Život u arhaiku i proterozoiku - astrobiology.aob.rsastrobiology.aob.rs/pdf/20121026.pdf„history...
TRANSCRIPT
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Život u arhaiku i proterozoiku
26.10.2012.
Astrobiologija
2012
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„History matters...“
O Arhaik +
proterozoik =
3,3 Ga (73%
istorije
planete!)
O Geološka
vremenska
skala:
O supereon
O eon
O era
O period
O epoha
O doba
Astrobiologija
2012
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Astrobiologija
2012
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MetanogenezaO Proizvodnja metana od strane
metanogena
O Svi poznati metanogeni (oko 50 vrsta) su anaerobne arhee!
O Mnogi su i ekstremofili (aktivni na 15-100 C)
O Glavni kanal je CO2 + 4 H2 → CH4 + 2H2O
O Metan je ~25 puta efikasniji gas staklene bašte od CO2
O Rešenje „paradoksa slabog Sunca“?
O Metan na Marsu?
Astrobiologija
2012
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Kiseonička atmosfera
O Metanogeni ne podnose O2
O „Sudar titana“: Metanogeni vs. cijanobakterije
O „klackalica“: sadržaj metana opada kako
kiseonik raste...
O ...ali postoje i drugi rezervoari kiseonika:
sedimenti, metali, ozonski sloj.
O Tek kad se svi napune, atmosferska
koncentracija može da raste!Astrobiologija
2012
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5 faza u oksidaciji atmosfere
Astrobiologija
2012
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„Veliki kiseonički događaj“
O -2.4 Ga
O I pre GOE fotosinteza proizvodila O2, ali se on
odmah apsorbovao
O Naglo smanjenje metana izaziva dramatično
zahlađenje: Hjuronska glacijacija
O Inercija klimatskog sistema
O Kontrast okean – kopno
O Ozonski sloj nastaje oko -1 Ga
O I taman da se život naglo proširi i diverzifikuje...Astro
biologija
2012
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Astrobiologija
2012
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Astrobiologija
2012
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Termalni balans Zemlje
O Pod pretpostavkom brze rotacije, temperatura osunčanog tela je
O Za standardne vrednosti:
O Dobijamo T = 255 K
O Razlika potiče od efekta staklene bašte!…
1/ 21/ 4
1/ 2 1/ 21/ 4
12
1AU0.0682 1
2D
eff
eff
RT A T
D
RA T
R
5774K; 0,3;effT A R R
Astrobiologija
2012
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Superledena doba: Zemlja kaosnežna grudva
O Михаил Иванович Будыко (1969): kad led krene ka ekvatoru...
O Lavinski ledeni albedo = Budikova katastrofa
O Kritično 40 (Rim, Njujork)
O „Sigurno se nije dešavalo, jer bi Zemlja ostala zamrznuta do danas!“
O Tokom 1960-tih, 70-tih, 80-tih se skupljaju nalazi na terenu...Astro
biologija
2012
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Empirijski nalazi
O Paleomagnetizam
O Ledničko stenje
O Formacija Elatina (južna Australija)
nastala par stepeni od Ekvatora!
O Trakaste gvozdene formacije
O Paul Hoffman (oko 1986) i Joseph
Kirschvink (1992)Astrobiologija
2012
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Trakaste gvozdene formacije
Astrobiologija
2012
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O Jedna epizoda
na početku
proterozoika
(Hjuron, oko
-2.3 Ga)
O + dve epizode u
poznom
(Sturtian -730
Ma, Marinoan
-650 Ma)
O Trajanje poznih
oko 5 MaAstrobiologija
2012
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Astrobiologija
2012
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Astrobiologija
2012
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Astrobiologija
2012
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Najekstremniji tip katastrofeO Sva voda na
površini i u
atmosferi
zamrznuta
O Eolska erozija na
kontinentima
O Anoksija okeana
O Samo male enklave
oko izvora
unutrašnje toplote...Astrobiologija
2012
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Vreme
za
pauzu!Astrobiologija
2012
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Astrobiologija
2012
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Okončanje superglacijacije: podledni
vulkanizamO Grimsvotn: primer
podlednog vulkana
O Vulkanska emisija gasova staklene bašte se akumulira kroz milione godina...
O ...dok ne pređe kritični prag!
O Relevantno za Mars, satelite spoljnih planeta...
Astrobiologija
2012
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Inercija vodi u zagrevanje...
Astrobiologija
2012
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Prve životinje?
O Kontroverza: molekularni satovi vs. fosilni zapis?
O Tradicija ogromnih molekularnih vremena (suludo!)
O U poslednjih 10 god., konsenzus: kriogen (oko -750 Ma)
O Tačna veza sa varijacijama klime?
O Jasno je da prve metazoe nisu mogle da ostave fosile...Astro
biologija
2012
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Posle snežne grudve: Ediakara
O Prekambrijski (makro)fosili???
O 1946, R. C. Spriggs, pregledajući napuštene
rudnike za australijsku vladu...
Astrobiologija
2012
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Dickinsonia
Astrobiologija
2012
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Astrobiologija
2012
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Spriggina
Astrobiologija
2012
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Kimberella
Astrobiologija
2012
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Parvancorina
Astrobiologija
2012
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Tribrachidium
Astrobiologija
2012
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Astrobiologija
2012
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Rekonstrukcije ediakarskog
sveta
Astrobiologija
2012
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Prva „eksplozija života“: Avalon
O -575 Ma (izmereno precizno u 2008.)
O I geografska i morfološka eksplozija
(„radijacija“)
O „Prvobitni raj“: nema predatora!
O (nema ni percepcije, nervnog sistema,
itd.)
O Uzroci nepoznati...Astrobiologija
2012
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Globalna fauna
Astrobiologija
2012
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Seilacher-ova hipoteza: vendobionta
O Adolf Seilacher (1984-1994): novi
pogled na Ediakarsku faunu
O Topološki problem makroskopskih
organizama: kako obezbediti razmenu
materije i energije u unutrašnjosti?
O U fanerozoiku: pojava diploblasta i
triploblasta, unutrašnje membrane, itd.
O Ediakarani: zasebni eksperiment
evolucije?
O Problematika velikim delom otvorena!
Astrobiologija
2012
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Uoči revolucije...
O Ediakarska fauna i stromatoliti naglo nestaju (uz
par izuzetaka) – najstarije dokazano masovno
izumiranje
O -(542 0,3) Ma: baza kambrijuma
O Najvažniji događaj u istoriji života: Kambrijska
eksplozija
Astrobiologija
2012