurkoh;Z] egho;Z] fgjknj] nkeksnj]

nsoohj ;kizek.ks ‘ks”koa’kkoGh lkafxrysyh vkgs- ;k oa’kkps xks=

vkLrhd vkgs] rj nSor y{eh vkgs-Þ gh dFkk ;k xzaFkkr

JhHkfo”;iqjk.kkrhy czãksÙkj [kaMkrwu ?ksrysyh vkgs( vls Lor% xzaFkdkj

lkaxrkr- ;k dFksr dkgh’kh dkYiufdrk vkgs- egkHkkjrkrhy nq;ksZ/ku

vkf.k Hkkuqerh ;kaph t’kh dkYifud dFkk] t’kh ‘kkfgjh dkO;krwu

184

lkafxryh tkrs] R;kp dFkspk va’k ?ksÅu gk dFkkfoLrkj >kysyk

vlkok vls okVrs-

iq<s ‘ks”koa’kkrhy f’kansdqykph ekfgrh fnysyh vkgs- R;ke/;s

xks=] nsod] xknh b- pk mYys[k ;srks- rks ;s.ks izek.ks & ß’ks”koa’kh

jktk f’kank] uxj j.kFkac] nqljs iðMdy] pkyw xknh XokYgsj] yky

flagklu] yky N=] yky fu’kk.k] yky ok:] /otLraHkh ‘ks”k]

dqynSor dkfydknsoh] dk;kZl nsod ejosy vFkok vkxkMk] xq:

dkSaM.;_”kh] osn ;tqosZn] xk;a=hea=] xks= f’kans] dqys nGoh ykM 1-

txrki 2- ukxfVGds] dMw] mikls] ukx.ks] ukxoMs] [kjkGs] gksus]

[kqjk<s] o.kos] tkoGs] yoVs] rGsdj] ukxfnos] Hkqts] Qf.koj] lkcGs]

dkuMs] <ks.ks] nsojko] fuGds] gj;kG] doMs] fojkGs-* R;kpizek.ks

f’ka|kaP;k fofo/k dqGhgh vkgsr- 1- dqokZ f’kank ;kaps dqy & flax.k

osy- 2- t;f’kank ;kaps dqy & :bZ vFkok eksjosy 3- fot; f’kUnk

;kaps dqy & oMokXuh vFkok dyac 4- f’k’kqiky f’kUnk 5- egRdkG

f’kUnk 6- usdwG f’kUnk 7- ldRikG f’kUnk 8- nqnZ;k f’kUnk 9-

f’krT;k f’kUnk 10- ftouD;k f’kUnk 11- jke f’kUnk 12-HkSjo

f’kUnk- ;k lokZapk xq: dkSaM.;p dqy dGac- oa’klk[kGho:u gh

dqys ‘ks”koa’kh vkgsr] vls let.;kl gjdr ukgh gh ekfgrh

,sfrgkfld ulyh rjh ns[khy fo”k;kuq:i vkgs] vls letko;kl

gjdr ukgh-Þ375

MkW- fo-fHk-dksyrs ;kauh jk”VªdwV u`irh r`rh; xksfoan ;kaP;k usljh

;sFkhy rkeziVko:u f’kans dqykpk bfrgkl lkafxryk vkgs- ßf’kan

dqykrhy ukxgLrh jktkps uko vU; miyC/k rkeziVkr dksBsp

vk<Gr ukgh- izLrqr rkeziVkr rs ifgY;kankp vkysys vkgs- ;sFks

R;kps o.kZu ^Q.khanz* oa’kkP;k vkdk’kkr fojkteku >kysyk vkfnR;

¼¾lw;Z½] JhfjiqlsO; ¼¾’k=wdMwu lsosyk ik= vlysyk½ vls dsysys

vkgs- f’kan oa’kkrhy jkts vkiyh mRiRrh ^Q.khUnz* Eg.kts likZpk

185

jktk ;ktiklwu ykorkr] gh xks”V lqizfl/n gks;- e;wj’kE;kZP;k ¼b-l-

330 rs 360½ panzoYyh ;sFkhy f’kykys[kkr ^lf;Und* gk ‘kCn

izFke vkysyk vkgs- R;kiklwu ^f’kan* ‘kCn r;kj >kyk vlkok- ;k

^lf;Und* ‘kCnkpsp laL—r :i ^lsUnzd* gks;- ;ko:u ^lsUnzd* vkf.k

^f’kan* gs cgq/kk ,d vlkosr vls fnlwu ;srs- fejt laLFkkukrhy

y{es’oj ;sFkhy f’kykys[kkr pkyqD; u`irh lR;kJ; ;kpk

ledkyhu Eg.kwu nqtZ’kDrhpk mYys[k vlwu rks ^HkqtaxsUnzkUo;* Eg.kts

liZjktkP;k dqykrhy fot;’kDrhP;k dqan’kDrh uked iq=kpk eqyxk

vlY;kps lkafxrys vkgs- fotkiwj ftYgÓkkrhy ckxydksV xkokP;k

iwosZyk HkSju~iV~Vh ;sFkhy f’kykys[kkr flan ukjk;.k iqfydky ¼if’pe

pkyqD; u`irh rSy nqljk] b-l- 973 &997] ;kyk ledkyhu½

iklwu rks iksyflan ;kpk iq= lsO;jl i;Zar ckxMxs ;sFkhy flan

jktdqykpk lfoLrj o`Rrkar vkysyk vkgs- flan dqykph] nardFkkaoj

vk/kkjysyh miiRrh gh R;kr fnysyh vkgs- gs flan jkts

Lor% ^–f”Vfo”kdwGfryd Q.kkef.kfdj.kfoHkklqj ukxoa’kksn~Hko*

vlY;kps lkaxrkr- R;kaP;k /otkoj fdaok irkdsoj ukxfpUg vlrs-

R;kaps ykaPNu O;k?kzkps vlwu vki.k loZJs”B v’kk Hkksxorhps

ijaijkxr Lokeh ¼Hkksxofriqjijes’oj½ vkgksr] vls R;kaps Eg.k.ks vkgs-

;k dqykpk ewG iq#”k dks.kh vtkuqckgw flan vlwu rks fla/kqunhP;k

izns’kkrhy vfgN= xkoh liZjkt /kj.ksanzkyk >kysyk ekuq”k iq= gksrk-

R;kps ikyuiks”k.k ,dk O;k?kzkus dsysys gksrs- ,dk dnac jktdU;s’kh

R;kps yXu gksÅu frP;kiklwu R;kyk rhu eqys >kyh- R;kauhp

flanoa’k :< dsyk- lqekjs ‘kds 1165 P;k gfjgj ;sFkhy f’kykys[kkr

nqlÚ;k ,dk flan dqykpk o`Rrkar vkysyk vkgs- R;krgh R;kapk ewG

iq#”k dks.kh vtkuqckgw flan vlwu rks Hkxoku f’ko o fla/kqunh ;kaP;k

ehyukrwu tUeysyk vkf.k ukxjktkus ok?kkP;k nq/kkoj ok<oysyk

Eg.kwu o.kZu dsysyk vkgs- R;kus dÚgkVd ¼dÚgkM½ ;sFks Lor%lkBh

186

Lora= jkT; LFkkiu dsys- dÚgkVd HkksorkyP;k izns’kkoj R;kps jkT;

gksrs- csyjh rkyqD;krhy tquh ek=gYyh ;sFkhy f’kykys[kkr f’kan

dqykrhy ,dk jktkP;k inO;kaph eksBh ;knh fnyh vkgs- gk jktk

flanokMh¼¾csYyjh½ ;sFks jkT; djhr gksrk- f’kykys[kkr R;kps uko

Li”V >kys vkgs- R;kP;k ,dk inoho:u vls fnlwu ;srs dh] rks

^n`f”Vfo”k* ¼ukxkaP;k½ oa’kkr tUeysyk gksrk-

iq.ks ftYgÓkkrhy tqUuj ;sFksgh flan oa’kkph nqljh ,d ‘kk[kk

jkT; djhr gksrh] vls tqUuj rkeziVki:u fnlwu ;srs- tqUuj rkeziV

gk rsFks jkT; dj.kkÚ;k flan vkfnR;okE;kZpk ¼b-l-965½ ,d viw.kZ

rkeziV vlwu R;kr gk vkfnR;oekZ ^–f”Vfo”kQ.khUnzoa’kksn~Hko

flUnkUo;izlwr%* Eg.kts –f”Vfo”k ukxkP;k oa’kkrwu mRiUu >kysY;k

flUn dqykr tUeysyk vlY;kps EgVys vkgs- flan ukjk;.k iqfydky

;kusgh Lor%yk ^–f”Vfo”kdqyfryd* Eg.kwu lacks/kysys vkgs- ;ko:u

vkfnR;oE;kZpk flanoa’k gh flan ukjk;.k iqfydkyP;k oa’kkphp ‘kk[kk

vlkoh vls okVrs-

izkjaHkh] l/;kP;k EgSlwj jkT;kP;k izns’kkrp gs flan jkts jkT;

djhr vlkosr vls fnlrs- e;wj’kkE;kZP;k iwoksZDr panzoYyh

f’kykys[kkr R;kus ^flafn;d* izns’k ftadY;kpk mYys[k vkgs- ;ko:u

^flafn;d* vFkok ^flan* jkts ;kauh b-l- 330&360 iwohZp dkgh o”ksZ

rjh vkiys jkT; LFkkiu dsys vlkos- R;kaP;k jkT;kpk fuf’pr izns’k

dks.krk rks mYysf[kysyk ukgh- rFkkfi] MkW- fnus’kpanz ljkdj ;kauh

rGVhisr EgVY;kizek.ks gk ^lsUnzd izns’k EgSlwj jkT;kr gksrk-* iq<s rks

izns’k dnac u`irhauh ftadyk Eg.kwu f’kan jktkauk R;kps ekaMfyd Ogkos

ykxys- csUuwj rkeziVkr dnac u`irh f}rh; —“.koekZ gk oSt;arh ;sFks

tkr vlrkuk R;kus ^lsanzd* ftYgÓkkrhy ^iyekMs* xko nku fnY;kps

mYysf[kysys vkgs- ;ko:u ouoklhP;k vklikl lsUnzdkapk izns’k

vlkok vlk rdZ laHkorks- /kkjokMtoGhy vMwj ;sFkhy pkyqD;u`irh

187

ifgyk dhfrZoekZ ¼b-l- 566&598½ ;kP;k f’kykys[kkr vls EgVys

vkgs dh] vMwj ;sFks ek?korh o f’kan jkts ;kaps jkT; gksrs- ;ko:u

flanjktkapk izns’k /kkjokMP;k vklikl vlkok vls fnlrs- if’pe xax

u`irh Jhiq#”k & i`Foh dksaxq.kh ;kP;k tkoGh rkeziVkr ^flan

fo”k;ka*pk mYys[k vkgs- jkbl ;kaP;k Eg.k.;kizek.ks gk izns’k EgSlwjP;k

mRrjsyk vlwu rks /kkjokM&fotkiwjP;k dkgh Hkkxki;Zar iljysyk

gksrk-Þ376

izLRkqr usljh rkeziVko:u vls fnlwu ;srs dh] ‘kds 727 ¼b-

l- 805½ e/;s flan jkts R;k HkksorkyP;k izns’kkr jk”VªdwV lezkVkaps

ekaMfyd Eg.kwu jkT; djhr gksrs- Jh’kqxqÍ: gh cgq/kk R;kaph jkt/kkuh

vlkoh- nf{k.k&f}fXot; laiowu ijr ;sr vlrkuk r`rh; xksfoankus

;k xkokyk HksV fnyh vlkoh- rsFkhy jktk ukxgLrh ;kP;k flan

dqykyk ^c`gr~* gs fo’ks”k.k ykoys vkgs- R;ko:u ewG f’kan oa’kkP;k

;kosGh vusd ‘kk[kk fBdfBdk.kh iljY;k vlwu R;kiSdhp Jh’kqxÍ:

;sFkhy ukxgLrhph ‘kk[kk gh ,d eksBh ‘kk[kk gksrh vls fnlrs- f’kan

oa’kkP;k gÓkk vusd ‘kk[kk cMx.ks] ,jEcxsZ] pØdksj] tqUuj b-

fBdk.kh jkT; djhr gksR;k-

MkW- uhjt lkGqa[ks ;kauh HkksxorhP;k flan dqykfo”k;h foospu

dsys vkgs- ßn[[kue/;s e/;;qxiwoZ dky[kaMkr falan ukokP;k jktkapk

lanHkZ ;srks- R;kauh lq#okrhyk djkM o cgq/kk tqUuj ;sFkwu jkT; dsys

o f’kykgkj jÍÓkkauh gyfoY;koj dukZVdkrhy ,jaccxsZ ;k ;sycqxkZ

;sFkwu R;kauh jkT; dsys- gs flan jkts ukxoa’kh gksrs- R;kaP;k vla[;k

nkukaiSdh frMxqaMh ft- dyMxh ;sFkhy rkezys[kkps okpu ,l-ih-iafMr

;kauh ekpZ 1872 e/;s dsys vkgs- gk rkezys[k b-l- 15 vkWDVkscj

1083 pk vkgs- ;ke/;s flanjkts Lor%yk ukxoa’kh Eg.kts

^Q.khanzoa’kksn~Hko* Eg.krkr- ukxQ.kk gs R;kaps dqyfpUg vkgs- ;ke/;s

flanjkts Lor%l Hkksxorh uxjhps jkts Eg.kforkr- tksfrck’kh lacaf/kr

188

Hkksxorh iqjk/kh’oj ukxoa’kh; flan gs oTthP;k Hkksxorh ukxkaps oa’kt

vkgsr] vls Eg.krk ;srs- f’kans gs ejkBk dqy T;ksfrck o ukxfpUgk’kh

lacaf/kr dk vkgs] gs ;krwu Li”V gksrs-Þ377

MkW- jk-fpa-<sjs ;kauh dksYgkiqjkrhy tksfrckpk laca/k flan dqyk’kh

tksMysyk vkgs- dksYgkiwjtoG okMhjRukfxjh vFkok tksfrckpk Mksaxj

vkgs- ;k jRukfxjhoj dsnkjfyax ¼tksfrck½] dsnkjs’oj o piZVkack ;k

rhu nsorkaP;k eafnjkapk eq[; xV vkgs- iqjkru LFkkukaP;k tkxh vktps

dsnkjfyaxkps eafnj l- 1730 e/;s jk.kksthjko f’kans ;kauh cka/kys-

dsnkjs’ojkps eafnj l- 1808 e/;s nkSyrjko f’kans ;kauh cka/kys-

‘kqDyiapehpk Eg.kts ukxiapehpk mRlo gk ;sFkhy mRloØekr

lekfo”V vkgs- ;ko:u tksfrck gs f’ka|kaps dqynSor vkgs- f’kans gs

fla/ke/kwu leqnzekxsZ jRukfxjh canjkrwu tksfrckP;k MksaxjkdMs vkys-

R;keqGs R;kauh R;k Mksaxjkyk ^jRufxjh* vls uko fnys] vlk fu”d”kZ

dk<ysyk vkgs- flan miuked ,d dqy okMhjRukfxjhP;k ifjljkrhy

dqary ns’kkr b-l- P;k vkBO;k uoO;k ‘krdkar lkear Eg.kwu lÙkk

xktfor gksrs] vls fl/n dj.kkjs dksjho ys[k miyC/k >kysys vkgsr-

dukZVdkrhy ouoklh larfyaxs ;k Hkkxkr jkT; dj.kkjk bZ’oj uked

flanoa’kh lkear vkiys o.kZu ^djgkViqjojk/kh’oj* vls djrks- ;kpk

vFkZ rks R;kdkGh dÚgkM ;sFks jkT; djhr gksrk vlk djko;kpk

ulwu] R;kps iwoZt ,dkdkGh djgkV ;sFks jkT; djhr gksrs] vlk dsyk

ikfgts-

nqlÚ;k ,dk viw.kZ rkeziVkr Hkhekpk ikS= o eaqtkpk iq=

vlysyk vkfnR; oekZ uked flanoa’kh jktkus tqfUuuxjkr ¼tqUuj ;sFks½

okLrO; vlrkuk uof’ko uked czkã.kkyk 6 ekpZ 965 ;k fno’kh

banzk;.khdkBps fdUgbZ gs xkao nku fnY;kph uksan vkgs- gk vkfnR;oekZ

Lor%yk egklkear Eg.kforks- ;kus vkiY;k nksu iwoZtkapk mYys[k

dsysyk vlY;keqGs gs ?kjk.ks vkBO;k uoO;k ‘krdkiklwup dÚgkM]

189

dksYgkiwj Hkkxkr jkT; djhr vlkos] vls MkW- ok-fo-fejk’kh ;kps

vuqeku vkgs- dksYgkiwjps egky{eh eafnj f’kykgkjiwoZdkyhu

vlY;keqGs rsgh ;k flanoa’kh lkear jktkauh cka/kys vlkos] vlsgh

R;kauh vuqekfuys vkgs-

^Lrojkt* ;k miklukij jpusr] T;kP;k MkO;k nksu gkrkr

ikui= o f=’kwy vkf.k mtO;k nksu gkrkr Me: o [kM~x ‘kksHkr

vkgs vkf.k tks ‘ks”kkoj vk:< >kysyk vkgs] v’kk fyaxHkwf”kr

tksfr:i —ikGw nsokyk gk HkDr oanu djhr vkgs- R;kP;k ers gk nso

ukFkekxkZpk vf/kirh vkgs- ;k lgL=ukedR;kZP;k ers] tksfrckps okgu

‘ks”k gs vkgs( ijarq izR;{kkr okguHksnkpk Qjd vkgs- tksfrckps vktps

LFkku v’ok:< vkgs- ^Lrojktka*r ^’ks”kLFk* o ^iUuxokgu* gh

tksfrckph nksu ukaos vkgsr- R;kps okgu ‘ks”kukx vlY;kph /kkj.kk

O;Dr djrkr] rj dqaMfyu~ gs R;kps uko R;kps ukx:iRo tkghj

djrs- izFke vekuoh :ikr iwftys tk.kkjs nso iq<s ekuoh :i

cuY;kuarj ewGps R;kps vekuoh :i okgukaph tkxk ?ksrs- gs lR;

Hkkjrh; nsork eaMykP;k vH;kldkauk lgt iV.kkjs vkgs- tksfrckps gs

ukx:iRo R;kP;k {ks=ikG Js.khps vuU;lk/kkj.k oSf’k”VÓk vkgs-

Hkkjrh; ijaijsr ukx gk {ks=irh vkgs- {ks=ikG vkgs- ok:G gs Hkwehps

& HkwehP;k ltZusafnz;kps izrhd vkgs] rj ukx gs iq#”krÙokps izrhd

vkgs- R;kaph mikluk larkunkrk nso Eg.kwup gksrs- egkjk”Vªkrhy

HkSjokps vkf.k ukxlikZps lkgp;Z loZ= :< vkgs- HkSjo gk liZ:i

vkgs] likZya—r vkgs-378 ,dw.kp flan oa’kkph nardFkkRed mRiÙkh

vkf.k tksfrckrhy ukxrÙo gs flan dqGkyk ^ukx* ;k feFkdrÙok’kh]

ukxiwts’kh] ukxiapeh’kh cka/kwu Bsors- R;krwu R;kauh ^ukx* gs ykaPNu

Lohdkjys vlkos] gs lR; fu”iUu gksrs-

190

1-41 egkj vkf.k ukxoa’k% ,d vuqca/k %

ukxoa’kkpk laca/k gk tlk egkjk”Vªkrhy ejkBÓkka’kh ;srks] rlkp

R;kapk laca/k egkjka’khlq/nk ;srks- gk vuqca/k ‘kks/k.;kps dke vusd

vH;kldkauh dsysys vkgs- MkW- ,p~- ,y~- dkslkjs ;kauh vkiY;k

^izkphu Hkkjrkrhy ukx* ;k xzaFkkr MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaps er

uksanoysys vkgs- egkj gs ukx oa’kkps yksd vkgsr- ekuooa’k’kkL=kP;k

vk/kkjs egkj o ejkBk ;k nksu tkrhps yksd gs ijLij ,dkp jDrkps

HkkÅcan vlwu rs ,dkp oa’kkps vkgsr- ^egkjk”Vª gk egkjkapk ns’k

gksrk*] vls MkW- vkacsMdjkaps er vkgs-379 MkW- Jh O;a- dsrdj ;kauhgh

ejkB~;kaP;k o egkjkaP;k dqyukekapk vH;kl dsyk vkgs- R;kaP;k ers]

ßejkBÓkkaP;k tkrhpk jtiqrka’kh laca/k cjkplk fnlrks- rFkkfi jtiqrkaph

vkMukos ejkBÓkkaize.ks egkjkargh vk<Grkr- egkjkae/;s dqyijaijk deh

vckf/kr jkfgyh vlY;keqGs vkt fo/kku dj.ks dBh.k tkbZy- rFkkfi

,o<s Eg.krk ;sbZy dh] egkjk”Vªkrhy vR;ar izkphu yksdkaps oa’kt

egkj vlkosr vkf.k R;kapk ukxka’kh laca/k R;k izkphurspk |ksrd

vlkok- tsR;kauh ukxkal ftadys] vls mYys[k okjaokj fnlrkr-

iqjk.kkarhy ukxkaph dqyukes egkjkr vkMukos ;k :ikus f’kYyd

vkgsr] vls jktokMs ;kauh ^dksad.k o ukxyksd* ;k bfrgkl

laxzgkrhy ys[kkar nk[kfoys vkgsp- ,oap vR;ar izkphu olkgr

ukxkaph Eg.kts egkjkaph vlY;kl ^egkjk”Vª Eg.kts egkjkaps jk”Vª* ;k

izdkjkP;k O;qRiRrhl vf/kd cGdVh ;sbZy] ;kr ‘kadk ukgh-

egkjkaph oLrh vR;ar tquh vkgs o ^ukx* Eg.kwu mYysf[kysY;k

yksdkaps izfrfu/kh rsp vkgsr-Þ380 vR;ar izkphu dkGh dksGh] HkksbZ]

egkj vkf.k jð ;kaph olrh egkjk”Vªkr gksrh o R;keqGsp LFkyukes o

Hkk”kkukes fuf’pr >kyh vkgsr- egkjkapk mYys[k gkykP;k lIr’krhr

ukgh- egkj gsp izkphu dkGh gkfyd ;k ukokus izfl/n vlkosr-

191

egkjk”Vª gs uko dsOgk iMys] ;kpk ‘kks/k djrk djrk vki.kkal

oj#phP;k dkykiwohZ i;Zar xsys ikfgts- R;k dkGkr ;sFkhy yksd

vki.kkal egkj Eg.kfor ulrhy d’kkao:u\ R;kosGsl izFke egkjkaph

oLrh vl.ks o ekxkgwu Hkks;kaph olrh vl.ks gk vR;ar ‘kD; vlk

bfrgkl okVrks- egkjka[ksjht loZ egkjk”VªHkj iljysyh v’kh nqljh

tkrp izkphu dkGh ulkoh- vkt ejkBÓkkaph tkr tjh egkjk”VªHkj

iljysyh vk<Grs- rjh gh tkr ewyr% fHkUuoa’kh; vlwu uqdrhp

dksBs ,dtho gksÅ ykxyh vkgs- ^egkjð* fdaok ^ejkBs* gs ukao

iq.;kP;k vkliklP;k ys[kkar lkiMrs( ijarq ;k ukokph O;kIrh tqU;k

dkGkr FkksMh gksrh- egkjkaps lkekftd fLFkR;arj lkrokguksRrj dkGh

>kys vlkos] ts gkfyd vlrhy rs egkjp vlkosr] gh ‘kD;rk

vkgs- vkt egkj vkf.k dq.kch ;k nksu tkrhP;k ,dhdj.kkpk iz;Ru

>kyk gksrk ;kr ‘kadk ukgh- nksu jk”Vªkps nksu yksdkaps uko jkT;kl

ns.ks b- fØ;k jkT;kP;kp bPNsus gksrkr- ,[kk|k tkrhpk jktk nqlÚ;k

tkrhP;k jktkl ftadrks o thr yksdkauk ns[khy vkiysls d:u

?ks.;kdfjrk jk”Vªuke la;qDr djrks vkf.k thr jk”VªkP;k jkT;dU;s’kh

yXu djrks- v’kk fØ;k okjaokj gksrkrp- egkj vkf.k jð ;kaps

,dhdj.k T;k dkGkr gksÅ ykxys vlsy R;k dkGkr nks?kkae/;s

vkMukokapk ns[khy fodkl >kyk vlsy- egkjð ;kr egkj vkf.k jð

;k nksu jk”Vª tkrhaP;k ukekapk la;ksx gksÅu egkjð vls :i r;kj

>kys vkf.k R;kps iq<s egkjk”Vªhd dkykarjkus egkjk”Vª vls

laLÑrhdj.k >kys] vls dsrdjkaps vafre fo/kku vkgs-381

egkjkae/;s ukx gs inuke fo’ks”k izpfyr vkgs- ‘kdu`irh

Jh/kjoE;kZP;k ,j.k ;sFkhy f’kykys[kkr ¼b-l-365½ Jh/kjoE;kZpk

^vkjf{kd* ¼laj{k.kdrkZ½ lsukirh lR;ukx ;kus Lor%yk ^Ekgkjk”Vª*

vls EgVys vkgs- Ekgkjk”Vª Eg.kts ^egkjk”Vªh;* vFkkZr egkjk”Vªkr

jkg.kkjk vlk R;kpk vFkZ MkW- ok-fo- fejk’kh djrkr- rks R;k

192

fBdk.kh ;FkkFkZgh vkgs- lR;ukxkpsp rs nqljs fo’ks”kuke vlrs rj rs

R;k ‘kCnkyk tksMwu vkys vlrs-382 vls R;kaps Eg.k.ks vkgs- ‘ka- ck-

tks’kh ;kaP;k ers]^^ lR;ukx gk ukxoa’kh; ohj vkgs- vki.k ohj

dqGhps vls lqpfo.;klkBh R;kus ^egkjk”Vª* oxZokpd ladsr okijyk

vl.ks ‘kD; vkgs- ,j.k gs ^uxsanzgkj* foHkkxkrhy izfr”Bku gksrs-

pkSF;k ‘krdkP;k lqekjkl ns’kfoHkkxkaph ukos vfgPN=] uxsanzgkj]

lkrokguhgkj oxSjs izdkjph gksrh- egkjk”Vª gk ukxoa’kh; ohjkaph dqGh

lqpfo.kkjk ladsr Bjrks-383

MkW- uk- xks- ukankiwjdj egkjkaP;k laca/kh ,d xks”V fopkj

dj.;ktksxh vkgs vls Eg.krkr- rh Eg.kts tjukd] dsjukd] gjukd

bR;knhrhy ^ukd*gk ‘kCn tks vknjkFkhZ yko.;kr ;srks- rks ^uk;d*

g;k ‘kCnkpk viHkaz’k ulwu ^ukx* ;k ‘kCnkpk viHkza’k vlkok-

pqdhP;k letqrheqGs ^ukd* g;kps laLÑrhdj.k uk;d gksÅ ikgr

vkgs- iwohZ rs vlqjkaps lsukeq[k gksrs] rls ejkB~;kaP;k dkyh vkf.k

rRiwohZiklwugh uxjkph osl Eg.kts egkOnkj jf{k.;kps dke R;kapsp

gksrs- fo’oklklac/kh rj vktgh R;kaph izfl/nh vkgs- xkoph

dkGhiÍh] ljdkjh lkjk rgflyhr iksgkspfo.;kps dke ;kapsp- ;k loZ

xks”Vhao:u gs ukxkps oa’kt vlkosr vls okVrs-384

dksjsxko ¼ft- lkrkjk½ ;sFks is’kok fo#/n baxzt ;kaP;kr y<kbZ

>kyh gksrh- rh baxztkauh b”ksZus ftadyh- frFks gqrkRek lSfudkapk tquk

fot;LraHk vkgs- ;k y<kbZr dkekl vkysY;k ‘ksdMks f’kik;kaph ukos

gÓkk [kkackoj dksjysyh vk<Grkr- R;k ,danj 23 egkj f’kik;kaiSdh

20 f’kikbZ Bkj >kys o ‘ksoVps rhu t[keh >kys- R;k ‘kwj egkj

f’kik;kaph ukos v’kh]

1- Lkkseukd deyukd ukbZd

2- jkeukd ;slukd ukbZd

3- Xkksfoanukd dksBsukd

193

iq<hy vBjkt.k f’kikbZ gksrs-

1- jkeukd eslukd

2- Hkkxukd gjukd

3- vacukd dkuukd

4- x.kukd ckyukd

5- ckyukd dksMsukd

6- #iukd y[kukd

7- oiukd jkeukd

8- foVukd /kkeukd

9- jktukd xeukd

10- ioukd gjukd

11- jSukd okuukd

12- x.kukd /keZukd

13- nsoukd vkuukd

14- xksikGukd okGukd

15- gjukd ghjukd

16- tsVukd nSukd

17- x.kukd y[kukd

t[keh >kysys rhu f’kikbZ

1- tkuukd ghjukd

2- Hkhdukd jruukd

3- jruukd

ojhy loZ ukokarhy vR;ain gs ^ukd* vkgs- R;ko:u ukx

vkf.k egkj gs ,dp vlkosr ;kfo”k;h Bke er curs-385 R;krwup

brj tkrhgwu R;kaps fHkUuRo fnlrs- Hkkjrkr ckS/n/kekZP;k /keZØkarhph

ykV mRrjsdMwu iwosZdMs vkyh- Hkkjrkrhy cgqrsd ukxkauh ckS/n/kekZpk

Lohdkj dsyk gksrk- egkjk”Vªkrhy ukxkauh ifgY;k izFke ckS/n/kekZpk

194

Lohdkj dsyk o ukx gs egkjk”Vªkrhy ifgys ckS/n/kehZ gksr vkf.k gs

ukx Eg.ktsp ^egkj* tekr gks;- egkjk”Vªkr egkjkaP;kuarj

¼ukxkaP;kuarj½ ckdhP;k tekrhauh ckS/n/kekZpk Lohdkj dsyk gksrk-

egkj ;k lektkph oLrh egkjk”VªHkj gksrhp- f’kok; egkjk”VªkP;k

ckgsjgh foLdVysyh gksrh- egkjk”Vªkr rj R;kaP;k olkgrh xkoksxkoh

gksR;k-

egkj gs brj VksGÓkkais{kk fHkUu VksGÓkkaps gksrs- R;kr

VksGÓkkVksGÓkkr vkikiY;k lqjf{krrslkBh] LFkS;kZ;kBh okjaokj

,desdkafo#/n la?k”kZ pkyr gksrs- R;krwu laxzke ?kMr gksrs- jDrikr

gksr gksrk- vla[Ókkauh ek.klkaps cGh iMr gksrs- gk la?k”kkZpk vkf.k

laxzkekpk dkG b-l- iwohZ o b-lukuarjgh pkywp gksrk- fo’ks”kr%

blohlukP;k 200 rs 300 P;k dkGkr fHkUu VksGÓkkr lrr la?k”kZ

pkyw gksrk- R;krp ojp< VksGÓkkauh tksjnkj gYyk dsY;keqGs dkgh

VksGÓkk ijkHkwr gksÅu R;kaps thou foLdGhr gksr gksrs- v’kk

foLdGhr VksGÓkkauk MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kauh ^czksdu esu*

¼Broken men½ v’kk ukokus lacks/kys vkgs-386

;k ^czksdu esu*e/khy VksGÓkkr izkeq[;kus ukxoa’kh; gksrs vkf.k

egkjk”Vªkr ukxoa’kh; egkj tekrh izkeq[;kus gksR;k- R;kauhp ckS/n

/kekZpk Lohdkj dsyk] egkjk”VªHkj o HkkjrHkj R;kpk izpkj o izlkjgh

dsyk- ckS/n/kekZP;k LohdkjkeqGs ^czksdu esu* Eg.kwu letY;k tk.kkÚ;k

tekrhrhy ukx egkj tekrhyk xkoksxkoh pkaxysp LFkS;Z ykHkys-

R;kauh ckS/nlaLÑrhpk fodkl dj.;klkBh ys.kh] Lrwi] fogkj cka/kys o

brj ckcrhr pkaxyhp enr dsyh- HkkjrHkj ckS/n/kekZph HkjHkjkV

>kyh gksrh-

iq<hy dky[kaMkr ckS/n/keZ fo#/n fganq/keZ ¼czkg~e.kh /keZ½ vls

la?k”kZ lq: >kys- ;k laxzkekr fganq/kekZpk ojp”ek >kyk- ckS/n/kEekpk

ftdMs frdMs ikMko >kyk- dkgh ckS/n/kehZ; yksd fganq/kekZpk Lohdkj

195

d#u fganq/kekZr xsys( i.k T;kauh izFke o J/nsus ckS/n /kEe Lohdkjyk

o R;kpk tksjnkj izpkj o izlkj dsyk R;kauh ek= fganq/kekZr izos’k

dsyk ukgh- T;kauh ckS/n/kekZP;k izLFkkiuslkBh thokikM ifjJe dsys rs

ijr fganq/kekZr xsys ukghr- T;kauh ckS/n/kekZP;k rÙokaph eksBÓkk J/nsus

thokikM ti.kwd dsyh R;kauhgh fganq/kekZr izos’k dsyk ukgh- vls gs

fganq/kekZr izos’k u dsysys yksd Eg.ktsp ^czksdu esu* gksr- R;k

dkGkrhy vk?kkMhojps ckS/n/kehZ; ukx&egkj gh ,d tekr R;kr

izeq[k gksrh-

^czksdu esu* ckS/n/keZ lksMko;kl r;kj gksÃukr- Eg.kwu

R;kaP;koj vLi`’;rk ykn.;kr vkyh- ;ko:u vls vuqeku dk<rk

;s.ks ‘kD; vkgs dh] ckS/n/kekZfo#/n czkã.kkauh tks frjLdkj o Ons”k

izl`r dsyk- R;ke/;s vLi`’;rsP;k vusd ewGkaiSdh ,d ewG gksrs- ts

czkã.kkps izHkqRo ukdkjrkr- osnkapk vf/kdkj ekur ukghr- fganw

nsorkaph iwtk djr ukghr- fganwP;k nsoGkr izos’k djr ukghr- xksekal

Hk{k.k djrkr- T;kaP;k Li’kkZeqGs foVkG gksrks- ;k dlksVÓkk egkjklkBh

yko.;kr vkY;k- fganqiklwu R;kauk osxGÓkk djrkr-

;k loZ dlksVÓkk ikgwu ^egkj* ;kauk vLi`’; eku.;kr vkysys

vkgs- R;krp ckS/n/kehZ; egkjkauh tsOgk fganq/kekZpk czkg~e.k /kekZpk

Lohdkj dj.;kl fojks/k dsyk- R;kp dkGkr fganq/kekZus egkjkauk

vLi`’; Eg.kwu ys[kys- R;kauk vLi`’; Eg.kwu ekuw ykxys- MkW-

HkkaMkjdjkaP;k ers] xqIrjktkus xkso/kkl nsgkUr ‘kklukP;k xqUgÓkkps #i

fnys- rks dkG b-l-400 pk gksrk- rsOgkp vLi`’;rspk tUe >kyk o

HkkjrkP;k bfrgklkl osxGs oG.k feGkys-387 ojhy foospuko:u vls

fu”iUu gksrs dh] T;k ukxkauh ckS/n/kekZpk Lohdkj dsyk rs egkjoxkZr

jkfgys] rj T;kauh fganq/kekZpk Lohdkj dsyk rs dq.kch ok ejkBs >kys-

rjh R;krhy dqyukekaeqGs R;kps iwoZdkGkrhy jDrlaca/k R;kauk ,dkp

196

oa’kk’kh cka/kwu Bsorkr- egkj o ejkBk gk oxZ ukxoa’khp gksrk] vls

foospukvarh Eg.krk ;srs-

1-42 egkjk”Vªkrhy xzkeukes vkf.k ukxlaLÑrh % ,d vUo;kFkZ %

dqyukekaizek.ks LFkyukekapk laca/kgh laLÑrahP;k vH;klklkBh

egÙoiw.kZ Bjr vlrks- dkj.k ek.klkaph ukos fi<hxf.kd cnyr

vlrkr- LFkykaph ukos ek= fi<Ókkaufi<Ókk fVdwu jkgrkr- R;k n`”Vhus

LFkyukekauk v{kj’k% nxMkojP;k js?kk Eg.krk ;srs- R;k ukokaps /ofu:i

cgqrka’kah u cnyrk rlsp jkgrs- vFkZ ek= dkykarjkus useds dGsukls

gksrkr- rs ‘kks/k.;kvk/kh LFkyukekaps vcnyLo:i] Hkksorkyph

HkkSxksfyd o lkaLÑfrd ifjfLFkrh ;ka’kh rkGesG ?kky.ks xjtsps

vkgs-388

egkjk”Vªkrhy vusd LFkyukekae/;s ukxlaLÑrahps lanHkZ nMysys

vkgsr] vls fo-dk- jktokMsaps er vkgs- vk;kZaP;k vkxeukiwohZ

egkjk”Vªkr ukx yksdkaph oLrh gksrh- rs vj.;srj Hkkxkr jkgr vlr-

ukxiwj] ukxksB.ks] ukxkao] ukxj[kaM] ukxQ.kh] ukxksyh oxSjs LFkyokpd

ukesagh ukxoa’kkph lwpd vkgsr- nf{k.ksr vk;kZauk tsOgk gs yksd

HksVys] rsaOgk vk;kZa’kh R;kauh ukxdU;kaps fookg ykoys- R;krwup

ladjdqykapk tUe >kyk-389

egkjk”VªkP;k olkgrdkykpk ‘kks/k ykorkuk fHkYy] dksy]

dkrdjh] okjyh ;kais{kk jk{kl] ukx] ikjn] uh”k] v;hj ;kapk lanHkZ

vf/kd ykxrks- ukx gh lqlaLÑr tkrh gksrh- dkj.k egkHkkjrkr

ekryh gk ojla’kks/kuklkBh dksad.kkr vkysyk gksrk] vlk lanHkZ

feGrks- jktokMsauh laLÑrP;k vk/kkjs LFkyukes myxMk;pk iz;Ru

dsyk vkgs- R;kaP;k ers] egkjk”Vªkr vk;Z vkxeukuarjp olkgrhdj.k

>kysys gksrs- rs T;k T;k fBdk.kh xsys rsFks R;kauh laLÑr xzkeukekapk

okij dsyk- R;keqGs ,d ejkBh xzkeuke pkj&ikp laLÑrukekapk

viHkaz’k vl.ks laHkouh; vkgs- jktokMsauh xzkeukekapk ‘kks/k ?ksrkuk 1½

197

euq”;srj izk.khukee; xzkeukes 2½ euq”;s] nsork] tkrh] yksd ;kaP;k

ukoko:u fu?kkysyh xzkeukes 3½ futhZo l`”V inkFkkZiklwu fu?kkysyh

xzkeukes 4½ eqlyekuh xzkeukes 5½ u|k o Mksaxj ;kaiklwu fu?kkysyh

xzkeukes] vls Hkkx dsysys vkgsr-390 ;krhy dkgh izoxkZr ^ukx*

oa’kk’kh lacaf/kr vl.kkjh xzkeukes vkgsr- R;krwu R;k R;k LFkkuh

ukxoa’kh oLrh vlkoh] vlk ladsr djrk ;srks-

izFker% liZ izk.khtkrh’kh lacaf/kr vl.kkjh xzkeukes ;srkr- rs

;s.ksizek.ks 391 vfg ¼liZ½ & vgwG ¼vfgiYya½

ddksZVd% ¼liZtkrh½ & djdksV ¼ ddksZVda ½

nqanHka ¼liZ½ & nqans ¼nqanqHkda½] nksanokMs ¼nqanHkokVa½] nksanxko]

nksanos ¼nqanHkoga½] nksanokMk] nksanokMh] nksanokM

/keZ.k ¼/kke.k] liZ½ & /ke.kkj ¼/keZ.kkxkj½] /kek.ks

¼/keZ.koua½] /kekuh

/kksM ¼liZfo’ks”k½ & /kksMh ¼/kksfMdk½] /kksM[ksMs ¼/kksM[ksaV½] /kksMi

¼/kksMi ¾ /kksMku~ iky;rh½

iUux & iku[ksaMs ¼iUux[ksaV½] ik.kFk ¼iUu=daV½] ikuokMh

¼iUuxokfVdk½

Hkksfxu~ ¼liZ½ ¾ Hkksxh] HkksxokMk ¼HkksfxoVdk%½

eaMy ¼liZfo’ks”k½ & ekaMG ¼eaMyda½

O;ky ¼okGk] liZ½ ¾ oky[ksMsa ¼O;ky[ksaV½] okGdh ¼O;kydh½]

okYgos] okGos ¼O;kyoga½

liZ ¾ likbZ ¼ likZorh ½

izkf.kln`’; xzkeukekizek.ksp nsork yksd] tkrh ,sfrgkfld

O;Drh o izkphu ,sfrgkfld LFkGs ;krwu ^ukx* oa’k vl.kkÚ;k

xzkeukekapk lekos’k dsyk vkgs-392

dacj ¼ukxkps ukao½ ¾ dejkon ¼dacjkorZ½

dqdq.k ¼uketkrh uke½ ¾ dksd.kxkao ¼dqdq.kxzke½

198

ukx ¼yksd uke½ ¾ ukxf>jh ¼ukxljh½] ukxMqyh ¼ukxnqyh½]

ukxn ¼ukxinza½ ukxo.k ¼uxou½] ukx’ksoMh ¼ukxlhefUrdk½] ukxiwj]

ukxosa] ukxog] ukx>j] ukxyokMh ¼ukx&j&okMh½] ukx.k ¼ukxou½]

ukxNG ¼ukxLFky½

ikaMj ¼ukxuke½ & ika<jn ¼ikMjinz½] ika<:.k

ikrkys & ikys ¼ ikrkya ½] iky ¼ ikrkya ½

eqnzj ¼ukxuke½ & eksxjsa ¼eqnzjda½] eksxjk.kh ¼eqnzjouh½] eksxykbZ

¼eqnzjkorh½

flan ¼{kf=; vkMukao½ & flans ¼fland½] flanh ¼flfndk½] flankM

¼flanokV½] flan[ksMsa ¼flan[ksV½]

flanQMk ¼flanQVk½] flanxOgk.k

¼flanxoknuh½

u|kaP;k ukokr lq/nk ^ukxoa’k* eqfnzr gksrks-393

ikrkGxaxk & ikrkyxaxk

lfiZ.kh & lfiZ.kh

ojhy LFkyukes gh egkjk”Vª vkf.k ukxoa’k ;kapk

vkxGÓkkosxGÓkk i/nrhus vuqca/k n’kZforkr-

1-43 lekjksi %

izLrqr izdj.kke/;s iqjk.k] bfrgkl] ekuooa’k’kkL=] lekt’kkL=]

osn] mifu”kn] iqjkdFkk] nardFkk] feFkd] ikSjkf.kd Hkwxksy] LFkyukes]

dqyukes b-P;k ek/;ekrwu ukxyksd vkf.k R;kaph laL—rh b-pk

ifjp; d:u ns.;kr vkysyk vkgs- Hkkjrh; laL—rhpk vH;kl

djrkuk bfrgkliwoZ dkG vkf.k ,sfrgkfld dkG vls LFkwyekukus

foHkkx dj.;kr ;srkr- ,sfrgkfld dkG gk izkeq[;kus HkkSfrd

iqjkO;kaP;k vk/kkjs fl/n dj.;kr ;srks( ijarq bfrgkliwoZ dkGkP;k

lkaL—frd v/;;uklkBh ek= xzkafFkd iqjkos ghp ewyHkwr lkexzh

ekuyh tkrs- osn o rRle xzkafFkd iqjkos gs lkaL—frd la?k”kkZpk laf{kIr

199

bfrgkl ekuyk xsysyk vkgs- gh loZ xzaFklkexzh gh vk;ZlaL—rhus

fuekZ.k dsysyh vkgs- R;keqGs R;k lkfgR;ke/kwu vk;kZaps lanHkZ

izkeq[;kus ikgko;kl feGrkr- vuq”kafxd ikrGhoj vk;kZadMwu ijkHkwr

>kysY;k vuk;Z lektkps lanHkZgh feGrkr( ijarq gs vfr’k; =ksVd

vkf.k rqViqats vkgsr- v’kk =ksVd lanHkkZauk ,df=r d:u vk;ZiwoZ

laL—rhP;k fodklkpk vkys[k ekaM.;kpk iz;Ru ;k izdj.kkrwu dsysyk

vkgs-

_Xosnke/kwu ;s.kkjs o`=klqj vkf.k rRle vlqjkaps lanHkZ gs

banzkP;k fot;kph xkFkk xkrkr vkf.k brj lokZauk [kyik= Bjorkr-

v’kkosGh gs lkaL—frd la?k”kkZrhy [kyuk;d ulwu ,sRrns’kh; ohj

iq#”k gksrs] gsp fl/n djrkr- banzkyk fnyh xsysyh ^o`=gu* vkf.k

iqjanj ;kalkj[kh fo’k”k.ks ;kph mnkgj.ks Eg.kwu ?ksrk ;sbZy- gk

bfrgkliwoZdkGkrhy lkaL—frd la?k”kZ gks;- ;k la?k”kkZrwu ,dk

laL—rhpk vo’ks”kkRed Hkkx lekarj ikrGhoj fodkl gksÅ ?kkryk

gksrk- osnkae/;s vkysY;k _pk gÓkk ,d izdkjP;k feFkd vkgsr-

nardFkk vkf.k nSordFkk vkgsr- ;krwu ukxlaL—rhps vo’ks”kkRed

/kkxsnksjs xqaQwu ukxlaL—rhpk foLrh.kZ iV ekaM.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs-

feFkdh; lafgrk gh vusd vFkkZus lafnX/k vlrs] r’khp cgqizlokgh

vlrs- _Xosnkrhy chtdFkkauk ikSjkf.kd dky[kaMkr dFkkRe:i izkIr

>kysys vlrs- rjh ns[khy dFkkudkr] ik=kaP;k LoHkkokr vkf.k

dFkkaP;k varke/;s ek= dks.krkgh cny ?kMowu vk.kysyk ukgh-

fo’ks”kr% egkHkkjrkrhy fofo/k iokZr _Xosnkrhy dFkkchtkapk foLrkj

ikgko;kl feGrks-

egkHkkjrkr lw;Zoa’k] lkseoa’k vkf.k ukxoa’k b- ph lfoLrj

ekfgrh feGrs- egkHkkjrkpk dkG gk jDrladjkpk dkG ekukok

ykxrks- ;kpdkGkr lw;Zoa’k gk lkseoa’kkr foyhu >kysyk vkgs] rj

lkseoa’k vkf.k ukxoa’k ;akP;kr oSokfgd laca/k izLFkfir >kysys

200

vkgsr- ;kps fo’ys”k.k izLrqr izdj.kkr vkysys vkgs- fo’ks”kr% iaMqoa’k

vkf.k ukxoa’k ;akpk laca/k izd”kkZus vkysyk vkgs- _XoSfnd dkGkiklwu

egkHkkjrh;dkGki;Zar Hkkjro”kkZps vk;kZorZ vkf.k gk tacqOnhi vls

nksu Hkkx eku.;kr vkysys gksrs- R;kiSdh vk;kZorZ gk vk;kZapk izns’k]

rj tacqOnhi gk mRrjsdMwu nf{k.ksdMs gkdy.;kr vkysY;k ukxkpk

izns’k- dkfLi;u leqnz gkp ukxlaL—rhps mn~xeLFkku gks;- vkt gk

leqnz vfLrRokr ukgh( ijarq ;k leqnzkP;k Hkksorhp ukxlaL—rh vkf.k

lqi.kZlaLd`rh ;kauh tUe ?ksryk gksrk- dkykarjkus ukxlaLd`rh

Jhyadsi;Zar iksgkspyh- gh laL—rh dk’;ioa’kh; laL—rh gksrh( ijarq

vk;kZaP;k vkxeukeqGs vkf.k lRrkla?k”kkZeqGs gh laL—rh y;kyk xsyh-

v/kksyksdkr x.kys xsysys lIrikrkG gs ukxlaL—rhph eq[; dsanzs gksrh-

fo”ks’kr% izR;sd unhP;k rhjkoj R;kauh vkiyh olkgr fuekZ.k dsyh

gksrh- iqjk.kkrhy ukxLFkGs] ifo= ukxrhFkZ ;kps mRre nk[kys vkgsr-

egkdkO;kr vkf.k iqjk.kkr ;kps lanHkZ feGrkr- ;k laL—rhps

xks=&izkoj ns[khy ^ukx* fdaok ^liZ* vlY;keqGs iqjk.kakuh R;kauk

vfrekuoh ;{k;ksuhr Vkdys vkf.k lkaL—frd lafnX/k fuekZ.k dsys-

egkHkkjrkP;k vLrhdiokZrhy dnzw&lwiZ.kkph dFkk gsp lwpors-

dkfLi;u leqnzkiklwu lq: >kysyh gh laL—rh bjk.kekxsZ

Hkkjrkr izosf’kr >kysyh fnlrs- bjk.ke/khy vgqjeTn gk R;kapk izeq[k

nso gksrk- R;ko:u Hkkjrkrhy rks yksdlewg ^vlqj* Eg.kwu vksG[kyk

xsyk- R;kaph laL—rh gh izxr vkf.k ukxj Lo:ikph gksrh- banzkl

^iqjanj* Eg.k.ks fdaok ^[kkaMoizLFk* ngu ;ko:u gs lgt funZ’kukl

;srs- vk;kZauh ;k laL—rhyk u”V dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk( ijarq R;kaP;k

lkaL—frd izHkkokiklwu ek= rs nwj gksÅ ‘kdys ukghr- vk;kZaoj rks

izHkko vktrkxk;r ikgko;kl feGrks- ukxlaL—rh gh O;kikjh laL—rh

gksrh- i.kh] nL;w] O;kikjh] oS’; gk R;kpkp ,d Hkkx gksrk-

201

fla/kqlaL—rhe/;s feGkysys iqjkos gs ;kp izxr laL—rhps vo’ks”k ekukos

ykxrkr- laiw.kZ HkkjrHkj gh laL—rh foLrkj ikoysyh gksrh-

egkjk”Vª gs ns[khy ukxlaL—rhps egÙoiw.kZ dsanz gksrs- lkseoa’kh;

;nqiq=kauhp efg”erhuxjh LFkkiuk dsY;kps egkHkkjrkr mYys[k

lkiMrkr- ;k ;nqiq=kauhp ;sFkhy ukxdU;ka’kh fookg dsysyk gksrk-

fo’ks”kr% fonHkkZpk mYys[k fu”k/kirh uykiklwu ikgko;kl feGrks-

fdacgquk jkek;.kkrhy tudiq=h lhrk ghph vkth banqerh gh ns[khy

fonHkZdU;k gksrh] vls lanHkZ vkgsr- ;ko:u fonHkkZr ukxlaLÑrh

ukanr gksrh] vls Eg.krk ;sbZy- izfr”Bku] vijkUr vkf.k dksYgkiwj ;k

foHkkxkrgh ukxlaLÑrhps vfLrRo gksrs] ;kps iqjkos la’kks/kdkuk

feGkysys vkgs- dqd.k ukokP;k ukxkusp dksad.k olfoys vkgs] vls

fo-dk- jktokMsaps er vkgs- izfr”Bkupk lkrokgu jktk gk ,dk

ukxdU;siklwup >kysyk gksrk] v’kh nardFkk izpfyr vkgs-

dksYgkiwjpk fuekZrk dksyklqj gk ukxoa’khp gksrk- ;ko:u laiw.kZ

egkjk”Vªkr ukxoa’kh; laLÑrhp vo”ks’kkRed :ikus vktgh ukanr

vkgs] vls Eg.krk ;sbZy- egkjk”Vªkrhy egkjx.k vkf.k {kf=; ejkBs

;kaph dqGkoGhgh ukxoa’kh;ka’kh lqlaxr v’kk Lo:ikph vkgs- R;kaP;k

dqyukekrgh lk/kE;Z ikgko;kl feGrs- egkjk”Vªkrhy xzkeukes]

LFkyukesgh ;kyk viokn ukgh- ;ko:u ikSjkf.kd ukxoa’kkpssp gs

mRrjkf/kdkjh] oa’kt ekukos ykxrkr- xqIrdky[kaMkr fuekZ.k >kysY;k

tkrhO;oLFksus gk lekt nqHkaxyk xsyk vlkok-

;k izns’kkrhy nSorkadMs vH;klwo`Rrhus ikfgys rj vls

fun’kZukl ;srs dh] gh loZ nSors vuk;Z Lo:ikph vkgsr- tksfrck]

[kaMksck] y{eh] Rofjrk] ;ksxs’ojh gh loZ nSors ‘kSo laiznk;h vkf.k

‘kkDr laiznk;h vkgsr- ‘kkDrlaiznk;kph fufeZrh ghp eqGkr

ekr`lRrkd dqVaqci/nrhrwu fuekZ.k >kysyh vkgs- fdacgquk izR;sd

‘kkDreafnjkP;k ifjljkr ukxizfrek fnlrkr- izR;sd unhizokgkP;k

202

dkBkojgh ukxizfrek f’kGsP;k ek/;ekrwu dksjysY;k vkgsr- R;keqGs

ekr`dkiwtd laiznk; gk ukxlaLÑrhpsp vo”ks’kkRed vax ekukos

ykxrs- ejkB;kae/khy f’kans dqy gs ukxoa’kh; dqy vkgs] gs

iqjkO;kvarh fl/n >kysys vkgs-

izLrqr izdj.kkP;k foospukr iqjk.k vkf.k bfrgkl ;kapk ,df=r

mi;ksx dj.;kr vkysyk vkgs- nksgksaP;k vk/kkjs ukxlaLÑrhpk ‘kks/k

?ks.;kpk iz;Ru dssyk vkgs- vafrer% ,o<sp Eg.krk ;sbZy dh]

egkjk”Vªklg laiw.kZ HkkjrHkj ukxlaLÑrh foLrkj ikoysyh gksrh-

203

lanHkZlwph %

1- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 1yk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iz-vk-1962] ¼Hkwfedk½ i`-3

2- egkjk”Vª laLÑrh]MkW-iq-x-lgL=cq/ns]dkWfUVusaVy izdk-iqq.ks]nq-vk-

1994] i`-2]3

3- laLÑrh&laxe]MkW-n-ds-dsGdj]euksgj xzaFkekyk]iq.ks-iz-vk-

1960] i`-251

4- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k ][kaM 4Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k] i`- 733]734

5- _Xossfnd vlqj vkSj vk;Z] MkW-,l~-,y~- flagnso fueksZgh]jk/kk

ifCy-ubZ fnYyh]iz-l-2007] i`- 100]101

6- lexz jktokMs lkfgR;] [kaM 7 o 8 ok] ¼laik-½MkW-eq-c-

‘kgk]izdk-jktokMs la-ea-/kqGs]iz-vk-1998]i`- 59]60

7- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk

cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 96]97

8- r=So]i`- 129

9- r=So]i`- 57

10- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk

cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986]i`- 216 rs 222

11- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 9 ok] ¼gfjoa’k [kaM 1 yk½]¼laik-½izk-

Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 501

12- r=So] i`- 731

13- fl/nkFkZ tkrd] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½ nqxkZ Hkkxor]ojnk

cqDl]iq.ks-iz-vk-1976] i`- 127

14- r=So

15- Hkkjrh; feFkddks’k]¼laik-½MkW-m”kkiqjh fo|kokpLirh] us’kuy

ifCy- ubZ fnYyh] i`- 319

204

16- vFkoZosn] ¼laik-½l-Ñ-nso/kj]izlkn izdk-iq.ks-iz-vk-‘k-1903]

i`- 202] 203

17- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 4Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 67

18- r=So]i`- 733

19- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 8ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000] i`- 631

20- egkHkkjrkph ‘kkiok.kh] Jh-ja-fHkMs]dkWfUVusaVy izdk-iq.ks]iz-vk-

1991] i`- 328] 329

21- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 1yk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks] i`- 757

22- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_kingdom

23- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2004] i`- 113

24- http://www.khandro.net/animal_serpent.htm.

25- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 1yk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iz-vk-1962] i`- 752

26- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_kingdom

27- r=So

28- r=So

29- r=So

30- Jh okYehfdjkek;.k] [kaM 1yk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 148 rs 150

31- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 9 ok ¼gfjoa’k [kaM 1yk½]¼laik-½izk-

Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 10

rs 12

32- r=So

205

33- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 1yk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk

cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 5

34- r=So] i`- 145] 146

35- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 9 ok ¼gfjoa’k [kaM 1yk½]¼laik-½izk-

Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 10

rs 12

36- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy ukx]MkW-,p~-,y~-dkslkjs]Kkunhi izdk-

ukxiwj]iz-vk-1989] i`- 8]9

37- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 503

38- _XoSfnd vlqj vkSj vk;Z] MkW-,l~-,y~- flagnso fueksZgh]jk/kk

ifCy-ubZ fnYyh]iz-l-2007] i`- 98

39- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 9 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]frljh vk-2000] i`- 44

40- _Xosn] ¼laik-½l-Ñ-nso/kj]izlkn izdk-iq.ks-iz-vk-‘k-1903]

i`- 19

41- r=So] i`- 37

42- r=So] i`- 37

43- nkl’kwnzkaph xqykefxjh¼[kaM 1]Hkkx 1yk½]‘kjn ikVhy izkK

ikB’kkGk]okbZ] i`- 202

44- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy ukx]MkW-,p~-,y~-dkslkjs]Kkunhi izdk-

ukxiwj]iz-vk-1989] i`- 24] 25

45- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 145] 146

46- _Xosn] ¼laik-½l-Ñ-nso/kj]izlkn izdk-iq.ks-iz-vk-‘k-1903]

i`- 43 rs 411

47- r=So]i`- 149

206

48- nkl’kwnzkaph xqykefxjh] ¼[kaM 1]Hkkx 1yk½]‘kjn ikVhy izkK

ikB’kkGk]okbZ] i`- 318

49- oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck-Tkks’kh ¼laik-½dY;k.k

dkGs]ekuo/keZ izdk-/kkjokM]iz-vk-2004] i`- 129] 130

50- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 145

51- nSR;cGh o dqaryns’k egkjk”Vª] MkW-uhjt lkGqa[ks]yksdk;r

izdk-lkrkjk]nq-vk-2007] i`- 26

52- _Xosn] ¼laik-½l-Ñ-nso/kj]izlkn izdk-iq.ks-iz-vk-‘k-1903]

i`- 120

53- r=So]i`-270

54- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 1yk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iz-vk-1962] i`- 265

55- _Xosn] ¼laik-½l-Ñ-nso/kj]izlkn izdk-iq.ks-iz-vk-‘k-1903]

i`- 115

56- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 9 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]frljh vk-2000] i`- 761

57- oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck-Tkks’kh ¼laik-½dY;k.k

dkGs]ekuo/keZ izdk-/kkjokM]iz-vk-2004]i`- 123] 124

58- _Xosn] ¼laik-½l-Ñ-nso/kj]izlkn izdk-iq.ks-iz-vk-‘k-1903]

i`- 57] 58

59- r=So]i`- 349

60- nkl’kwnzkaph xqykefxjh] ¼[kaM 1]Hkkx 1yk½]‘kjn ikVhy izkK

ikB’kkGk]okbZ] i`- 32

61- ‘kwnz iwohZ dks.k gksrs\]MkW-ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj]izdk-vfurk

xoGh]dksYgkiwj]iz-vk-2008] i`- 206] 207

207

62- _Xosn] ¼laik-½l-Ñ-nso/kj]izlkn izdk-iq.ks-iz-vk-‘k-1903]

i`- 145

63- r=So]i`- 198

64- r=So]i`- 199

65- r=So]i`- 215

66- r=So] i`- 238 rs 240

67- r=So] i`- 357] 358

68- r=So] i`- 378] 379] 380

69- oSfnd laLÑrhpk fodkl] rdZrhFkZ y{e.k’kkL=h Tkks’kh]izkK

ikB’kkGk]okbZ-nq-vk-1972] i`- 18] 19

70- The prehistoric Background of Indian culture, D.H. Gorden, Pub.

Bhulabai memorial trust, Bombay,First Ed.1958,Page no. 94, 95

71- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986]i`- 171 rs 173

72- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 7 ok] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 417 rs 419

73- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 9 ok] ¼gfjoa’k [kaM 1 yk½]¼laik-½izk-

Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 6] 7

74- ‘kwnz iwohZ dks.k gksrs\] MkW-ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj]izdk-vfurk

xoGh]dksYgkiwj]iz-vk-2008] i`- 120

75- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 9 ok ¼gfjoa’k [kaM 1 yk½]¼laik-½izk-

Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 96]

97

76- r=So]i`- 102 rs 104

77- egkHkkjr milagkj]fp-fo-oS|] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 132

78- r=So]i`- 133

208

79- eÚgkVh laLÑrh% dkgh leL;k] ‘ka-ck-Tkks’kh]¼laik-olar

tks’kh½fOgul izdk-iq.ks]nq-vk-1980]i`-97]98

80- Jh okYehfdjkek;.k] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 266

81- Jh okYehfdjkek;.k] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 18

82- Jh okYehfdjkek;.k] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 234

83- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 65 rs 96

84- r=So]i`- 100 rs 130

85- nkl’kwnzkaph xqykefxjh] ¼[kaM 1]Hkkx 1yk½]‘kjn ikVhy izkK

ikB’kkGk]okbZ] i`- 126

86- r=So]i`-106

87- r=So]i`-360]361

88- lexz MkW- uk-xks- ukankiwjdj] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½m”kk tks’kh]

n-i-tks’kh]e-lk-i-vka/kz izns’k]gSnzkckn]iz-vk-2004] i`-444

89- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 38 rs 53

90- egkHkkjr milagkj]fp-fo-oS|] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 22

91- _Xosfnd vlqj vkSj vk;Z] MkW-,l~-,y~- flagnso

fueksZgh]jk/kk ifCy-ubZ fnYyh]iz-l-2007] i`- 312] 313

92- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy ukx]MkW-,p~-,y~-dkslkjs]Kkunhi izdk-

ukxiwj]iz-vk-1989] i`- 139

93- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 102] 103

209

94- r=So]i`- 270 rs 273

95- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 418 rs 421

96- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 7 ok] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 470

97- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 224 rs 227

98- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 435 rs 445

99- egkdkO;karhy o.kZla?k”kZ] ‘kjn ikVhy]ekoGkbZ izdk-

f’k:j]nq-vk-2005] i`- 54 rs 75

100- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 5 ok] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 231 rs 233

101- r=So]i`- 246 rs 250

102- r=So ¼izLrkouk½]i`- 8]9

103- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 100

104- r=So]i`-38

105- r=So]i`-270 rs 273

106- r=So i`-418 rs 421

107- _Xosfnd vlqj vkSj vk;Z] MkW-,l~-,y~- flagnso fueksZgh]jk/kk

ifCy-ubZ fnYyh]iz-l-2007] i`- 101

108- lexz MkW- uk-xks- ukankiwjdj] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½m”kk tks’kh]

n-i-tks’kh]e-lk-i-vka/kz izns’k]gSnzkckn]iz-vk-2004] i`- 825

109- r=So]i`- 819

210

110- Aryavart and Jambudvipa, Ajaymitra Shashtri, Indian Ancient

past, (Ed.) Shankar Goyal,Pub.Book Enclave,Jaipur. First

Ed.2004, P. 61 to 72

111- lexz jktokMs lkfgR;] [kaM 7 o 8 ok] ¼laik-½MkW-eq-c-

‘kgk]izdk-jktokMs la-ea-/kqGs]iz-vk-1998]i`- 118

112- r=So]i`- 122] 123

113- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 3jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2005] i`- 511

114- Jhokjkg egkiqjk.k]¼laik-½Jhdkar xksoaMs]lkjFkh izdk-iq.ks]iz-

vk-1997] i`- 180

115- r=So]i`- 183

116- r=So]i`- 186

117- Jh okYehfdjkek;.k] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk

cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 127] 128

118- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 36] 37

119- egkHkkjr milagkj]fp-fo-oS|] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 362 rs 364

120- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 1 yk¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iz-vk-1962] i`- 560

121- oSfnd laLÑrhpk fodkl] rdZrhFkZ y{e.k’kkL=h Tkks’kh]izkK

ikB’kkGk]okbZ-nq-vk-1972]i`- 298] 299

122- lexz MkW- uk-xks- ukankiwjdj] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½m”kk tks’kh]

n-i-tks’kh]e-lk-i-vka/kz izns’k]gSnzkckn]iz-vk-2004] i`-

838

123- Aryavart and Jambudvipa, Ajaymitra Shashtri, Indian Ancient

past, (Ed.) Shankar Goyal,Pub.Book Enclave,Jaipur. First

Ed.2004, P. 64 to 67

211

124- fl/nkFkZ tkrd] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½nqxkZ Hkkxor]ojnk

cqDl]iq.ks- iz-vk-1977] i`- 132] 133

125- r=So]i`- 155

126- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 9 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]frljh vk-2000] i`- 194] 195

127- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 10 ok] ¼gfjoa’k [kaM 2 jk½]¼laik-

½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`-

599

128- r=So] i`- 600

129- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 6ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 2003] i`- 316

130- Hkkjrh; feFkddks’k]¼laik-½MkW-m”kkiqjh fo|kokpLirh] us’kuy

ifCy- ubZ fnYyh]i`- 180

131- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 5ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2001] i`- 504

132- yksdlkfgR;kph #ijs”kk] MkW-nqxkZ Hkkxor]ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-nq-

vk-1977] i`- 360

133- http://www.khandro.net/mysterious_nagas_2.htm

134- egkHkkjr milagkj]fp-fo-oS|] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 446] 447

135- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 8ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]frljh vk-2000] i`- 686

136- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 1yk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iz-vk-1962] i`- 112] 113

137- r=So]i`-266

138- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 10 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]frljh vk-2000] i`- 67

212

139- Hkkjrh; feFkddks’k]¼laik-½MkW-m”kkiqjh fo|kokpLirh] us’kuy

ifCy- ubZ fnYyh]i`- 352

140- Jhokjkg egkiqjk.k]¼laik-½Jhdkar xksoaMs]lkjFkh izdk-iq.ks]iz-

vk-1997] i`- 451

141- Hkkjrh; feFkddks’k]¼laik-½MkW-m”kkiqjh fo|kokpLirh] us’kuy

ifCy- ubZ fnYyh]i`- 319

142- JhokYehfdjkek;.k] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 6

143- JhokYehfdjkek;.k] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 92

144- JhokYehfdjkek;.k] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 461

145- JhokYehfdjkek;.k] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 557

146- JhokYehfdjkek;.k] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 648

147- r=So] i`- 650

148- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 49

149- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk

cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 216 rs 222

150- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 14] 15

151- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 6 ok] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 434] 435

152- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 6 ok] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 375] 376

213

153- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 7 ok] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 98 rs 108

154- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 9 ok] ¼gfjoa’k [kaM 1 yk½]¼laik-½izk-

Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`-

246 rs 249

155- r=So]i`- 181 rs 184

156- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 5ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2001] i`- 504] 505

157- lexz jktokMs lkfgR;] [kaM 7 o 8 ok] ¼laik-½MkW-eq-c-

‘kgk]izdk-jktokMs la-ea-/kqGs]iz-vk-1998]i`- 59] 60

158- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM6ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 2003] i`- 74]75

159- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 10 ok]¼gfjoa’k [kaM 2 jk½]¼laik-½izk-

Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 738

160- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 8ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]frljh vk-2000] i`- 590

161- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 6ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 2003] i`- 75

162- nSR;cGh o dqaryns’k egkjk”Vª] MkW-uhjt lkGqa[ks]yksdk;r

izdk-lkrkjk]nq-vk-2007] i`- 165

163- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 9 ok] ¼gfjoa’k [kaM 1 yk½]¼laik-½izk-

Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 205

164- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 9 ok] ¼gfjoa’k [kaM 1 yk½]¼laik-½izk-

Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] izLrkouk

i`- 77 rs 80

165- _Xosfnd vlqj vkSj vk;Z] MkW-,l~-,y~- flagnso fueksZgh]jk/kk

ifCy-ubZ fnYyh]iz-l-2007] i`- 79

214

166- oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck-Tkks’kh ¼laik-½dY;k.k

dkGs]ekuo/keZ izdk-/kkjokM]iz-vk-2004] i`- 113] 114

167- yksdlaLÑrhph f{kfrts] MkW-jk-fp-<sjs]fo’odekZ

lkfgR;ky;]iq.ks-iz-vk-1971]i`- 18] 19

168- oSfnd laLÑrhpk fodkl]rdZrhFkZ y{e.k’kkL=h Tkks’kh]izkK

ikB’kkGk]okbZ-nq-vk-1972]i`- 294] 299

169- nknwfe;k ;kauhltsZjko ;kaph ?ksrysyh eqyk[kr]

jkek;.k&egkHkkjr ,sfrgkfld ekxksok] larÑik]¼laik-½Hkk-j-

fo-[kjs]fnokGh vad 2007]o”kZ 32os]vad 9 o 10 ok] i`-

93]97

170- _Xosfnd vlqj vkSj vk;Z] MkW-,l~-,y~- flagnso fueksZgh]jk/kk

ifCy-ubZ fnYyh]iz-l-2007] i`- 167

171- Jh okYehfdjkek;.k] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 104

172- oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck-Tkks’kh ¼laik-½dY;k.k

dkGs]ekuo/keZ izdk-/kkjokM]iz-vk-2004] i`- 58] 59

173- Jh okYehfdjkek;.k] [kaM 1 yk]¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986]i`- 308

174- r=So]i`-326

175- Jh okYehfdjkek;.k] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 138] 139

176- r=So] i`- 185] 186

177- r=So] i`- 359

178- Jh okYehfdjkek;.k] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 482

179- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 1 yk¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk

cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986]]i`- 49] 50

215

180- r=So]i`- 70

181- r=So]i`- 418

182- r=So]i`- 435

183- r=So]i`- 57

184- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 10 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]frljh vk-2000] i`- 35

185- egkHkkjrkph ‘kkiok.kh] Jh-j-fHkMs]dkWfUVusaVy izdk-iq.ks]iz-vk-

1991]i`-355

186- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_kingdom

187- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk

cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 281

188- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 14] 15

189- izkphu egkjk”Vª]MkW-Jh/kj O;adVs’k dsrdj]ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-nq-

vk-1989] i`- 183

190- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 6ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 2003] i`- 690

191- r=So] i`- 691

192- Hkkjrh; feFkddks’k]¼laik-½MkW-m”kkiqjh fo|kokpLirh] us’kuy

ifCy- ubZ fnYyh]¼Hkwfedk½] i`-51

193- lexz MkW- uk-xks- ukankiwjdj] [kaM 1 Ykk] ¼laik-½m”kk tks’kh]

n-i-tks’kh]e-lk-i-vka/kz izns’k]gSnzkckn]iz-vk-2004] i`-445]

446

194- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 10 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]frljh vk-2000] i`- 315] 316

195- jkek;.k egkHkkjrkrhy o.kZla?k”kZ] ‘kjn ikVhy]ekoGkbZ

izdk-f’k:j]nq-vk-2005] i`- 89] 90

216

196- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_kingdom

197- egkHkkjrkph ‘kkiok.kh] Jh-j-fHkMs]dkWfUVusaVy izdk-iq.ks]iz-vk-

1991] i`- 356

198- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 9ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]frljh vk-2000] i`- 477] 478

199- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_kingdom

200- http://www.khandro.net/mysterious_nagas_2.htm

201- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga kingdom

202- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C%81ga.

203- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga kingdom

204- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagavanshi

205- Jh okYehfdjkek;.k] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 654

206- fl/nkFkZ tkrd] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik½nqxkZ Hkkxor]ojnk

cqDl]iq.ks-iz-vk-1977] i`- 394] 395

207- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga kingdom.

208- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk

cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 184

209- r=So]i`- 185

210- r=So]i`- 188

211- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 5 ok] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 108] 109

212- r=So] i`- 115

213- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 6 ok] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 352

214- Hkkjrh; feFkddks’k]¼laik-½MkW-m”kkiqjh fo|kokpLirh]

us’kuy ifCy- ubZ fnYyh]i`- 162

217

215- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks] i`- 201

216- Jhokjkg egkiqjk.k]¼laik-½Jhdkar xksoaMs]lkjFkh izdk-iq.ks]iz-

vk-1997]i`-338

217- r=So]i`- 474]479

218- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 1yk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iz-vk-1962] i`- 336] 337

219- ejkBh O;qRiÙkh dks’k]¼laik½MkW-Ñ-ik-dqyd.khZ]’kqHknk

lkjLor izdk-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 2004] i`- 57

220- r=So] i`- 450

221- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk

cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 98] 99

222- oSfnd laLÑrhpk fodkl] rdZrhFkZ y{e.k’kkL=h Tkks’kh]izkK

ikB’kkGk]okbZ-nq-vk-1972] i`- 150

223- cqf/noknkpk /kqzorkjk] MkW-n-ds-dsGdj]euksgj xzaFkekyk]iq.ks-

iz-vk-1972]i`- 168

224- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy ukx]MkW-,p~-,y~-dkslkjs]Kkunhi izdk-

ukxiwj]iz-vk-1989] i`- 6

225- Lokayat, Deviprasad Chatopadhyaya,peoples publishing house,

New Delhi, First Ed.1959, P. 540

226- vk;kZaP;k l.kkapk izkphu o vokZphu bfrgkl]_Xosnh] izkK

ikB’kkGk]okbZ-fr-vk-1979]i`-93]94

227- _Xosfnd vlqj vkSj vk;Z] MkW-,l~-,y~- flagnso

fueksZgh]jk/kk ifCy-ubZ fnYyh]iz-l-2007] i`- 27

228- r=So]i`- 51

229- r=So]i`- 52

230- r=So]i`- 56

218

231- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 1yk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iz-vk-1962] i`- 337

232- nkl’kwnzkaph xqykefxjh] ¼[kaM 1]Hkkx 1yk½]‘kjn ikVhy

izkK ikB’kkGk]okbZ] i`- 287] 288

233- lexz jktokMs lkfgR;] [kaM 7 o 8 ok] ¼laik-½MkW-eq-c-

‘kgk]izdk-jktokMs la-ea-/kqGs]iz-vk-1998]i`- 124] 125

234- yksdk;r]MkW-l-jk-xkMxhG]yksdok³~e; x`g]eqacbZ]nq-vk-

1984] i`- 6

235- vk;kZaP;k l.kkapk izkphu o vokZphu bfrgkl]_Xosnh] izkK

ikB’kkGk]okbZ-fr-vk-1979]i`- 96] 97

236- izkphu egkjk”Vª]MkW-Jh/kj O;adVs’k dsrdj]ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-

nq-vk-1989]i`- 439

237- r=So]i`- 173

238- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy ukx]MkW-,p~-,y~-dkslkjs]Kkunhi izdk-

ukxiwj]iz-vk-1989] i`- 5] 6

239- ejkBh O;qRiÙkh dks’k]¼laik½MkW-Ñ-ik-dqyd.khZ]’kqHknk

lkjLor izdk-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 2004] i`- 82

240- Aryavart and Jambudvipa, Ajaymitra Shashtri, Indian Ancient

past, (Ed.) Shankar Goyal,Pub.Book Enclave,Jaipur. First

Ed.2004, P. 61, 62

241- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 1yk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iz-vk-1962] i`- 472] 473

242- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagavanshi

243- izkphu egkjk”Vª] MkW-Jh/kj O;adVs’k dsrdj]ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-

nq-vk-1989] i`- 57 rs 59

244- _Xosfnd vlqj vkSj vk;Z] MkW-,l~-,y~- flagnso

fueksZgh]jk/kk ifCy-ubZ fnYyh]iz-l-2007] i`- 146

245- r=So ¼Hkwfedk½]i`- 11

219

246- r=So]i`- 118]119]132]133

247- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 5 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2001] i`- 362

248- _Xosn] ¼laik-½l-Ñ-nso/kj]izlkn izdk-iq.ks-iz-vk-‘k-1903]

i`- 46

249- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagavanshi

250- nSR;cGh o dqaryns’k egkjk”Vª] MkW-uhjt lkGqa[ks]yksdk;r

izdk-lkrkjk]nq-vk-2007]i`- 86 rs 89]95]96

251- izkphu egkjk”Vª]MkW-Jh/kj O;adVs’k dsrdj]ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-nq-

vk-1989] i`- 209

252- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy ukx]MkW-,p~-,y~-dkslkjs]Kkunhi izdk-

ukxiwj]iz-vk-1989] i`- 24

253- _Xosfnd vlqj vkSj vk;Z] MkW-,l~-,y~- flagnso

fueksZgh]jk/kk ifCy-ubZ fnYyh]iz-l-2007] i`- 331]332

254- ejkBh O;qRiÙkh dks’k]¼laik½MkW-Ñ-ik-dqyd.khZ]’kqHknk lkjLor

izdk-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 2004]i`- 441

255- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks] i`- 323

256- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 7ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks] i`- 324] 325

257- oSfnd laLÑrhpk fodkl] rdZrhFkZ y{e.k’kkL=h Tkks’kh]izkK

ikB’kkGk]okbZ-nq-vk-1972] i`- 30] 31

258- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 2004] i`- 726]727

259- r=So] i`- 732

260- r=So] i`- 743

220

261- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 6ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 2003] i`- 676

262- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 1yk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iz-vk-1962] i`- 386

263- r=So] i`-17

264- Lokayat, Deviprasad Chatopadhyaya,peoples publishing house,

New Delhi, First Ed.1959, P. 315, 316

265- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagavanshi

266- Ebid.

267- Ebid.

268- ejkBh yksdkaph laLÑrh]MkW-bjkorh dosZ]ns’keq[k vkf.k

daiuh]iq.ks-nq-vk-1962] i`- 53

269- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy ukx]MkW-,p~-,y~-dkslkjs]Kkunhi izdk-

ukxiwj]iz-vk-1989] i`- 125

270- lexz MkW- uk-xks- ukankiwjdj] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½m”kk tks’kh]

n-i-tks’kh]e-lk-i-vka/kz izns’k]gSnzkckn]iz-vk-2004] i`-

826

271- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 10 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]frljh vk-2000] i`- 11] 12

272- oSfnd laLÑrhpk fodkl] rdZrhFkZ y{e.k’kkL=h Tkks’kh]izkK

ikB’kkGk]okbZ-nq-vk-1972] i`-35]37

273- r=So]i`-282

274- The Indus Sarasvati Civilization, Recent Research and New

Development, Swarajprakash Gupta,Indian Ancient past, (Ed.)

Shankar Goyal,Pub.Book Enclave,Jaipur. First Ed.2004, P. 29

275- izkphu egkjk”Vª] MkW-Jh/kj O;adVs’k dsrdj]ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-

nq-vk-1989] i`- 285

221

276- _Xosfnd vlqj vkSj vk;Z] MkW-,l~-,y~- flagnso

fueksZgh]jk/kk ifCy-ubZ fnYyh]iz-l-2007] i`- 351] 352

277- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagavanshi

278- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy ukx]MkW-,p~-,y~-dkslkjs]Kkunhi izdk-

ukxiwj]iz-vk-1989] i`- 86] 87

279- r=So]i`- 95] 96

280- r=So]i`- 176

281- nzfoM egkjk”Vª]MkW-fo’oukFk [kSjs]lk/kuk izdk-iq.ks]iz-vk-

1977] i`- 37] 38

282- egkik”kk.k ;qx] MkW- ek-ds- <oGhdj]egkjk”Vª jkT; xW>sfV;j

bfrgkl ¼izkphu dkG][kaM 1yk½]¼laik-½v-‘k-ikBd]nk’kZfudk

foHkkx]egk-‘kkl-eqacbZ]nq-vk-2002] i`- 95] 96

283- egkHkkjr milagkj]fp-fo-oS|]¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk

cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986]i`-141]142

284- oSfnd laLÑrhpk fodkl] rdZrhFkZ y{e.k’kkL=h Tkks’kh]izkK

ikB’kkGk]okbZ-nq-vk-1972] i`- 244] 245

285- Two Notes on Vedic social organization, Mahesh Vikram Singh,

Indian Ancient past, (Ed.) Shankar Goyal,Pub.BooEnclave,Jaipur.

First Ed.2004, P. 252

286- Hkkjrh; fookglaLFkspk bfrgkl] fo-dk- jktokMs]¼laik-Jh-

v-Mkaxs½yksdok³~e; x`g] eqacbZ]¼izLrkouk½]i`-26]27

287- jktokMÓkkaps lektfparu%ejkBs dks.k]dksBys\]jktokMs

fopkj n’kZu] iz-u- tks’kh]Oghul izdk-iq.ks]iz-vk-1965]i`-

169 rs 182

288- oSfnd laLÑrhpk fodkl] rdZrhFkZ y{e.k’kkL=h Tkks’kh]izkK

ikB’kkGk]okbZ-nq-vk-1972]i`-232

289- lexz jktokMs lkfgR;] [kaM 7 o 8 ok] ¼laik-½MkW-eq-c-

‘kgk]izdk-jktokMs la-ea-/kqGs]iz-vk-1998] i`- 582] 583

222

290- nSR;cGh o dqaryns’k egkjk”Vª] MkW-uhjt lkGqa[ks]yksdk;r

izdk-lkrkjk]nq-vk-2007] i`- 169

291- lexz jktokMs lkfgR;] [kaM 7 o 8 ok] ¼laik-½MkW-eq-c-

‘kgk]izdk-jktokMs la-ea-/kqGs]iz-vk-1998]i`- 459] 582]

583

292- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy ukx]MkW-,p~-,y~-dkslkjs]Kkunhi izdk-

ukxiwj]iz-vk-1989] i`- 129

293- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 515

294- Hkkjrh; dkyx.kusrhy folaoknkps foospu] Jh-y-Jh-

okd.kdj] izKkatyh]¼laik-½n-fn-dqyd.khZ]Jhfo|k izdk-iq.ks-iz-

vk-1985] i`- 300

295- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy ukx]MkW-,p~-,y~-dkslkjs]Kkunhi izdk-

ukxiwj]iz-vk-1989] i`- 141

296- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks] iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 747

297- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 9ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]frljh vk-2000] i`- 355

298- izkphu egkjk”Vª]MkW-Jh/kj O;adVs’k dsrdj]ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-nq-

vk-1989] i`- 93

299- r=So] i`- 88

300- r=So] i`- 421

301- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks] iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 647] 648

302- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 6 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks] iqueqZnz.k 2003] i`- 500]501

223

303- egkjk”Vªkrhy dkgh rkeziV o f’kykys[k] ¼laik-½ MkW-fo-fHk-

dksyrs]izdk-e-jk-lk-la-ea-eqacbZ]iz-vk-1987] i`- 172

304- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 5 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2001] i`- 398

305- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy ukx]MkW-,p~-,y~-dkslkjs]Kkunhi izdk-

ukxiwj]iz-vk-1989] i`- 47] 48

306- okdkVd jktoa’k] vt;fe= ‘kkL=h] egkjk”Vª jkT; xW>sfV;j

bfrgkl ¼izkphu dkG][kaM 1yk½]¼laik-½v-‘k-ikBd]nk’kZfudk

foHkkx]egk-‘kkl-eqacbZ]nq-vk-2002] i`- 264

307- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k [akM 5ok¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2001] i`- 456] 457

308- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy ukx]MkW-,p~-,y~-dkslkjs]Kkunhi izdk-

ukxiwj]iz-vk-1989] i`- 137] 138

309- r=So] i`- 44] 45

310- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [akM 1yk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iz-vk-1962] i`- 491

311- Punjab under the Guptas, Upenra Thakur,Indian Ancient past,

(Ed.) Shankar Goyal,Pub.Book Enclave,Jaipur. First

Ed.2004,p.138

312- The Gupta Era-A Review, Rajwatrao ,Indian Ancient past, (Ed.)

Shankar Goyal,Pub.Book Enclave,Jaipur. First Ed.2004, P,88, 89

313- f’kykgkj jktoa’k]MkW-,l-ts-eaxye] ¼vuq-MkW- gfjgj

Bkslj½] egkjk”Vª jkT; xW>sfV;j bfrgkl ¼izkphu dkG][kaM

1yk½]¼laik-½v-‘k-ikBd]nk’kZfudk foHkkx]egk-‘kkl-eqacbZ]nq-

vk-2002] i`- 391

314- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 5 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2001] i`- 163

224

315- lexz jktokMs lkfgR;] [kaM 7 o 8 ok] ¼laik-½MkW-eq-c-

‘kgk]izdk-jktokMs la-ea-/kqGs]iz-vk-1998] i`- 62

316- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 1yk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iz-vk-1962] i`- 148

317- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy ukx]MkW-,p~-,y~-dkslkjs]Kkunhi izdk-

ukxiwj]iz-vk-1989] i`- 54

318- izkphu egkjk”Vª] MkW-Jh/kj O;adVs’k dsrdj]ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-

nq-vk-1989] i`- 198

319- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 5 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2001] i`- 107

320- nSR;cGh o darqyns’k egkjk”Vª] MkW-uhjt lkGqa[ks]yksdk;r

izdk-lkrkjk]nq-vk-2007] i`- 85 rs 98

321- laiw.kZ egkHkkjrkr] [kaM 9 ok ¼gfjoa’k [kaM 1yk½]¼laik-½izk-

Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986]i`-284 rs

288

322- r=So] i`- 103

323- Hkkjrh; fookglaLFkspk bfrgkl] fo-dk- jktokMs]¼laik-Jh-

v-Mkaxs½yksdok³~e; x`g] eqacbZ] i`- 16

324- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 75] 76

325- nkl’kwnzkaph xqykefxjh] ¼[kaM 1]Hkkx 1yk½]‘kjn ikVhy

izkK ikB’kkGk]okbZ] i`- 144

326- r=So] i`- 284] 285

327- izkphu egkjk”Vª] MkW-Jh/kj O;adVs’k dsrdj]ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-

nq-vk-1989] i`- 108] 109

328- egkHkkjr milagkj]fp-fo-oS|] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 150] 151

225

329- ejkBh yksdkaph laLÑrh] MkW-bjkorh dosZ]ns’keq[k vkf.k

daiuh]iq.ks-nq-vk-1962] i`- 213] 214

330- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy ukx]MkW-,p~-,y~-dkslkjs]Kkunhi izdk-

ukxiwj]iz-vk-1989] i`- 165] 166

331- r=So] i` 163

332- egkjk”Vªkrhy dkgh rkeziV o f’kykys[k] ¼laik-½ MkW-fo-

fHk- dksyrs]izdk-e-jk-lk-la-ea-eqacbZ]iz-vk-1987] i`- 3 rs

9

333- lkrokgudkyhu egkjk”Vª] MkW-jk- Jh- Ekksjoaphdj]izfrek

izdk-iq.ks]iz-vk-1993] i`- 237

334- Jh okYehfdjkek;.k][kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj]

ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 131

335- iqjk.kdFkk vkf.k okLrork]MkW-Mh-Mh- dkslach]¼vuq-olar

rqGiqGs½]yksdokM~-e; x`g] eqacbZ]frljh vk-2004] i`-

147] 148

336- lexz jktokMs lkfgR;] [kaM 7 o 8 ok] ¼laik-½MkW-eq-c-

‘kgk]izdk-jktokMs la-ea-/kqGs]iz-vk-1998] i`- 579

337- izkphu egkjk”Vª] MkW-Jh/kj O;adVs’k dsrdj]ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-

nq-vk-1989] i`- 454] 455

338- r=So] i`- 450] 401

339- r=So] i`- 252

340- r=So] i`- 253

341- nf{k.k dk’kh iSB.k] MkW-jk- Jh- Ekksjoaphdj]jfojkt izdk-

iq.ks]iz-vk-1987] i`- 16] 17

342- {kf=; ejkBÓkkaph oa’kkoGh ‘kgk..kodqGh] ckykth xkoaM]

xksfoan dkysZdj]rqdkjke cqd Msiks]eqacbZ]ngkoh vk-2005] i`-

28] 29

226

343- nSR;cGh o darqyns’k egkjk”Vª] MkW-uhjt lkGqa[ks]yksdk;r

izdk-lkrkjk]nq-vk-2007] i`- 40] 41] 42

344- nf{k.k dk’kh iSB.k] MkW-jk- Jh- Ekksjoaphdj]jfojkt izdk-

iq.ks]iz-vk-1987] i`- 20] 21

345- izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dkG rs okdkVd dkG] MkW- vt;fe=

‘kkL=h] ¼vuq- MkW- Hkk-y- HkksGs½] egkjk”Vª jkT; xW>sfV;j

bfrgkl ¼izkphu dkG][kaM 1yk½]¼laik-½v-‘k-ikBd]nk’kZfudk

foHkkx]egk-‘kkl-eqacbZ]nq-vk-2002] i`- 499] 500

346- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2005] i`- 434

347- lexz jktokMs lkfgR;] [kaM 7 o 8 ok] ¼laik-½MkW-eq-c-

‘kgk]izdk-jktokMs la-ea-/kqGs]iz-vk-1998]i`- 129

348- r=So] i`- 581

349- r=So] i`- 578

350- nzfoM egkjk”Vª] MkW-fo’oukFk [kSjs]lk/kuk izdk-iq.ks]iz-vk-

1977] i`- 34] 35

351- lexz jktokMs lkfgR;] [kaM 7 o 8 ok] ¼laik-½MkW-eq-c-

‘kgk]izdk-jktokMs la-ea-/kqGs]iz-vk-1998]i`- 58] 59

352- r=So] i`- 57 rs 59

353- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 9 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]frljh vk-2000] i`- 418] 419

354- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2005] i`- 154

355- iqjk.kdFkk vkf.k okLrork] MkW-Mh-Mh- dkslach]¼vuq-olar

rqGiqGs½]yksdokM~-e; x`g] eqacbZ]frljh vk-2004] i`- 216

356- lexz jktokMs lkfgR;] [kaM 7 o 8 ok] ¼laik-½MkW-eq-c-

‘kgk]izdk-jktokMs la-ea-/kqGs]iz-vk-1998]i`- 390] 391

227

357- r=So] i`- 253

358- r=So] i`- 249] 251

359- egkjFkh&egkHkkst] MkW- ‘kjn gsckGdj] ejkBokMk bfrgkl

ifj”kn % fuoMd ‘kks/k fuca/k [kaM 3 jk ] ¼laik-½lkseukFk

jksMs]izdk- izfrek fudsru egkfo|ky;] ukansM] i`- 117

360- Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks’k] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h

tks’kh]Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2004] i`- 106

361- lkrokgudkyhu egkjk”Vª] MkW-jk- Jh- Ekksjoaphdj]izfrek

izdk-iq.ks]iz-vk-1993] i`- 267

362- lexz jktokMs lkfgR;] [kaM 7 o 8 ok] ¼laik-½MkW-eq-c-

‘kgk]izdk-jktokMs la-ea-/kqGs]iz-vk-1998]i`- 390] 391

363- r=So] i`- 421

364- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½izk-Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk

cqDl]iq.ks-frljh vk-1986] i`- 96] 97

365- yksdnSorkaps fo’o] MkW-jk-fpa-<sjs]iùxa/kk izdk- iq.ks]iz-vk-

1996] i`- 225

366- lexz jktokMs lkfgR;] [kaM 7 o 8 ok] ¼laik-½MkW-eq-c-

‘kgk]izdk-jktokMs la-ea-/kqGs]iz-vk-1998] i`- 578

367- nSR;cGh o darqyns’k egkjk”Vª] MkW-uhjt lkGqa[ks]yksdk;r

izdk-lkrkjk]nq-vk-2007] i`- 135

368- _Xosfnd vlqj vkSj vk;Z] MkW-,l~-,y~- flagnso

fueksZgh]jk/kk ifCy-ubZ fnYyh]iz-l-2007]i`- 102] 103

369- lexz jktokMs lkfgR;] [kaM 7 o 8 ok] ¼laik-½MkW-eq-c-

‘kgk]izdk-jktokMs la-ea-/kqGs]iz-vk-1998]i`- 61] 62

370- _Xosfnd vlqj vkSj vk;Z] MkW-,l~-,y~- flagnso

fueksZgh]jk/kk ifCy-ubZ fnYyh]iz-l-2007] i`- 102] 103

371- r=So] i`- 297] 298

228

372- {kf=; ejkBÓkkaph oa’kkoGh ‘kk..kodqGh] ckykth xkoaM]

xksfoan dkysZdj]rqdkjke cqd Msiks]eqacbZ]ngkoh vk-2005]

i`- 42

373- r=So] i`- 91

374- r=So] i`- 18 rs 23

375- r=So] i`- 70] 71

376- egkjk”Vªkrhy dkgh rkeziV o f’kykys[k] ¼laik-½ MkW-fo-

fHk- dksyrs]izdk-e-jk-lk-la-ea-eqacbZ]iz-vk-1987] i`- 206

rs 209

377- nSR;cGh o daqryns’k egkjk”Vª] MkW-uhjt lkGqa[ks]yksdk;r

izdk-lkrkjk]nq-vk-2007] i`- 107] 108

378- yTtkxkSjh] MkW-jk-fpa-<sjs]Jhfo|k izdk-iq.ks]iz-vk-1986] i`-

147 rs 152

379- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy ukx]MkW-,p~-,y~-dkslkjs]Kkunhi izdk-

ukxiwj]iz-vk-1989] ¼Hkwfedk½] i`- 6

380- izkphu egkjk”Vª] MkW-Jh/kj O;adVs’k dsrdj]ojnk cqDl]iq.ks-

nq-vk-1989] i`- 29

381- r=So] i`- 24]25]28]334]31

382- egkjk”Vªkrhy dkgh rkeziV o f’kykys[k] ¼laik-½ MkW-fo-

fHk- dksyrs]izdk-e-jk-lk-la-ea-eqacbZ]iz-vk-1987] i`- 232]

233

383- eÚgkVh laLÑrh % dkgh leL;k] ‘ka-ck-Tkks’kh]¼laik-olar

tks’kh½fOgul izdk-iq.ks]nq-vk-1980] i`-50]51

384- lexz MkW- uk-xks- ukankiwjdj] [kaM 1 yk]¼laik-½m”kk tks’kh]

n-i-tks’kh]e-lk-i-vka/kz izns’k]gSnzkckn]iz-vk-2004] i`-447

385- egkjk”Vªkrhy egkjkapk bfrgkl] MkW-‘kadjjko [kjkr]izdk-

‘kdqaryk [kjkr]iq.ks] i`- 170] 171

229

386- r=So] i`- 77] 79

387- r=So] i`- 80 rs 83

388- vMxqya&eMxqya] MkW-fo’oukFk [kSjs] laer izdk-iq.ks]nq-vk-

2001] i`- 31]32

389- lexz jktokMs lkfgR;] [kaM 7 o 8 ok] ¼laik-½MkW-eq-c-

‘kgk]izdk-jktokMs la-ea-/kqGs]iz-vk-1998] i`- 572

390- r=So]i`- 255] 288

391- r=So]i`- 288 rs 299

392- r=So]i`- 302 rs 320

393- r=So]i`- 384