ivane javaxisvilis saxelobis tbilisis saxelmwifo .... m.i.(2014).pdf · kategoriasi mnisvnelovan...
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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
ekonomikisa da biznesis fakulteti
irakli makalaTia
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis
statistikuri kvleva
ekonomikis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
warmodgenili sadisertacio naSromi
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: qeTevan marSava
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,
Tsu profesori
Tbilisi 2014
2
Sinaarsi
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Tavi 1. cxovrebis donis kvlevis Teoriuli safuZvlebi . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.1 cxovrebis done, rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri kategoria. . . . . . . . 10
1.2 mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis aqtualuri sakiTxebis kvlevis
istoriuli ganviTareba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Tavi 2. cxovrebis donis kvlevis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi.. . . . . . . . . 40
2.1 cxovrebis donis maCvenebelTa sistema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.2 adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis dinamika saqarTveloSi . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.3 saqarTvelos mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis zogadi maCveneblebis
analizi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Tavi 3. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis ganmsazRvreli
socialur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebis statistikuri kvleva . . . . . . . . . 75
3.1 mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis demografiuli maxasiaTeblebis
analizi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.2 saqarTvelos mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis
statistika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.3 saqarTvelos Sromis bazris statistikuri Seswavla.. . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.4 mosaxleobis ganaTlebis donisa da jandacvis statistika
saqarTveloSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.5 mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis indeqsis ageba adamianis ganviTarebis
indeqsis gaangariSebis meTodis safuZvelze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3
Tavi 4. siRaribe, rogorc cxovrebis donis mniSvnelovani kategoria da
misi statistikuri analizi... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.1 saarsebo minimumis gaangariSebis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi . . . . . 145
4.2 siRaribis realuri mdgomareobis statistikuri analizi
saqarTveloSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
4.3 qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba da siRaribis daZlevis gzebi
saqarTveloSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
gamoyenebuli literatura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
4
Sesavali
Temis aqtualuroba
mosaxleobis cxovrebis done socialur mecnierebaTa
umniSvnelovanesi kategoriaa, xolo misi mecnieruli kvleva da analizi
aqtualuria, rogorc gardamavali ekonomikis mqone, ise ganviTarebuli
qveynebisaTvis. mosaxleobis cxovrebis dones gansazRvravs qveyanaSi
arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri garemo, romelic sazogadoebis
moTxovnilebaTa zrdis paralelurad icleba, rac Tavis mxriv moiTxovs
cxovrebis donis kategoriis axlebulad dasmasa da cvlilebas
sazogadoebaSi gaCenil moTxovnilebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT.
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze cxovrebis donisadmi
midgoma gansxvavebuli iyo, vinaidan gansxvavdeboda mosaxleobis
moTxovnilebebi. Tanamedrove etapze, sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis
procesi, cxadia, gavlenas axdens mosaxleobis cxovrebis doneze da
qmnis sazogadoebis fenebs Soris qonebriv uTanabrobas. aqedan
gamomdinare, saWiroa cxovrebis donis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri
safuZvlebis mecnieruli gaazreba, arsebuli problemebis gamovlena da
maTi gadaWris gzebis dasaxva mecnierulad dasabuTebuli meTodebis
safuZvelze.
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis kategoria kargadaa cnobili, antikuri
epoqidan dRemde izrdeba misi aqtualuroba da moqceulia, rogorc
ekonomistebis, ise sociologebisa da sxvaTa kvlevebis sferoSi.
siRaribis daZleva da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRleba
saxelmwifos pirdapiri movaleobaa. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis analizi, misi raodenobrivi da
xarisxobrivi Seswavla, rac xelisuflebas efeqtiani socialur-
ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebaSi daexmareba.
5
cxovrebis dones ganapirobebs mravali socialuri Tu ekonomikuri
faqtori, romelTagan gansakuTrebuli aqtualurobiT xasiaTdeba
cxovrebis donis Semdegi maCveneblebi: umuSevroba, siRaribe, mosaxleobis
Semosavlebs Soris uTanabroba, jandacva, ganaTleba da sxv., romelTa
kompleqsuri Seswavla qveyanaSi cxovrebis donis Sesaxeb srul suraTs
iZleva.
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Sesaxeb arsebul socialur
problemaTa farTo arealma da maTi gadaWris gzebis Ziebis procesma
ganapiroba Cveni daintereseba aRniSnuli sakiTxebisadmi da sakvlev
Temad misi arCeva.
sakvlevi problemis Seswavlis mdgomareoba
cxovrebis done farTo cnebaa da moicavs rogorc materialur,
ise aramaterialur sferos. masze moqmedi socialur-ekonomikuri
maCveneblebis simravle ki ganapirobebs cxovrebis donis Seswavlisadmi
Catarebul mraval mecnierul kvlevas, romelic gvxvdeba rogorc
ucxoel, ise qarTvel mecnierTa naSromebSi.
cxovrebis donis aqtualur sakiTxebs ikvlevdnen iseTi cnobili
moazrovneebi, rogorebicaa: f. kene, T. malTusi, u. peti, a. smiTi,
d. rikardo, g. kingi, f. listi, j. qeinzi a. ketle, r. maio-smiti, a. bouli,
s. g. strumilini da sxv.
cxovrebis donis sakiTxisadmi mkvlevar qarTvel mecnierTa Soris
aRsaniSnavia: p. guguSvili, S. beraZe, g. gamyreliZe, g. gamsaxurdia,
b. gabiZaSvili, v. omiaZe, v. papava, l. Ciqava, q. marSava, p. lemonjava,
a. silagaZe, e. meqvabiSvili, r. gogoxia, i. mesxia, g. xelaia, r. kakulia,
r. asaTiani, a. jibuti, m. turava, z. Sonia, m. xmalaZe da sxv.
mocemuli disertacia warmoadgens saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donisa da misi ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi sicialur-ekonomikuri
maCveneblebis statistikur kvlevas.
6
kvlevis mizani da amocanebi
sadisertacio kvleva miznad isaxavs saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis mdgomareobis Tanamedrove suraTis gamovlenas misi
maxasiaTebeli statistikuri maCveneblebis gaangariSebis safuZvelze.
aRniSnuli miznidan gamomdinare saqarTvelos mosaxleobis cxovrebis
donis Seswavlis ZiriTad amocanebs warmoadgens Semdegi:
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis socialur-ekonomikuri
maCveneblebis gansazRvra;
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis maCvenebelTa dinamikis
daxasiaTeba;
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis maCvenebelTa saerTaSoriso
Sesadarisobis miRweva;
cxovrebis donis zogadi daxasiaTebisaTvis cxovrebis
Rirebulebis maCveneblebis statistikuri analizi dinamikaSi;
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis gaangariSeba da saqarTvelos
magaliTze mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis indeqsis gamoTvla;
mosaxleobis demografiuli maxasiaTeblebis analizi;
umuSevrobis statistikuri kvleva;
mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis struqturuli
analizi;
jandacvisa da ganaTlebis statistikuri Seswavla;
saarsebo minimumis gaangariSebis meTodologiis ganxilva;
siRaribis maCvenebelTa statistikuri analizi da misi daZlevis
gzebis gansazRvra.
kvlevis obieqti da sagani
sadoqtoro naSromis Seswavlis obieqtia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis mdgomareoba, xolo kvlevis sagans warmoadgens
cxovrebis donis maCvenebelTa raodenobrivi kanonzomierebebis dadgena
da statistikuri analizi.
7
kvlevis Teoriul _ meTodologiuri safuZvlebi
kvlevis Teoriul safuZvels warmoadgens: ekonomikuri Teoria,
saqarTvelosa da sazRvargareTis qveynebis mecnierTa da ekonomistTa
Teoriuli da praqtikuli xasiaTis mecnieruli gamokvlevebi, aseve
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis meTodologiebi.
cxovrebis donis kvlevis meTodologiuri safuZvelia: ekonomikuri
analizis, maTematikuri da statistikuri meTodebi. kvlevaSi viyenebT
iseT statistikur meTodebs rogoricaa: dakvirvebis, dajgufebis,
absoluturi da SefardebiTi sidideebis, statistikuri monacemebis
grafikuli gamosaxvis, saSualo sidideebis, variaciis maCveneblebis,
dinamikuri mwkrivebis, korelaciur-regresiuli analizisa da saindeqso
meTodebi.
naSromis mecnieruli siaxleebi
qveyanaSi siRaribis daZleva da cxovrebis donis amaRleba unda
daiwyos am sferoSi mecnieruli kvlevebis donis amaRlebiT, mecnierul
kvlevaze dafuZnebuli winadadebebisa da rekomendaciebis SemuSavebiT.
cxovrebis donis Sesaxeb kvlevebi mxolod misi calkeuli problemuri
sakiTxebis ganxilviT amoiwureba. mocemuli sadisertacio naSromi
warmoadgens saqarTvelos mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis kompleqsur
kvlevas.
naSromis mecnieruli siaxleebi mdgomareobs SemdegSi:
1. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis indeqsis gaangariSeba;
2. pirovnebis mier cxovrebis donis subieqturi aRqmis specialuri
indeqsis ageba (bednierebis indeqsi) da misi interpretireba;
3. gaeros mier rekomendirebuli cxovrebis donis zogadi
maCveneblis _ adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsisa da misi
Semadgeneli subindeqsebis saqarTvelos magaliTze gaangariSeba.
eqstrapolaciis meTodiT subindeqsebis SesaZlo mniSvnelobebis
gansazRvra da mis safuZvelze adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis
prognozireba;
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4. saqarTvelos realobidan gamomdinare siRaribidan saSualo
fenamde ,,gardamavali fenis” kategoriis SemoReba da cxovrebis
donis TiToeuli kategoriisaTvis zRvaris daweseba;
5. Sefasebulia saarsebo minimumis gaangariSebis meTodologia
saqarTveloSi, daTvlilia minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTis fuladi
Rirebuleba da SemoTavazebulia minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTisa
da saarsebo minimumis gamoTvlis srulyofis winadadebebi.
naSromis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba
sadisertacio naSromi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes mecnier-
ekonomistebisa da statistikosebis mier cxovrebis donesTan
dakavSirebuli problemebis Seswavlisas. masSi mocemuli Teoriuli
debulebebi, aseve kvlevis statistikuri instrumentari SeiZleba
gamoyenebuli iqnes socialuri da ekonomikuri statistikis kursebis
swavlebisas.
naSromi aseve daexmareba praqtikos statistikosebs da aRniSnuli
sakiTxiT dainteresebul yvela adamians.
naSromis aprobacia da publikacia
sadisertacio naSromi ganxilul iqna ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis
ekonomikuri da socialuri statistikis kaTedraze 2014 wlis 21 ianvars
(oqmi #2).
Sesrulebuli kvlevis Sedegebze gamoqveynebuli 7 samecniero naSromi
da konferenciis Tezisebi Semdegia:
1. saqarTvelos Sromis bazarze Camoyalibebuli ZiriTadi tendenciebi
msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis fonze, socialuri ekonomika (#1),
Tb., 2011;
2. siRaribe saqarTveloSi: statistika da realoba (SedarebiTi
analizi), Jurn. ekonomika da biznesi (#3), Tb., 2011;
9
3. mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis statistikis
aqtualuri problemebi saqarTveloSi, Jurn. ekonomisti (#1), Tb.,
2012;
4. soflis meurneobis ekonomikis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi
saqarTveloSi, paata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituti, samecniero-
praqtikuli konferenciis masalebis krebuli Tb., 2012;
5. siRaribisa da umuSevrobis problemebi saqarTveloSi
globalizaciis Tanamedrove etapze. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
instituti samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciis masalebis krebuli
Tb., 2013;
6. dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis statistikuri analizi regionuli
WriliT saqarTveloSi, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universiteti, II saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli
konferencia, bioekonomika da soflis meurneobis mdgradi
ganviTareba, samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciis masalebis
krebuli Tb., 2013;
7. saarsebo minimumis gaangariSebis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi da misi
srulyofis gzebi saqarTveloSi, Jurn. ekonomika (1-2), Tb., 2014.
naSromis struqtura da moculoba
sadisertacio naSromis saerTo moculoba Seadgens kompiuterze
nabeWd 212 gverds da Sedgeba Sesavlis, oTxi Tavis, daskvnebisa da
winadadebebisgan. teqstis ZiriTad nawils Tan erTvis gamoyenebuli
literaturis sia da danarTebi (cxrilebis saxiT).
10
Tavi 1. cxovrebis donis kvlevis Teoriuli safuZvlebi
1.1 cxovrebis done, rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri kategoria
sazogadoeba Tavisi ganviTarebis yovel safexurze cdilobs
warmoebis srulyofiT gaiumjobesos ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da amiT
daikmayofilos mudmivad mzardi materialuri da sulieri
moTxovnilebebi, rac aisaxeba cxovrebis doneSi.
mosaxleobis cxovrebis done aris socialur-ekonomikuri kategoria,
romelic gulisxmobs mosaxleobis materialuri da sulieri
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis donesa da xarisxs.
cxovrebis done damokidebulia mraval rTul da gansxvavebul
faqtorze, rogoricaa: ekonomikuri, politikuri, socialuri, istoriuli,
erovnuli, bunebrivi pirobebi. maT Soris mTavaria mosaxleobis
Semosavlebi, danaxarjebi, dasaqmebis done, siRaribe, inflacia da sxv.
,,cxovrebis done upirveles yovlisa, socialur-ekonomikuri
kategoriaa da axasiaTebs adamianis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis
dones. amasTan igi cvalebadi da dinamikuria, vinaidan igi damokidebulia
sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis ganviTarebis doneze, warmoebuli
produqciisa da momsaxurebis, rogorc raodenobriv, ise xarisxobriv
parametrebze. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom cxovrebis donis
kategoriaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs moTxovnilebis dinamika da
struqtura, romelic swrafad icvleba sazogadoebrivi progresis
zegavleniT.’’1 mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis zrdis tempebi upirveles
yovlisa damokidebulia qveynis ekonomikur potencialze, anu imaze, Tu
ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli mosaxleobis materialur da sulier
moTxovnilebaTa uzrunvelyofa.
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis dabal safexurze adamianis mTeli
moTxovnileba mxolod materialuri moTxovnilebiT amoiwureboda. ase
1ix. mesxia i., gabelaSvili k. _ mosaxleobis cxovrebis done, Tb., 2004, gv. 14.
11
magaliTad, saukunis win saqarTveloSi soflis glexkaci Tavs Raribad
ar miiCnevda Tu mas wlis ganmavlobaSi ojaxis gamosakvebad saWiro
sursaTi da cotaodeni tansacmeli hqonda. SemdgomSi sazogadoebis
ganviTarebas mohyva moTxovnilebis ganuxreli zrda, adamianebs aRar
akmayofilebdaT miRweuli cxovrebis done, maT daiwyes materialuri
mdgomareobisa da sulieri cxovrebis gaumjobesebaze fiqri. dRevandel
dRes teqnologiuri ganviTarebisa da moTxovnilebaTa zrdis fonze
cxovrebis donis maCveneblebi aisaxeba ara marto adamianTa kvebaSi,
Cacma-daxurvasa da sxva materialur yofaSi, aramed jandacvaSi,
ganaTlebaSi, kulturul da sxva socialur moTxovnilebebSi.
,,istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, zogadad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom droTa
ganmavlobaSi adamianebi gacilebiT ukeT cxovrobdnen, vidre wina
saukuneebSi, anu adgili aqvs simdidris zrdis tendencias. amitom
dRevandeli saSualo fenis warmomadgeneli, warsulis mdidrebze
gacilebiT mdidari SeiZleba aRmoCndes ara Semosavlebis, aramed,
umTavresad, cxovrebis komfortis mixedviT, rasac mecnierul-teqnikuri
miRwevebi ganapirobebs.
mosaxleobis cxovrebis dabali donis mizezi garda socialuri
uTanasworobisa, iyo masobrivi ubedureba _ mousavlianoba, epidemiebi,
wyaldidobebi, xanZrebi, omebi da sxva. ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze
cxovrebis dabal donesa da siRaribes ZiriTadad ganapirobebs
teqnologiebis dabali done, mwiri bunebriv-resursuli potenciali,
ekonomikis araswori regulireba (inflacia, umuSevroba) da sxv.”2
,,bazris pirobebSi saqoneli nawildeba (gaiyideba) imaze, visac misi
SeZena SeuZlia da ara imaze, vis ufro sWirdeba. kiTxvaze ra vawarmooT,
rogor vawarmooT da visTvis vawarmooT, bazari pasuxobs calsaxad:
yvelasTvis, visac SeuZlia iyidos saqoneli. cxadia, rom bazris aseTi
mimarTuleba iwvevs sazogadoebis erTi nawilis gamdidrebas, xolo
2 ix. abesaZe r. _ mosaxleobis cxovrebis donisa da siRaribis zogierTi socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqti, paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis samecniero Sromebis krebuli III, Tb., 2010, gv. 10.
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meore nawilis gaRatakebas. am viTarebaSi warmoiSoba Semosavlebis
ganawilebis problema, romelsac sxvadasxva moculobiTa da sxvadaxva
formebiT aregulirebs saxelmwifo, amasTan, saxelmwifos Carevas
gadanawilebis procesSi SeiZleba adgili hqondes sxvadasxva doneze,
dawyebuli radikaluriT da damTavrebuli konservatiuli formebiT.”3
gansxvavebuli cxovrebis done ganapirobebs mosaxleobis
gansxvavebul cxovrebis wessac, vinaidan socialurad araerTgvarovan
sazogadoebaSi ar aris da SeuZlebelicaa iyos erTnairi cxovrebis wesi.
cxovrebis wesi adamianTa mTel saqmianobas moicavs da ganixileba
cxovrebis ganmsazRvrel pirobebTan erTad, igi cxovrebis doniT
ganpirobebuli sazogadoebis qcevis mizezebis gamovlenisa da dadgenis
saSualebas iZleva. Rrma gansxvaveba cxovrebis wesSi, Tavis mxriv
aZlierebs sazogadoebis socialur diferenciacias. ase magaliTad,
fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobaTa pirobebSi mosaxleobis mdidar fenaSi
cxovrebis wesi xasiaTdeba mogebis miRebis maqsimizaciisken swrafviT. am
SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs midrekilebas fulisa da fufunebis
sagnebisadmi, romlebic ganasaxiereben simdidres. ,,saSualo da dabali
fenis mosaxleobis cxovrebis wesis niSnebia meryevi materialuri
mdgomareoba, xvalindeli dRisadmi SiSi, umuSevrobis mudmivi
saSiSroeba, Raribi siberis molodini, materialur-fuladi barierebi
codnis miRebaSi da sxv. amave dros, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba,
rom cxovrebis wesi araerTgvarovania fizikuri SromiT dakavebul
sazogadoebriv fenebSi, inteligenciaSi, soflisa da qalaqis
mosaxleobaSi, fizikuri da gonebrivi SromiT dakavebul momuSave
adamianebSi da a.S.”4
cxovrebis stili pirovnebis an socialuri jgufis cxovrebis wesis
Taviseburebebs axasiaTebs, Tavisi SinaarsiT cxovrebis wesi ufro
farToa vidre cxovrebis stili.5 cxovrebis stili, rogorc koncefcia
3 ix. mesxia i., gabelaSvili k. _ mosaxleobis cxovrebis done, Tb., 2004, gv. 6.
4 iqve, gv. 25.
5 http://www.nplg.gov.ge
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dakavSirebulia germaneli sociologisa da filosofosis maqs veberis
SromebTan. is ganisazRvreba materialuri keTildReobis standartebiT,
adamianis mier SeZenili da moxmarebuli produqciiT, SexedulebebiTa da
gemovnebiT, rac damaxasiaTebelia rogorc calkeuli adamianisaTvis, ise
konkretuli socialuri jgufebisaTvis. qcevisa da urTierTobis
garkveuli individualuri an jgufuri stilis gavrcelebam ki SeiZleba
cxovrebis wesis cvlileba gamoiwvios.
cxovrebis donis kategoriis Seswavlisas ganasxvaveben cnebebs _
,,cxovrebis done’’ da ,,cxovrebis xarisxi’’.
am cnebebis mixedviT cxovrebis done moicavs cxovrebis materialuri
da aramaterialuri pirobebis raodenobriv mxares, xolo cxovrebis
xarisxi cxovrebis donis Tvisobriv mxares. cxovrebis done ufro farTo
cnebaa vidre cxovrebis xarisxi, aqedan gamomdinare, mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis analizisas cxovrebis done moicavs cxovrebis
xarisxsac, vinaidan sazogadoebrivi movlenebis raodenobrivi niSniT
statistikuri kvleva SeuZlebelia warimarTos Tvisobriv mxaresTan
urTierTkavSiris gareSe.
cxovrebis done SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc materialuri da
aramaterialur pirobebis raodenobrivi maCvenebeli da cxovrebis
xarisxi rogorc am raodenobrivi maCveneblebis Tvisebrivi (xarisxis)
maxasiaTebeli. magram, vinaidan mosaxleobis cxovrebis done gamoxatavs
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis garkveul etapze, adamianTa cxovrebis
pirobebis im faqtorTa erTobliobas, romelic axasiaTebs mosaxleobis
fizikuri, socialuri da inteleqtualuri moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis
xarisxs, Sedegad cxovrebis done moicavs cxovrebis xarisxis
Seswavlasac.
cxovrebis donesa da cxovrebis xarisxs Soris kavSiri SeiZleba
ganvixiloT Semdegnairad. ,,cxovrebis donec da cxovrebis xarisxic
moicavs rogorc raodenobriv, ise Tvisebriv mxareebs, vinaidan, Tu
xarisxobrivad adamianTa moTxovnilebebi ar kmayofildeba, SeuZlebelia
14
visaubroT cxovrebis maRal doneze da piriqiT, Tu raodenobrivad
adamianTa moTxovnilebebi ar kmayofildeba, ver visaubrebT cxovrebis
maRal xarisxze. aqedan gamomdinare cxovrebis pirobebis Sesafaseblad
ufro misaRebia gamoviyenoT termini “cxovrebis done”. amasTan, misi
daxasiaTebisa da kvlevisas misaRebia ganvixiloT cxovrebis donis
raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi.”6
cxovrebis donis standarts gansazRvravs iseTi maCveneblebi,
rogoricaa Semosavlebi, dasaqmeba da Sromis pirobebi (rac dasaqmebis
xarisxis ganmsazRvreli faqtoria), xarisxiani da xelmisawvdomi
jandacva, sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, ganaTleba, siRaribis done, mTliani
Sida produqti, ekonomikis zrda, infrastruqtura, inflaciis done,
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba, ekonomikuri da politikuri
stabiluroba, politikuri da religiuri Tavisufleba, klimati da
ekologiurad sufTa garemo, cxovrebis donis CamoTvlili maCveneblebi
gansazRvraven kidec cxovrebis xarisxs.
termini “cxovrebis xarisxi” gaCnda XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis Sua
periodSi, vinaidan aSkara gaxda, rom mxolod ekonomikuri zrda ver
iqneboda cxovrebis donis sazomi, aq gamoikveTa iseTi garemoebebi da
movlenebi, romlebic gavlenas axdendnen cxovrebis donis xarisxobriv
mxareze. cxovrebis xarisxis Sefasebis saWiroeba teqnikurma progresma
da ekonomikurma ganviTarebamac gamoiwvia, radganac Tavi iCina iseTma
uaryofiTma movlenebma, rogoricaa socialuri daZabulobis gaRrmaveba,
ekologiuri mdgomareobis gauareseba da a.S.
Tavidan, cneba cxovrebis xarisxi atarebda abstraqtul formas,
romelic materialuri keTildReobis Sevsebis aucileblobidan
gamomdinare, ZiriTadad dafuZnebuli iyo socialuri usafrTxoebisa da
gare samyaros negatiuri zegavlenis mdgomareobebis Sefasebaze. ,,1962
wels j. berlingerma cxovrebis xarisxis sabaziso SemadgenlobaSi
6 ix. abesaZe r. _ mosaxleobis cxovrebis donisa da siRaribis zogierTi socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqti, paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis samecniero Sromebis krebuli III, Tb., 2010, gv. 5.
15
Seiyvana Semdegi elementebi: Semosavlis done erT mosaxleze,
samarTaldarRvevebisa da danaSaulTa done, ganaTlebisa da samedicino
momsaxurebis done. amerikelma mecnierma j. foresterma cxovrebis
xarisxis maxasiaTeblebs miakuTvna stresuli situaciebi, cxovrebis
sirTuleebi, kvebis xarisxi da garemos dabinZureba. kanadel sociolog
m. bunges cxovrebis xarisxis elementebSi Seqonda haerisa da wylis
xarisxi, sacxovreblis zoma da xarisxi, ojaxuri cxovrebisa da
samuSaosagan dakmayofilebis xarisxi, sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi
monawileobis done, usafrTxoeba quCaSi, wakiTxul wignTa, Teatralur
warmodgenebze daswrebis raodenoba da a.S.”7
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis kvlevisas cxovrebis donis
xarisxobrivi mxaris analizs Semdegi saxiT vaxdenT. magaliTad;
cxovrebis donis maCveneblebis ganxilvisas, rogoricaa dasaqmebulTa
ricxovnoba da maTi xvedriTi wona ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobaSi,
cxovrebis donis raodenobrivi maCvenebelia, xolo dasaqmebulTagan
TviTdasaqmebulTa kategoriis ganxilva da am kuTxiT arsebuli
problemis analizi, cxovrebis donis xarisxobrivi maxasiaTebeli, anu
cxovrebis xarisxis maCvenebelia. aseve, erT mosaxleze Semosavlebis
saxeebis ganawileba raodenobrivi maCvenebelia, xolo realuri
Semosavlebis gamoTvla cxovrebis xarisxze miuTiTebs. ganaTlebis donis
statistikuri Seswavlisas viyenebT raodenobriv maCveneblebs, rac
aisaxeba moswavle-maswavleblebisa Tu saswavlo dawesebulebebis
raodenobriv maCveneblebSi, magram xarisxobriv maCvenebelze miuTiTebs
moswavlis mier miRebuli ganaTlebis done, rac aisaxeba: sabazro
moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaSi, Sromis bazarze ganaTlebis donis
mixedviT dasaqmebulTa ganawilebaSi. jandacvis sistemaSi xarisxobriv
maCveneblebs warmoadgens: samedicino momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomoba da
gaweuli momsaxurebis efeqtianoba, kvalificiuri eqimebis momsaxureba,
7ix. robitaSvili n. _ mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da cxovrebis donis diferenciaciis statistikis aqtualuri sakiTxebi saqarTveloSi (disertacia, warmodgenilia doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad), baTumi 2012, gv. 71.
16
xarisxiani medikamentebi da samedicino danadgarebi, sawolebis
raodenoba 100 000 kacze, samedicino personalis raodenoba da sxv.
cxovrebis done qveyanaSi SeiZleba gaizomos iseTi maCveneblebiT,
rogoricaa, realuri Semosavali (inflaciis gamoricxviT) erT
mosaxleze da siRaribis done. xolo, sxva faqtorebis gamoyeneba,
rogoricaa magaliTad, jandacvisa da ganaTlebis donis maCveneblebi,
Sromis bazris mdgomareoba, demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi, kidev ufro
naTlad axasiaTebs cxovrebis dones da detalur suraTs gvaZlevs
qveynis cxovrebis doneze.
siRaribis dasaZlevad da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis
asamaRleblad ekonomikur zrdasTan erTad unda moxdes qveynis
socialuri kuTxiT ganviTareba, ramac unda uzrunvelyos mosaxleobis
materialuri da sulieri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba. materialuri
moTxovnilebebi vrceldeba: kvebaze da pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebze,
tansacmelze, sacxovrebel pirobebze da sxv. xolo sulieri
moTxovnilebebi moicavs: jandacvas, ganaTlebas, kulturul saqmianobas,
Sromis pirobebs, dasvenebasa da garTobas.
nebismieri qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba misi mTavrobis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani prioritetia. ekonomikuri reformisa da mTlianad
ekonomikuri politikis umniSvnelovanes nawils warmoadgens reformebi
fiskalur sferoSi da axali fiskaluri politikis SemuSaveba. efeqtiani
fiskaluri politikis gatarebiT saxelmwifo iRebs optimalurad
dabalansebul biujets, rac Tavis mxriv SesaZleblobas miscems
warmarTos rogorc qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, ise socialuri
daxmareba gauwios mosaxleobis dabalSemosavlian kategorias.
Sesabamisad, efeqtianad gatarebul fiskalur politikaze mniSvnelovnad
aris damokidebuli qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba da mosaxleobis
cxovrebis maRali done.
saqarTveloSi fiskaluri politikis ZiriTad miznebs warmoadgens:
biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis Sesabamisi pirobebis Seqmna, adgilobrivi
17
warmoebis ganviTareba, efeqtiani sagadasaxado sistemis Seqmna,
sainvesticio garemos gaumjobeseba da ucxouri investiciebis mozidva.
,,sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi mTeli rigi obieqturi da
subieqturi mizezebis gamo ver xerxdeba ekonomikuri zrdis daCqareba,
xolo gaRaribebuli mosaxleoba sicocxlis bolomde ver daelodeba
ekonomikur zrdas da cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas. aqedan
gamomdinare, saxelmwifo valdebulia SeimuSavos cxovrebis donis
amaRlebisa da siRaribis daZlevis specialuri strategia da programa,
raTa misi realizaciiT Seumsubuqos cxovrebis pirobebi
dabalSemosavlian da socialurad daucvel mosaxleobas.”8
,,cxovrebis donis kategoriis siRrmiseuli analizi moiTxovs,
agreTve, iseT ekonomikur cnebebSi garkvevas, rogoricaa socialuri
dacva da socialuri garantiebi, romelic aris socialuri dacvis
konkretuli da xarisxobrivi gansazRvruloba, sazogadoebrivi
aucilebloba, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mizanmimarTuli saSualeba.
nebismieri civilizebuli saxelmwifo valdebulia gaataros mosaxleobis
socialuri dacvis RonisZiebaTa sistema da programebi, daicvas Tavisi
moqalaqeebi ekonomikuri da socialuri gaWirvebisagan, Semosavlebis
mkveTri dacemisagan, daicvas invalidebi, moxucebi, avadmyofebi da a.S.’’9
aqedan gamomdinare, socialuri dacva, am sityvis farTo gagebiT,
mowodebulia daicvas adamiani misi sicocoxlis ganmavlobaSi wamoWrili
sxvadasxva socialuri riskebisgan. socialuri uzrunvelyofa unda
niSnavdes sazogadoebisTvis socialuri garantiebis micemas, rac aisaxeba
dasaqmebulTa socialur uzrunvelyofaze, xolo umuSevrebis,
invalidebis, aseve sasicocxlod aucilebel minimumze naklebi
Semosavlis mqone mosaxleobisaTvis unda muSaobdes socialuri dacvis
meqanizmebi da moxdes maTTvis materialuri Tu aramaterialuri
daxmarebis gaweva.
8 ix. mesxia i., gabelaSvili k. _ mosaxleobis cxovrebis done, Tb., 2004, gv. 17. 9iqve, gv. 7.
18
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis mixedviT TiToeul
adamians aqvs cxovrebis iseTi pirobebis qonis ufleba, romelic
aucilebelia rogorc misi, ise misi ojaxis wevrebis janmrTelobisa da
keTildReobis SesanarCuneblad. am pirobebSi igulisxmeba sakvebi,
tansacmeli, sacxovrebeli pirobebi, Sesabamisi samedicino da socialuri
momsaxureba, daxmarebis miRebis ufleba umuSevrobis, daavadebis,
invalidobis, moxucebulobisa da misgan damoukidebeli mizezebiT
arsebobis wyaros dakargvis sxva SemTxvevebSi.
jandacvis gamarTuli sistema qveynis ganviTarebis aucilebeli
winapirobaa, uamisod qveyana da misi mosaxleoba saTanadod ver
ifunqcionirebs. adamianis janmrTelobisa da ganviTarebis safuZvels
jansaRi kveba warmoadgens.10 adamianis mier miRebuli sakvebis odenoba da
mravalferovneba, xarisxi da usafrTxoeba pirdapir gavlenas axdens
janmrTelobasa da keTildReobaze da Sesabamisad, cxovrebis donis
gaumjobesebaze. saxelmwifo valdebulia jandacvis sistemis reformebis
gatarebasTan erTad yuradReba miaqcios mis qveyanaSi warmoebuli Tu
sxva qveynidan importirebuli sakvebi produqciis xarisxs, daicvas misi
mosaxleoba uxarisxo da janmrTelobisTvis mavne produqtebis
moxmarebisgan. adamianis srulfasovani fizikuri ganviTarebisaTvis
mniSvnelovania rogorc misi kvebis racionis mravalferovneba da maRali
kaloriuloba, aseve mis mier ekologiurad sufTa sakvebis miReba.
adamianis ganviTarebisaTvis aseve mniSvnelovania ganaTleba, romelic
mas uqmnis arCevanis saSualebas da cxovrebiseul SesaZleblobebs,
amcirebs siRaribisa da avadmyofobis dones da individs sazogadoebaSi
ufro myar safuZvels uqmnis. ganaTleba dinamiur samuSao Zalas qmnis da
kargad informirebul moqalaqeebs globaluri masStabiT konkurenciisa
da TanamSromlobis unars aniWebs.
ganaTleba, jandacva da socialuri daxmareba, am urTierT-
dakavSirebuli faqtorebiT miiRweva siRaribis daZleva da qveynis
10
ix. jansaRi kvebis swavleba dawyebiT skolebSi _ tomi 1: qrestomaTia, gv. 2.
19
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba. am faqtorTa mWidro urTierTkavSiri
mdgomareobs SemdegSi: mosaxleobis janmrTelobis gareSe SeuZlebelia
ganaTlebis maRali donis miRweva, xolo Sesabamisi ganaTlebis gareSe
jandacvis sferoc gaumarTavia.
msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis kvlevas
mravali organizacia Tu kompania atarebs. calkeuli qveynisa Tu qalaqis
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis analizisas isini xSirad gansxvavebuli
kriteriumebiT sargebloben, rac zog SemTxvevaSi moulodnel Sedegebs
iZleva. ase magaliTad:
,,2011 wels uSwitch.com-is dakveTiT11 Catarebuli kvlevisas eqspertebi
16 kriteriums iTvaliswinebdnen, romlebic cxovrebis xarisxs
gansazRvravs. esenia: saSualo Semosavali, pirveladi moxmarebis
saqonlis, eleqtroenergiis, produqtebisa da sawvavis Rirebuleba. aseve
wlis ganmavlobaSi mziani saaTebis raodenoba da Tavad mcxovrebTa azri
qveyanaSi cxovrebis donis xarisxze. aRmoCnda, rom am kriteriumebiT did
britaneTSi cxovrebis done gacilebiT dabalia, vidre magaliTad
poloneTSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom britaneTis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba
evropis sxva saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT ufro stabiluria. poloneTis,
safrangeTis, espaneTisa da italiis mosaxleoba ufro nakleb Semosavals
iRebs, magram Tavs gacilebiT bednierad grZnobs. britaneTSi Tavs
bednierad mosaxleobis mxolod 5% aRiqvams. 10%-s ki qveynis datoveba
surs. mTavari faqtorebi, romlebmac reitingSi didi britaneTis adgili
gansazRvra, danaSaulis maRali done, Zaladoba da cxovrebis siZvirea.
,,xangrZlivi samuSao kvira, xanmokle dasveneba, maRali sapensio asaki _
es yvelaferi britanelebisTvis arcTu momxibvlel suraTs qmnis. Cven
yvelaze ZviradRirebuli sakvebi da dizeli gvaqvs, benzinis Rirebuleba
saSualoze maRalia, mziani dReebis raodenoba ki weliwadSi sxva
saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT naklebia,” _ acxadeben kvlevis avtorebi.’’
11http://consulate-georgia.org/?p=7488
20
2012 wels amerikuli kompania ,,Mercer’’-is12 mier msoflios masStabiT
460-ze met qalaqSi Catarebuli kvevebiT, cxovrebis xarisxis mixedviT
qalaqebis reitingSi lideroben vena (avstria), ciurixi (Sveicaria) da
oklendi (ax. zelandia). kvlevis Tanaxmad cxovrebis pirobebze analizi
gakeTda 39 faqtoris mixedviT, romlebic 10 kategoriad iqna
dajgufebuli: politikuri da socialuri garemo, ekonomikuri garemo,
socialur-kulturuli garemo, samedicino da janmrTelobis faqtorebis
gaTvaliswineba, skolebi da ganaTlebis sfero, sazogadoebrivi
momsaxureba da satransporto uzrunvelyofa, dasveneba, samomxmareblo
saqonlis jgufi, sabinao da bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebi.
cxovrebis done rTuli socialur-ekonomikuri kategoriaa da misi
gansazRvra erTi konkretuli maCvenebliT SeuZlebelia, amitom
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis dasaxasiaTeblad iyeneben misi calkeuli
sferoebis monografiul gamokvlevebs da adgenen im maCvenebelTa
sistemebs, romelTa kompleqsuri SeswavliTac axdenen cxovrebis donis
analizs mocemul qveyanasa Tu regionSi.
aqedan gamomdinare sxvadasxva kvleviTma organizaciam mis mier
Catarebul kvlevebSi SeiZleba gamoiyenos gansxvavebuli maCveneblebi,
(cxadia meTodurad gamarTlebuli) romlis safuZvelzec kvlevis
miznidan gamomdinare daaxasiaTebs cxovrebis dones.
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRleba saqarTvelos umTavres mizans
warmoadgens, rac miRweuli unda iqnas qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebiTa
da sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi socialuri politikis gatarebiT.
qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi ki vgulisxmobT, rom is ar unda
aisaxos mxolod cifrebiT mTliani Sida produqtis (mSp) zrdaSi, aramed
ekonomikuri keTildReoba moxmardes TiToeul moqalaqes. qveyanaSi
efeqtiani socialuri da ekonomikuri politikis gatarebamde ki unda
moxdes am ori mimarTulebiT mdgomareobis Sesaxeb sruli informaciis
miReba, Semdeg ki warmoCenili problemebisa da am problemebze moqmedi
12 http://www.mercer.com/press-releases/quality-of-living-report-2012
21
faqtorebis mogvareba Sesabamisi, meTodologiurad gamarTlebuli,
politikis gatarebiT.
im maCvenebelTa sistemis SemuSaveba, romelic daaxasiaTebs qveyanaSi
mosaxleobis cxovrebis dones, unda moxdes adamianis ganviTarebisaTvis
saWiro moTxovnilebebisa da misi uflebebis dacvis safuZvelze.
adamianis uflebebi ver iqneboda erTi da imave arsisa da moculobis
monaTmflobelobis, feodalizmisa da kapitalizmis epoqaSi, is icvleba
kacobriobis progresis pararelurad da viTardeba ekonomikuri,
socialuri da politikuri institutebis warmoqmnasa da srulyofasTan
erTad.
adamianis uflebebis13 aRiareba da dacva saxelmwifos upirvelesi
movaleobaa, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli tipis sazogadoebaSi
cxovrobda an cxovrobs is, misi uflebebi ar icvleba, xolo
saxelmwifos movaleobaa kacobriobis ganviTarebasTan erTad aRmoaCinos
da daicvas isini.
yovel adamians aqvs uflebebi romelsac is, rogorc pirovneba
dabadebidanve iZens da ganisazRvreba im pirobebisa da saSualebebis
saxiT, romlebic saWiroa adamianis Rirseuli cxovrebis pirobebis
SesanarCuneblad. adamianis uflebebi moicavs: samoqalaqo uflebebsa da
politikur Tavisuflebebs, ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul
uflebebs.
pirad anu samoqalaqo uflebebs miekuTvneba: yvela adamianis
Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe, sicocxlis, pativisa da Rirsebis,
Tavisuflebis xelSeuvali uflebebi, sityvis, azris, religiis
Tavisufleba da a.S. politikur uflebebs miekuTvneba: xelisuflebis
mier gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobis ufleba, saarCevno ufleba,
mitingebisa da manifestaciebis Catarebis ufleba da a.S. ekonomikur da
socialur uflebebs miekuTvneba: Sromis ufleba; Sromis samarTliani da
misaRebi dasaqmebis pirobebis ufleba; profkavSirebis Seqmnis ufleba;
13 http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=list&d=6&t=dict&w1=%E1%83%90&w2=%E1%83%93
22
gaficvebis ufleba; ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis uflebebi da sxv.
kulturul uflebebs ki miekuTvneba: sazogadoebis kulturul
cxovrebaSi monawileobis ufleba, samecniero progresis SedegebiT
sargeblobis ufleba da a.S.14
CamoTvlili mTeli rigi uflebebi saxelmwifos zRudavs misi
moqalaqeebis nebis sawinaaRmdego qmedebebSi da avaldebulebs misi
yoveli mcxovrebisaTvis Sesaferisi cxovrebis pirobebis Seqmnisaken.
adamianis uflebebis dacva da moralurad marTebuli samarTlianobis
damkvidreba es is sawyisebia, rac momavalSi socialuri da ekonomikuri
politikis warmatebulad ganxorcielebasTan erTad uzrunvelyofs
qveyanaSi mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis zrdas.
14 http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&d=6&t=2763
23
1.2 mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis aqtualuri sakiTxebis kvlevis
istoriuli ganviTareba
cxovrebis done cvalebadi movlenaa, vinaidan istoriuli periodebis
Sesabamisad icvleba TviT mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebic. sazogadoebis
ganviTarebasTan erTad izrdeba interesi am kategoriis ufro Rrmad da
safuZvlianad Seswavlisadmi. adamianTa ganviTarebisa da samecniero-
teqnologiuri progresis Sesabamisad Cndeba axali moTxovnilebebi da
saWiroebebi, romelTa asaxvac xdeba mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis
Sefasebisas.
,,qveynis ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Sesaxeb jer
kidev uZvelesi droidan bWobdnen kacobriobis didi moazrovneebi. isini
cdilobdnen moecaT cxovrebis donis erTiani Sefaseba. Zvel saberZneTSi
iyo gavrcelebuli devizi: ,,adamianis keTildReoba _ umaRlesi mizania.”
platoni, aristotele, qsenofonte da sxvebi msjelobdnen qveynis
ganviTarebis donis ama Tu im kuTxiT, ganzogadebulad warmoCenas, raSic
aisaxeboda qveynis ganviTarebis safexurebi.’’15 ,,platoni, antikuri xanis
berZeni filosofosi Tvlida, rom idealur sazogadoebaSi umdidresi
adamianis Semosavali ar unda aRematebodes uRaribesi adamianis oTxmag
Semosavals.”16 aRsaniSnavia, rom cneba _ “saSualo fena” pirvelad
gamoiyena aristotelem, romelsac ZiriTadad unda moecva xelosnebi,
vaWrebi da mevaxSeebi, romelTa socialuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareoba
gardamavali iqneboda monebsa da monaTmflobelebs Soris. swored
aristoteles ideas warmoadgens is, rom raodenobrivad rac ufro meti
iqneba sazogadoebis saSulo fena, miT ufro stabiluri iqneba Tavad
sazogadoeba. cnebam ,,saSualo klasi” farTo gavrceleba pova XX
saukuneSi, radganac am periodSi SeiniSneba misi mkveTri raodenobrivi
zrda.
15ix. virsalaZe n. _ mosaxleobis Semosavlebi saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi. quT. 2003, gv. 10. 16ix. virsalaZe n._ mosaxleobis Semosavlebi saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi. quT. 2003, gv. 107.
24
feodalur sazogadoebaSi ki ekonomikis ganviTarebis safuZvels
materialuri dovlaTis Tavisufali mwarmoeblebisa da feodalebze
damokidebuli glexebis Sroma warmoadgenda. adreuli Suasaukuneebis
epoqaSi (V-XI s.s.) feodaluri ekonomikis agraruli xasiaTi, xelosnobisa
da vaWrobis ganuviTarebloba, feodalebis winaSe mwvaved svamda
uzrunveli cxovrebisaTvis fulis qonis problemas.
cxovrebis donis aqtualur sakiTxebs ikvlevdnen cnobili
moazrovneebi: f. kene, T. malTusi, klasikuri politikuri ekonomikis
warmomadgenlebi u. peti, a. smiTi, d. rikardo da sxv. mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis Sefaseba Tavdapirvelad sityvierad xdeboda, frangma
fiziokratma fransua kenem (1694-1774) pirvelma Seavso sityvieri
Sefasebebi raodenobrivi maCveneblebiT. mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis
kvlevis mxriv, aRsaniSnavia adam smitis naSromi ,,gamokvleva xalxTa
simdidris bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb,” sadac gadmocemulia misi
ZiriTadi ekonomikuri ideebi. Semosavlebis Teoriis ganxilvisas ki
a. smiti sazogadoebas sam ZiriTad klasad hyofda: muSebi, kapitalistebi
da miwaTmflobelebi.
mosaxleobis demografiuli problemebi cxovrebis donesTan kavSirSi
mTeli simwvaviT pirvelad daayena ingliselma mecnierma, Tomas robert
malTusma (1766-1834). 1798 wels T. malTusma gamoaqveyna wigni ,,cda
xalxTmosaxleobis kanonis Sesaxeb”, romelSic mosaxleobis zrdis
bunebrivi kanoni daadgina. am kanonis Tanaxmad arsebobs Seusabamoba
mosaxleobis zrdasa da saarsebo saSualebebis zrdas Soris, Tu ki
pirveli izrdeba geometriuli progresiiT, meore maCvenebeli izrdeba
ariTmetikuli progresiiT, amitom dedamiwas emuqreba mosaxleobis
siWarbe, romlis gamokvebasac igi ver SeZlebs.17
cxovrebis donis kvlevaSi aseve mniSvnelovania g. kingis (1648-1712)
mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da xarjebis statistikuri mimoxilva,
romelSic vxvdebiT mosaxleobis danawilebas socialur jgufebad.
17 http://socium.ge/downloads/protosocteoria/malTusisTezisebi.pdf
25
mocemul mimoxilvaSi gansazRvrulia ojaxTa raodenoba TiToeul
socialur jgufSi, ojaxis wevrTa raodenoba, TiToeuli socialuri
jgufis pirTa raodenoba, wliuri Semosavali erT ojaxze da sxv.18
qveynis ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Sefaseba me-19
me-20 saukuneebis mijnaze kidev ufro gafarTovda da vrceli,
mravalferovani xasiaTi miiRo. me-20 saukunis meore naxevarSi win
wamoiwia socialurma aspeqtebma, aSkara gaxda, rom kerZo ekonomikuri
midgoma sakmarisi araa Tanamedrove sazogadoebis cxovrebis donis
dasaxasiaTeblad, vinaidan cxovrebis done farTo cnebaa da is qveynis
ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli da inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis
gamoxatulebaa.19
aRsaniSnavia istoriuli skolis warmomadgenlis fridrix listis
(1789-1846) mosazreba, rom qveynis WeSmariti simdidre da keTildReoba
ganpirobebulia ara gacvliTi faseulobebis raodenobiT, aramed
mwarmoebluri Zalebis ganviTarebis xarisxiT. amasTan mniSvnelovan
rols akuTvnebs politikur siZlieres, xolo politikosebs amocanad
uwesebs eris gaerTianebasa da maTi arsebobis uzrunvelyofas.
cxovrebis donis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maCveneblis umuSevrobis
problemebis gadawyvetis xerxebi warmoadgina j. qeinzma (1883-1946)
naSromSi ,,dasaqmebis, procentisa da fulis zogadi Teoria.” sadac,
j. qeinzi krizisebisa da umuSevrobis Sesamcireblad gadamwyvet rols
saxelmwifos aniWebs, igi iziarebs saxelmwifos Carevis ideas
sazogadoebis mTlian Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi im mizniT, rom
zemoqmedeba moaxdinos ekonomikaze.20
18
ix. benaSvili i. _ saqarTvelos erovnuli Semosavlis statistikuri Seswavlis meTodologia da misi srulyofis gzebi (ekonomikis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili sadisertacio naSromi), Tb., 2010, gv. 20. 19 ix. virsalaZe n. _ mosaxleobis Semosavlebi saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi. quT. 2003, gv. 10. 20
ix. TeTruaSvili z., TeTruaSvili-qardava m. _ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis finansur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi da misi regulirebis meqanizmebi sabazro urTierTobis formirebis pirobebSi, Tb., 2006, gv. 27.
26
globalizaciis procesebis gaRrmaveba moiTxovs sazogadoebis
mxridan axali moTxovnilebebisa da amocanebis wamoyenebas, romlis
gadawyvetis mizniT cxovrebis donis Sesaxeb kvlevebi XXI saukuneSi
kidev ufro gaZlierdeba.
cxovrebis donis maCveneblebs Seiswavlis iseTi mecnierebebi,
rogoricaa filosofia, sociologia, ekonomika, statistika da sxva
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Semswavleli mecnierebebi.
cxovrebis donis statistikas Seiswavlis socialuri statistika,
romelic ikvlevs kidec cxovrebis donis maCveneblebs da mis Semadgenel
sakiTxebs. socialuri statistikis ganviTarebaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis
uiliam petis (1623-1687) Sromebs. a. ketle, r. maio-smiti, a. bouli
ikvlevdnen socialuri statistikis erT-erT aqtualur sakiTxs moralur
statistikas. belgielma statistikosma a. ketlem (1796-1874) pirvelma
gamoiyena monacemTa Segrovebis meTodebi da statistikis maTematikuri
mimdinareoba daafuZna, man Seiswavla adamianis moraluri Tvisebebi da
daadgina, rom sazogadoebrivi movlenebi xasiaTdeba ganviTarebis
Sinagani aucileblobiT.
socialuri statistikis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani roli ekuTvnis
s. g. strumilins (1897-1977), romelic ikvlevda mosaxleobis cxovrebis
dones da mimoixilavda saarsebo minimumsa da muSebis xelfasebs, xolo
d. p. Juravski (1810-1856) ikvlevda mosaxleobis diferenciacias cxovrebis
pirobebisa da socialuri mdgomareobis mixedviT. aseve aRsaniSnavia
u. e. iansonis (1835-1893) mosaxleobis socialuri kvlevebi. f. a. Serbini
(1849-1936), a. v. Caianovi (1888-1937) da e. n. anuCini (1831-1905) awarmoebdnen
saojaxo meurneobebis statistikur kvlevebs. sanitaruli statistikis
ganviTareba ukavSirdeba f. f. erismanisa (1842-1915) da p. i. kurkinis (1858-
1934) kvlevebs, romlebmac daadgines mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis
gavlena maT fizikur ganviTarebasa da janmrTelobaze. cxovrebis donis
kvlevebi aseve asaxulia cnobili ekonomistebis naSromebSi, maT Soris:
rusi statistikosebi – e. kapustini, a. krilovi, v. monanovi, Cexi
27
statistikosebi – o. tureki, k. lauri, i. valteri, germanelebi –
i. kuCingi, a. donda da sxvebi.
qarTvel mecnierTa Soris, romlebic mosaxloebis cxovrebis donis
socialur da ekonomikur sakiTxebs Seiswavlian, aRsaniSnavia:
p. guguSvili, p. lemonjava, a. silagaZe, e. meqvabiSvili, g. gamsaxurdia,
e. kodua, l. Ciqava, v. papava, r. gogoxia, i. mesxia, g. xelaia, r. kakulia,
r. asaTiani, a. jibuti da sxva. mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da
danaxarjebis diferenciaciis, demografiuli da cxovrebis donis sxva
mniSvnelovani kvlevis sakiTxebi ganxilulia q. marSavas, g. gamyreliZis,
S. beraZis, b. gabiZaSvilis, v. omiaZis, z. kirvaliZis, m. xmalaZis,
m. turavas da sxvaTa naSromebSi.
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Sesaxeb da siRaribis problematur
sakiTxebs mravlad vxvdebiT mxatvrul literaturaSic. magaliTad;
viqtor hiugo mis umTavres romanSi ,,sabraloni” naTlad gadmocems
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenis mdgomareobas, maT uTanxmoebasa da
socialur klasebs Soris brZolas. ,, . . . 1823 w. oqtombris bolos
tulonis navsadgurSi Sevida avdariT dazianebuli gemi ,,orioni”, rom
SeekeTebinaT. . . . wesisamebr droSas tiloni zarbaznis TerTmeti
sroliT miesalma. qalaqis salams gemis zarbazani upasuxebda da imanac
TerTmetjer gadauxada madloba Tavis maspinZels. sul ocdaori srola
gaisma. gamoangariSebulia, rom misalmebisas, mefis miRebisas, samxedro
zrdilobisas da madlobisas navsadgurebis da cixe simagreebis
niSnebisas, mzis amosvlis da Casvlisas, karis gaRebis da daketvisas da
sxv. da sxv. dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi dedamiwis zurgis civilizebul
qveynebSi asoTxmocdaaTiaTasjer isvrian zarbazans sruliad
usargeblod. TiTo srola zarbaznisa Rirs eqvsi franki, maS cxraasi
aTasi franki ixarjeba yoveldRe da samasi milioni franki
yovelwliurad. kvamlad iwvis amodeni fuli. es ise, gakvriT aris
moyvanili, wvrilmani da am dros SimSiliT ixoceba gaWirvebuli xalxi.”
28
socialur Temebze romanebi aseve mravlad gvxvdeba jek londonis
SemoqmedebaSi, ,,monebisagan Semdgari saxelmwifo ver iarsebebs.”21 wers
igi. romanSi ,,sabralo adamianebi,” Tedore dostoevski aRwers Raribi
xalxis brZolas sakuTari Rirsebis SegrZnebis naklebobasTan,
damokidebulebas socialur moTxovnilebebze da individualurobis
gaqrobas. siRaribe da mosaxleobis socialuri mdgomareoba msoflio
literaturaSi kidev mravali avtoris SemoqmedebaSia asaxuli.
xalxis yofisa da mdgomareobis amsaxveli nawarmoebebi aseve
mravladaa qarTveli mwerlebis SemoqmedebebSi, am mxriv ki
fasdaudebelia TergdaleulTa; ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, niko
nikolaZis, giorgi wereTlis, kirile lorTqifaniZisa da sxvaTa
moRvaweoba literatur asparezsa da qveynis socialur cxovrebaSi. didia
maTi Rvawli qarTveli xalxis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, sulier da
kulturul ganviTarebaSi. is gamoxatavda xalxis, kerZod ki mSromeli
glexobis, miswrafebas ukeTesi momavlisaken. Rrma socialuri Sinaarsis
matarebelia ilia WavWavaZis Txzulebebi. ,,kacia-adamiani?!’’, ,,aCrdili”,
,,glaxis naambobi” da sxva literaturuli Zeglebi SesaniSnavad
gvixataven batonymuri monobiT gamowveul mZime socialuri mdgomareobis
suraTs. amave socialur ideas gamoxatavda n. nikolaZe Tavis
publicistur werilebSi da mohyavda kidec ilias Semoqmedebidan
citatebi. anton furcelaZem moTxrobaSi ,,marTa” (1865), asaxa socialuri
usamarTloba sazogadoebaSi da glexobis gamosvla am usamarTlobis
winaaRmdeg.
adamianebs moTxovnilebebi yovelTvis ufro meti hqondaT da aqvT,
vidre am moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobebi. amitom maT
mudmiv problemas materialuri dovlaTis gazrda warmoadgens. antikuri
xanidan dRemde yvela sazogadoebaSi adamianTa fenebi gansxvavdebian
ekonomikuri mdgomareobiT, risi mTavari mizezic sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli SezRuduli resursebia. arasakmaris resursebs mudam kerZo
21
citata jek londonis romanidan ,,martin ideni”
29
piri da sazogadoebis mcire jgufi gankargavs da warmoSobs kidec
mosaxleobis ekonomikur uTanasworobas.
mosaxleobis Semosavlebis diferenciacias agreTve iwvevs adamianTa
gansxvavebuli talanti da unari, rac Camoyalibdeba pirovnebis
bunebrivi niWisa da gansxvavebul garemoSi aRzrdis Sedegad. sabazro
ekonomikis pirobebSi wina planze iwevs pirovnebis Tvisebebi, xolo
samarTlian da konkurentul garemoSi arsebobis SemTxvevaSi sakuTari
SesaZleblobebis maqsimalurad warmoCenis saSualebas iZleva. am mxriv,
sabazro ekonomika kidev ufro aZlierebs adamianTa Soris ekonomikur
uTanasworobas. mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis kategoriaSi igulisxmeba
erTis mxric adamianis Sromis pirobebi da meores mxriv is, Tu rogor
xdeba materialuri dovlaTis dagroveba. saqarTveloSi, gansxvavebiT im
qveynebisa, romlebic gamdidrebulni arian gaziTa Tu navTobis
WaburRilebiT, materialuri dovlaTis dagroveba unda xdebodes SromiT,
es iqneba fizikuri Tu gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebiT.
samarTliani sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi adamianis ganviTareba, misi
talanti da niWi unda warimarTos swored Sromis Sedegad materialuri
keTildReobis miRebisken. aqve SeiZleba moviyvanoT profesor giorgi
papavas citata. ,,unda vimuSaoT fulisaTvis, raTa movipovoT saarsebo
saSualebebi, Semdeg ki gaviumjobesoT cxovrebis pirobebi. sxvagvarad
verc viarsebebT da verc vicxovrebT. es yvelas kargad unda gvesmodes.’’22
mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da simdidris uTanabroba yvela
ekonomikuri sistemis periodSi gvxvdeba, mxolod socialisturi sistema
iTvaliswinebda am uTanabrobis aRmofxvras, romelic mxolod ideaSi
darCa da praqtikaSi ver ganxorcielda. mbrZaneblur-administraciuli
sistemis pirobebSi sabWoTa kavSiric ki aRiarebda adamianebs Soris
gansxvavebuli niWisa da unarebis arsebobas, rasac maTi Sromis
gansxvavebul fassa da anazRaurebaSi asaxavda. Sedegad uTanabroba
ikveTeboda mosaxleobis Semosavlebis doneSi.
22
ix. giorgi papava _ sxartulebi pozitiuri Semecnebis zigzagebSi, Tb., 2008, gv. 59.
30
mosaxleobis socialuri niSniT dayofa mravali faqtoriT aris
gamowveuli, romlebic SeiZleba warmovadginoT Semdegi gamsxvilebuli
jgufebis saxiT: a) demografiuli niSniT dajgufeba moicavs:
Sinameurneobebis wevrTa raodenobas, misi wevrebis sqessa da asaks,
dasaqmebulTa raodenobas SinameurneobebSi, aseve maT ganawilebas sqesisa
da asakis mixedviT da sxv. b) socialur-ekonomikuri jgufi aerTianebs:
Semosavlebis wyaroebs; sakuTrebas; ojaxis wevrebis ganaTlebas,
dasaqmebasa da a.S. g) aseve mniSvnelovania geografiuli niSniT
warmodgenili faqtorebi: qveynis geografiuli mdebareoba; misi bunebriv-
klimaturi pirobebi; ekologiuri mdgomareoba; regionuli politikis
warmarTva qalaqsa da sofelSi, mrewvelobis, biznesis, momsaxurebisa da
sxva sferoebis mixedviT.
saqarTvelos msgavsad iseT qveynebSi, sadac jinis koeficienti
maRalia, Semosavlebis uTanabrobis analizisas mTavrobis mxridan
saWiroa im faqtorebis Seswavla, romlebic metwilad moqmedeben
Semosavlebis ganawilebaze da gansazRvraven pirovnebisa Tu mosaxleobis
calkeuli jgufebis socialur statuss.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi Semosavlebis uTanabroba gardauvalia
da am uTanasworobis aRmofxvra SeuZlebeli, amitom qveynis socialur-
ekonomikuri politika mimarTuli unda iyos mosaxleobis Semosavlebs
Soris diferenciaciis Semcirebisken da optimalur donemde misayvanad.
Semosavlebis ganawileba kargad Cans lorencis mrudze (nax. 1.1). sadac;
N RerZi gviCvenebs mosaxleobis ricxovnobis xvedriTi wonis ganawilebas
uRaribesi fenidan umdidresamde, xolo Y RerZi _ mosaxleobis mier
miRebul Semosavlebis xvedriT wonas mTlian SemosavlebSi. A wertili
gamoxatavs Semosavlebis 100%-is ganawilebas mosaxlebis 100%-ze, xolo
E wertili miuTiTebs, rom mosaxleobis 50%-s ekuTvnis mTliani
Semosavlebis 50%, rac niSnavs Semosavlebis absoluturad Tanabar
gadanawilebas mosaxleobaze.23 radgan sabazro ekonomikaSi sruli
23
ix. livSici a.i. _ sabazro ekonomikis Sesavali, Tb., 1996, gv. 220.
31
Tanasworoba ver gveqneba, realuri ganawileba aisaxeba ara wrfeze,
aramed OFA mrudiT (lorencis mrudi). Tu OA diagonalsa da OFA wrfes
Soris arsebul farTobs gavyofT OAB samkuTxedis farTobze, miviRebT
Semosavlebis uTanabrobis maCvenebel jinis koeficients. miRebuli
koeficientis mniSvneloba icvleba 0-dan 1-mde. rac ufro uaxlovdeba
jinis koeficienti 1-s da rac ufro Sorsaa diagonalidan mrudi, miT
ufro naklebad Tanabaria Semosavlebis ganawileba mosaxleobaze.
nax. 1.1
jinis koeficienti da Sesabamisad Semosavlebis uTanabrobis done
ganviTarebad qveynebSi ufro maRalia, vidre ganviTarebul qveynebSi. mis
Sesamcireblad ki yvelaze mniSvnelovani politika mosaxleobis
Semosavlebisa da socialur sferoSi saxelmwifo xarjebis zrdaa.
sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlam sakuTrebis mTavar formad kerZo
sakuTreba aqcia, romlis pirobebSic cxovrebis donis Sefasebis sakiTxi
axleburad daisva. es aris mizezi, rom sazogadoebis SromiTi saqmianobis
Sedegebi ZiriTadad fuliT fasdeba da gansazRvravs maT cxovrebis
dones. cxovrebis donis mixedviT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian aramarto
Y
N 0
A
E
0.5
F
.
1.0
1.0
0.5
B
32
kontinentebi da saxelmwifoebi, aramed mosaxleobis fenebic.
mosaxleobis erT calkeul fenaSic ki gansxvavebulia cxovrebis done,
vinaidan gansxvavebulia TiToeuli adamianis moTxovnileba da misi
dakmayofilebis SesaZlebloba, Sesabamisad sazogadoebis TiToeul wevrs
mosaxleobis socialur ierarqiaSi is adgili ukavia, romelsac misi
individualuri Semosavali ganapirobebs,24 xolo mosaxleobis garkveuli
kategoriis Semosavlebi milioni da miliardi dolariTac ki
ganisazRvreba.
Jurnal ,,Forbes”-is mier gamoqveynebul 2013 wlis miliardelebis
reitingis25 saTaveSia meqsikeli telemagnati karlos slim elu
73 miliardi dolariT, romelic zedized meoTxe welia am reitingSi
liderobs. meore adgils ikavebs ,,Microsoft’’-is damfuZnebeli bil geiTsi,
romlis qonebam 67 miliardi dolari Seadgina. espaneli amansio ortega
romelic ,,Zara’’-s brendiT aris cnobili, mesame adgili daikava 57 mlrd
dolariT. dRes, Tanamedrove teqnologiebi did rols ikavebs adamianTa
cxovrebaSi da met wilad gansazRvravs kidec Cveni cxovrebis wess.
amitomac aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom reitingis saTaveSi myof
miliardelTa umetesma maTganma miliardebi swored Tanamedrove teqnikis
warmoebiT daagrova.
saerTod ki, saSualo sidideebiT (saSualo SemosavlebiT) cxovrebis
donis gansazRvra miaxloebiTia, igi zogadi saxis suraTs gviCvenebs da
ara calkeuli fenebisa Tu pirovnebebis cxovrebis dones. magaliTad,
qveyanaSi sadac umdidres fenas SeiZleba hqondes mkveTrad maRali
Semosavlebi, xolo uRaribess mkveTrad dabali Semosavlebi da miviRoT
maRali saSualo Semosavlebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom xalxis
umravlesobas dabali cxovrebis pirobebi aqvT, rac ukve mosaxleobis
siRaribis doneze aisaxeba. aqedan gamomdinare, Cvens mier ganxiluli
tipis qveynisa da iseTi ganviTarebuli qveynis Sedareba, sadac dabal da
maRal fenis warmomadgenlebis Semosavlebs Soris mcire sxvaobaa, ar 24
ix. g. adeiSvili, r. asaTiani _ ekonomikuri Teoria, Tb., 1998, gv. 452. 25 http://www.forbes.com/billionaires/
33
mogvcems Sedarebis realur suraTs, amitomac viyenebT mosaxleobaSi
Semosavlebis uTanabrobis maCvenebel jinis indeqss.
2012 wlisaTvis msoflios umdidresi qveynebis sia Semdegi cxrilis
saxiT aris warmodgenili (cxrili 1.1).
cxrili 1.1
msoflios umdidresi qveynebi26
qveyana mSp (myidvelobiT unarianobis
paritetis mixedviT)
erT mosaxleze (aSS dolari)
1. yatari 102 211
2. luqsemburgi 79 785
3. singapuri 60 410
4. norvegia 55 009
5. brunei 54 389
6. hong kongi27 51 494
7. aSS 49 922
8. arabTa gaerTianebuli saemiroebi 49 012
9. Sveicaria 45 418
10. kanada 42 734
rogorc Jurnal ,,Forbes”-is mimomxilvelebi acxadeben zog qveyanaSi
simdidre TiTqmis Tanabrad nawildeba, zogierTSi ki Zalian
uTanasworod - rogorc, magaliTad, yatarSi, sadac mosaxleobis umetesi
nawili, faqtobrivad, Ratakia, xolo mSp-is maRali maCvenebeli navTobis
mopovebiT miRebuli mogebis Sedegia. yataris msgavsad, umdidresi
qveynebis umetesobis simdidres bunebrivi resursebi gansazRvravs. meoTxe
adgilosani norvegiis eqsportis naxevari navTobze modis, rac
26 http://knoema.com/atlas/ranks/GDP-per-capita-PPP-based da
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/index.aspx 27
CineTis administraciuli regioni
34
ganapirobebs erT mosaxleze mSp-is maRal maCvenebels. qveyana aseve
msoflios erT-erTi umsxvilesi gazis eqsportioria. erT-erTi umdidresi
saxelmwifo brunei aseve did sargebels iRebs navTobisa da gazis
uzarmazari maragebisgan. arabTa gaerTianebuli saemiroebis gazisa da
navTobis eqsporti 25%-iT ganapirobebs mSp-is maRal maCvenebels.
miuxedavad geografiulad mcire teritoriuli mdebareobisa,
luqsemburgi msoflioSi simdidriT meore adgilzea, romlis mosaxleoba
maRali cxovrebis doniT sargeblobs. luqsemburgis ekonomika rkinisa da
foladis industriaze dgas, XX saukunis meore naxevarSi ki finansur
centrad iqca da agrZelebs muSaobas saerTaSoriso sabanko da safinanso
seqtoris SesanarCuneblad. saerTaSoriso safinanso momsaxureba,
turizmi, navTobisa da bunebrivi airis eqsporti warmoadgens singapuris
simdidres.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, moTxovnilebebi da am moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofileba gansazRvravs cxovrebis dones da vinaidan sazogadoebis
ganviTarebasTan erTad icvleba maTi moTxovnilebebi, cvalebadia
cxovrebis donec.
,,cxovrebis done pirdapir kavSirSia moTxovnasTan, vinaidan moTxovna
aris dakmayofilebuli moTxovnileba. cxovrebis done ki, swored,
dakmayofilebuli moTxovnilebiT ganisazRvreba. aqedan gamomdinare,
mTeli sazogadoebis cxovrebis done damokidebulia erTobliv
moTxovnaze, xolo calkeuli adamianis cxovrebis done _ individualur
moTxovnaze. moTxovna ki TavisTavad damokidebulia Semosavlebsa da
danazogebze. marTalia, danazogebi amcirebs mimdinare moxmarebas da
maSasadame, cxovrebis donesac, magram, samagierod, igi zrdis moxmarebas
momavalSi da Sesabamisad cxovrebis donesac.
pirdapiri kavSiri moTxovnilebasa da cxovrebis dones Soris
vlindeba imiT, rom rac ufro didia moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis
xarisxi, miT ufro maRalia cxovrebis done. moTxovnilebis ganviTarebis
xarisxi ki TavisTavad damokidebulia Tvisebriv cvlilebebTan
35
warmoebaSi _saqonlisa da momsaxurebis axali saxeobebis warmoSobasTan.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi informaciis saSualebebi imdenad ganviTarebulia,
rom axal moTxovnilebebs warmoSobs ara mxolod mdidar, aramed Rarib
fenebSi, anu moTxovnilebebi mosaxleobis rogorc mdidari, ise
Raribi nawilisa erTnairia, SesaZlebloba ki am moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebisa mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli. swored es ganapirobebs
cxovrebis donis gansxvavebulobas da garkveul dapirispirebas
mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenebs Soris. am mxriv yvelaze neitraluria
mosaxleobis saSualo fena.”28
gansxvavebuli moTxovnilebebi vrceldeba pirad, ojaxur, socialur
jgufebSi da sazogadoebaSi.29
adamianis piradi saxis moTxovnilebebi moicavs moTxovnilebebs:
sursaTze, tansacmelze, fexsacmelze, saojaxo nivTebze, sabinao da
sacxovrebel pirobebze, ganaTlebaze, jandacvaze, dasvenebasa da
garTobaze, adamianis uflebebis dacvaze. Tavis mxriv piradi
moTxovnilebebi iyofa pirvelad moTxovnilebebad, rac aisaxeba kvebaze,
tansacmelze, sacxovrebelze da pirveladi moxmarebis sxva sagnebze
moTxovnilebebSi, xolo meore rigis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba
iwyeba maSin, roca sruldeba pirveladi moTxovnilebebi. Sesabamisad,
qveyanaSi pirovnebis individualur doneze cxovrebis standartebis
ganxilvisas, cxovrebis donis zrdaze ver vimsjelebT, Tu ar iqneba
dakmayofilebuli mosaxleobis pirveladi moTxovnilebebi, rac Seexeba
momdevno moTxovnilebebis warmoSobasa da misi dakmayofilebis
SesaZleblobas, is ukve mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis progresze
miuTiTebs da Tavis mxriv cxovrebis maRal standartebs niSnavs.
SinameurneobaTa moTxovnilebebi moicavs pirad moTxovnilebebs da
emateba axali moTxovnilebebi, rac ganpirobebulia ojaxSi mcxovrebTa
28
ix. abesaZe r. _ mosaxleobis cxovrebis donisa da siRaribis zogierTi socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqti, paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis samecniero Sromebis krebuli III, Tb., 2010, gv-ebi: 6-7. 29ix. mesxia i., gabelaSvili k. _ mosaxleobis cxovrebis done, Tb., 2004, gv-ebi: 16-17.
36
ricxovnobiTa da maTi moTxovnilebaTa mravalferovnebiT. am SemTxvevaSi
moTxovnileba izrdeba sacxovrebelze, saojaxo nivTebze, Cndeba axali
saxis danaxarjebi rac saWiroa bavSvis aRzrdisTvis.
socialuri jgufebis moTxovnilebebi es aris saerTo interesebiTa
Tu miznebiT gaerTianebuli adamianebis moTxovnilebebi, rac SeiZleba
iyos samarTlebriv, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvasa da usafrTxoebaze,
erovnuli kulturisa da istoriuli faseulobebis dacvaze, ekologiur
da socialur programebis Sesrulebaze moTxovnilebebi.
sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebi mimarTulia sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis stabilizaciisken da socialuri daZabulobis
aRmosafxvrelad, mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis uzrunvelyofaze,
dasaqmebis problemebis mogvarebaze da a.S.
moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis donis mixedviT cxovrebis done
SeiZleba gaizomos rogorc individualur doneze ise SinameurneobaTa,
calkeuli socialuri jgufebisa Tu mTliani qveynisaTvis (1.1).
100N
nK
)1.1(
sadac; K aris cxovrebis donis zogadi maCvenebeli, n -
dakmayofilebul moTxovnilebaTa maCvenebeli, xolo N - moTxovnilebebi,
romelTa srulad dakmayofileba cxovrebis maRal dones gansazRvravs.
am meTodiT, cxovrebis donis zogadi maCveneblis gamosaTvlelad
individualur doneze saWiroa pirovnebis moTxovnilebebis gansazRvra,
xolo mTlianad qveynisaTvis _ sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa erT
sistemad gamosaxva. analogiurad moxdeba cxovrebis donis gansazRvra
mocemul regionsa Tu mosaxleobis socialur jgufSi.
erTi SexedviT martivi formulis gamoTvlaSi n maCveneblis
gansazRvra advilia, is N-is, anu mTliani moTxovnilebebis nawilia,
romelic Sesrulda. sirTules ki generaluri erTobliobis (N) povna
37
warmoadgens, rac dakavSirebulia cxovrebis umaRlesi standartis zeda
zRvaris gansazRvrasTan, radganac istoriuli periodis nebismier
safexurze adamianTa moTxovnilebebi ganusazRvrelia, gansakuTrebiT ki
Tanamedrove periodSi, sadac teqnikurma progresma aramarto aqamde
arsebuli moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba SeZlo, aramed warmoSva axali
moTxovnilebebi da saWiroebebi.
imisaTvis, rom am ideam abstraqtuli saxe ar miiRos, SeiZleba
ganvixiloT 2 meTodi riTac SevZlebdiT cxovrebis standartebisaTvis
zeda zRvaris dawesebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi mecnierul doneze unda
ganisazRvros is saSualebebi, romlebic srulad upasuxeben adamianTa
moTxovnilebebs cxovrebis maRal doneze arsebobisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebidan cxovrebis doniT
arcerTi ar moxvdes maRal ganviTarebul qveynebis jgufSi. amitom meore
meTodi gulisxmobs maRali cxovrebis donis standartebis zeda zRvari
dadgindes im qveynebis magaliTidan, romelTac msoflios qveynebSi
yvelaze ukeTesi maCvenebeli aqvT cxovrebis donis maCvenebelTa
sistemidan. am meTodis gamoyenebis upiratesoba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
dgindeba zeda zRvari, rac SesaZlebels xdis gamoiTvalos cxovrebis
donis saerTo maCvenebeli. cxadia mocemuli maCveneblebis mniSvnelobebi
periodulad unda gadaixedos, raTa msoflio ganviTarebis axal etapze
moxdes gaumjobesebuli mniSvnelobebiT Canacvleba.
cxovrebis donis miuxedavad bednierebis gancda yvela adamianSi
gansxvavebuli da individualuria, vinaidan is damokidebulia adamianis
subieqtur moTxovnilebebze. aqedan gamomdinare, cxovrebis donis
ganxilva subieqturi midgomiT SeiZleba davukavSiroT bednierebis
cnebas. am gagebiT umdidresi adamiani SeiZleba ise ar miiCnevdes Tavs
bednierad, rogorc saSualo fenis warmomadgeneli. cxovrebis donis
38
zogadi maCveneblis msgavsad, bednierebis indeqsi SeiZleba gamoisaxos
Semdegi saxiT (1.2).
100M
mI )2.1(
sadac; M iqneba pirovnebis subieqturi moTxovnilebebi, xolo m -
dakmayofilebuli moTxovnilebebi.
SemoTavazebuli formulebi (1.1) (1.2) Teoriuli modelis saxes
atareben da moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis donis sailustracio
magaliTad aris moyvanili. praqtikuli mniSvnelobiT cxovrebis donis
maCveneblis gaangariSebas momdevno TavebSi cxovrebis donis
maCvenebelTa sistemis ganxilvis Semdeg movaxdenT. subieqturi midgomiT
cxovrebis donis anu bednierebis indeqsis gamoTvla ki SeiZleba moxdes
Semdegi saxiT (cxrili 1.2).
cxrili 1.2
subieqturi niSniT cxovrebis donis indeqsis gaangariSeba
(bednierebis indeqsi)
(pirobiTi magaliTi)
moTxovnilebis
saxeebi rangis
mniSvnelobebi
rangis
wonebi
)(w
baluri
mniSvneloba
(1-10) )(b
indeqsis
mniSvnelobebi
bwi
1. moTxovnileba #1 5 0.33 7 2.33
2. moTxovnileba #2 4 0.27 8 2.13
3. moTxovnileba #3 3 0.20 5 1.00
4. moTxovnileba #4 2 0.13 9 1.20
5. moTxovnileba #5 1 0.07 5 0.33
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.00 7.00
pirvel etapze xdeba im moTxovnilebebis gansazRvra rac pirovnebis
subieqturi midgomiT gamoixateba, Semdeg ki am moTxovnilebebisadmi
rangis miniWeba. momdevno etapze xdeba TiToeuli moTxovnilebis wonis
39
gamoTvla da am moTxovnilebis subieqturi azris mixedviT,
dakmayofilebis balur mniSvnelobaze (1-dan 10-mde) gadamravleba.
miRebuli indeqsis mniSvneloba aseve 1-dan 10-mde intervals moicavs.
ganxiluli pirobiTi magaliTis (cxrili 1.2) mixedviT, pirovnebis
cxovrebis donis indeqsma 7.0 Seadgina.
cxovrebis donis mixedviT gansxvavdebian kontinentebi, qveynebi, aseve
sazogadoebis Semadgeneli socialuri jgufebi, xolo bednierebis aRqma
gansxvavebulia rogorc calkeul adamianSi, aseve is cvalebadia
TiToeul pirovnebaSi Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze, vinaidan adamianis
zrdasa da ganviTarebasTan erTad icvleba misi moTxovnilebebic. aqedan
gamomdinare, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom adamianebSi moTxovnilebebs Soris
gansxvaveba Tavs iCens aramarto cxovrebis pirobebis, aramed sqesis,
asakis, eTnikuri warmomavlobis, religiuri mrwamsisa Tu kulturuli
Taviseburebebis mixedviT.
dRes, saqarTvelosTvis sabazro urTierTobebze gardamavali
ekonomikis pirobebSi gamowvevas warmoadgens konkurentuli da sabazro
moTxovnilebebis Sesadarisi ekonomikuri garemos Seqmna, sadac
gamarTuli socialuri sfero, rogorc mTel sazogadoebas, ise mis
TiToeul wevrs keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis garantias miscems, xolo
saxelmwifom prioritetul amocanad unda daisaxos qveyanaSi siRaribis
daZleva da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis zrda.
40
Tavi 2. cxovrebis donis kvlevis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi
2.1 cxovrebis donis maCvenebelTa sistema
mosaxleobis cxovrebis done gamoxatavs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
garkveul etapze adamianTa cxovrebis pirobaTa erTobliobas da
axasiaTebs mosaxleobis fizikuri, socialuri da sulieri dovlaTis
moxmarebis donesa da xarisxs.
cxovrebis donis kategoriaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs
moTxovnilebis dinamika da struqtura, romelic swrafad icvleba
sazogadoebrivi progresis paralelurad. mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis
zrdis tempebi ki damokidebulia qveynis ekonomikur potencialze, anu
imaze, Tu ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli mosaxleobis materialuri da sulieri
moTxovnilebebis uzrunvelyofa.
saerTaSoriso statistikaSi ganasxvaveben mosaxleobis cxovrebis
dones viwro da farTo gagebiT.
viwro gagebiT _ cxovrebis dones axasiaTebs rogorc sinTezuri
(erovnuli Semosavali, realuri Semosavali, saSualo xelfasi,
sacalo saqonelbrunva da sxva), ise kerZo (kvebis produqtebis,
tansacmlis, fexsacmlisa da avejis moxmareba rogorc
absoluturi maCveneblebiT, ise erT mosaxleze gaangariSebiT)
maCveneblebi.
farTo gagebiT _ cxovrebis dones, zemoT aRniSnulTan erTad
axasiaTebs socialuri maCveneblebi (Svebulebis xangrZlivoba,
Sromis dacva, samuSao kviris da samuSao drois, agreTve
Tavisufali drois xangrZlivoba, eqimebisa da saavadmyofo
sawolebis raodenoba 10 000 macxovrebelze. umaRles, saSualo
da dawyebiT saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis raodenoba 10 000
macxovrebelze da a.S.).
41
farTo gagebiT cxovrebis donis ganxilvisas gamoiyeneba termini
,,cxovrebis xarisxi”. radgan rogorc ukve ganvixileT, is moicavs
cxovrebis pirobebs, dasaqmebasa da Sromis pirobebs, ganaTlebas,
dasvenebas da sxv. aqedan gamomdinare cxovrebis xarisxis kvlevisas
aucilebelia am kategoriis Seswavla.
praqtikaSi gamoyofen mosaxleobis cxovrebis oTx dones:
1) uzrunvelyofili done (keTildReoba), romlis pirobebSic
SesaZlebelia adamianis yovelmxrivi ganviTareba; 2) cxovrebis
normaluri done, romelic iTvaliswinebs racionalur moxmarebas
mecnierulad dasabuTebuli normebis mixedviT da SesaZlebels xdis
adamianis fizikuri da inteleqtualuri Zalebis aRdgenas; 3) siRaribe,
romlis pirobebSic SesaZlebelia mxolod Sromisunarianobis
SenarCuneba. igi warmoadgens samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoebis qveda zRvars;
4) siRatake, masSi igulisxmeba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis nakrebi,
romelic saSualebas iZleva SenarCundes adamianis sicocxlisunarianoba.
bolo periodSi ekonomistebisa da sociologebis kvlevebSi
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Sefaseba-daxasiaTebisadmi mravali midgoma
Camoyalibda. SemuSavda meTodebi, maCveneblebi, riTac makroekonomikuri
analizis axal meTodologias Caeyara safuZveli, xolo misi ZiriTadi
instrumenti gaxda erovnul angariSTa sistema. es ukanaskneli ZiriTadad
ekonomikuri Semecnebisa da regulirebis amocanebs emsaxureba, am
sistemiT vacnobierebT qveynis, Tu msoflio masStabiT ekonomikuri
saqmianobis Sedegebs.
amJamad, cxovrebis donis dasaxasiaTeblad statistika iyenebs ara
erT, aramed socialur-ekonomikur maCvenebelTa mTel sistemas.
Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi ar gvxvdeba mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis kategoriis erTmniSvnelovani gansazRvra, aseve farToa
im maCvenebelTa CamonaTvali, romelic aucilebelia misi statistikuri
daxasiaTebis adekvaturobisaTvis.
42
samecniero literaturaSi ganxilulia is faqtorebi, romlebic
yvelaze metad axdenen gavlenas cxovrebis donis formirebaze. maTgan
gamoyofen xuT ZiriTad jgufs:
1) saxelmwifos socialuri politika: saxelmwifo politika
ganaTlebis dargSi, saxelmwifo politika jandacvis dargSi, miznobrivi
socialuri daxmareba da sxva socialuri transfertebi, saxelmwifo
politika Sromis bazarze;
2) Sromis bazris faqtorebi: moTxovna-miwodeba, samuSao adgilebis
araerTgvarovneba, dasaqmebis araerTgvarovani SesaZleblobebi,
arasakmarisi informaciuli uzrunvelyofa, momuSaveTa qceva,
damqiraveblis qceva;
3) samedicino faqtorebi: mosaxleobis janmrTelobis saerTo
mdgomareoba, samedicino momsaxurebis xarisxi da xelmisawvdomoba;
4) sociokulturuli da istoriuli faqtorebi: tradiciebi da
mentaliteti, samomxmareblo standartebi, cxovrebis wesi da ojaxuri
faseulobebi;
5) demografiuli faqtorebi: sqesi, asaki, ojaxis sidide, ojaxis
Semadgenloba.
saerTaSoriso statistikaSi ikveTeba axali faqtorebi da pirobebi,
rac ganasxvavebs sxvadaxva qveynis mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis
Sesadarisobas. am faqtorebs miekuTvneba:
geografiuli faqtorebi;
erovnuli tradiciebi da Taviseburebebi;
qveynis inteleqtualuri potencialis done;
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done;
finansuri sistemis mdgomareoba;
bunebrivi resursebiT uzrunvelyofa.
cxovrebis donis maCveneblebis ganxilvisas ucxour literaturaSi
Tanxmdebian im mosazrebaze, rom cxovrebis done icvleba droTa
ganmavlobaSi da cxovrebis donis standartebisadmi midgomas ase xsnian;
43
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis maCveneblebi mWidro kavSirSia cxovrebis
xarisxTan. keTildReobis done, komforti da materialuri faseulobebi
xelmisawvdomia garkveuli socialuri klasisTvis, garkveul geografiul
arealSi. sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom cxovrebis donis standarts
miekuTvneba Semdegi faqtorebi: Semosavlebi, dasaqmebis pirobebi da
xelmisawvdomoba, Svebulebis dReebis raodenoba weliwadSi, mosaxleobis
fenebs Soris uTanabroba, siRaribis done, sabinao pirobebi da xarisxi,
mSp, erovnuli ekonomikis zrda, inflacia, xelmisawvdomi (an ufaso) da
xarisxiani jandacva, xarisxiani da xelmisawvdomi ganaTleba, sicocxlis
saSualo xangrZlivoba, daavadebaTa SemTxvevebi, saqonlis Rirebuleba da
momsaxureba, infrastruqtura, ekonomikuri da politikuri stabiluroba,
politikuri da religiuri Tavisufleba, garemos dacva, klimati da
usafrTxoeba.
gaeros mier 1978 wels SemuSavebulia cxovrebis donis maxasiaTebeli
maCvenebelTa sistema, romelic rekomendirebulia yvela qveynisTvis.
aRniSnuli maCveneblebia:
1. mosaxleobis demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi;
2. sasursaTo saqonlis moxmareba;
3. Sromis pirobebi da dasaqmeba;
4. mosaxleobis Semosavlebi da danaxarjebi;
5. cxovrebis Rirebuleba da samomxmareblo fasebi;
6. sabinao pirobebi;
7. sanitarul-higienuri pirobebi;
8. ganaTleba da kultura;
9. satransporto saSualebebiT uzrunvelyofa;
10. socialuri uzrunvelyofa;
11. dasvenebis organizacia;
12. adamianis uflebebi.
cxovrebis donis kategoriis sirTule da mravalwaxnagoba
ganapirobebs misi kompleqsuri daxasiaTebis aucileblobas maCvenebelTa
44
sistemis safuZvelze. cxovrebis donis yvela elementi obieqturad
urTierTdakavSirebulia, rac ganapirobebs kidec maCvenebelTa
urTierTkavSirs.
problemis srulyofili analizis moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare,
ganvixiloT cxovrebis donis maCvenebelTa sistemis SemuSavebis etapebi.
gaeros eqspertTa komitetis angariSSi, h-34 B (XIV) rezoluciis
Tanaxmad, 1954 wels gamoqveynda cxovrebis donis sazomi standartebis
saerTaSoriso gansazRvra. dokumentis momzadeba moxda Sromis
saerTaSoriso organizaciasTan da sxva specializebuli saagentoebis
eqspertTa mcire jgufebTan TanamSromlobiT, sadac ganisazRvra kidec
saerTaSoriso doneze yvelaze metad misaRebi da damakmayofilebeli
cxovrebis donis sazomi meTodebi da sxvadasxva qveynisTvis cvlilebebis
Setana, saerTaSoriso Sesadarisobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
momdevno etapze, 1959 wlis seqtemberSi, JenevaSi socialuri
programebis gansaxilvelad Sekrebil eqspertTa mier momzadda
dokumenti, romelic warmoadgenda cxovrebis donis maCvenebelTa
sistemis safuZvels, romelic aisaxa 1961 wels gamocemul publikaciaSi.
eqspertTa mier rekomendirebuli komponentebi warmodgenili iyo Semdegi
saxiT.30
1. jandacva, maT Soris demografiuli mdgomareoba;
2. sakvebi da sasursaTo saqonlis moxmareba;
3. ganaTleba, maT Soris wignierebis done da unarebi;
4. Sromis pirobebi;
5. dasaqmebis mdgomareoba;
6. mTliani xarjebi da danazogebi;
7. satransporto saSualebebiT uzrunvelyofa;
8. biniT, maT Soris sayofacxovrebo saSualebebiT uzrunvelyofa;
9. tansacmliT uzrunvelyofa;
10. dasveneba da garToba;
30 INTERNATIONAL DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT OF LEVELS OF LIVING, UNITED NATIONS, New York, 1961
45
11. socialuri uzrunvelyofa;
12. adamianis Tavisufleba.
kvlevis avtorebi aRniSnavdnen, rom CamoTvlilTagan zogierTi
komponenti ufro metad moqmedebda cxovrebis donis Sefasebaze, vidre
sxvebi. magaliTad maCvenebeli, romelic asaxavs dasaqmebis komponentebs,
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli cxovrebis donis SefasebasTan, xolo saeWvoa,
unda ganixilebodes Tu ara satransporto uzrunvelyofa cxovrebis
donis maCveneblad. transportireba pirvel rigSi sxva miznebis miRwevis
saSualebaa da garkveul garemoebebSi SeuZlia warmoadginos cxovrebis
Rirebuleba. iseTi makroekonomikuri indikatorebi, rogoricaa mTliani
xarjebi da danazogebi, warmoadgenen cxovrebis donis mniSvnelovan
maCveneblebs da mTlianad qveynis ekonomikis struqturas, magram ar
gaiTvaliswineba cxovrebis donis iseTive pirdapir sazomad, rogoric
aris, magaliTad ganaTlebis done da sasursaTo saqonlis moxmareba.
aqedan gamomdinare SemoTavazebul iqna cxovrebis donis Semdegi
maCveneblebi:
1. jandacva;
2. sakvebi da sasursaTo saqonlis moxmareba;
3. ganaTlebis done;
4. dasaqmeba da Sromis pirobebi;
5. sabinao pirobebi;
6. socialuri uzrunvelyofa;
7. tansacmliT uzrunvelyofa;
8. dasvenebis organizacia;
9. adamianis Tavisufleba.
rogorc CamonaTvalSi Cans, maCvenebelTa sistemaSi ori kategoria,
Sromis pirobebi da dasaqmebis mdgomareoba, gaerTianebulia erT
maCvenebelSi, dasaqmeba da Sromis pirobebi. amoRebulia satransporto
saSualebebiT uzrunvelyofa, mTliani xarjebi da danazogebi, rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT isini kavSirSi arian cxovrebis donis maCvenebelTa
46
sistemasTan, magram ar arian iseTive mWidro kavSirSi, rogorc zemoT
CamoTvlili sxva maCveneblebi. SemoTavazebul iqna, rom SemdgomSi es
kategoriebi fonad damateboda cxovrebis donis maCveneblebs,
rogorc sabazo (ZiriTadi) informacia. mocemuli kategoriebi SeiZleba
warmovadginoT Semdegi saxiT:
1. mosaxleoba da Sromis bazari;
2. Semosavlebi da xarjebi;
3. kavSirgabmuloba da transportireba.
masobrivi komunikaciebi;
fosta da kavSirgabmuloba;
satransporto uzrunvelyofa.
winaswari socialuri maCveneblebis miTiTebebi saxelmZRvanelod
miiRes gaeros statistikuri komisiis me-19 sesiaze, 1976 wels.31 amave
dros komisiis gadawyvetilebiT unda momxdariyo saxelmZRvanelos
gamoqveyneba da farTod gavrceleba. mogvianebiT, 1978 wels, am
maCveneblebis bazaze gamoica publikacia. publikaciis mimoxilvisas
kvlevis avtorebma gaiTvaliswines rogorc erovnuli, ise saerTaSoriso
midgomebi da im droisaTvis arsebuli cnebebi da socialuri
maCveneblebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom gaeros winaswari miTiTebebis
saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxiluli iyo sxva da sxva cnebebi da socialuri
maCveneblebi, maT moaxdines ekonomikuri, socialuri da demografiuli
maCveneblebis harmonizeba da Tavis mxriv ekonomikur indikatorebTan
dakavSireba. swored am principebs miyveba gaeros statistikuri ofisis
mier 1978 wels gamocemuli saxelmZRvanelo.
erovnul doneze, maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis socialuri
maCveneblebi efuZneba regularul sabazo safuZvlebs, xolo
ganviTarebadi qveynebis maCvenebelTa sistema _ droebiT baziss.
krebulebSi mocemuli es maCveneblebi Tanabrad rekomendirebulia yvela
31 HANDBOOK ON SOCIAL INDICATORS, UNITED NATIONS, New Yourk, 1989.
47
qveynisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, zogierT ganviTarebul qveyanaSi mocemuli
maCveneblebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. magaliTad,
safrangeTi, didi britaneTi, SvedeTi da kanada, sxva qveynebisagan
gansxvavdebian maTi maCveneblebis kombinirebuli analiziTa da monacemTa
masStabebiT.
aziisa da wynari okeaneTis regionSi, avstralia, iaponia da indonezia
socialur maCveneblebs sul mcire or weliwadSi erTxel mainc
aqveyneben. sapirispirod, afrikaSi sakmaod mcirea im qveynebis
CamonaTvali, sadac realurad xdeba am maCveneblebis damuSaveba da
Semdgom maTi gamoqveyneba. cxovrebis donis maCvenebelTa sistemis
mimomxilvelebis did interess warmoadgens amerika, sadac brazilia da
trinidadi da tobako warmoadgenen im qveynebis magaliTebs, romlebsac
sul mcire orjer mainc aqvT gamoqveynebuli socialuri maCveneblebis
amsaxveli publikaciebi.
mosaxleobis keTildReobis maCveneblebis SemuSaveba didi xania
statistikosebis interesTa sferoSia, bolo periodSi ki politikosebis,
mediisa da sazogadoebis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebac moipova.
evrokavSirSi farTo diskusiebis Sedegad mividnen im daskvnamde, rom
mxolod mSp ver axasiaTebs mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis progress da
mizanSewonilad miiCnies mosaxleobis keTildReobis maCveneblebis
kompleqsuri saxiT wardgena.
ramdenime iniciativis Semdeg, evropis statistikis sistemis komitetis
(ESSC) mier 2011 wlis noemberSi evrokavSirisaTvis SemuSavda cxovrebis
xarisxis maCveneblebi.
aq warmodgenili maCveneblebi ganxiluli unda iqnes, rogorc
pirveli mcdeloba, romelic aerTianebs cxovrebis xarisxis Semdeg
indikatorebs:32
1. cxovrebis materialuri pirobebi;
2. dasaqmeba da Sromis pirobebi;
32 http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/quality_life/introduction
48
3. jandacva;
4. ganaTleba;
5. dasveneba da socialuri mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi;
6. ekonomikuri da mosaxleobis fizikuri usafrTxoeba;
7. saxelmwifo mmarTveloba da samarTlianoba;
8. bunebrivi da sacxovrebeli garemo;
9. adamianis moraluri mdgomareoba, rac aerTianebs Semdeg
maCveneblebs: adamianis cxovrebiT kmayofileba, cxovrebis dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi gavlenebi, adamianis cxovrebiseuli mizani da daniSnuleba.
statistika mosaxleobis cxovrebis dones Seiswavlis sxvadasxva
WrilSi: mTliani mosaxleobis mixedviT, qalaqisa da soflis
mosaxleobis mixedviT, regionebis mixedviT. Cvens mier warmodgenil
naSromSi statistikuri maCveneblebis am kuTxiT ganxilva, saSualebas
mogvcems gavakeToT mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis siRrmiseuli analizi.
cxovrebis donis maCveneblebi SeiZleba daiyos zogad da kerZo
indikatorebad. zogads miekuTvneba: 1) mTliani Sida produqti da
mTliani erovnuli Semosavali erT mosaxleze; 2) cxovrebis Rirebulebis
indeqsi; 3) mosaxleobis myidvelobiTunarianobis indeqsi; 4) adamianis
ganviTarebis indeqsi (HDI).
kerZo maCveneblebia: saSualo Semosavlebi, saSualo danaxarjebi,
saSualo xelfasi, sasursaTo produqtebis moxmareba, saarsebo minimumi
da sxva.
kerZo maCveneblebi axasiaTeben cxovrebis donis konkretul mxareebs
da TiToeul maTgans ganvixilavT cxovrebis donis maCvenebelTa sistemis
analizisas.
zogadi maCveneblebi cxovrebis dones zogadad axasiaTeben rogorc
mTeli qveynis, ise misi regionebis mixedviT.
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maCvenebelia mTliani Sida
produqti, xolo mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amsaxveli _ mSp erT
mosaxleze gaangariSebiT, rasac me-4 TavSi, qveynis ekonomikuri
49
ganviTarebis sakiTxis analizisas ganvixilavT. ekonomikuri zrda
aucilebelia, magram ar aris sakmarisi. mSp erT mosaxleze gaangariSebiT
asaxavs mosaxleobis cxovrebis dones zogadad, magram srulebiTac ar
iZleva garantias, rom im moculobis Tanxebi rac mocemuli
periodisaTvis iqneba gaangariSebuli, srulad moxmardeba TiToeul
moqalaqes. ekonomikuri zrda ar aris garanti arc samuSao adgilebis
zrdis da arc imis, rom ekonomikis zrdiT mxolod mdidari fena ar
isargeblebs da samarTlianad gadanawildeba sxva fenis
warmomadgenlebze.
cxovrebis donis zogadi maCvenebelia adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi
(HDI). adamianis ganviTareba niSnavs misi potencialis realizebas. es
aris is, risi gakeTebac SeuZliaT adamianebs da rasac SeuZliaT rom
miaRwion. mocemuli indeqsis mTavari daniSnulebaa gansazRvros qveynis
adamianuri ganviTarebis done. is moicavs cxovrebis donis Semdeg
ZiriTad maCveneblebs: sicocxlis mosalodneli saSualo xangrZlivoba,
ganaTlebis done da qveynis mTliani erovnuli Semosavali erT
mosaxleze gaangariSebiT.
mosaxleobis myidvelobiTi unarianobis indeqsi samomxmareblo
fasebis indeqsis Sebrunebuli indeqsia. is gviCvenebs Tu ramdenad
Semcirda an gaizarda fulis realuri Rirebuleba mimdinare periodSi
sabazisosTan SedarebiT.
Sesabamisad myidvelobiTunarianobis Semcireba cxovrebis donis
dacemaze mianiSnebs, xolo zrda _ cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebaze.
cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsi gaiangariSeba samomxmareblo fasebis
harmoniuli indeqsiT da ganisazRvreba samomxmareblo kalaTaSi Semavali
produqciis fasebiT. es maCvenebeli mniSvnelovania qveynebs Soris
fasebisa da cxovrebis Rirebulebis Sesadareblad da mocemul qveyanaSi
cxovrebis donis suraTis saCveneblad.
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi (sfi) gviCvenebs fasebis cvlilebebs
erT romelime qveyanaSi an qalaqSi drois garkveul periodSi, xolo
50
roca vixilavT cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqss, maSin sxva qveynebis
fasebis indeqsi gamoiTvleba erTi romelime qveynis samomxmareblo
fasebze SedarebiT, romelic SeiZleba iTqvas am qveynebis baziss
warmoadgens. am indeqsis mniSvnelobas gansazRvravs samomxmareblo
fasebis saerTaSoriso Sesadarisobis miRweva.
zemoT ganxiluli indeqsebi mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis
daxasiaTebis mniSvnelovani kriteriumebia, swored maTi mniSvnelobidan
da aqtualurobidan gamomdinare, mocemul maCveneblebs ufro detalurad
ganvixilavT amave Tavis momdevno 2.2 da 2.3 paragrafebSi.
51
2.2 adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis dinamika saqarTveloSi
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi (agi) _ msoflios nebismieri
qveynisTvis misi ganviTarebis indikators warmoadgens da aerTianebs am
ganviTarebis iseT sazomebs, rogoricaa: sicocxlis saSualo
xangrZlivoba axaldabadebulTaTvis, ganaTlebis done da mTliani
erovnuli Semosavali erT mosaxleze (Zveli meTodologiiT mSp erT
mosaxleze) gaangariSebiT. adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi gaeros mier
aRiarebulia adamianis ganviTarebis gansazRvris standartul
saSualebad. es indeqsi aseve cnobilia, rogorc humanuri ganviTarebis
indeqsi (Human Development Index). ”Human” qarTulad iTargmneba rogorc
adamiani, aqedan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia misi, adamianis ganviTarebis
indeqsis saxelwodebiT gamoyeneba.
indeqsis mTavari daniSnulebaa gansazRvros qveynis adamianis
ganviTarebis done, romelic aseve im jgufs gansazRvravs, romelsac es
qveyana ganekuTvneba – umaRlesi ganviTarebis, maRali ganviTarebis,
saSualo ganviTarebisa Tu dabalganviTarebul qveyanaTa jgufs.
zogadad, ,,adamianuri ganviTareba” _ esaa koncefcia, ,,gaerTianebuli
erebis ganviTarebis programis” (UNDP) mixedviT, exeba adamianTa
SesaZleblobebis zrdis process, Semosavlebis zrdas, dasaqmebas,
ganaTlebis miRebisTvis ukeTesi pirobebis Seqmnas, jandacvas da a.S.33
sainteresoa, rom es indeqsi 1980 wels SeimuSaves pakistanelma da
britanelma ekonomistebma _ mahbub el haqma da ser riCard jolim.
1998 wlidan, ,,gaeros ganviTarebis programa” Tavis yovelwliur
,,adamianis ganviTarebis angariSSi” iyenebs am indeqss.
2010 wlidan adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis gaangariSebis
meTodologiam mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada. ganvixiloT rogorc
Zveli meTodologiiT, ise axali meTodologiiT gaangariSebuli agi. 33
ix. maia mindoraSvili _ humanuri ganviTarebis indeqsi: istoria da realoba. Jurn. ekonomika da biznesi #5, 2011, gv-ebi: 69-91.
52
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis Zveli meTodologiiT
gasaangariSeblad gamoiyeneboda 3 ZiriTadi maCvenebeli.
1) dabadebulTaTvis sicocxlis mosalodneli saSualo xangrZlivoba;
2) mosaxleobis ganaTlebis done;
3) mSp-is Rirebuleba erT mosaxleze.
TiToeuli am maCveneblis indeqsis gamoTvla xdeba Semdegi
formuliT:
I =)min()max(
)min(
xx
xx
sadac, x faqtobrivi mniSvnelobis maCvenebelia, xolo max(x) da
min(x) _ Sesabamisi maCveneblis maqsimaluri da minimaluri mniSvnelobebi.
1) dabadebulTa sicocxlis mosalodneli saSualo xangrZlivoba
gamoiTvleba formuliT: I 1 = 2585
251
X,
sadac, 1X aris dabadebulTa sicocxlis mosalodneli saSualo
xangrZlivobis faqtiuri sidide. gaeros eqspertebis mier dabadebisas
mosalodneli sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobis maqsimalur
mniSvnelobad miCneuli iyo 85 weli, xolo minimalur mniSvnelobad 25
weli.
2) mosaxleobis ganaTlebis done iangariSeba Semdegi formuliT:
I 2 = 21 3/13/2 ii ,
sadac, 1i _ 15 wlisa da ufrosi asakis wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa
xvedriTi wonaa, 2i _ 24 wlamde asakis axalgazrdebis xvedriTi wonaa
mTlian mosaxleobaSi, romelic swavlobs dawyebiT, saSualo da umaRles
saswavleblebSi.
3) mSp-is Rirebuleba erT mosaxleze, gaiangariSeba Semdegi
formuliT:
I 3 =)100lg()40000lg(
)100lg()lg( 3
X,
53
sadac, 3X mSp-is faqtobrivi Rirebulebaa erT mosaxleze, xolo
gaeros eqspertebis mier mSp-is mimarT TveSi minimalur mniSvnelobad
dadgenili iyo 100 aSS dolari, maqsimalur mniSvnelobad ki 40000 aSS
dolari.
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi mocemuli sami maCveneblis indeqsTa
saSualo ariTmetikulis tolia.
I =3
321 III .
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi adgens kriteriumebs da gviCvenebs am
kriteriumebis mixedviT Tu ra safexurzea esa Tu is qveyana. es
yvelaferi gamosaxulia maCvenebliT 0-dan 1-mde.
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis axali meTodologiiT gaangariSebaSi
cvlilebebi ganicada zogierTma maCvenebelma. kerZod, swavlebis saSualo
xangrZlivoba izomeba ara 15 wlidan, aramed _ 25 da zeviT asakis pirTa
mimarT. meore maCvenebeli, swavlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba gaizomeba
skolaSi Sesvlis oficialurad dadgenili asakidan sicocxlis
bolomde, Tu qveyanaSi SenarCundeba ganaTlebis miRebis gavrcelebuli
tendenciebi. axali meTodologiiT Semosavlebis done izomeba ara mSp-is,
aramed meS-is saSualebiT erT mosaxleze. cvlilebaa agi-is gamoTvlisas
saSualo ariTmetikulis nacvlad saSualo geometriulis gamoyeneba.
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis axali meTodologiiT gaangariSeba 2010
wlidan dainerga da periodulad midis misi subindeqsebis
mniSvnelobebis ganaxleba, bolo aseTi ganaxleba moxda 2013 wels,
romelic asaxulia adamianis ganviTarebis amave wlis angariSSi.
axali agi Tanabar wonebs aniWebs rogorc samive indikators, aseve
ganaTlebis orive subkomponentsac, rac xazs usvams samive komponentis
Tanabar mniSvnelobas adamianis ganviTarebisaTvis. saSualo
geometriulis gamoyenebis dadebiT mxared unda miviCnioT is faqtori,
rom axali agi-is indeqsSi erTi maCveneblis dabali mniSvneloba wrfivad
aRar kompensirdeba danarCeni maCveneblebis mniSvnelobebiT.
54
ufro konkretulad, praqtikuli magaliTis safuZvelze vaCvenebT Tu
ra gansxvavebaa saSualo ariTmetikuliTa da saSualo geometriuliT
gaangariSebebs Soris. ganvixiloT adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis sami
SesaZlo varianti, romelTa subindeqsebsac gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebi
aqvT.34
varianti A = (0.1, 0.5, 0.9)
varianti B = (0.2, 0.6, 0.7)
varianti C = (0.5, 0.5, 0.5)
saSualo ariTmetikuliT gaangariSebuli TiToeuli variantis
mniSvnelobebi Seadgens:
varianti A = (0.1 + 0.5 + 0.9) / 3 = 0.5
varianti B = (0.2 + 0.6 + 0.7) / 3 = 0.5
varianti C = (0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5) / 3 = 0.5
saSualo geometriuliT gaangariSebisas viRebT Semdeg mniSvnelobebs:
varianti A = 3 9.05.01.0 = 0.36
varianti B = 3 7.06.02.0 = 0.44
varianti C = 3 5.05.05.0 = 0.5
SevniSnavT, rom saSualo ariTmetikuliT gaangariSebis dros yvela
varianti iRebs Tanabar mniSvnelobebs, miuxedavad imisa Tu rogor
icvleba maTi Semadgeneli sami elementis mniSvnelobebi, xolo saSualo
geometriuliT gaangariSebisas A variantSi dabal maCvenebelze imoqmeda
pirveli elementis umciresma mniSvnelobam, xolo C varianti orive
SemTxvevaSi Tanabaria, vinaidan samive elementi Tanabaria.
34 TRAINING MATERIAL FOR PRODUCING NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS, Final draft (October 2011), pg. 8.
55
2013 wlis adamianis ganviTarebis angariSSi danergili axali
meTodologiiT adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi aseve iyenebs sam ZiriTad
maCvenebels.35
1) sicocxlis xangrZlivobis indeqsi, romelic gamoiTvleba
formuliT: I 1=206.83
201
x; sadac, 1x aris sicocxlis mosalodneli saSualo
xangrZlivoba axalSobilTaTvis, Tu maTi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi
SenarCunebuli iqneba dabadebisas arsebuli asakobrivi mokvdaobis
tendenciebi. sicocxlis xangrZlivobis minimaluri zRvari (20 weli)
efuZneba medisonisa (2010) da reilis (2005) grZelvadian istoriul
mtkicebulebas, xolo maqsimaluri zRvari Seesabameba iaponiis 2012 wlis
maCvenebels.
2) ganaTlebis indeqsi; I 2 =971.0
21 ii ; sadac, 1i aris 25 wlis da zeviT
asakis mosaxleobis mier mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli
ganaTlebis xangrZlivoba ganaTlebis TiToeuli safexuris
xangrZlivobis gaTvaliswinebiT (wlebSi). 2i _ saskolo asakis bavSvis
swavlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba, Tu misi sicocxlis manZilze
SenarCundeba ganaTlebis miRebis mimdinare tendenciebi. 0.971 warmoadgens
axali zelandiis kombinirebuli ganaTlebis indeqss, xolo 1i da 2i
subindeqsebis gaangariSeba xdeba Semdegnairad;
1i03.13
01
f; 2i
00.18
02
f
sadac, 13.2 weli aris swavlis saSualo xangrZlivobis maqsimaluri
mniSvneloba, 20.6 weli _ swavlis mosalodneli xangrZlivobis
maqsimaluri mniSvneloba, xolo minimaluri zRvari orive SemTxvevaSi
aris 0. Sesabamisad 1f da 2f faqtobrivi maCveneblebia.
35 http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/100106.html da http://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/OPHI-RP-29a.pdf-2011.pdf?cda6c1
56
3) Semosavlebis indeqsi; I 3 =)100ln()87478ln(
)100ln()ln( 2
x; sadac, 2x aris qveynis
mTliani erovnuli Semosavlis faqtobrivi maCvenebeli erT mosaxleze
(aSS dolari). 87 478 aSS dolari aRebulia Semosavlebis maqsimalur
mniSvnelobad, xolo minimalur mniSvnelobad _ 100 aSS dolari, amasTan
Semosavlebis es maCveneblebi mocemulia myidvelobiTi unarianobis
paritetis mixedviT.
Semosavlebis indeqsis gaangariSebisas axali meTodologia iyenebs
naturalur logariTmebs (ln), nacvlad aTis fuZiT logariTmisa (lg).
logariTmebis gamoyenebis meTodi saSualebas iZleva Semosavlebis
indeqsi danarCeni ori indeqsis Sesadarisi iyos.
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis saboloo saxe samive maCveneblis
saSualo geometriulis tolia.
HDI= 3321 III
cxrili 2.1
agi-s subindeqsebis maqsimaluri da minimaluri mniSvnelobebi36
maCveneblebi maqsimaluri mniSvneloba minimaluri mniSvneloba
sicocxlis mosalodneli
xangrZlivoba
83.6
(iaponia, 2012)
20.0
swavlis
saSualo xangrZlivoba
13.3
(aSS, 2010)
0
swavlis mosalodneli
xangrZlivoba
18.0
0
kombinirebuli
ganaTlebis indeqsi
0.971
(axali zelandia, 2010)
0
mTliani erovnuli
Semosavali erT
mosaxleze (myidvelobiTi
unarianobis paritetis
mixedviT, aSS dolari)
87 478
(yatari, 2012)
100
36 http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/100106.html
57
arsebobs mosazrebebi, rom agi-is mniSvneloba gadaWarbebulia, xolo
misi komponentebis Sefasebis SemosazRvra 0-sa da 1-s Soris
aramarTebuli, radgan mdidar qveynebs aRar eZlevaT saSualeba reitingi
gaiumjobeson, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT saamiso resursebi gaaCniaT.
agreTve is aZnelebs dinamikaSi qveynis realuri progresisa Tu regresis
dadgenas, vinaidan damokidebulia sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobaze.
indeqsis naklovanebad miiCneva is faqtic, rom indeqsSi materialuris
garda ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli sulieri da moraluri faseulobebi.37
gaviangariSoT adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi 2012 wels
saqarTveloSi. gaangariSebisaTvis faqtobrivi monacemebi cxrilis saxiT
warmovadginoT Semdegi saxiT (cxrili 2.2).
cxrili 2.2
agi-s faqtobrivi maCveneblebi saqarTvelosTvis, 2012 weli38
maCveneblebi saqarTvelo
sicocxlis mosalodneli
xangrZlivoba dabadebisas (weli) 73.9
swavlis
saSualo xangrZlivoba (weli) 12.1
swavlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba
(weli) 13.2
mTliani erovnuli Semosavali erT mosaxleze
(myidvelobiTi unarianobis paritetis mixedviT, aSS dolari)
5 005
sicocxlis xangrZlivobis indeqsi I1 847.0206.83
209.73
sadac, 73.9 weli aris sicocxlis mosalodneli saSualo xangrZlivoba
axalSobilTaTvis saqarTveloSi, 83.6 _ maqsimaluri mniSvneloba, xolo
20 _ minimaluri.
37ix. maia mindoraSvili _ humanuri ganviTarebis indeqsi: istoria da realoba. Jurn. ekonomika da biznesi #5, 2011, gv. 81. 38 Human Development Index and its components, Table 1.
58
ganaTlebis indeqsi I 841.0971.0
733.0910.02
910.003.13
01.121
i
733.0
00.18
02.132
i
sadac, ganaTlebis indeqsi aris 0.971, swavlis saSualo xangrZlivobam
saqarTveloSi Seadgina 12.1 weli, xolo maqsimalurma mniSvnelobam _ 13.3
weli. swavlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba saqarTveloSi aris 13.2 weli,
xolo maqsimaluri mniSvneloba _ 18.0 weli.
Semosavlebis indeqsi I 578.061.438.11
61.452.8
)100ln()87478ln(
)100ln()5005ln(3
sadac, mTliani erovnuli Semosavali erT mosaxleze saqarTveloSi
Seadgens 5005 aSS dolars (myidvelobiTi unarianobis paritetis
mixedviT), 87 478 aSS dolari aris maqsimaluri mniSvneloba, xolo
minimaluri _ 100 aSS dolari.
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi.
HDI= 3321 III
HDI = 3 578.0841.0847.0 = 0.745
2012 wels adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsma saqarTveloSi Seadgina
0.745. am maCvenebliT saqarTvelo msoflios 187 qveynis reitingSi 72-e
adgils ikavebs da maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufSia.
Semosavlebis indeqsi mniSvnelovnad dabalia rogorc sicocxlis
xangrZlivobis, ise ganaTlebis indeqsTan SedarebiT da ganapiroba kidec
saerTo indeqsis mniSvnelobis Semcireba. Tu saerTo indeqsis
gaangariSebaSi meS-s gamovricxavT, maSin agi-is indeqsis mniSvnelobas
miviRebT 0.845-s, rac imas niSnavs rom meS-is dabalma maCvenebelma
potenciurad 37 sareitingo adgiliT maRla yofnis SesaZlebloba
59
dagvakargina. aqedan gamomdinare, meS agi-s zrdis mTavari resursia,
xolo momavalSi qveynis ekonomikis ganviTareba da erovnuli Semosavlis
zrda sawindari gaxdeba adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis reitingSi
saqarTvelo ufro maRal safexurze vixiloT, vidre dRes aris.
72-e adgils saqarTvelo dominikis, libanisa da sent kitsi da
nevisis qveynebTan erTad inawilebs. wina welTan SedarebiT saqarTvelos
agi-s maCvenebeli gaizarda, Tumca reitingSi 75-e adgilidan, 3 safexuriT
win aweva pirobiTia, radganac gauTanabrda am sami qveynis maCvenebels.
rac Seexeba pirvel adgils mas norvegia ikavebs, romlis koeficienti
aris 0.955. xolo reitingis aTeulSi norvegiasTan erTad moxvdnen
avstralia, aSS, holandia, germania, axali zelandia, irlandia, SvedeTi,
Sveicaria da iaponia.
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis geografiuli niSniT ganxilvisas
unda aRiniSnos, rom indeqsis maRali maCveneblebiT gamoirCeva dasavleT
evropisa da skandinaviis qveynebi, xolo msoflios qveynebis reitingis
bolo adgilebze yvelaze uaresi maCveneblebiT, afrikis qveynebi gadian.
bolo 187-e adgiliT reitings kongos demokratiuli respublika da
nigeri asruleben.
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis maCveneblebi saqarTveloSi 2005-2012
wlebSi Semdeg mniSvnelobebs iRebs (cxrili 2.3).
cxrili 2.3
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi amierkavkasiaSi39
wlebi
qveyana 1980 1990 2000 2005 2007 201040 2011 2012
saqarTvelo (72) _ _ _ 0.713 0.732 0.735 0.740 0.745
azerbaijani (82) _ _ _ _ _ 0.734 0.732 0.734
somxeTi (87) _ 0.628 0.648 0.695 0.723 0.722 0.726 0.729
39
Human Development Index trends, 1980–2012, table 2. 40
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis gaangariSeba 2010 wlidan mocemulia axali meTodologiiT.
60
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsiT saqarTvelo mis mezobel qveynebs win
uswrebs, Tumca samive qveyana maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufs
miekuTvneba.
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis komponentebis mixedviT 2012 wels
Semdegi saxis suraTs viRebT:
1. sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba dabadebisas: somxeTi (74.4),
saqarTvelo (73.9), azerbaijani (70.9).
2. swavlis saSualo xangrZlivoba: saqarTvelo (12.1), azerbaijani (11.2).
somxeTi (10.8).
3. swavlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba: saqarTvelo (13.2), somxeTi
(12.2), azerbaijani (11.7).
4. mTliani erovnuli Semosavali (meS) erT sul mosaxleze:
(myidvelobiTi unarianobis paritetis mixedviT, aSS dolari): azerbaijani
(8 153), somxeTi (5 540), saqarTvelo (5 005).
rogorc vxedavT, meS-is erT mosaxleze gaangariSebiT CamovrCebiT
Cvens mezobel qveynebs, es gansxvaveba gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia
azerbaijanis maCvenebelTan Sedarebisas. rac Seexeba danarCen
komponentebs, sicocxlis xangrZlivobis mixedviT saqarTvelo meore
adgils ikavebs da mcirediT CamorCeba somxeTs, ganaTlebis indeqsis
mxriv ki saqarTvelo mowinave adgilzea da swored es indeqsi
gansazRvravs Cvens ukeTes reitings danarCen qveynebTan SedarebiT.
postsabWoTa sivrceSi qveynebis agi-is reitingebi diagrama 2.1-Si aris
warmodgenili.
mocemul reitingSi saqarTvelo me-7 adgils ikavebs. pirvel adgilzea
estoneTi, xolo yirgizeTi da tajikeTi bolo poziciebs inawileben.
reitingSi lideroben baltiispireTis qveynebi, xolo centraluri
aziis qveynebidan mxolod yazaxeTi gamoirCeva maRali maCvenebliT.
umaRles ganviTarebul jgufSi, romelic pirveli sareitingo jgufia,
moxvdnen: estoneTi, litva, latvia.
61
diagrama 2.1
post-sabWoTa qveynebis agi-is reitingebi, 2012 weli
maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufSi Sedian: belarusi, ruseTi,
yazaxeTi, saqarTvelo, ukraina, somxeTi, azerbaijani.
saSualo ganviTarebul qveynebis jgufSi ki erTiandebian: TurqmeneTi,
moldova, uzbekeTi, yirgizeTi da tajikeTi.
zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos adamianis ganviTarebis
indeqsi (0.745) aRemateba msoflios saSualo maCvenebels, romlis
koeficientic udris 0.694-s, rac erTis mxriv dadebiT Sedegad unda
CaiTvalos, Tumca Sesadarisad ver gamodgeba, radganac saSualo indeqsis
gamoyvanaSi dabali ganviTarebis qveynebis maCveneblebic monawileoben da
gavlenas axdenen saerTo indeqsis mniSvnelobaze.
ganvixiloT adamianis ganviTarebisa da misi subindeqsebis
mniSvnelobebi dinamikaSi (diagrama 2.2). sadac kargad Cans, rom
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
tajikeTi (125)
yirgizeTi (125)
uzbekeTi (114)
moldova (113)
TurqmeneTi (102)
somxeTi (87)
azerbaijani (82)
ukraina (78)
saqarTvelo (72)
yazaxeTi (69)
ruseTi (55)
belarusi (50)
latvia (44)
litva (41)
estoneTi (33)
0.622
0.622
0.654
0.660
0.698
0.729
0.734
0.74
0.745
0.754
0.788
0.793
0.814
0.818
0.846
62
sicocxlis xangrZlivobisa da ganaTlebis indeqsebi aWarbebs sami
subindeqsis saSualo maCvenebels. agi-s maCvenebeli mxolod Semosavlebis
indeqss aRemateba. mocemuli diagramidanac kargad Cans, rom mTliani
erovnuli Semosavali mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens agi-s dabal
mniSvnelobaze. cxadia adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis zrda bevrad
iqneba damokidebuli Semosavlebis indeqsis zrdaze, rac miRweuli unda
iqnes qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebiTa da mTliani erovnuli Semosavlis
zrdiT.
diagrama 2.2
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsisa da misi subindeqsebis dinamika
saqarTveloSi, 2005-2012 wlebi
mniSvnelovani iqneba vnaxoT Tu rogor Seicvleba adamianis
ganviTarebis indeqsi momaval wlebSi, rasac movaxdenT misi subindeqsebis
momavalSi SesaZlo mniSvnelobebis gansazRvriT eqstrapolaciis
meTodiT (cxrili 2.4).
sicocxlis xangrZlivobis indeqsis prognozirebisas, eqstrapolaciis
bazad aRebuli gvaqvs bolo 5 wlis monacemebi (2008-2012 wlebi). wrfivi
gantoleba miiRebs Semdeg saxes: XY 003.0836.0 .
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
agi 0.713 0.719 0.732 0.730 0.732 0.735 0.740 0.745
sicocxlis xangrZlivobis indeqsi 0.833 0.835 0.837 0.839 0.842 0.844 0.848 0.851
ganaTlebis indeqsi 0.824 0.82 0.84 0.829 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842
Semosavlebis indeqsi 0.531 0.545 0.559 0.561 0.555 0.561 0.569 0.578
63
ganaTlebis indeqsis samomavlo mniSvnelobebi ucvlelad davtoveT,
vinaidan 2009-2012 wlebSi ar Secvlila da 0.842-s Seadgenda. xolo am
indeqis SesaZlo samomavlo mateba, mniSvnelovan gavlenas ar moaxdens
saerTo maCvenebelze.
Semosavlebis indeqsis prognozirebisas, eqstrapolaciis bazad
viRebT 2005-2012 wlebis maCveneblebs, ris safuZvelzec wrfivi gantoleba
miiRebs Semdeg saxes: XY 005.0533.0 .
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis mniSvnelobebi TiToeuli wlisaTvis
miRebulia, am wlebSi agi-s subindeqsebis mniSvnelobebis saSualo
geometriulis gamoTvliT:
748.0581.0842.0854.032013 HDI ;
751.0587.0842.0857.032014 HDI ;
754.0592.0842.0860.032015 HDI ;
757.0597.0842.0863.032016 HDI ;
760.0603.0842.0866.032017 HDI .
cxrili 2.4
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis saprognozo trendi saqarTveloSi,
2013-2017 wlebi
maCveneblebi 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
sicocxlis xangrZlivobis indeqsi 0.854 0.857 0.86 0.863 0.866
ganaTlebis indeqsi 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842
Semosavlebis indeqsi 0.581 0.587 0.592 0.597 0.603
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi 0.748 0.751 0.754 0.757 0.760
mocemuli prognoziT saqarTvelo adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis
reitingSi, maRal ganviTarebul qveynebis jgufSi darCeba da Sesabamisad
momaval 5 wlian perspeqtivaSi umaRlesi ganviTarebis qveynebis jgufSi
64
gadasvlas ver moaxerxebs. miuxedavad amisa, agi-s zrda dadebiT
tendenciad unda Sefasdes.
,,adamianis ganviTareba’’ niSnavs qveynis potencials, Seuqmnas
adamianebs xangrZlivi da janmrTeli cxovrebis pirobebi, uzrunvelyos
codnis miRebis SesaZleblobiTa da materialuri dovlaTiT, rac miscems
maT farTo SesaZleblobebs sazogadoebaSi Rirseuli cxovrebisaTvis.
aqedan gamomdinare, adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi unda ganvixiloT ara
im maCveneblad, romelic qveynis ekonomikur potencials gansazRvravs,
aramed im maCveneblad, romelic gviCvenebs Tavisi potencialis Tu ra
nawilis realizacia SesZlo sazogadoebam da ra SesaZleblobebi aqvT
mocemul qveyanaSi mcxovreb adamianebs ganviTarebisaTvis.
saqarTvelo misi ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT, ganviTarebad qveyanaTa
jgufs miekuTvneba, adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsiT ki misi adgili
maRalganviTarebul qveynebis jgufSia. saqarTvelosTvis mTavar amocanas
im potencialis efeqtianad gamoyeneba warmoadgens, rac mas adamianuri
dovlaTis saxiT aqvs da rac saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis cxovrebis
donis zrdisa da ukeTesi cxovrebis pirobebis sawindari gaxdeba.
65
2.3 saqarTvelos mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis zogadi maCveneblebis
analizi
cxovrebis donis zogadi maCveneblebidan am TavSi ganvixilavT
mosaxleobis myidvelobiTunarianobasa da cxovrebis Rirebulebis
indeqss.
fasebis arseboba ganpirobebulia saqonlis Rirebulebis fuladi
formiT gamosaxvis aucileblobiT. sabazro urTierTobis pirobebSi
fasebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba rogorc sabazro procesebis
normalurad warmarTvaSi, aseve misi ganviTarebis orientirebis
gansazRvraSi.
fasebis statistikis erT-erTi sawyisi da umniSvnelovanesi
movaleobaa is, rom man fasebisa da faswarmoqmnis kanonzomierebani unda
Seiswavlos sabazro urTierTobebisaTvis Sesaferisi ekonomikuri
Teoriebis safuZvelze. saqonlis Rirebulebisa da aqedan gamomdinare
fasis gansazRvrisaTvis Seqmnilia iseTi Teoriebi, rogoricaa: SromiTi
Rirebulebis Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac Rirebuleba iqmneba masze
daxarjuli SromiT da igi ganisazRvreba sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli
samuSao droiT. zRvruli sargeblianobis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac
Rirebuleba regulirdeba saboloo produqtis zRvruli sargeblianobiT
da subieqturad xdeba misi Sefaseba myidvelisa da gamyidvelis mier.
inflacia aris fasebis saerTo donis zrda. is aseve moiazreba,
rogorc fulis myidvelobiTunarianobis kleba.
ekonomistebi gamoyofen 4 tipis inflacias: 1) moTxovniT gamowveuli
inflacia, rodesac moTxovna aWarbebs ekonomikaSi arsebul mTlian
miwodebas. mas aseve uwodeben monetarul inflacias; 2) xarjebiT
gamowveuli inflacia, rodesac mza produqtebsa da momsaxurebaze fasebi
imatebs nedl masalebze fasebis zrdis gavleniT an roca xelfasebis
mateba warmoebuli produqciis erTeul fass zrdis; 3) faswarmoqmniT
gamowveuli inflacia (dawesebuli fasis inflacia), rac xdeba maSin,
66
roca ramdenime biznesi gadawyvets moumatos fasebs sakuTari mogebis
gazrdis mizniT, am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs oligopoliur inflaciasTan.
oligopoliebs SeuZliaT karteluri garigebebiT daaweson sakuTari
fasebi da gazardon survilisamebr; 4) seqtoruli inflacia, rodesac
erT seqtorSi fasebis zrda iwvevs sxva seqtorSi fasebis zrdas. mag;
navTobze fasebis zrda iwvevs sakvebisa da navTobproduqtebze
damokidebul seqtorebSi fasebis zrdas. ekonomikaSi aseve ganasxvaveben
importirebul inflacias, romelic gvxvdeba im qveynebSi, romlebic
damokidebulni arian importze. am dros, importirebul produqciaze
fasebis zrda qveyanaSi inflaciis donis zrdis faqtorad gvevlineba.41
fasebis statistikis Seswavlis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia:
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsisa da mwarmoebelTa fasebis indeqsis
daTvla, saerTaSoriso Sedarebebis programa anu valutis
myidvelobiTunarianobis paritetTa saerTaSoriso Sedarebebi.
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi (sfi) _ aris inflaciis sazomi
indeqsi, romelic warmoadgens samomxmareblo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
fiqsirebuli kalaTis nominaluri Rirebulebis fardobas amave kalaTis
sabaziso wlis fasebSi gamosaxul RirebulebasTan. samomxmareblo
fasebis indeqsi zomavs im fasebis saSualo cvlilebas, romelsac
ixdis mosaxleoba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fiqsirebuli kalaTis
SesaZenad.
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis gamosaTvlelad iyeneben laspeiresis
formulas:
00
01
qp
qpI
sadac, fasebis saSualo cvalebadoba gaiangariSeba sabaziso
periodis wonebis mixedviT.
sfi aris mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri indikatori, rogorc inflaciis
yvelaze farTo sazomi, xolo rogorc deflatori, sfi gamoiyeneba
ekonomikuri maCveneblebis mosawesrigeblad fasebis cvlilebis mixedviT. 41
ix. EPRC _ inflacia saqarTveloSi _ gamomwvevi mizezebi da daZlevis gzebi, Tb., 2012, gv. 14.
67
mwamoebelTa fasi _ aris fasi, romliTac mwarmoebeli yidis mis
mier warmoebul produqcias, anu es adgilobrivi mwarmoeblis mier
warmoebuli produqciis fasia ,,sawarmos karebTan”, aqcizis
CaTvliT, dRg-sa da satransporto xarjebis gareSe. mwarmoebelTa
fasi warmoadgens safuZvels mwarmoebelTa fasebis indeqsis
gaangariSebisaTvis.
Sedarebis evropuli programa daiwyo 1979 wels. igi Seiqmna im mizniT,
rom uzrunvelyos fasebisa da mTliani Sida produqtis moculobebis
Sedarebebi. Eevropis qveynebSi msgavsi Sedarebebi yvela monawile
qveynisagan moiTxovs krebsiT saSualo wliur erovnuli xarjebis
dayofas. saerTaSoriso Sedarebebis programis mizania fasebisa da
mTliani Sida produqtis moculobebis Sedarebis SesaZlebloba.
myidvelobiTunarianoba es aris fulis realuri Rirebuleba, anu
fulis is fasi romelic gviCvenebs sabaziso da saangariSo periodebSi
erTi da imave moculobis TanxebiT ra raodenobis produqciis SeZena
iqneboda SesaZlebeli.
mosaxleobis myidelobiTi unarianobis indeqsi samomxmareblo fasebis
indeqsis Sebrunebuli sididea.
cxril 2.5-Si naCvenebia: samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsebi mocemuli
wlis wina welTan SedarebiT (dekemberi wina wlis dedkemberTan),
inflacia da ganxilulia laris myidvelobiTunarianobis indeqsebis
cvlilebebi 2004-2012 wlebSi.
mocemul periodSi inflaciis yvelaze maRali done 2007 da 2010
wlebSi dafiqsirda, xolo 2012 wels ki deflacia miviReT. Tu sabaziso
periodad 2003 wels aviRebT, maSin vnaxavT, rom laris
myidvelobiTunarianoba 2003 welTan SedarebiT yovel wels mcirdeba.
ase magaliTad, 2004 wels laris myidvelobiTi unari mxolod 7%-iT
Semcirda, xolo 2012 wels _ 40%-iT. Tu ki myidvelobiTunarianobas
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis zogad maCveneblad ganvixilavT, maSin,
saqarTveloSi cxovrebis done daeca. mosaxleobas gaZvirebuli
68
produqciis SeZena uwevs da ra Tanxadac 2003 wels SeiZendnen
produqcias, 10 wlis Semdeg igive Tanxad SeeZloT 40%-iT naklebi
moculobis produqciis yidva.
cxrili 2.5
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis dinamika saqarTveloSi,
2004-2012 wlebi
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
inflacia (%) 7.5 6.2 8.8 11.0 5.5 3.0 11.2 2.0 -1.4
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi (dekemberi wina wlis dekemberTan)
107.5 106.2 108.8 111.0 105.5 103.0 111.2 102.0 98.6
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi (sabaziso meTodiT 2003 welTan)
107.5 114.2 124.2 137.9 145.5 149.8 166.6 169.9 167.6
myidvelobiTunarianobis indeqsi
jaWvuri meTodiT
(yoveli momdevno weli wina welTan)
0.93 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.95 0.97 0.90 0.98 1.01
sabaziso meTodiT (2003 welTan) 0.93 0.876 0.805 0.725 0.687 0.667 0.600 0.588 0.597
,,saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis prognoziT wliuri inflaciis
maCvenebeli miznobriv dones miuaxlovdeba 2014 wlis bolos. arsebuli
prognozis ZiriTad risk faqtors kvlav miwodebis mxare warmoadgens,
kerZod ki SesaZloa 2014 wels sursaTisa da importirebuli
energomatareblebis fasebi saerTaSoriso da adgilobriv bazrebze
mosalodnelze swrafad gaizardos. aseve mniSvnelovania moTxovnis
mxare. kerZod ki saxelmwifos mier gazrdili socialuri xarjebi
SesaZloa pirveladi samomxmareblo produqciis fasebze aisaxos. meore
mxriv, inflaciaze sapirispiro riskebs qmnis biznesis da Sida
69
investiciebis dabali aqtivoba, ramac SesaZloa adgilobrivi fasebis
arasaTanado zrda ganapirobos.”42
cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsi rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gamoiyeneba
qveynebs Soris fasebis Sesadareblad.
saintereso suraTs iZleva mocemuli maCveneblis Sedareba sxva
qveynebis fasebis indeqsebze (cxrili 2.4). sanam uSualod cxrilis
maCveneblebis ganxilvaze gadavalT, ganvmartoT TiToeuli indeqsis
mniSvneloba.
cxrilSi mocemuli ineqsebi Sedarebulia qalaq niu-iorkis fasebTan,
rac niSnavs, rom niu-iorkSi TiToeuli maCvenebeli unda iyos 100(%), Tu
magaliTad sxva qveynis, sasursaTo fasebis indeqsi Seadgens 120-s, es imas
niSnavs, rom am qveyanaSi sasursaTo fasebi aris 20%-iT Zviri vidre
niu-iorkSi, xolo Tu indeqsi Seadgens 70-s, es imas niSnavs, rom mocemul
qveyanaSi sasursaTo fasebi niu-iorkTan SedarebiT 30%-iT iafia.
sasursaTo fasebis indeqsebi miRebulia TiToeuli qveynis sasursaTo
produqtebis fasebis SedarebiT niu-iorkis fasebTan, restornebis
fasebis indeqsi miiReba restornebsa da barebSi sakvebisa da sasmelebis
fasebis SedarebiT niu-iorkis fasebTan.
adgilobrivi myidvelobiTi indeqsi gviCvenebs, procentulad ramdeniT
naklebi an meti produqciis SeZena SeuZlia mocemuli qveynis
mosaxleobas saSualo xelfasiT niu-iorkis mosaxleobis saSualo
xelfasTan SedarebiT.
saqarTvelos samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsma Seadgina 56.07, es
maCvenebeli gviCvenebs, rom saqarTveloSi samomxmareblo saqonelze
fasebi 44%-iT iafia niu-iorkis fasebTan SedarebiT, sasursaTo saqonlis
fasebi TiTqmis 60%-iT, xolo restornebis fasebi 50%-iT iafi.
saqarTveloSi mocemuli indeqsebi misi mezobeli qveynebis analogiur
maCveneblebze bevrad dabalia, mxolod sasursaTo fasebis mcirediT
maRali done aqvs somxeTTan SedarebiT, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom
42
ix. inflaciis mimoxilva (noemberi) _ saqarTvelos erovnuli banki 2013, gv. 5.
70
samomxmareblo saqonlis SesaZenad cxovreba saqarTveloSi ufro iafia
vidre mis mezobel da cxadia ganviTarebul qveynebSi.
cxrili 2.6
cxovrebis Rirebulebis maCveneblebi,43 2012 weli
qveynebi samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi
sasursaTo fasebis indeqsi
restornebis fasebis indeqsi
adgilobrivi myidvelobiTi
indeqsi norvegia 151.34 142.37 150.23 92.62
Sveicaria 141.31 130.55 123.11 127.45
germania 88.55 72.15 76.20 114.37
aSS 83.06 77.65 68.74 116.48
azerbaijani 71.24 53.20 68.17 26.38
TurqeTi 65.26 47.31 48.21 52.57
ruseTi 64.85 49.67 67.55 43.86
somxeTi 62.75 38.38 53.15 20.71
saqarTvelo 56.07 40.93 49.09 29.38
indoeTi 33.39 33.82 21.10 60.11
zemoT mocemuli reitingidan romelic msoflios 90 qveynis
monacemebze iqna Sedgenili, fasebis yvelaze maRali indeqsi norvegiaSia,
xolo yvelaze dabali indoeTSi. rac imas niSnavs, rom cxovreba
norvegiaSi ufro Zviria, vidre indoeTSi. miuxedavad aseTi sxvaobisa,
norvegiaSi bevrad maRalia cxovrebis done, vidre indoeTSi da am
ukanasknelSi fasebis indeqsis dabali mniSvneloba, ar iZleva cxovrebis
maRali donis garantias. amasTan tendencia aseTia: rac ufro
maRalganviTarebuli da maRali cxovrebis standartebis mqonea qveyana,
miT ufro maRalia iq cxovrebis Rirebuleba. ase, rom
maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi, fasebic Sesabamisad maRalia. cxovrebis
Rirebuleba norvegiaSi ufro maRalia vidre indoeTSi, magram cxovrebis
43 http://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/rankings_by_country.jsp
71
maRali done norvegiaSi vlindeba bevrad maRali saSualo realuri
xelfasiT vidre indoeTSi, saxelmwifos mier socialur uzrunvelyofaze
gaweuli maRali danaxarjebiT, xolo maRal samomxmareblo fasebis
pirobebSi mosaxleobas ekologiurad sufTa sursaTis, maRali donis
jandacvisa da ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba gaaCnia.
saqarTvelos adgilobrivi myidvelobiTi indeqsi 2012 wels Seadgenda
29.38-s, rac imas niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi saSualo realuri xelfasiT
70%-iT naklebi produqciis SeZenaa SesaZlebeli vidre qalaq niu-iorkSi.
xolo norvegiaSi, sadac cxovrebis Rirebuleba gacilebiT maRalia
vidre saqarTveloSi, saSualo realurma xelfasma Seadgina 3 678 aSS
dolari, rac 6-jer metia saqarTvelos analogiur maCvenebelze (603 aSS
dolari).
diagrama 2.3
saSualo realuri xelfasi qveynebis mixedviT (aSS dolari), 2012 weli44
44 http://www.statista.com/statistics/226956/average-world-wages-in-purchasing-power-parity-dollars/
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
indoeTi
somxeTi
azerbaijani
saqarTvelo
ruseTi
norvegia
luqsemburgi
295
471
596
603
1 215
3 678
4 089
72
saSualo realuri xelfasiT saqarTvelo ufro meti
myidvelobiTunarianobiT gamoirCeva vidre azerbaijani da somxeTi
(diagrama 2.3). saqarTvelosTvis problemas ki warmoadgens is, rom
mosaxleobis umetesobas daqiravebiT dasaqmebis dabali donis gamo
xelfasis myidvelobiTi SesaZlebloba ekargeba. es maCvenebeli dadebiTad
CaiTvleboda, Tu saSualo xelfasis azerbaijanTan da somxeTTan
SedarebiT maRali myidvelobiTunarianoba SenarCundeboda dasaqmebis
maRali donis pirobebSic.
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis, rac SemdgomSi mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis zrdis sawindari unda gaxdes, inflaciis dabal
maCvenebelsa da stabilur fasebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba.
inflaciis maRali done ganapirobebs makroekonomikur
arastabilurobas, aseT situaciaSi kompaniebs uZneldebaT TavianTi
ekonomikuri saqmianobis dagegmva, ris Sedegadac arc mocemuli
qveynis firmebs da arc ucxour kompaniebs aRar uCndebaT survili
ganaxorcielon grZelvadiani investiciebi, rac negatiurad moqmedebs
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis grZelvadian perspeqtivebze.
inflaciis maCveneblis zrdis pirobebSi ikveTeba adapturi
inflaciuri molodinis meqanizmi,45 rac gamoixateba SemdegSi:
momxmareblebi, romlebsac fasebis zrdis tendenciis ucvlelobis
molodini aqvT, amcireben danazogs, zewolas axdenen mimdinare
moTxovnaze da iwveven saqonlisa da momsaxurebis morigi gaZvirebis
provocirebas. amasTan, danazogis deficiti aferxebs kapitaldabandebebis
zrdas, radgan, rac ufro maRalia adapturi molodini, miT ufro
dabalia investirebis dafinanseba.
fasebis zrdis molodinSi mwarmoeblebi da vaWrebi, iwyeben
gayidvebis moculobis Semcirebas da saqonlis Senaxvas im imediT, rom
garkveuli drois Semdeg, gaZvirebuli produqtis gayidvidan met mogebas
miiReben, xolo moTxovnis zrdis fonze miwodebis Semcireba, fasebis
45ix. .a.i. livSici _ sabazro ekonomikis Sesavali, Tb., 1996, gv-ebi: 140-190.
73
ufro metad zrdis safrTxes qmnis. aseve, am meTodis riski mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom xangrZlivi droiT saqonlis Senaxvas mosdevs gakotreba.
Ria inflaciis dros adgili aqvs xarjebis inflacias, rac SemdegSi
mdgomareobs: ekonomikaSi fasebis saerTo donis zrda iwvevs
dasaqmebulTa realuri Semosavlebis dacemas da Sesabamisad maTi
cxovrebis donis gauaresebas, imisaTvis, rom Tundac ucvlelad
SevinarCunoT dasaqmebulTa keTildReoba, saWiroa fuladi Semosavlebis
zrda, amisaTvis unda moxdes nominaluri xelfasis gadideba, rac
imavdroulad warmoebis xarjebsac zrdis da Tavis mxriv iwvevs
produqciaze fasebis zrdas. produqciis gaZvireba da fasebis mateba
aucileblad moiTxovs xelfasis ganakveTebis morig gadaxedvas da a.S.
yoveli aseTi axali cikli kidev ufro gaarTulebs inflaciuri
procesebis marTvas da sul ufro Zneli gaxdeba misi SeCereba.
saxelmwifos mxridan antiinflaciuri RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba
totaluri administrirebis saSualebiT uperspetqivoa da SeiZleba
ekonomikis ngrevac ki gamoiwvios, rogorc amerikeli Teoretikosi da
nobelis premiis laureati m. fridmeni aRniSnavda: ,,gacilebiT meti ziani
moaqvs inflaciis SeCerebis RonisZiebebs, vidre TviT inflacias.”46
,,inflaciasTan brZola ar SeiZleba davayenoT raime programis
Sesrulebamde, romlis damTavrebis Semdeg SegveZleba angariSi CavabaroT
warmatebulad Catarebuli samuSaos Sesaxeb, saWiroa ara programa,
aramed, politika, romelic saxelmwifos mudmiv funqcias Seasrulebs.”47
antiinflaciuri procesebis marTvisas, saxelmwifos mxridan
dasaSvebia administraciuli kontroli da ara masSi radikaluri Careva,
ramac SeiZleba qveynis ekonomikas didi ziani miayenos.
saxelmwifos mxridan inflaciasTan brZola unda warimarTos fasebis
maqsimalurad dasaSvebi Tavisuflebis miniWebiT, monopoliuri bazrebis
daSliTa da jansaRi, Tavisufali sabazro pirobebis SeqmniT, sadac
fasebs aweseben ara monopolisti firmebi, aramed konkurentul garemoSi
46
Friedman M. Unemployment versus inflation? An evalution to the Phillips curve. London, 1975, p. 32. 47ix. a.i. livSici _ sabazro ekonomikis Sesavali, Tb., 1996, gv. 173.
74
fasebs gansazRvravs Tavad bazari. inflaciis maRali donis Tavidan
asacileblad da dasaqmebulTa cxovrebis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad ki
unda moxdes ara nominaluri xelfasis meTodologiurad gaumarTlebeli
zrda,48 aramed produqtebze fasebis kleba da misi stabilurobis
SenarCuneba, rac avtomaturad gamoiwvevs realuri xelfasis zrdas da
Tavidan iqneba acilebuli inflaciis negatiuri gavlenebi qveynis
ekonomikaze.
48
amiT Cven ar vgulisxmobT, rom ar unda moxdes xelfasebis zrda. nominaluri xelfasis zrda unda moxdes mxolod meTodologiurad gamarTlebuli normebis safuZvelze.
75
Tavi 3. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis ganmsazRvreli
socialur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebis statistikuri kvleva
3.1 mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis demografiuli maxasiaTeblebis analizi
,,demografia Seiswavlis mosaxleobaSi mimdinare demografiul
procesebs (Sobadoba, mokvdaoba, qorwineba, ganqorwineba, migracia), maTze
moqmed faqtorebs da demografiuli procesebis Sedegebs. demografiuli
statistika Seiswavlis demografiul procesebSi mimdinare raodenobriv
kanonzomierebebs.”49
demografiul procesebze moqmedebs socialur-ekonomikuri
faqtorebi, Tavis mxriv demografiuli movlenebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas
axdenen socialur-ekonomikur procesebze. amitomac mniSvnelovania
demografiuli sakiTxebis ganxilva da im maCveneblebis statistikuri
Seswavla, romlebic met wilad axdenen gavlenas socialur-ekonomikur
procesebis ganviTarebaze.
saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis bolo aRweridan dRemde mosaxleobis
saSualo wliurma ricxovnobam moimata 3.1%-iT (2002-2012 wlebi), xolo
2013 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis 4 483.8 aTasi Seadgina. mosaxleobis 26.1%
dedaqalaqSi cxovrobs, Semdeg modis imereTi (15.7%), qvemo qarTli (11.4%),
samegrelo-zemo svaneTi (10.7%), kaxeTi (9.0%), aWaris ar (8.8%), Sida
qarTli (7.0%), samcxe javaxeTi (4.8%), guria (3.1%), mcxeTa-mTianeTi (2.4%),
xolo yvelaze mcire ricxovnobiT raWa-leCxumi da qvemo svaneTia
warmodgenili (1.0%).50
bolo wlebSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ricxovnobis zrdasTan
erTad izrdeba rogorc qalaqis, ise soflis mosaxleobis ricxovnoba.
xolo rac Seexeba maT procentul Semadgenlobas mTliani mosaxleobis
ricxovnobaSi, 2012 wlisaTvis qalaqis mcxovreblebi Seadgenda 53%-s, 49
ix. merab xmalaZe _ kidev erTxel demografiisa da demografiuli statistikis Sesaxeb. Jurn. ekonomika da biznesi #5, 2011, gv. 57. 50 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=472&lang=geo
76
xolo soflis _ 47%-s.51 oficialuri monacemebiT saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari soflad cxovrobs, amasTan es
Tanafardoba bolo 20 wlis manZilze mniSvnelovnad arc darRveula, rac
kidev erTxel adasturebs imas, rom saqarTvelo tradiciulad agrarul
qveyanaTa jgufs miekuTvneba da am dargis ganviTarebis didi
potencialic gaaCnia. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom sofelSi
mcxovreblad daregistrirebulTagan, Sromisunariani mamakacebis didi
nawili samuSaod an qalaqSia wasuli, an ucxoeTSi. aseve maRalia mTidan
barSi gadmosaxlebis maCvenebeli. soflis meurneobis efeqtianad
ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi ki SesaZlebelia ekonomikis am dargSi
soflidan wasuli im samuSao Zalis ukan dabruneba da dasaqmeba,
romelic soflis meurneobis ganviTarebaSi umTavres rols Seasrulebs.
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri ricxovnobis sqesis
mixedviT ganawilebisas viRebT Semdeg suraTs: 2003 wels mosaxleobis
47%-s mamakacebi Seadgendnen, xolo qalebi 53%-s. mocemuli Tanafardoba
TiTqmis ucvlelia 2012 wlisaTvis, mTlian mosaxleobaSi mamakacebis
xvedriTma wonam Seadgina 48%, xolo qalebis wilma 52%. zogadi suraTi
dabalansebul Tanafardobas gviCvenebs, rac am kuTxiT dadebiT
demografiul viTarebad unda Sefasdes.
socialur_ekonomikuri miznebisaTvis mosaxleobis asakobrivi
ganawilebisas mniSvnelovania: a) 15 wlamde asakis mozardebis
ricxovnobis Cveneba; b) 15 wels da zemoT asakis mosaxleobis
ricxovnobis dadgena; g) 15 wels da zemoT asakis mosaxleobaSi
ekonomikurad aqtiuri da ekonomikurad araaqtiuri mosaxleobis
gamoyofa; d) ekonomikurad araaqtiuri mosaxleobidan SezRuduli
SesaZleblobebis adamianTa ricxovnobis gamoTvla, romlebic maTi
fizikuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare ver axerxeben ekonomikur
saqmianobas, Sesabamisad maTze zrunva da socialuri daxmarebis gaweva
saxelmwifos evaleba; e) sapensio asakis mosaxleobis ricxovnobis
51
ix. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, demografiuli viTareba saqarTveloSi, statistikuri krebuli, Tb., 2013, gv. 6.
77
gamoTvla. sapensio fondis dagegmisas aseve mniSvnelovania, im asakobrivi
mosaxleobis ricxovnobis gansazRvra, romlebic momdevno wels, an
momdevno ramdenime welSi gaxdebian sapensio asakis. mosaxleobis
mTliani da calkeuli asakobrivi ricxovnobis dadgena da prognozireba
aucilebelia qveyanaSi demografiuli mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad da
marTebuli socialuri da ekonomikuri politikis dasagegmad.
SromiTi resursebi gansazRvravs qveynis Sromis bazris potencialsa
da samuSao Zalis miwodebis SesaZleblobebs. SromiTi resursebis
absoluturi ricxovnoba SeiZleba gamovTvaloT Semdegnairad:
Sromisunariani asakis Sromis unaris mqone mosaxleoba – I da II jgufis
umuSevari invalidebi – sapensio asakis pirebi, romlebic ar muSaoben +
momuSave mozardebi + momuSave pensionerebi.
efeqtiani socialur-ekonomikuri politikis gasatareblad
mosaxleoba SeiZleba davajgufod 2 ZiriTad kategoriad: 1. SromiT
resursebad, sadac ZiriTadad unda ganxorcieldes dasaqmebis politika,
2. araSromiTi kategoriad, sadac miviRebT: a) pensionerebsa da
SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebs, romelTa mimarTac unda
warimarTos sapensio politika da b) 15 wlamde mozardebs,
romelTaTvisac prioritets zogadi ganaTlebis miReba warmoadgens,
reforma ganaTlebis sistemis srulyofis kuTxiT aris gasatarebeli.
mosaxleobis dabereba dRevandeli msoflios aqtualuri sakiTxia, is
gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebul qveynebSi iCens Tavs, yvelaze daberebul
erad evropa saxeldeba, xolo yvelaze axalgazrdad _ afrika.
Sesabamisad, rac ufro ganviTarebulia qveyana, miT ufro SeimCneva masSi
mosaxleobis xandazmulobis done. ganviTarebul qveynebSi, sadac
ganviTarebulia socialuri sfero da jandacvis sistemac maRal doneze
funqcionirebs, maRal asakobriv mosaxleobaSi dabalia janmrTelobis
problemebis mizeziT sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli. aseve maRal
ganviTarebul qveynebSi dabalia Sobadoba, rac ZiriTadad meti Svilis
aryolis mizeziT aris gamowveuli, xolo imave afrikis qveynebSi, sadac
78
axalgazrdebi metad Warboben xandazmul mosaxleobas, viRebT
axalgazrda eris suraTs. aqedan gamomdinare, eris dabereba pirdapir
kavSirSia Sobadobasa da xandazmuli mosaxleobis ricxovnobis
axalgazrdebTan TanafardobasTan. rac ufro maRalia sicocxlis
xangrZlivoba qveyanaSi, miT meti adamiani aRwevs siberes, xolo Tu
qveyanaSi Sobadobis Semcireba xdeba xangrZlivi priodis manZilze,
viRebT eris daberebas.
sibereSi biologiuri siberes vgulisxmobT, Tumca gamoyofen siberis
sxva saxeebs: fiziologiuri, fsiqologiuri, socialuri da
qronologiuri sibere.52
fiziologiur siberes janmrTelobis done ganapirobebs da
radganac is individualuria, misi gansazRvra rTulia. adamiani asakiT
SeiZleba axalgazrda iyos, magram biologiuri niSnebiT siberes
amJRavnebdes. fiziologiur asakze moqmedebs mravali socialuri,
ekonomikuri da ekologiuri faqtori, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi ganapirobebs
adamianis naadrev siberes. mag; dadgenilia, rom umuSevari da
dabalkvalificiuri personali ufro male berdeba, vidre momuSave da
maRalkvalificiuri personali.
fsiqologiuri sibere ganisazRvreba adamianTa SegrZnebebiT, rac
dakavSirebulia depresiasTan, SiSTan, ipoqondriasTan da sxva. misi
gansazRvris mTavar komponents adamianis inteleqtualuri
SesaZleblobebi warmoadgens. es yovelive ki individualuria, amitomac
fsiqologiuri siberis asakis kriteriumebi bolomde ar aris
gansazRvruli.
socialuri sibere ganisazRvreba qveyanaSi mosalodneli sicocxlis
saSualo xangrZlivobiT.
qronologiur siberes gansazRvravs nacxovreb welTa raodenoba,
asaki.
siberis koeficienti gamoiTvleba formuliT:
52
ix. Selia m. _ xandazmuli mosaxleoba saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2013, gv-ebi: 10-13.
79
10060
1
P
PK an 10065
2
P
PK
rac Sesabamisad gviCvenebs 60 an 65 wlisa da ufrosi asakis
mosaxleobis xvedriT wonas mTlian mosaxleobaSi.
Cveni gamoTvliT 2003 wels siberis koeficientma ( 1K ) Seadgina 18.5%,
xolo 2012 wels ki 18.9%-mde gaizarda. 65 wlisa da ufrosi asakis
mosaxleobis xvedriTi wona mTlian mosaxleobaSi ( 2K ) 2003 wels
Seadgenda 13.5%-s, 2012 wels _ 13.8%-s. mocemuli tendencia mosaxleobis
daberebis maniSnebelia.
gaeros monacemebiT saqarTvelosa da misi mezobeli qveynebis
daberebis maCveneblebi 2012 wels warmodgenilia cxrili 3.1-is saxiT.
mocemuli monacemebiT, regionSi yvelaze daberebuli eri saqarTveloa,
sadac aseve maRalia sapensio asaki.
cxrili 3.1
gaeros mosaxleobis daberebis maCveneblebi (%), 2012 weli53
qveynebi 60 wlisa da ufrosi
asakis mosaxleoba
80 wlisa da ufrosi
asakis mosaxleoba54
sapensio asaki
kaci qali azerbaijani 9.0 14.0 62.5 57.5
somxeTi 15.0 19.0 63 63
ruseTi 19.0 16.0 60 55
saqarTvelo 20.0 17.0 65 60
sapensio asaki Sromis bazris regulirebis erT-erTi meqanizmia, misi
zrda Tu Semcireba mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs samuSao Zalis moZraobas
Sromis bazarze. msoflio praqtikidan gamomdinare, Tu qveyanaSi samuSao
adgilebis deficitia, maSin sapensio asakis cvlilebisagan Tavs ikaveben,
radgan qveyanaSi ar Seiqmnas axali socialuri daZabuloba.55
53 population ageing and development 2012, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, population division. 54
80 wlisa da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili 60 wlisa da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobaSi. 55
ix. Selia m. _ xandazmuli mosaxleoba saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2013, gv. 176.
80
am etapze, saqarTvelos Sromis bazris mZime mdgomareobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, sapensio asakis cvlileba aramizanSewonilia, xolo
mTavrobis socialuri kursi, romelic mimarTulia sapensio fondis
zrdasa da dagrovebiTi sistemis danergvaze, dadebiTi da misaRebia.
gaeros prognoziT, 2050 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi daberebis
maCvenebeli ( 1K ) 35.0%-mde gaizrdeba, rac sakmaod maRali maCvenebelia,
Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom es tendencia mTeli msofliosTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli da daberebis koeficienti zrdas mxolod saqarTveloSi
ar unda velodoT. Tu saqarTveloSi jandacvis sistema gamarTulad
imuSavebs, gaizrdeba sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba da bunebrivi
mateba, aseT pirobebSi daberebis maCveneblis zrdis molodini ar iqneba
demografiuli safrTxis Semcveli. mTavari gamowveva saqarTvelosTvis
sxva problemebis gadawyvetaa, rac mravlad arsebobs qveyanaSi,
socialuri Tu ekonomikuri mimarTulebiT.
mosaxleobis daberebasTan erTad, samuSao Zalis daberebac xdeba,
risi gaTvaliswinebac unda moxdes ekonomikaSi SromiTi resursebis
regulirebisas.
ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobaSi 60 wlisa da ufrosi asakis
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba 18.7%-s Seadgens (cxrili 3.2), rac
TiTqmis uTanabrdeba Cvens mier zemoT ganxilul daberebis koeficients
da amitom SromiTi resursebis dabereba mosalodnel movlenad unda
ganvixiloT, romelic uaryofiT gavlenas ver moaxdens ekonomikaSi,
amasTan dadebiT Tanafardobad unda miviCnioT qveda asakobrivi jgufebis
procentuli ganawileba, es gansakuTrebiT exeba 30-44 da 45-59 asakobriv
jgufebs, romlebzedac Sromis bazarze unda modiodes ZiriTadi samuSao
Zalis moTxovna. aRsaniSnavia, rom es Tanafardoba bolo wlebSi
mniSvnelovnad ar darRveula da mocemuli tendenciis momavalSi
gagrZeleba, Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalis dabalansebuli miwodebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva.
81
cxrili 3.2
saqarTvelos ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ganawileba asakobriv WrilSi, 2008-2012 wlebi56
(% jamTan)
asakobrivi jgufebi 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
15-29 20.0 19.8 20.0 20.4 20.1
30-44 29.7 29.0 29.5 30.1 29.5
45-59 31.2 32.0 32.1 31.0 31.7
60 + 19.1 19.2 18.5 18.5 18.7
sul 100 100 100 100 100
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis asakobrivi ganawileba erTi
SexedviT samuSao Zalis daberebis maRal koeficients gviCvenebs, Tumca
is sagangaSo cifrs ar warmoadgens, radganac mosaxleobis saerTo
ricxovnobaSi daberebis maCveneblis tendencias imeorebs, aseve yvelaze
dabali procentuli wili uWiravs danarCen asakobriv jgufebTan
SedarebiT, amis dasturia Semdegi maCvenebeli; ekonomikurad aqtiur
mosaxleobaSi 65 wlisa da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis xvedriTi wona
2012 wels 2003 welTan SedarebiT, 13.2%-dan 11.9%-mde Semcirda, rac
dadebiTi maCvenebelia.
qveynis mosaxleobis ricxovnobis zrda dakavSirebulia bunebriv
matebasTan da migraciis dadebiT saldosTan, amitomac aris
mniSvnelovani maTi ganxilva, analizi da marTebuli politikis
SemuSaveba demografiuli problemebis gadasaWrelad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Sobadobis done 2012 wels 2003 welTan
SedarebiT gazrdilia, bolo 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi xasiaTdeba klebis
tendenciiT, sapirispirod izrdeba mokvdaobis done, rac qveynisTvis
demografiuli safrTxis Semcvelia. bolo 10 wlian periodSi, bunebrivi
56 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=145&lang=geo
82
matebis yvelaze maRali done 2009 wels dafiqsirda, xolo yvelaze
dabali _ 2003 wels.
cxrili 3.3 bunebrivi matebis koeficientebi saqarTveloSi, 2003-2012 wlebi57
(aTas kacze)
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Sobadoba
(aTas kacze) 10.7 11.5 10.7 10.9 11.2 12.9 14.4 14.1 12.9 11.7
mokvdaoba
(aTas kacze) 10.6 11.3 9.3 9.6 9.4 9.8 10.6 10.7 11.1 11.2
bunebrivi mateba
(aTas kacze)
0.1 0.2 1.4 1.3 1.8 3.1 3.8 3.4 1.8 0.5
bunebrivi mateba miiRweul unda iqnes Sobadobis matebisa da
mokvdaobis donis klebis Sedegad. amitomac demografiuli problemebis
gadaWra unda warimarTos am 2 mimarTulebiT. qveyanaSi mokvdaobis donis
kleba SeiZleba miRweul iqnes jandacvis sistemis maRali doniTa da misi
xelmisawvdomobiT, es aseve exeba axalSobilTa janmrTelobis dacvis
efeqtianobis amaRlebas. qveyanaSi ganviTarebuli ekonomika da Seqmnili
maRali standartebis socialuri pirobebi xels Seuwyobs bunebriv
matebas, xolo Sobadobis waxalisebis sxvadasxva meTodebi, es iqneba
religiuri mimarTva Tu materialuri daxmareba, gaxdeba damatebiTi
stimuli. demografiuli problemebis mogvareba aseve unda moxdes
mravalSviliani ojaxebis daxmarebiT, gansakuTrebiT es SeexebaT
socialurad daucvel da Rarib ojaxebs.
Sobadobis waxalisebisaTvis mniSvnelovania dekretuli Svebulebisa
da misi anazRaurebis sakiTxis mogvareba, razec amaxvileben kidec
eqspertebi yuradRebas. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom am mimarTulebiT
saqarTvelo bevrad CamorCeba mis mezobel qveynebs. saqarTveloSi dRes
dedas mxolod oTx Tviani dekretuli Svebuleba aqvs, rac aucileblad
57 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=151&lang=geo
83
moiTxovs gadaxedvas, ris pirobebSic gaTvaliswineba unda moxdes imisa,
rom dedam SeZlos bavSvis gazrda da amave dros ar dakargos samsaxuri.
mosaxleobis cxovrebis done aisaxeba 1 wlamde bavSvTa mokvdaobis
maCvenebelze. cxovrebis maRali standartebi, ganviTarebuli jandacvis
sistema, uzrunvelyofs bavSvTa mokvdaobis Semcirebas qveyanaSi.
bavSvTa mokvdaobis done 2000 wels 22.6 000 -s Seadgenda, xolo 2003
wlidan 2012 wlamde 23.7 000 -dan 12.5 00
0 -mde Semcirda.58 jandacvis sferoSi
mocemuli progresis miuxedavad, kidev didi Zalisxmevaa saWiro, raTa
2015 wlisTvis miRweuli iqnes „aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebiT”59
gansazRvruli samizne maCveneblebi, amisaTvis saWiroa metad ganviTardes
bavSvTa janmrTelobis xelSemwyobi RonisZiebebi.
demografiuli problemebis mogvareba aseve unda warimarTos
qveyanaSi migraciis dadebiTi saldos SeqmniT.
cxrili 3.4
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis migraciuli saldo asakobriv WrilSi, 2012 weli
(kaci)60
asakobrivi jgufebi emigranti imigranti migraciuli
saldo
15-29 32,959 22,217 -10,742
30-44 27,226 20,461 -6,765
45-59 17,524 12,879 -4,645
60 + 5,570 6,862 1,292
sul 83,279 62,419 -20,860
axal aTaswleulSi saqarTveloSi migraciuli saldos yvelaze
uaryofiTi maCvenebeli 2000 wels dafiqsirda -35.2 aTasi kaci, 2003 wels _
-27.5 aTasi, dadebiTi saldos yvelaze maRalma ricxvma 2005 wels
58 ix. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamentis, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2005, gv. 41 da gv. 48. http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=1090&lang=geo 59ix. jandacvis sistemis efeqturobis Sefasebis angariSi, saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro, Tb., 2013, gv. 9. 60 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=172&lang=geo
84
Seadgina 76.3 aTasi, xolo 2012 wels aseve uaryofiTi saldo miviReT -21.5
aTasi kaci.61 mosaxleobis qveynidan gadineba demografiuli safrTxis
Semcvelia, vinaidan aq ZiriTadad axalgazrda Taoba Warbobs, rac
samuSao Zalis sxva qveynebSi gadinebasac niSnavs.
migraciuli saldos asakobriv WrilSi ganxilvisas, 2012 wlis
mdgomareobiT (cxrili 3.4) gvaqvs Semdegi suraTi: im asakobriv jgufebSi,
sadac yvelaze maRalia SromiTi resursebis xvedriTi wona, miviReT
uaryofiTi migraciuli saldo, gansakuTrebiT ki 15-29 wlis
mosaxleobaSi. migraciis dadebiTi saldo mxolod 60 da ufrosi asakis
mosaxleobaSi miviReT, rac qveynisTvis dadebiTi faqtia, magram SromiTi
resursebis formirebaSi did gavlenas ver moaxdens.
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, maRali donis socialuri pirobebis
Seqmna, Sromis bazarze dasaqmebis problemebis gadaWra da mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis zrda, Seqmnis misaReb pirobebs, rom qarTveli
emigrantebi daubrundnen samSoblos.
61 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=172&lang=geo
85
3.2 mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis maCveneblebis
statistika
qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da sazogadoebis keTildReobis
amaRlebaSi did rols asrulebs mosaxleobis Semosavlebi da
samarTlianadac warmoadgens mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis mniSvnelovan
Semadgenel nawils, vinaidan mosaxleobis dabal da saSualo fenebSi
Semosavlebis zrda, mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis zrdis winapirobas
warmoadgens.
mosaxleobis Semosavlebi raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT sakmaod
uTanabroa da ganapirobebs kidec simdidris araTanabar dagrovebasa da
mosaxleobis qonebriv diferenciacias, romelic mkveTrad igrZnoba
gardamaval periodSi. socialuri diferenciaciis procesi praqtikulad
sazogadoebis yvela fenas exeba da iwvevs maTive interesebis balansis
cvlilebas.
,,miuxedavad imisa, rom Semosavlebis uTanabroba sxva sazogadoebriv
formaciaSic arsebobda, is gacilebiT ufro gaRrmavda sabazro
ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi”62 da reformis mTeli simZime
mosaxleobas daawva. mbrZaneblur-administraciuli ekonomikis pirobebSi,
xelfasisa da sargeblis ganawilebas gansazRvravda saxelmwifo, sabazro
ekonomikis pirobebSi ki Semosavals aravin ar anawilebs, am SemTxvevaSi
Semosavlebi warmoiqmneba ekonomikuri subieqtebis saqmianobis Sedegad.
saxelmwifos socialuri politika mizanmimarTulia mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis asamaRleblad. man unda uzrunvelyos socialuri
sistemis stabiluroba da misi etapobrivi gaumjobeseba, romlis umniSvne-
lovanesi Semadgeneli nawilic aris mosaxleobis Semosavlebi.
mosaxleobis Semosavlebi es aris fulad da naturalur saSualebaTa
erToblioba, romlebic gamoiyeneba: piradi moTxovnilebebis
62
ix. virsalaZe n. _ mosaxleobis Semosavlebi saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi. quT. 2003, gv. 4.
86
dasakmayofileblad, danazogebze, gadasaxadebis, nebayoflobiTi
gadaxdebisa da sxva valdebulebebisaTvis. misi daniSnulebaa adamianTa
fizikuri, moraluri, ekonomikuri da inteleqtualuri mdgomareobis
SenarCuneba moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis gansazRvrul doneze, xolo
misi formireba adamianis Sromisa da sxva saSualebebis xarjze
xorcieldeba.
Semosavlebis mravali ganmartebidan yvelaze gavrcelebulia
britaneli ekonomistis j. hiqsis Semdegi ganmarteba: ,,mosaxleobis
Semosavlebi aris is maqsimaluri Tanxebi, romelic garkveul periodSi
SeiZleba daixarjos moxmarebaze da periodis bolosTvis SenarCunebul
iqnas periodis dasawyisSi arsebuli raodenobis kapitali.’’63
mosaxleobis Semosavlebi SeiZleba iyos: fuladi, naturaluri da
erToblivi. fuladi Semosavlebi warmoadgens fulad Tanxas, romelic
miiReba: xelfasis saxiT, soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan,
qonebidan, aseve fulad Semosavlebs miekuTvneba: pensiebi, stipendiebi,
Semweobebi, procentebi, dividendebi, ucxoeTidan miRebuli gzavnilebi,
axloblebisagan miRebuli fuladi daxmareba, sakuTrebidan miRebuli
sxva Semosavlebi. naturaluri Semosavali es aris arafuladi
Semosavlebi, miRebuli naturi formiT. mag; mTavrobis mier soflis
meurneobis dasaxmareblad gamoyofili sawvavi, manqana-danadgarebi,
stiqiuri ubedurebiT dazaralebuli mosaxleobisaTvis gaweuli
humanitaruli daxmarebebi da sxv. erToblivi Semosavali moicavs fuladi
da naturaluri Semosavlebis yvela saxes.
fuladi Semosavlebi moicavs Semosavlebis Semdeg saxeebs:
daqiravebuli Sromidan – xelfasi an sxva anazRaureba fuliT an
naturiT, premiebi, saCuqrebi, erTjeradi daxmarebebi; TviTdasaqmebidan –
wminda Semosavali (TviTdasaqmeba – mesakuTris saqmianoba, romlis
Semosavali damokidebulia misi muSaobis saboloo Sedegebze, mogebaze);
soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan – sakuTar mamulSi moweuli
63
ix. gabiZaSvili b. _ statistika ekonomikaSi, biznessa da menejmentSi, Tb., 2011, gv. 492.
87
soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidva; qonebidan (gaqiravebidan,
procenti anabridan da sxv.) – wilidan, dividendebi aqciebidan, procenti
obligaciebidan an anabrebidan, qira sakuTrebis gaqiravebidan;
ucxoeTidan miRebuli gzavnilebi - sazRvargareTidan miRebuli fuli an
gzavnilebis Rirebuleba; qonebis gayidvidan – binis, agarakis, sxva
nagebobis, sayofacxovrebo teqnikis, avejis, tansacmlis, miwis, pirutyvis
gayidvidan miRebuli amonagebi; axloblebisagan miRebuli fuli – sxva
Sinameurneobebis wevrebisagan saCuqris an daxmarebis saxiT; fulis
sesxeba an danazogis gamoyeneba – fulis sesxeba sxva
Sinameurneobebisagan, organizaciebisagan an Sinameurneobebis danazogis
gamoyeneba samomxmareblo xarjebis gawevis mizniT; arafuladi
Semosavlebi – sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis warmoebuli, humanitaruli
daxmarebiT an axloblebisagan usasyidlod miRebuli produqciis
Rirebuleba, gamoTvlili gansaxilveli periodis saSualo fasebiT.64
Semosavlebi Tavis mxriv iyofa: saerTo Semosavlebad anu Semosavlebi
gadasaxadis gadaxdamde (bruto Semosavali) da gankargviT Semosavlebad
anu gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg (neto Semosavali). gankargviTi
Semosavlebi warmoadgens im fulad saSualebaTa maqsimums, romelic
ojaxs SeuZlia daxarjos saboloo moxmarebis saqonelsa da
momsaxurebaze, TavianTi danazogebisa da sxva wyaroebis gamouyeneblad.
ekonomikaSi ganasxvaveben SromiT da araSromiT Semosavlebs. SromiT
Semosavlebs miekuTvneba samewarmeo saqmianobidan da sakuTrebidan,
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sferoSi fuladi saSualebebis
investirebidan, mogebis, dividendebisa da procentebis saxiT, pirad
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sawarmoebisa da individualuri SromiTi
saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebi da sxv.
araSromiT Semosavlebs miekuTvneba is Semosavlebi, romlebic
miRebulia sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli saxelmwifo da samarTlebrivi,
moralisa da qcevis normebidan gadaxveviT. mag; gadamyidvelebis mier
64
ix. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2012, gv. 49.
88
miRebuli Semosavlebi, agreTve Semosavlebi romlebic miRebulia qrTamis
saxiT da gamoZalvis gziT, am saSualebebiT miRebuli Semosavlebi ki
Semosavlebis araTanabari ganawilebis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli
faqtoria. araSromiT Semosavals SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT agreTve
memkvidreobiT miRebuli qoneba da azartuli TamaSebidan miRebuli
fuladi mogeba.
saerTaSoriso klasifikaciis Tanaxmad samomxmareblo saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis Sesyidvaze gaweuli xarjebi moicavs samomxmareblo fulad
xarjebs, arasamomxmareblo fulad xarjebs da arafulad xarjebs.
samomxmareblo fuladi xarjebi moicavs Semdeg muxlebs:
sursaTi, sasmelebi, Tambaqo;
tansacmeli da fexsacmeli;
saojaxo moxmarebis saqoneli;
janmrTelobis dacva;
saTbobi da eleqtroenergia;
transporti;
ganaTleba, kultura da dasveneba;
sxva samomxmareblo xarjebi.
arasamomxmareblo fuladi xarjebi moicavs:
sasoflo-sameurneo xarjebi;
transfertebi;
dazogva an gasesxeba;
qonebis SeZena.
Sinameurneobebze Catarebuli statistikuri kvlevebiT miRebuli
monacemebis mixedviT SegviZlia gaviangariSoT Semdegi saxis maCveneblebi:
mosaxleobis saSualoTviuri Semosavlebi da xarjebi; erTi
Sinameurneobis saSualoTviuri Semosavlebi da xarjebi; saSualoTviuri
Semosavlebi da xarjebi erT mosaxleze, rogorc qalaq-soflis mixedviT,
ise mTeli qveynis mixedviT. mocemuli maCveneblebi gaiangariSeba
absoluturi da SefardebiTi sidideebiT.
89
Semosavlebis diferenciaciis ekonomikur-statistikuri Seswavla da
misi obieqturi analizi dagvexmareba davadginoT qveyanaSi arsebuli
socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da Semosavlebis ganawilebis
kanonzomierebani sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi.
ganvixiloT saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebisa da xarjebis ganawileba
erT mosaxleze wlebis mixedviT (cxrili 3.5). rogorc cxrilidan Cans,
2008 wlamde, erT mosaxleze gaangariSebiT, saSualo Tviuri xarjebi
aWarbebda saSualo Tviur Semosavlebs, rac am periodSi Crdilovani
ekonomikis arsebobaze mianiSnebda. momdevno wlidan suraTi dadebiTad
icvleba da bolo monacemebiT Semosavlebma 6.2 lariT gadaaWarba
xarjebs.
mosaxleobis Semosavlebis absoluturi maCveneblebis zrdasTan
erTad, izrdeba realuri Semosavlebi. ase magaliTad, 2003 wlis ucvlel
fasebSi gadayvaniT, 2004 wels erT mosaxleze realuri Semosavlebi
Seadgenda 79 lars, xolo 2012 wels 130 lars (cxrili 2.3 da cxrili 3.5).
cxrili 3.5
saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebi da xarjebi erT mosaxleze
saqarTveloSi (lari), 2004-2012 wlebi65
wlebi
maCveneblebi
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
fuladi da arafuladi Semosavlebi,
sul
84.7 92.3 102.6 115.2 147.2 154.5 178.6 195.2 218.4
xarjebi, sul
100.2 101.8 113.5 123.9 150.3 150.7 170.0 190.3 212.2
fuladi da arafuladi
Semosavlebisa da xarjebs Soris
sxvaoba
-15.5 -9.5 -10.9 -8.7 -3.1 3.8 8.6 4.9 6.2
65 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=181&lang=geo
90
saqarTveloSi 2004-2012 wlebSi izrdeba rogorc Semosavlebi, ise
xarjebi erT mosaxleze gaangariSebiT. amasTan, Semosavlebi ufro
maRali tempiT izrdeba vidre xarjebi. Semosavlebis saSualowliuri
zrdis tempi Seadgens 113%-s, xolo xarjebis igive maCvenebeli 110%-s.
mocemuli tendenciis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi, mas Semdeg rac
mosaxleoba daikmayofilebs ZiriTad samomxmareblo moTxovnilebebs,
Tavisufali fuladi saSualebebiT SesaZlebloba miecemaT
ganaxorcielon investireba, rac maTTvis damatebiTi Semosavlis wyaro
da cxovrebis donis zrdis sawindari gaxdeba, Sesabamisad qveynis
ekonomikur ganviTarebazec aisaxeba. Semosavlebsa da xarjebs Soris
arsebobs sruli korelaciuri kavSiri, korelaciis wrfivma koeficientma
Seadgina Rxy = 0.992. romlis Tanaxmadac, Semosavlebis yoveli 1 lariT
gazrda gamoiwvevs xarjebis minimum 0.90 lariT matebas.
ganvixiloT mosaxleobis saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebis
diferenciaciis deciluri koeficientebi wlebis mixedviT (cxrili 3.6),
romelic gviCvenebs ramdenjer aRemateba yvelaze maRali Semosavlebis
mqone mosaxleobis 10%-is saSualo Tviuri Semosavali yvelaze dabali
Semosavlebis mqone 10%-is analogiur maCvenebels. mocemul wlebSi
yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli dafiqsirda 2004 wels, xolo 2012 wels
yvelaze Raribi fena (I deciluri jgufi) mTliani Semosavlebis mxolod
1.7%-s iRebs, rac 19.8-jer naklebia yvelaze mdidari fenis (X deciluri
jgufi) saSualo Tviur Semosavalze. dinamikaSi klebis miuxedavad, is
mainc maRali maCvenebelia da miuTiTebs mdidari da Raribi mosaxleobis
Semosavlebs Soris diferenciaciis maRal doneze.
cxrili 3.6
mosaxleobis saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebis diferenciaciis deciluri
koeficienti, 2004-2012 wlebi
wlebi
maCveneblebi
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
fuladi da arafuladi Semosavlebi,
sul
31.9 28.2 29.4 27.1 19.7 26.2 17.7 25.6 19.8
91
mosaxleobis cxovrebisa da qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doneze
metyvelebs saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebi erT mosaxleze gaangariSebiT66
(cxrili 3.7).
a) daqiravebuli Sromidan miRebuli Semosavlebis xvedriTi wona
mTlian SemosavlebSi izrdeba wlebis mixedviT, (21.0%-dan gaizarda 31.4%-
mde) rac Seexeba absolutur maCveneblebs 2004 wels Seadgenda 17.8 lars,
xolo 2012 wels gaizarda 68.5 laramde. aseTi tendencia ki
damaxasiaTebelia ganviTarebadi qveynisTvis, romelic sabazro
ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi imyofeba. dadebiT movlenas
warmoadgens is faqti, rom mocemuli maCveneblebi yovelwliurad
izrdeba, magram am etapze mcirea daqiravebuli Sromidan miRebuli
Semosavlebis xvedriTi wona ara marto mTlian SemosavlebSi, aramed
fulad SemosavlebTan mimarTebiTac (2012 wels Seadgina 35.0%).
Semosavlebi, miRebuli daqiravebuli Sromidan, verc ki utoldeba
saarsebo minimums. samomavlod samuSao adgilebis gazrda da Sesabamisad
xelfasebis momateba sawindaria daqiravebuli Sromidan miRebuli
Semosavlebis zrdisa, rogorc absoluturi ise SefardebiTi
mniSvnelobebiT.
daqiravebuli Sromidan miRebuli Semosavlebi qalaqSi ufro metia
vidre sofelSi, xolo es uTanabroba izrdeba wlebis mixedviT. mag; Tu
2004 wels daqiravebuli Sromidan miRebuli Semosavali qalaqSi
Seadgenda 28.1 lars, xolo sofelSi 7.9 lars, 2011 wels igive
maCvenebelma qalaqSi Seadgina 105.5 lari, sofelSi ki 34.5 lari. es imas
niSnavs, rom qalaqSi daqiravebuli adamiani saSualod ufro met
Semosavals iRebs da dasaqmebis ufro meti perspeqtiva aqvs vidre
sofelSi, soflad ki mosaxleoba ZiriTadad soflis meurneobaSi aris
dasaqmebuli, sadac didad arc fermeruli meurneoba aris ganviTarebuli
da arc sxva tipis warmoeba, Sesabamisad damqiraveblebis nakleb
ekonomikur aqtiurobas viRebT.
66 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=181&lang=geo
92
cxrili 3.7 saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebis ganawileba erT mosaxleze saqarTveloSi,
2004-2012 wlebi (% jamTan)
wlebi
Semosavlebi
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
daqiravebuli
Sromidan 21.0 25.2 27.8 31.4 30.7 32.5 31.4 30.4 31.4
TviTdasaqmebidan 11.4 11.4 10.5 10.0 9.8 9.7 8.6 7.7 8.5
soflis meurneobis
produqciis
gayidvidan
10.7 9.3 8.4 6.4 5.6 5.1 5.9 6.7 6.1
qonebis gaqiravebidan,
procenti anabridan 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.9 0.6 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.5
pensiebi, stipendiebi,
daxmarebebi 4.9 7.4 8.4 9.8 11.7 13.1 12.8 12.3 12.2
ucxoeTidan miRebuli
gzavnilebi 3.9 4.0 3.9 4.2 3.7 3.9 3.9 4.1 3.6
saCuqrad miRebuli
fuli 6.7 6.5 7.3 7.8 8.0 8.8 10.4 10.5 11.7
qonebis gayidvidan 2.9 1.5 1.8 1.4 1.9 1.2 1.7 2.3 2.7
fulis sesxeba an danazogis gamoyeneba
10.4 10.9 10.3 10.6 11.5 10.1 11.7 12.0 11.9
fuladi Semosavlebi, sul
72.7 77.2 78.8 82.4 83.6 85.5 87.4 86.8 88.5
arafuladi Semosavlebi, sul
27.3 22.8 21.2 17.6 16.4 14.5 12.6 13.2 11.5
fuladi da arafuladi Semosavlebi, sul
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
93
b) TviTdasaqmebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis xvedriTi wona mTlian
SemosavlebSi yovel wels mcirdeba (2004 wels Seadgenda 11.4%-s, 2012
wels Semcirda 8.5%-mde). xolo amave saxis Semosavlebis absoluturi
mniSvnelobebi 2004 wels Seadgenda 9.7 lars, xolo 2012 wels _ 18.5 lars.
absoluturi maCveneblebis zrdis fonze, SefardebiTi maCveneblebis
Semcireba gamoiwvia mTliani Semosavlebis sxva saxis Semosavlebis
gavleniT ufro swrafi tempiT zrdam, vidre TviTdasaqmebidan miRebuli
Semosavlebis zrdiT. TviTdasaqmebulebs miekuTvnebian sakuTar xarjze
momuSave pirebi, romlebic muSaoben damoukideblad an kompanionTan da
ar iyeneben mudmiv daqiravebul muSebs. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba
vTqvaT, rom Cvens qveyanaSi individualuri mewarmeoba ver viTardeba im
donemde, rac garkveuli saxis materialur keTildReobas moutanda
mewarmes.
g) soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavlebis
xvedriTi wona mTlian SemosavlebSi 2004-2012 wlebSi 10.7%-dan Semcirda
6.1%-mde. saqarTvelos agraruli potencialidan gamomdinare, mcirea misi
wili mTlian SemosavlebSi, amasTan mocemuli tendencia imaze
metyvelebs, rom saqarTvelo romelic tradiciulad agraruli tipis
qveyanas warmoadgens da xasiaTdeba xelsayreli bunebriv-klimaturi
pirobebiT, ver axerxebs mis saTanadod aTvisebasa da gamoyenebas.
TviTdasaqmebidan miRebuli Semosavlebi erT sulze gaangariSebiT
qalaqSi ufro metia vidre sofelSi, xolo sapirispirod soflad
TviTdasaqmebulTa raodenoba aWarbebs qalaqSi TviTdasaqmebulebs.
soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavlebis
90%-ze meti modis soflad, es logikuricaa da imis maCvenebelia, rom
sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianoba sofelSi gacilebiT ukeT aris
ganviTarebuli vidre qalaqSi, mTavar problemas ki soflad am saxis
Semosavlebis Semcireba warmoadgens. 2004-2012 wlebSi misi xvedriTi wona
mTlian SemosavlebSi 19.0%-dan 12.6%-mdea Semcirebuli (cxrili 3.8), maSin
roca pensiebisa da daxmarebebis xvedriTma wonam sofelSi 15.1% Seadgina.
94
gamodis, rom saSualod soflis mosaxleoba daxmarebebiT ufro met
Semosavals iRebs, vidre soflis meurneobaSi wamoebuli produqciis
realizaciidan.
d) dadebiT tendencias warmoadgens pensiebis, stipendiebisa da
daxmarebebis xvedriTi wonis zrda. 2004 wels misi wili mTlian
SemosavlebSi Seadgenda 4.9%-s, xolo 2012 wels gaizarda 12.2%-mde. es
monacemebi mTavrobis mier socialurad orientirebuli ekonomikuri
politikis gatarebaze miuTiTebs, rac udavod dadebiT movlenad unda
CaiTvalos. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifom unda gaagrZelos moqnili sapensio
sistemis reformis gatareba, im pirobiT, rom is uTanabrdebodes
saarsebo minimums, Tavis mxriv saarsebo minimumis gaangariSeba unda
moxdes mecnierulad dasabuTebuli normebis safuZvelze.
qonebis gayidvidan da gaqiravebidan miRebul Semosavlebs mcire
xvedriTi wonebi aqvT mTlian SemosavlebSi da mniSvnelovnadac ar
icvlebian wlebis ganmavlobaSi, iseve rogorc mcire xvedriTi woniTaa
warmodgenili ucxoeTidan miRebuli gzavnilebi. gaqiravebidan da
anabridan miRebuli sargebeli qalaqSi ufro metia vidre sofelSi,
gamodis es saqmianoba qalaqSi ufro kargad aris ganviTarebuli.
zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba saCuqrad miRebuli fulis wili
mTlian SemosavlebSi. 2012 wels, saSualod erT mosaxleze nasesxebi
fulis wili mis SemosavlebSi TiTqmis 12.0%-s Seadgenda, xolo TveSi
miRebuli Semosavlis TiTqmis 1/4 (218 laridan 51 lari) nasesxebi da
naCuqari fulia, rac am periodis mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis zogad
suraTs arc Tu saxarbielod gvixasiaTebs.
saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebis ganawileba qalaq-soflis mixedviT
warmodgenilia cxrili 3.8-is saxiT.67 gaangariSeba xdeba Semdegi wesiT:
mag; qalaqSi (an sofelSi) daqiravebuli Sromidan miRebuli Semosavlebis
xvedriTi wona miiReba qalaqSi (an sofelSi) am saxis Semosavlebis
SefardebiT qalaqis (an soflis) naerTi saxis SemosavlebTan.
67
ix. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro statistikis departamenti, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2006, gv.61 da http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=175&lang=geo
95
cxrili 3.8 saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebi erT mosaxleze qalaqisa da soflis mixedviT
(% jamTan)
wlebi
Semosavlebi
2004 2011 2012
qalaqi sofeli qalaqi sofeli qalaqi sofeli
daqiravebuli
Sromidan 34.4 9.1 42.5 16.2 42.9 17.9
TviTdasaqmebidan 16.6 6.7 9.8 5.3 11.5 4.9
soflis meurneobis
produqciis
gayidvidan
1.4 19.0 0.8 13.6 0.6 12.6
qonebis
gaqiravebidan,
procenti anabridan
1.3 0.2 1.3 0.1 0.9 0.2
pensiebi,
stipendiebi,
daxmarebebi
5.2 4.5 10.2 14.8 9.7 15.1
ucxoeTidan
miRebuli
gzavnilebi
5.7 2.3 4.3 3.9 4.3 2.9
saCuqrad miRebuli
fuli 9.1 4.6 11.4 9.6 12.3 10.9
qonebis gayidvidan 5.3 0.8 3.8 0.5 3.0 2.2
fulis sesxeba an danazogis gamoyeneba
11.2 9.7 12.3 11.6 11.7 12.1
fuladi Semosavlebi, sul
90.3 57.0 96.3 75.5 96.8 78.7
arafuladi Semosavlebi, sul
9.7 43.0 3.7 24.5 3.2 21.3
fuladi da arafuladi Semosavlebi, sul
100 100 100 100 100 100
96
daqiravebuli Sromidan miRebuli Semosavlebi, rogorc qalaqSi ise
sofelSi Warbobs sxva saxis Semosavlebs, Tumca qalaqSi ufro didi
xvedriTi woniTaa warmodgenili. maSin, roca soflad dasaqmebulebSi
TviTdasaqmebulTa wili 80%-ze metia, sagangaSoa is maCvenebeli, rom
TviTdasaqmebidan miRebuli Semosavlebi sofelSi 2-jer CamorCeba
qalaqSi analogiur Semosavlebs.
arafuladi Semosavlebi sofelSi ufro metia vidre qalaqSi da es
logikuricaa, xolo sapirispirod qalaqSi fuladi Semosavlebi Warbobs,
amasTan xasiaTdeba zrdis tempiT da qalaqsa da sofels Soris fulad
SemosavlebSi Tavs iCens mkveTri diferenciacia. rac Seexeba mTlian
fulad da arafulad Semosavlebs, qalaqSi gacilebiT metia vidre
sofelSi, e.i. qalaqSi SedarebiT ukeTesi cxovrebis pirobebia vidre
sofelSi, rac ZiriTadad gamowveulia msxvili sawarmoo da savaWro
dawesebulebebis qalaqSi TavmoyriT.
cxrili 3.9
saSualo TviuriESemosavlebi erT mosaxleze saqarTvelos regionebis
mixedviT (lari), 2011-2012 wlebi68
regioni 2011 2012
Tbilisi 230.0 269.9
samcxe-javaxeTi 224.3 232.8
imereTi, raWa- leCxumi da
qvemo svaneTi 211.2 228.4
kaxeTi 158.1 213.8
samegrelo-zemo svaneTi 187.8 203.9
Sida qarTli 197.8 196.5
aWaris a.r. 164.0 186.0
mcxeTa-mTianeTi 184.7 180.4
guria 172.6 172.8
qvemo qarTli 143.4 153.1
saqarTvelo 195.2 218.4
68 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=1201&lang=geo
97
saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebis erT mosaxleze ganawilebisas
saqarTvelos regionebis mixedviT Semdegi saxis suraTs viRebT (cxrili
3.9). Semosavlebis doniT, saqarTveloSi cxovrebis yvelaze maRali donea
TbilisSi, xolo yvelaze dabali _ qvemo qarTlSi. regionebis
Semosavlebis doniT ganawilebisas ki tendencia ar icvleba wlebis
mixedviT. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos Semosavlebis saSualo
maCvenebels aWarbeben: Tbilisi, samcxe-javaxeTi da imereTi, raWa-leCxumi
da qvemo svaneTi.
ganvixiloT saSualo Tviuri xarjebi erT mosaxleze (cxrili 3.10),
romelic xasiaTdeba zrdis tendenciiT. arafuladi xarjebis xvedriTi
wona mcirdeba mTlian xarjebSi da sapirispirod izrdeba fuladi
xarjebis wili.
samomxmareblo fulad xarjebSi aRsaniSnavia janmrTelobis dacvasa
da ganaTlebaze gaweuli xarjebis zrda, rac ZiriTadad am sferoebSi
momsaxurebis gaZvirebiT aris gamowveuli. aseve gazrdilia xarjebi
eleqtroenergiasa da transportirebaze.
arasamomxmareblo fuladi xarjebidan unda gamovyoT sasoflo-
sameurneo xarjebis dabali xvedriTi wona mTlian xarjebSi da amasTan
arc zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. es faqti kidev erTxel mianiSnebs
soflis meurneobis ganuviTareblobaze. glexi ar aris dainteresebuli
awarmoos sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia, Sesabamisad is ar cdilobs
gazardos danaxarjebi im teqnikuri Tu arateqnikuri saSualebebis
SeZenaze, rac mas daexmareboda Sromis mwarmoeblurobis matebaSi.
gasesxebaze gaweuli xarjebis zrda pirdapir kavSirSia fulis
sesxebidan miRebuli Semosavlis zrdasTan, xolo dadebiTad unda
ganvixiloT qonebis SeZenaze gaweuli xarjebis wilis zrda mTlian
xarjebSi. es faqti erTis mxriv mosaxleobis simdidris dagrovebasa da
maTi cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebaze migviTiTebs, magram aq sainteresoa
ra xvedriTi wona uWiravs aqamde isedac arsebuli mdidari fenis
warmomadgenlebis xarjebs mocemul maCvenebelSi.
98
cxrili 3.10
saSualo Tviuri xarjebi erT mosaxleze saqarTveloSi, 2004-2012 wlebi (% jamTan)
wlebi
xarjebi
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
samomxmareblo fuladi xarjebi
sursaTze, sasmelze, Tambaqos nawarmze
34.7 35.0 34.2 33.9 32.1 30.1 27.3 28.0 25.4
tansacmelsa da fexsacmelze
3.8 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.5
saojaxo moxmarebis saqonelze
2.4 2.5 2.4 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.7 2.6 2.6
janmrTelobis dacvaze
4.0 5.1 5.4 6.0 6.7 8.3 9.9 8.0 7.7
saTbobsa da eleqtroenergiaze
5.8 6.8 6.6 7.4 7.9 8.0 8.1 8.6 8.6
transportze
6.2 7.1 5.6 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.9 6.6 6.8
ganaTlebaze
1.7 2.1 2.1 2.7 2.4 2.9 2.9 2.5 2.9
sxva samomxmareblo xarjebi
6.1 6.9 9.4 10.0 9.9 11.0 10.9 10.2 10.4
arasamomxmareblo fuladi xarjebi
sasoflo–sameurneo xarjebi
1.7 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.7 2.1 2.1
transfertebze
2.5 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.4 2.7 3.0 2.8 3.0
dazogvaze an gasesxebaze
6.0 3.6 4.5 4.7 5.7 6.7 6.8 7.5 12.6
qonebis SeZenaze
1.9 2.0 2.8 2.1 3.5 2.5 3.7 4.9 3.6
arafuladi xarjebi
23.1 20.7 19.2 16.3 16.1 14.8 13.3 13.6 11.8
xarjebi, sul 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
99
mosaxleobis keTildReobis xarisxis kriteriumia saojaxo biujetSi
sasursaTo saqonelze daxarjuli saSualebebis wili. engelis kanonis
Tanaxmad69, rac ufro maRalia es wili, miT ufro dabalia mosaxleobis
keTildReobis done. amasTan, Tu Sinameurneobebis Semosavlebis zrdasTan
erTad mcirdeba sursaTze gaweuli xarjebis xvedriTi wona, daaxloebiT
imave doneze rCeba tansacmelze, fexsacmelze, saojaxo moxmarebis
saqonelze, saTbobsa da eleqtroenergiaze danaxarjebis xvedriTi wona
da izrdeba momsaxurebasa da fufunebis sagnebis SeZenaze danaxarjebis
wili, cxovrebis done umjobesdeba.
sursaTze gaweuli xarjebis xvedriTi wona mTlian xarjebSi wlebis
mixedviT mcirdeba, es mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis zrdisken gadadgmul
nabijad unda miviCnioT, Tumca misi wili ganviTarebul qveynebTan
SedarebiT sakmaod maRalia da mTliani xarjebis 1/4-s Seadgens.
evrokavSiris ganviTarebul qveynebSi kvebaze gaweuli xarjebi mTlian
xarjebSi 15.0%-mde Seadgens.
diagrama 3.1
samomxmareblo fulad xarjebSi Semavali fuladi xarjebis ganawileba
erT Sinameurneobaze, 2012 weli
69
ix. gabiZaSvili b. _ siRaribis portreti saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2006, gv. 31.
38.0 %
3.7%4.0%11.5%
12.8%
10.2%
4.3%15.5%
sursaTze, sasmelze, Tambaqos nawarmze tansacmelsa da fexsacmelze
saojaxo moxmarebis saqonelze janmrTelobis dacvaze
saTbobsa da eleqtroenergiaze transportze
ganaTleba, kulturasa da dasvenebaze sxva samomxmareblo xarjebi
100
aseve mniSvnelovania ganvixiloT samomxmareblo saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis SeZenaze gaweuli fuladi xarjebidan, ra wili modis
sasursaTo saqonlis SeZenaze (diagrama 3.1).
erTi SexedviT dadebiT tendencias warmoadgens samomxmareblo
fulad xarjebSi sursaTze gaweuli xarjebis xvedriTi wonis Semcireba,
amasTan is faqtic unda aRiniSnos, rom jer kidev maRalia misi wili
fulad xarjebSi. dinamikaSi ki Semdegi saxis suraTs viRebT; 2004 wels
Seadgina 53.6%; 2008 wels _ 45.4%; 2010 wels _ 41.4%; 2011 wels _ 40.4%,
xolo 2012 wels Semcirda 38.0%-mde.
SinameurneobebSi kvebis produqtebis SeZenaze gaweuli xarjebis
absoluturi mniSvnelobebi yovel wels izrdeba, maSin roca 2004-2009
wlebSi amave SinameurneobebSi mcirdeba iseTi kvebis produqtebis
moxmareba, rogorebicaa: puri da purproduqtebi, xorci da xorcis
produqtebi, kvercxi, xili, yurZeni, bostneuli, kartofili, Saqari,
Tafli, Sokoladi da sakonditro nawarmi. kvebis produqtebis SeZenaze
gaweuli xarjebis zrda ki miRweulia TiToeul am produqtze fasebis
zrdiT.70 mocemuli monacemebi 2009 wlis Semdeg oficialurad aRar
qveyndeba, maTi ganxilvis Semdeg ki upriani iqneba Tu vityviT, rom
sursaTis SeZenaze gaweuli xarjebis xvedriTi wonis SemcirebiT
miRebuli dadebiTi tendencia mxolod cifrebSi hpovebs asaxvas, xolo
realuri suraTi gacilebiT mZimea.
cxrili 3.11
saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebi da xarjebi erT mosaxleze saqarTveloSi
(lari)
maCveneblebi 2004 2012
saSualo Tviuri
Semosavlebi erT mosaxleze
sursaTis SeZenaze gaweuli
xarjebi erT mosaxleze
84.7
34.8
218.4
54.0
70
ix. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2010, gv. 50.
101
gaviangariSoT Semosavlebsa da sursaTze gaweul xarjebs Soris
elastikurobis koeficienti (cxrili 3.11): 35.0
1001007.84
4.218
1001008.34
0.54
K
rac niSnavs, rom Semosavlebis 1%-iT zrdisas kvebis produqtebze
xarjebi gaizarda 0.35%-iT. aqedan gamomdinare, moxmareba izrdeba ufro
nela vidre Semosavali, rac niSnavs imas, rom kvebis produqtebis
moxmarebaze gaweuli xarjebis wili mcirdeba.
,,saqarTvelos sabazro ekonomikisaken swraf da faqtiurad usistemo
svlam mniSvnelovnad Secvala mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri
struqtura. mosaxleoba, romelic wlebis manZilze cxovrobda garkveul
ideologiur CarCoebSi, erTbaSad aRmoCnda simdidris ganawilebis
stiqiuri Zalebis winaSe, ramac gamoiwvia qveynis mosaxleobis mkveTri
diferenciacia Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis mixedviT.”71
nebismier sazogadoebaSi adamianTa sxvadasxva fenebis mixedviT
gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareoba obieqturi ekonomikuri
mdgomareobiTac aixsneba. ekonomikuri politikis mTavari principis _ ra
vawarmooT, mTavar safuZvels warmoadgens sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
resursebis SezRuduloba. arasakmarisi resursebi socializmamde
arsebul yvela ekonomikur formaciaSi romelime kerZo piris xelSi iyo,
amitom es kerZo pirebi yovelTvis TavianT sasargeblod awarmoebdnen ama
Tu im saxis materialur dovlaTsa da momsaxurebas. es faqti
warmoSobda sazogadoebaSi adamianTa ekonomikur uTanasworobas da
dResac ki didia gansxvaveba ganviTarebuli, socialurad orientirebuli
qveynebis mdidarTa da RaribTa ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi.72
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yovel safexurze adamianebi
dainteresebulni iyvnen, rac SeiZleba meti Semosavali hqonodaT da meti
71 ix. virsalaZe n. _ mosaxleobis Semosavlebi saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi. quT. 2003, gv. 4. 72ix. gabiZaSvili b., kirvaliZe z. _ siRaribe saqarTveloSi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tb., 2003, gv. 15.
102
simdidre daegrovebinaT. sazogadoebaSi adamianTa ekonomikur
uTanasworobas ganapirobebs mravali faqtori, umTavresi ki SezRuduli
resursebis arsebobaa.73 sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi
SeiZleba gamovyoT specifikuri faqtorebi, romlebic xels uwyoben
Semosavlebis uTanabrobas, es faqtorebia: memkvidreobiTi sakuTreba,
samewarmeo unari, ganaTleba, SromiTi Cvevebi da a.S. udavoa, rom
saukuneebis manZilze mosaxleobis erT nawilSi simdidre dagrovda
moZravi da uZravi qonebis saxiT, romelic aTeuli wlebis manZilze
memkvidreobiT, Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda da izrdeboda. swored
qonebis floba, memkvidreobiT miRebuli sakuTreba asrulebs erT-erT
mniSvnelovan rols Semosavlebis uTanabrobaSi. Semosavlebis odenobaze
udides gavlenas axdens ganaTlebis done da xarisxi, profesiuli
gamocdileba, staJi da a.S. Sesabamisad maRal Semosavlebs iReben is
adamianebi, romelTa profesiaze sabazro moTxovna yovelwliurad
izrdeba (eqimebi, advokatebi, ekonomistebi). Semosavlis uTanabrobaze
garkveul gavlenas axdens Semosavlebis is saxeebi (dividendi,
sargebeli, mogeba), romlebic miRebulia fasiani qaRaldebis sabazro
funqcionirebis Sedegad. Semosavlebis ganawilebis samarTlianobis
problema mwvaved dgas Cvens qveyanaSi, araSromiTi Semosavlebi, romelic
miiReba sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli samarTlebrivi, moralisa da
qcevis normebidan gadaxveviT, Semosavlebis araTanabari ganawilebis erT-
erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria.
mbrZaneblur-administraciuli ekonomikis pirobebSi, xelfasisa da
sargeblis ganawilebas gansazRvravda saxelmwifo. sabazro ekonomikis
pirobebSi ki Semosavals aravin ar anawilebs, am SemTxvevaSi Semosavlebi
warmoiqmneba konkretuli sameurneo meqanizmis moqmedebis, xarjebisa da
fasebis sabazro cvalebadobis Sedegad. bazris pirobebSi Semosavlis
ganawileba metismetad uTanabrod xdeba. ,,sazogadoebis erTi nawili
garkveuli upiratesobis gamo did Semosavals iRebs, meore, sakmaod didi
73
ix. virsalaZe n. _ mosaxleobis Semosavlebi saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi. quT. 2003, gv. 53.
103
nawili ki, visac aseTi privilegia ar gaaCnia _ Raribia. maT ematebaT
umuSevrebi, moxucebi, invalidebi da a.S.”74 Tavis mxriv saxelmwifom
Tavis Tavze unda aiRos im kategoriis adamianebis daxmareba, romlebic
saarsebo minimums dabla imyofebian.
mosaxleobis diferenciacias cxovrebis donis mixedviT kargad
axasiaTebs iseTi maCveneblebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa lorencis
koncentraciis, jinisa da sxvaTa koeficientebi. rogorc cnobilia, Tu
jinis koeficienti uaxlovdeba nuls, maSin mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa
da danaxarjebis Tanabari ganawilebis xarisxi izrdeba, xolo Tu
uaxlovdeba 1-s, uTanabroba Rrmavdeba.
cxrili 3.12
jinis koeficientebi saqarTveloSi, 2006-2012 wlebi75
wlebi
maCveneblebi
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
mTliani Semosavlebis mixedviT76 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.46
fuladi Semosavlebis mixedviT77 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.49
mTliani xarjebis mixedviT78 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.46 0.46 0.45
fuladi xarjebis mixedviT79 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.49
saqarTvelos magaliTze jinis koeficienti (cxrili 3.12) TiTqmis ar
icvleba, rogorc fuladi Semosavlebisa da fuladi xarjebis mixedviT,
ise mTliani Semosavlebisa da mTliani xarjebis mimarT qveyanaSi. amasTan
am koeficientebis maRali procentuli mniSvnelobebi Semosavlebisa da
xarjebis araTanabar ganawilebaze miuTiTebs.
74 ix. virsalaZe n. _ mosaxleobis Semosavlebi saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi. quT. 2003, gv. 54. 75 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=187&lang=geo 76 moicavs fulad Semosavlebsa da transfertebs, sxva fulad saxsrebs da arafulad Semosavlebs. 77 moicavs fulad Semosavlebsa da transfertebs, sxva fulad saxsrebs. 78
moicavs rogorc samomxmareblo aseve arasamomxmareblo fulad xarjebs da arafulad xarjebs. 79
moicavs rogorc samomxmareblo aseve arasamomxmareblo fulad xarjebs.
104
jinis koeficienti rogorc mTliani Semosavlebis, ise mTliani
xarjebis mixedviT 40%-ze maRalia, rac Semosavlebis araTanabar
ganawilebaze miuTiTebs, mocemuli koeficienti kidev ufro maRalia
fuladi Semosavlebis mixedviT, romelic wlebis manZilze 50%-s
Seadgens. rogorc Cans saqarTveloSi Semosavlebis ganawilebisas
fuladi Semosavlebi ufro araTanabrad nawildeba, vidre mTliani
Semosavlebi.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi bevri ram aris damokidebuli
pirovnebis Semosavlebze, radgan swored Semosavali gansazRvravs vin
unda iyos mdidari da vin Raribi. marTalia bazris ,,uxilavi xeli”
resursebs efeqtianad anawilebs, magram is ver iZleva miRebuli
Sedegebis samarTlianobis garantias da xSir SemTxvevaSi Sedegad
viRebT Semosavlebis araTanabar ganawilebas, rac dabali fenis
warmomadgenlebs ar aZlevs garantias miiRon im moculobis Semosavali,
romelic uzrunvelyofs maT saSualo doneze cxovrebis SesaZleblobas.
ganxilul monacemebze gakeTebuli analizis safuZvelze SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom saqarTvelo, rogorc mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da
xarjebis ganawilebis, ise struqturis mixedviT ganviTarebadi ekonomikis
mqone qveyanaa, romelic xasiaTdeba mosaxleobis maRali qonebrivi
diferenciaciiT, xarjviT struqturaSi ki aRsaniSnavia sasursaTo
xarjebis didi wili, rac saqarTvelos mosaxleobis cxovrebis
saSualoze dabal doneze miuTiTebs.
105
3.3 saqarTvelos Sromis bazris statistikuri Seswavla
Sromis bazari sabazro ekonomikis rTuli elementi da sazogadoebis
socialur-ekonomikuri cxovrebis dinamiuri sferoa. masze uSualod
aisaxeba ekonomikuri reformebis ZiriTadi Sedegebi da misi warmomqmneli
ekonomikuri, socialuri da demografiuli movlenebi. Sromis bazari
samuSao Zalis myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis kontaqtebis sferoa, sadac
erTmaneTis pirispir warsdgebian isini, visac surT muSaoba
(dasaqmebulebi da umuSevrebi) da isini, vinc qiraoben momuSaveebs
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis.
qveyanaSi umuSevrobisa da dasaqmebis donis Seswavla da iseTi
statistikuri maCveneblebis gaangariSeba, rogoricaa dasaqmebulTa
ganawileba ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT, umuSevrebis
ganawileba asakisa da ganaTlebis donis mixedviT da sxv., saSualebas
iZleva detalurad iqnas gamokvleuli Sromis bazari da mxolod amis
Semdeg, mocemul monacemebze dayrdnobiT saxelmwifom saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi unda gaataros dasaqmebis politika.
Sromis bazari sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis, socialuri normebisa
da institutebis sistemaa, romelic uzrunvelyofs moTxovna-miwodebis
kanonis safuZvelze samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoebas, ganawilebasa da
gamoyenebas. Sromis bazris Semadgeneli elementebia:80 Sromis bazris
subieqtebi; Sromis bazris subieqtebis mier miRebuli ekonomikuri
programebi, gadawyvetilebebi da iuridiuli normebi; Sromis bazris
koniunqtura; Sromis bazris infrastruqtura; socialuri dacvis sistema.
Sromis bazarze damqiraveblebisa da samuSaos maZieblebis
interesebis SeTanxmebas uzrunvelyofs Sromis bazris meqanizmi, romlis
ZiriTadi elementebia samuSao Zalaze moTxovna, samuSao Zalis miwodeba,
Sromis fasi da konkurencia.
80
ix. lacabiZe n., Selia m., badriZe v., gurgeniZe v., anTaZe c., yaraSvili h., gagniZe i., kusraSvili e., xaraZe n. _ Sromis ekonomika, Tb., 2004, gv-ebi: 34-35
106
Sromis bazars, sxva bazrebisgan gansxvavebiT, axasiaTebs rigi
Taviseburebebi:81
• samuSao Zala, rogorc Sromis unari, ganuyofelia mflobelisagan,
amitom SeuZlebelia gacvlis meSveobiT misi sxvis sakuTrebaSi gadasvla.
samuSao Zalis (momuSavis) daqiravebiT damqiravebeli iZens mxolod misi
Sromis unaris gamoyenebis uflebas garkveul periodsa da pirobebSi,
garkveuli gasamrjelos (fuladi an naturaluri formiT) safasurad;
• samuSao Zalis gacvlis procesi gansxvavebulia nivTobrivi saxis
mqone saqonlis gacvlisagan, gacvlis procesi iwyeba mimoqcevis sferoSi,
roca samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis ufleba gadadis damqiravebelze, Semdeg
igi grZeldeba warmoebis procesSi – daqiravebuli momuSavis uSualo
monawileobiT iqmneba saqoneli an momsaxureba da mTavrdeba isev
mimoqcevis sferoSi – miRebuli xelfasiT momuSave iZens saarsebo
saSualebebs;
• institucionaluri struqturebis (dasaqmebis samsaxurebi,
profkavSirebi, mewarmeTa gaerTianebebi da a.S.) arseboba warmoSobs
Tavisebur urTierTobebs Sromis bazris subieqtebs Soris. kerZod,
Sromis bazarze miRweuli garigeba saTaves udebs xangrZliv
urTierTobebs mis subieqtebs Soris;
• Sromis bazarze didi mniSvneloba aqvs garigebis arafulad
aspeqtebs (Sromis pirobebi, samuSo adgilis SenarCunebis garantiebi,
samsaxurebrivi dawinaurebisa da profesiuli zrdis SesaZleblobebi da
a.S.).
Sromis bazris statistikur analizamde meTodologiurad ganvmartoT
Tu rogor xdeba mosaxleobis ganawileba ekonomikuri statusis mixedviT.
ekonomikuri statusi aRniSnavs adamianis rols, mdgomareobas,
Sesrulebuli saqmianobis procesSi mis funqcias. mosaxleobis
ganawileba ekonomikuri statusis mixedviT warmoadgens klasifikacias
statusis mixedviT gaweul saqmianobaSi.
81
ix. lacabiZe n., Selia m., badriZe v., gurgeniZe v., anTaZe c., yaraSvili h., gagniZe i., kusraSvili e., xaraZe n. _ Sromis ekonomika, Tb., 2004 w., gv. 32-33.
107
ekonomikuri saqmianoba, moicavs sabazro warmoebas da arasabazro
warmoebas. sabazro warmoeba moicavs saqmianobas qarxnebSi, fabrikebSi,
firmebSi, fermebSi, maRaziebSi, saojaxo sawarmoebSi da a.S., sadac
iwarmoeba saqoneli da momsaxureba SemdgomSi bazarze gasayidad.
sabazro warmoeba moicavs agreTve saqmianobas saxelmwifo da sxva
socialur da kulturul dawesebulebebSi, romelTa produqciac
SeiZleba ar iyos gayiduli bazarze.
arasabazro warmoeba Tavis mxriv moicavs saqmianobis oTx jgufs:
1. sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis pirveladi produqciis warmoebas;
2. sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis pirveladi produqciis gadamuSavebas
TviT mewarmeTa mier;
3. sakuTari saWiroebisaTvis ZiriTadi fondebis warmoebas;
4. sakuTari saWiroebisaTvis arapirveladi produqtebis warmoebas,
romlebic SeiZleba gatanili iqnen bazarze gasayidad.
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba _ 15 da meti wlis asakis
mosaxleoba, romelic dasaqmebulia ekonomikuri saqmianobiT da
umuSevrebi (mkacri kriteriumiT), anu pirovneba romelic muSaobs an
SromiT bazarze axdens Tavis Sromis SeTavazebas. ekonomikurad aqtiur
mosaxleobas uwodeben samuSao Zalas.
ekonomikurad araaqtiuri mosaxleoba _ samuSao Zalis gareT myofi
mosaxleoba. gamoiTvleba 15 wlisa da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobas
gamoklebuli ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba.
dasaqmebuli _ 15 da meti wlis asakis piri, romelic dakavebulia
ekonomikuri saqmianobiT. ufro konkretulad, 15 wlisa da ufrosi asakis
pirovneba, romelic gamokiTxvis momentis wina 7 dRis ganmavlobaSi
muSaobda (sul mcire erTi saaTi mainc) Semosavlis (xelfasis,
naturaluri Semosavlis, mogebis da a.S.) miRebis mizniT, exmareboda
usasyidlod sxva Sinameurneobis wevrebs, an raime mizeziT ar
imyofeboda samuSaoze, Tumca formalurad iricxeboda momuSaved.
108
daqiravebuli _ piri, romelic saangariSo periodis ganmavlobaSi
asrulebda gansazRvrul samuSaos xelfasis an sxva saxis anazRaurebis
(fuliT an naturiT) miRebis mizniT. agreTve piri, romelsac aqvs samuSao
adgili, magram droebiT ar muSaobs SvebulebaSi yofnis, avadmyofobis,
samuSaodan droebiT daTxovnis an msgavsi mizezebis gamo.
TviTdasaqmebuli _ mesakuTre, romlis saqmianobis mizans saangariSo
periodSi warmoadgens mogebis an ojaxuri Semosavlis (fuliT an
naturiT) miReba; ojaxur meurneobaSi usasyidlod momuSave piri.
TviTdasaqmebulTa kategorias SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT individualurad
momuSave, damqiravebeli (samuSaos mimcemi) da ojaxur sawarmoSi
usasyidlod momuSave piri.
araidentificirebadi (gaurkveveli) pirebi, es aris dasaqmebulTa is
kategoria romelTaTvisac gaZnelebulia dasaqmebis ama Tu im statusis
mikuTvneba.
umuSevari _ 15 wlis da ufrosi asakis piri, romelic ar muSaobda
(erTi saaTiTac ki) gamokiTxvis momentis wina 7 dRis ganmavlobaSi,
eZebda samuSaos bolo 4 kviraSi da mzad iyo muSaobis dasawyebad
momavali 2 kviris ganmavlobaSi.
umuSevari Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mkacri kriteriumiT _
15 da meti wlis asakis piri, romelic gamosakvlevi kviris ganmavlobaSi
ar eweva ekonomikur saqmianobas, eZebs samuSaos da mzad aris daiwyos
muSaoba.
umuSevari Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis Serbilebuli
kriteriumiT _ 15 da meti wlis asakis piri, romelic gamosakvlevi kviris
ganmavlobaSi ar eweva ekonomikur saqmianobas, ar eZebs samuSaos, radgan
gadaewura misi Sovnis imedi, magram Sovnis SemTxvevaSi mzad aris
Seudges muSaobas.
registrirebuli umuSevari _ dasaqmebis samsaxurSi registrirebuli
umuSevrebi.82
82 ix. ekonomikuri ganviTarebissaministro, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2009, gv. 41.
109
dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis monacemebis wyaroa Sinameurneobebis
integrirebuli gamokvleva.
praqtikuli miznebisaTvis gamoiTvleba mosaxleobis ekonomikuri
aqtiurobis done _ ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnobis
SefardebiT 15 wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis ricxovnobasTan.
mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis donis klebis tendencia cxadia
uaryofiTad aisaxeba qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze.
saqarTveloSi mocemuli maCvenebeli mcirdeba 2004-2008 wlebSi, xolo
momdevno wlidan 2012 wlamde xasiaTdeba zrdis tendenciiT, rac dadebiT
movlenas warmoadgens (cxrili 3.13).
cxrili 3.13
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis done (%),83
2004-2012 wlebi
wlebi 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
qalaqi 55.3 54.3 52.3 53.1 54.4 56.2 57.1 57.6 59.0
sofeli 74.1 73.4 71.7 73.9 70.7 70.7 71.1 72.3 73.9
saqarTvelo 64.9 64.0 62.2 63.3 62.6 63.6 64.2 65.2 66.9
ekonomikuri aqtiurobis done sofelSi ufro maRalia vidre qalaqSi,
es niSnavs rom dasaqmebis mxriv sofels ufro meti potenciali gaaCnia,
xolo soflis meurneobis dargis ganviTarebiT unda moxdes
am potencialis gamoyeneba, rac erTis mxriv umuSevrobis
problemis mogvarebisken gadadgmuli nabiji iqneba, xolo meores mxriv
meti dasaqmebuli adamiani ufro met dovlaTs awarmoebs am dargSi, rac
samomavlod qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebazec aisaxeba.
ganvixiloT dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis donis cvlileba
saqarTveloSi (cxrili 3.14). 2004-2009 wlebSi dafiqsirda umuSevrobis
donis zrda, xolo momdevno wlebSi es maCvenebeli mcirdeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom umuSevrobis done Semcirda, am tendencias dadebiT movlenad
83 ix. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro, statistikis departamenti, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2009, gv. 18, gv. 42 da http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=145&lang=geo
110
mainc ver miviCnevT, vinaidan qveyanaSi Semcirebuli umuSevrobis done
2004 wlis maCvenebelze maRalia da verc imis mtkicebas SevudgebiT, rom
qveyana maRali tempebiT viTardeba da mosaxleobis cxovrebis done
umjobesdeba.
calke ganxilvis Temaa dasaqmebis done saqarTveloSi. cxadia
dasaqmebis donis aseTi maRali maCveneblebi ar aris realuri, rac
pirvel rigSi miiRweva dasaqmebulebSi TviTdasaqmebulTa maRali
xvedriTi woniT.
cxrili 3.14
15 wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis ganawileba ekonomikuri aqtivobis mixedviT (%), 2004-2012 wlebi84
wlebi
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
dasaqmebis done
maT Soris:
87.3 86.2 86.4 86.7 83.5 83.1 83.7 84.9 85.0
daqiravebulebi 33.7 34.4 34.6 36.7 35.7 36.0 38.0 38.0 38.4
TviTdasaqmebulebi 66.2 65.5 65.3 63.3 64.2 63.9 61.9 61.6 61.2
gaurkveveli 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4
umuSevrobis done 12.6 13.8 13.6 13.3 16.5 16.9 16.3 15.1 15.0
sul – ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
TviTdasaqmebulTa kategorias miekuTvnebian:85 individualurad
momuSave, romelic damoukideblad axorcielebs SromiT Semosavlis
momtan saqmianobas, ar iyenebs daqiravebul momuSaveebs an iyenebs maT
mxolod xanmokle periodis ganmavlobaSi; damqiravebeli, romelic
muSaobs damoukideblad, erT an ramdenime partniorTan erTad sakuTar
sawarmoSi da mudmivad hyavs daqiravebuli momuSaveebi; ojaxur
sawarmoSi usasyidlod momuSave piri, romelic muSaobs usasyidlod 84 ix. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2012, gv. 42, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2011, gv. 42 da http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=145&lang=geo 85
dasaqmebulTa kategoriebis mixedviT ganawilebis sailustraciod ix. cxrili 4.11
111
ojaxur sawarmoSi an meurneobaSi da romlis mflobelic misi naTesavia.
swored es ukanaskneli kategoria iqcevs Cvens yuradRebas. radgan am
kategoriis adamianebi warmoadgenen TviTdasaqmebulTa ZiriTad nawils
da maTi raodenobis xarjze xdeba TviTdasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis zrda.
Sedegad jaWvuri sistemiT, viRebT Semdeg suraTs: ojaxur sawarmoSi
usasyidlod momuSaveebis xelovnurad gazrdili ricxovnoba
ganapirobebs TviTdasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis zrdas, xolo
TviTdasaqmebulTa gazrdili raodenoba iwvevs dasaqmebis donis zrdas
da Sesabamisad am kategoriaSi mis maRal xvedriT wonas.
ojaxur meurneobaSi usasyidlod momuSave wevrebi, romlebic
TviTdasaqmebulTa umravlesobas warmoadgenen, realurad arc arian
dasaqmebulebi. es nawili samuSaos uqonlobis gamo iZulebulia Zalian
dabali anazRaurebiT, an sulac anazRaurebis gareSe eweodes
arakvalificiur Sromas. aRniSnuli gansakuTrebiT SeexebaT saqarTvelos
regionebSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas, romlis umravlesobasac ZiriTadad
soflis meurneobaSi saqmianobis SesaZlebloba aqvs. soflad mcxovrebi
mosaxleobis umetesoba TviTdasaqmebulTa ricxovnobaSi iTvleba
mxolod imis gamo, rom maT gaaCniaT 1 heqtari, an meti farTobis miwis
nakveTi. amdenad, TviTdasaqmebulTa es nawili realurad dasaqmebulad
ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos da amis gauTvaliswinebloba saqarTveloSi
umuSevrobisa da dasaqmebis Sesaxeb mdgomareobis Sefasebisas mcdar
suraTs iZleva.
Sedegad miviReT, rom 2012 wels umuSevrobis donem sofelSi Seadgina
7.0%, xolo qalaqSi _ 26.2%. sofelSi 1 119 800 samuSao Zalidan
dasaqmebulia 1 046 800 kaci, magram mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes,
rom sofelSi dasaqmebul adamianebSi TviTdasaqmebulebis wili Seadgens
80.4%-s (diagrama 3.2), anu 885 100 TviTdasaqmebulidan umetesoba ojaxSi
usasyidlod momuSave wevrebi arian. msgavsi tendencia SeiniSneba wina
wlebSic da arsebiTad ar icvleba, xolo saqarTveloSi dasaqmebulTa
112
saerTo ricxvSi TviTdasaqmebulTa maCvenebeli 60%-s aWarbebs
(cxrili 3.14).
diagrama 3.2
soflad dasaqmebulTa ganawileba daqiravebulebisa da
TviTdasaqmebulebis mixedviT (%), 2004-2012 wlebi86
siRaribisa da umuSevrobis maRali donis pirobebSi, ekonomikurad
aqtiuri mosaxleoba cdilobs sakuTari SesaZleblobebis maqsimumis
gamoyenebiT, es iqneba individualurad momuSavis, daqiravebulisa Tu
damqiraveblis statusiT, moaxerxos Semosavlis miReba. bazarze
daqiravebiT momuSaveebi Warboben damqiraveblebs, xolo dasaqmebulTa is
mcire kontigenti, romlebic damqiraveblebs warmoadgenen, ver axerxebs
SromiT bazarze gamosuli ,,potenciuri daqiravebulebis” srul
dasaqmebas. saxelmwifom, romlis ekonomikur gegmebSi Sedis
umuSevrobasTan brZola, daxmarebis xeli unda gauwodos damqiraveblebs,
romlebsac sakuTari warmoebisa Tu biznesis gafarToebis Semdeg,
saSualeba eqnebaT ufro meti adamiani daasaqmon, vidre amas dRes
axerxeben.
saqarTvelos regionebis umuSevarTa wili umuSevarTa mTlian
ricxovnobaSi (TiToeuli regionis umuSevarTa ricxovnobis SefardebiT
86 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=145&lang=geo
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
84.2% 84.3% 84.3% 84.4% 83.8% 82.5% 80.8% 81.6% 80.4%
daqiravebuli TviTdasaqmebuli
113
umuSevarTa saerTo ricxovnobasTan qveyanaSi) aseTi saxis suraTs iZleva:
2012 wlisaTvis umuSevrobis yvelaze dabali done kaxeTSi dafiqsirda,
sadac qveyanaSi umuSevarTa saerTo raodenobis 4.3% modis, xolo
TbilisSi umuSevrobis yvelaze maRali donea _ 41.7% (diagrama 3.3).
diagrama 3.3
saqarTvelos regionebis umuSevarTa wili umuSevarTa mTlian ricxovnobaSi
(%), 2012 weli
ganvixiloT Tu rogor uzrunvelyofs TiToeuli regioni maTi
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis dasaqmebas. am kuTxiT ganxiluli
umuSevrobis done regionebis mixedviT ki Semdeg suraTs iZleva
(cxrili 3.15).
cxrili 3.15
umuSevrobis done saqarTvelos regionebis mixedviT (%), 2012 weli
regioni Tbilisi samegrelo-
zemo
svaneTi
aWara qvemo
qarTli
Sida
qarTli
imereTi danarCeni
regionebi87
kaxeTi
umuSevrobis done (%)
29.1 16.8 16.4 11.0 10.6 10.0 7.5 6.5
TviT-dasaqmebuli (%)
18.7 70.6 65.2 64.5 76.7 67.8 75.0 76.3
87
samcxe-javaxeTi, guria, mcxeTa-mTianeTi
41.7%
12.8%11.9%
11.2%
7.3%5.6%
5.2%4.3%
Tbilisi imereTi
samegrelo-zemo svaneTi aWara
qvemo qarTli samcxe javaxeTi, guria, mcxeTa-mTianeTi
Sida qarTli kaxeTi
114
dasaqmebis done maRalia im regionebSi, sadac ufro metad Warbobs
soflis tipis dasaxlebebi da didia TviTdasaqmebulTa wili
dasaqmebulebSi. ase magaliTad, TbilisSi sadac sxva regionebTan
SedarebiT umuSevrobis yvelaze maRali donea, TviTdasaqmebulTa wili
danarCen regionebTan SedarebiT yvelaze dabalia da piriqiT, kaxeTSi
sadac umuSevrobis yvelaze dabali donea dafiqsirebuli, maRalia
TviTdasaqmebulTa xvedriTi wona dasaqmebulebSi.
TbilisSi, sadac qveynis mTliani moaxleobis ¼1/4-ia Tavmoyrili,
saqarTvelos sxva regionebisagan gansxvavebiT, ufro metad igrZnoba
umuSevrobis problema.
is monacemebi rac umuSevrobis dones asaxavs, realuri rom gaxdes
saWiroa am regionebis ekonomikuri ganviTareba da TviTdasaqmebulTa
realurad dasaqmeba, ise rom maTi Semosavali ar iyos pirobiTi xasiaTis,
mxolod im mizniT rom es kategoria dasaqmebulebad CavTvaloT, aramed
maT mier miRebuli Semosavali unda uzrunvelyofdes am adamianebis
moTxovnilebebis minimalurad dakmayofilebas mainc.
saintereso suraTs iZleva ekonomikaSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulebisa
da maTi saSualoTviuri nominaluri xelfasis ganawilebis diagrama.
sadac; X RerZi dasaqmebulTa saSualoTviur nominalur xelfass
gviCvenebs, xolo Y RerZi - momuSaveTa ricxovnobas (diagrama 3.4).
mocemuli grafikidan kargad Cans, rom izrdeba saSualo Tviuri
xelfasebi. aseve izrdeba daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 2004-2007
wlebSi. dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis mkveTri vardna dafiqsirda 2007-2008
wlebSi, xolo momdevno wlidan kvlav ganagrZobs matebas, es ki dadebiT
movlenad unda miviCnioT, radgan dasaqmebis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba maT
mier miRebuli Semosavlebic. amasTan gadasaxedia miRebuli saSualo
Tviuri nominaluri xelfasebis realuri Rirebuleba, rom ar miviRoT
inflaciis gavleniT xelfasebis absoluturi zrda. Cvens SemTxvevaSi
2000 welTan SedarebiT 2004 wels Semosavlebis realuri Rirebuleba
115
Seadgenda 125.3 lars (156.6/1.25), xolo 2012 wels 365.4 lars (712.5/1.95),
realuri zrda saxezea, rac dadebiT movlenad unda CaiTvalos.
diagrama 3.4
dasaqmebulebi da dasaqmebulTa saSualo Tviuri xelfasebi saqarTveloSi,
2004-2012 wlebi88
Sromis anazRaurebis mxriv yvelaze ukeTesi pirobebia safinanso
saqmianobaSi, sadac saSualoTviuri nominaluri xelfasi 2012 wlisaTvis
Seadgenda 1 402.3 lars89, amasTan mocemuli dargi wlebis ganmavlobaSi
ikavebs mowinave poziciebs. Semdeg modis saxelmwifo mmarTveloba (1 031.2
lari) da isic unda aRiniSnos, rom 2004 welTan SedarebiT nominaluri
xelfasis moculoba 5-jer aris gazrdili. ganaTlebis sfero, romelic
qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis safuZvelia da Sesabamisad
saxelmwifos prioritetul dargs unda warmoadgendes, meTevzeobis
Semdeg bolo adgilzea saSualoTviuri xelfasis ganawilebiT da
Seadgens 355.1 lars. am dargSi maRali xelfasebis aucilebloba
gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom ar moxdes kvalificiuri kadrebis ucxoeTSi
gadineba da maTi codna gamoyenebul iqnas momdevno Taobebis
aRsazrdelad, qveynis socialur da ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi maTi
uSualo monawileobiT. aseve maRali xelfasiT miRweul unda iqnas
inteleqtualTa Sromis mwarmoeblurobis amaRleba, rom maTi ZiriTadi
88
http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=145&lang=geo da http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=148&lang=geo 89 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=148&lang=geo
2004 2005 20062007
2008
2009
20102011
2012
560
580
600
620
640
660
680
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
das
aqmebulebi
saSualo Tviuri xelfasi
116
ekonomikuri saqmianobis interesTa sfero ganaTlebis dargSi
moRvaweobiT Semoifarglebodes.
umuSevrobis procentuli ganawileba umuSevrebis saerTo ricxvSi
asakis mixedviT mocemulia Semdegi cxrilis saxiT (cxrili 3.16).
cxrili 3.16
15 wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis ganawileba umuSevrobis donis
mixedviT asakobriv WrilSi (%), 2011-2012 wlebi90
wlebi
asakobrivi jgufebi
2011 2012
1. 15-24 35.6 33.3
2. 25-29 25.0 25.0
30-39 19.5 18.7
40-49 11.3 13.5
3. 50-64 9.1 9.4
4. 65+ 0.6 0.8
pirvel asakobriv jgufSi (15-24) umuSevrobis arseboba ar
warmoadgens tragedias qveynis ekonomikisaTvis, radgan es asakobrivi
jgufi ZiriTadad aerTianebs skolis moswavleebsa da studentebs.
saxelmwifos socialuri politika am jgufSi unda ganisazRvrebodes
ganaTlebis sistemis reformirebiT, rac upirvelesad gulisxmobs
ganaTlebis miRebis xelmisawvdomobasa da xarisxis uzrunvelyofas, aseve
umaRlesi saswavleblis damTavrebis Semdeg, studentebisaTvis dasaqmebis
meti SesaZleblobebis micemiT, radganac maTi umravlesoba ganaTlebis
miRebas arCevs swavlis dasrulebamde samuSaos Zebnas. umaRlesi
saswavleblis dasrulebis Semdeg ki am kontigentisagan miviRebT
maRalkvalificiur kadrebs, rac aucilebel saWiroebas warmoadgens
dRevandel saqarTveloSi.
90 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=145&lang=geo
117
meore asakobrivi jgufi (25-49) gamoirCeva yvelaze maRali Sromis
mwarmoeblurobiT, radgan is warmoadgens Sromisunariani mosaxleobis
mTavar birTvs. dasaqmebis politika ki mimarTuli unda iyos ZiriTadad
am jgufis wevrebis dasasaqmeblad.
meore asakobrivi jgufi pirobiTad sam jgufad ganvixiloT. 25-29
wlis asakis mosaxleobaSi umuSevrobis done Seadgens 25.0%-s, aseTi
maRali maCvenebeli ganpirobebulia am asakobriv jgufSi ekonomikurad
aqtiuri mosaxleobis maRali wiliT, romelTa umetesi nawilis
dasaqmebac ver xdeba. am asakSi xSiria friqciuli umuSevroba,91 rac
ZiriTadad gamowveulia ukeTesi samuSao adgilis ZiebiT, amasTan am
asakobrivi kategoriidan unda moxdes dargebis specialistebis
Camoyalibeba, rac samomavlod dadebiTad unda aisaxos calkeuli
ekonomikuri dargis ganviTarebaze. momdevno 30-39 asakobrivi kategoriis
dasaqmebulTaTvis mniSvnelovania perspeqtiuli samuSao garemos Seqmna,
rac saSualebas miscems dasaqmebulebs moxdes maTTvis adekvaturi
samuSao adgiliT uzrunvelyofa. xolo 40-49 asakis samuSao Zalis
stabiluri samuSaoTi uzrunvelyofa unda moxdes, radganac aq iseTi
sixSiriT ar gvxvdeba friqciuli umuSevroba, rogorc wina asakobriv
jgufSi.
mesame asakobriv jgufSi (50-64) umuSevarTa 9.4% modis. aq mtkivneul
problemas warmoadgens struqturuli umuSevroba, romlis mogvarebac
xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli xdeba92. am asakobrivi jgufis adamianebis
dasaqmebis sakiTxis gadaWra mniSvnelovania, es kategoria momdevno
jgufTan (65+) erTad unda warmoadgendes pirveli asakobrivi jgufis
(15-24) ,,maswavlebels’’ da axdendes maT momzadebas dargis
specialistebad. amasTan pirveli jgufisTvis maRali xarisxis
91 friqciuli umuSevroba warmoiSveba momuSaveTa gadanacvlebis periodSi erTi sawarmodan meoreSi. 92 struqturuli umuSevroba warmoiSveba ekonomikaSi xangrZlivi struqturuli cvlilebebis Sedegad. momuSaveebis momzadebisa da gadamzadebas axali specialobebis mixedviT garkveuli dro Wirdeba, ris gamoc warmoiSoba samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris Seusabamoba.
118
ganaTlebis micema da momzadeba aucilebelia, vinaidan roca isini zeda
asakobriv jgufSi gadainacvleben, ar dadgnen mwvave umuSevrobis
problemebis winaSe da amasTan jaWvuri meTodiT gaxdnen ukve axali
Taobis ,,maswavleblebi”. cxadia es yvela piroba ver Sesruldeba Tu
qveyanaSi ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan erTad ar Seiqmna samuSao adgilebi
da Sesabamisad ar gaizarda samuSao Zalaze moTxovna.
meoTxe asakobrivi jgufisaTvis (65 da meti) prioritets
warmoadgens moqnili sapensio sistemis Seqmna, romelic uzrunvelyofs
sapensio asakis pirebis normalur cxovrebis pirobebs, amasTan pensia
gaTanabrebuli unda iqnas am kategoriisaTvis gaangariSebul saarsebo
minimumTan. aRniSnul asakobriv jgufSi dabali umuSevrobis done ki
ganpirobebulia am asakSi ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis mcire
xvedriTi wonis arsebobiT.
umuSevrobis maRali done niSnavs resursebis nawilobriv gamoyenebas
da mosaxleobis dabal Semosavlebs, rac amwvavebs mraval socialur
problemas da zrdis emociur daZabulobas sazogadoebaSi. sabazro
ekonomikis ganviTarebis msoflio gamocdileba adasturebs, rom
umuSevrobas seriozuli uaryofiTi ekonomikuri da socialuri Sedegebi
moaqvs, rogorc umuSevrebisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebisaTvis, ise mTeli
sazogadoebisaTvis.
samuSao Zalis garkveuli zomiT gamouyenebloba gamoixateba
ekonomikuri danakargebiT _ saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis
moculobis SemcirebiT. kerZod, mcirdeba faqtobrivad warmoebuli
mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep). raodenobrivad mep-is danakargi aris
sxvaoba potenciur mep-sa (romelic SeiZleba warmoebuli yofiliyo
sruli dasaqmebis pirobebSi) da mis faqtobriv sidides Soris, rac
warmoebulia umuSevrobis mocemuli donis pirobebSi. oukenis cnobili
Teoriis Tanaxmad, Tu umuSevrobis faqtobrivi done aRemateba bunebrivs
1%-iT, mep-is warmoebis moculoba mcirdeba 2.5%-iT.93
93 Дащинская Н.П. Международная статистика, Минск., 2007. стр. 203.
119
aRniSnuli Tavis mxriv ganapirobebs biujetSi gadasaricxi
gadasaxadebis Semcirebas, radgan warmoebuli produqciis Semcirebis
Sedegad mcirdeba iuridiuli pirebis sagadasaxado baza, xolo, meores
mxriv, auRebeli xelfasebi amcirebs fizikuri pirebidan Semosul
saSemosavlo gadasaxadebs. amave dros izrdeba saxelmwifos xarjebi,
radgan umuSevrebze Semweobis gacema xorcieldeba umTavresad
specialuri miznobrivi fondidan, romlis Sevsebis ZiriTadi wyaroa
socialuri gadasaxadebi da xelfasebis anaricxebi.
umuSevrobis Sedegad Zlierdeba mosaxleobis qonebrivi
diferenciacia, uaresdeba socialur_fsiqologiuri klimati
sazogadoebaSi, izrdeba socialuri daZabuloba da Tuki igi miaRwevs
kritikul zRvars, savsebiT dasaSvebia socialuri afeTqebac.
Sromis bazris koniunqtura Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalaze
moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris Tanafardobaa. aRniSnuli
Tanafardobidan gamomdinare, Sromis bazris koniunqtura SeiZleba
xasiaTdebodes: samuSao Zalis deficitiT _ roca Sromis bazarze
moTxovna Warbobs samuSao Zalis miwodebas. wonasworobiT _ roca
samuSao Zalaze moTxovna Seesabameba mis miwodebas. samuSao Zalis
siWarbiT – roca Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalis miwodeba Warbobs
moTxovnas. swored es ukanaskneli Tanafardobaa damaxasiaTebeli Cveni
qveynis Sromis bazarze.
umuSevrobis maRali done amZafrebs konkurencias Sromis bazarze da
samuSao Zalis nawili iZulebulia daTanxmdes dabalanazRaurebad,
araprestiJul samuSaoebze, aseTi “iZulebiTi” Sroma ki SeuZlebelia
efeqtiani iyos. magaliTisTvis, saqarTveloSi 2006 wels erT vakansiaze
336 umuSevari modioda.94
erT-erTi nabiji, romelic saqarTvelos mTavrobam umuSevrobis donis
Sesamcireblad gadadga iyo 2006 wels inicirebuli programa, romelic
94
ix. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamentis, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2008, gv. 49.
120
50 000 staJioris kerZo seqtorSi samTviani staJirebis saxelmwifo
biujetidan dafinansebas iTvaliswinebda.
aRniSnuli programis farglebSi oficialuri monacemebiT mewarmeTa
mxridan yvelaze didi moTxovna Semdeg aT profesiaze iyo:
(1) damlagebeli, (2) dasufTavebis samsaxuris muSaki, (3) sadazRvevo
agenti, (4) sareklamo agenti, (5) distributori, (6) dacvis TanamSromeli,
(7) maRaziis gamyidveli, (8) mimtani, (9) gadamzidveli da (10) presis
distributori.95 imis gamo, rom yvela es samuSao SedarebiT dabali
kvalifikaciis personals moiTxovs, sazogadoebis nawilma eWvqveS
daayena programis efeqturoba. gaizarda eWvi imis Sesaxebac, rom
programa realurad politikurad aqtiur winasaarCevno periodSi
umuSevarTa moklevadian dasaqmebas da amiT xmebis mozidvas ufro
emsaxureboda, vidre profesiuli gadamzadebis xelSewyobasa da
grZelvadiani perspeqtivis uzrunvelyofas.
mTavrobis mier 2006 wlidan dawyebuli dasaqmebis axali programa,
saxelmwifos daaxloebiT 22.5 miloni lari daujdeboda. sxvadasxva
kompaniebSi dasaqmebulma moqalaqeebma sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi, 2006 wels
yovelTviurad miiRes 150 lari, xolo 2007-2008 wlebSi yovelTviurad 200
lari.
is Tanxa, romelic saxelmwifom am adamianebis xelfasebis
dasafinanseblad gamoyo, ise gavida bazarze, rom Sesabamisi moculobis
produqcia da momsaxureba ar Seuqmnia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
xelfass warmoebuli produqciis RirebulebaSi misi 20% uWiravs, maSin,
22.5 mln laris xelfasidan unda warmoebuliyo 112.5 mln laris
Rirebulebis produqcia, rac ar moxda da gaxda kidec inflaciis zrdis
erT-erTi gamomwvevi mizezi (cxrili 2.5 (gv.68)) monacemebis safuZvelze,
sadac naTlad Cans 2006-2007 wlebSi inflaciis zrda. rac Seexeba
proeqtis mizans, Seemcirebina umuSevrobis done qveyanaSi, es maCvenebeli
95ix. saerTaSoriso gamWirvaloba saqarTvelo _ umuSevrobasTan brZola saqarTveloSi, gv. 3.
121
2006-2007 wlebSi 13.6%-dan Semcirda 13.3%-mde, xolo 2008 wlisaTvis ki
16.5%-mde gaizarda. Sedegad verc dasaqmebis donis zrda ver miviReT.
Sromis bazris siRrmiseuli Seswavlis, analizisa da mis winaSe
mdgari problemebis efeqtianad gadaWrisaTvis unda moxdes konkretulad
umuSevrobis dayofa kategoriebad, maTi mTavari maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT. Tanamedrove etapze saqarTveloSi umuSevarTa mTliani
raodenobidan ar gamoiyofa samuSao Zalis is raodenoba, romelic
kvalifikaciis amaRlebas saWiroebs an iseTi profesiis mqone umuSevrebi,
viszec arsebuli dasaqmebis bazris mxridan moTxovna dabalia,
Sesabamisad, rTulia gansazRvro, Tu ra profesiebi, kvalifikacia an
unarebia moTxovnadi dRes Sromis bazarze. aqedan gamomdinare ki Znelia
saubari am socialuri problemis mimarT marTebuli saxelmwifo
politikis gatarebaze.
eqspertTa azriT, ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtze muSaobis da
SemdgomSi kanonis aRsrulebis procesSi xelisuflebam unda
gaiTvaliswinos, rom profesiuli ganaTlebis xarisxi damokidebuli
iqneba mewarmeebTan urTierTobis da bazris moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebis
xarisxze. amisaTvis unda Catardes Sromis bazris safuZvliani kvleva,
sawyis etapzeve gairkves, Tu ra tipis unar-Cvevebze da ra profesiebzea
yvelaze didi moTxovna da amis Sesabamisad ganisazRvros profesiuli
ganaTlebis programebi, raTa ar moxdes iseTi programebis swavleba,
romlebic praqtikaSi gamousadegaria da dasaqmebis perspeqtivis zrdaze
ver imoqmedebs.
Sromis bazris formirebisa da funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia
mTeli rigi elementebis arseboba:
Sromis bazris subieqtebi, romlebsac Seadgenen: damqiraveblebi,
daqiravebuli momuSaveebi, daqiravebiT muSaobis msurveli umuSevrebi,
dasaqmebulebi; saxelmwifo, romelic warmodgenilia xelisuflebis
centraluri da adgilobrivi organoebis saxiT da asrulebs socialur-
ekonomikur, sakanonmdeblo da maregulirebel funqciebs; Sromis bazris
122
koniunqtura, romelic zemoT ganvixileT; sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, wesebi,
normebi, romlebic aucilebelia Sromis bazris normalurad
funqcionirebisaTvis da aregulireben Sromis bazris subieqtebs Soris
urTierTobebs, zustad gansazRvraven maT uflebebs, xels uwyoben
xelsayreli ekonomikuri pirobebis Seqmnas, dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis
gatarebas; Sromis bazris infrastruqtura dasaqmebis samsaxurebis,
kadrebis profesiuli momzadebisa da gadamzadebis centrebis, sareklamo
firmebis, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisa da fondebis, firmebis
sakadro samsaxurebis sistemaa, romelic uzrunvelyofs Sromis bazris
normalur funqcionirebas; socialuri dacvis sistema Tanamedrove
Sromis bazris mniSvnelovani elementia. sabazro pirobebSi Cveulebrivi
movlenaa momuSaveTa garkveuli nawilis gamoTavisufleba da
umuSevrobis arseboba. gamoTavisuflebul personals umuSevrobis
periodSi sWirdeba finansuri daxmareba, gadamzadeba, raTa SeZlon
SromiT saqmianobaSi xelaxali Cabma. amitom, Sromis bazris
funqcionireba srulyofili ver iqneba daxmarebebis (Semweobebis),
ganTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi kompensaciebisa da swavlis periodSi
stipendiebis gacemis gareSe.
saxelmwifom Sromis bazarze unda gaataros dasaqmebis pasiuri da
aqtiuri politika. dasaqmebis pasiuri politika iTvaliswinebs Sesabamis
samsaxurebSi registrirebuli umuSevrebisaTvis daxmarebis (Semweobis)
gacemas. dasaqmebis aqtiuri politika aris ekonomikuri, organizaciuli
da samarTlebrivi RonisZiebebis erToblioba, romelic mimarTulia
umuSevrobis Semcirebisaken. saxelmwifos upirvelesi amocana unda
gaxdes masobrivi umuSevrobis aRmofxvra, misi SenarCuneba umuSevrobis
bunebriv donemde, dasaqmebis programebis SemuSaveba, samuSao Zalis
momzadebisa da gadamzadebis uzrunvelyofa.
umuSevarTa socialuri dacva saxelmwifos dasaqmebis politikis
erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia. umuSevrad unda CaiTvalos
Sromisunariani piri, romelsac ar aqvs anazRaurebadi samuSao.
123
saerTaSoriso standartebis gadmoRebas SeiZleba Tan axldes problema,
romelic mdgomareobs imaSi, rom is ver realizdeba saqarTvelos
realobaSi. amis dasturad, dasaqmebulis statusis gansazRvrisas
aramarTebulad miviCnevT, rom dasaqmebulad aRiricxeba pirovneba,
romelic gamokiTxvis momentis wina 7 dRis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda erTi
saaTi mainc. ganvixiloT pirobiTi magaliTi, saSualod Tu ra
anazRaurebas miiRebda 1 saaTis muSaobiT rigiTi moqalaqe, romelic
yvelaze maRal anazRaurebad samsaxurSi muSaobs (aseTi ki safinanso
seqtoria). Tu saSualo xelfass aviRebT 1 402.3 lars, maSin dRiuri
Semosavali Seadgens 1 402.3/30 = 46.7 (lars), xolo 1 saaTis anazRaureba
46.7/8 = 5.8 (lars). am Teoriuli daSvebiT gamodis, rom am pirovnebam 1
kviris ganmavlobaSi samomxmareblo xarjebisTvis unda imyofinos
6 laramde. miRebuli Sedegi cxadyofs, rom saqarTvelos realobidan
gamomdinare, amgvari meTodiT dasaqmebulis statusis miniWeba, realurad
ar asaxavs pirovnebis ekonomikur mdgomareobas qveyanaSi. amitom
marTebuli iqneba, Tu dasaqmebulad CavTvliT adamians, romelsac mis
mier miRebuli SemosavliT SeeZleba minimum sakuTari Sromisunarianobis
aRdgena, anu dasaqmebulad unda CavTvaloT pirovneba, romlis
Semosavali ar iqneba saarsebo minimumze naklebi. amasTan mocemuli
niSniT dasaqmebulebis ganawileba, ganapirobebs saqarTvelos Sromis
bazris kidev erTi problematuri sakiTxis, TviTdasaqmebulTa
kategoriidan realurad dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis gamoyofasa da
TviTdasaqmebulTa realuri ricxovnobis dadgenas.
2012 wels kavkasiis regionSi umuSevrobis96 donem saqarTveloSi 15.0%
Seadgina, somxeTSi _ 17.3%; ruseTSi _ 5.5%, xolo azerbaijanSi _ 5.2%.
evrostatis monacemebiT, 2012 wels umuSevrobis saSualo donem
evrokavSirSi (am organizaciaSi Semavali evrokavSiris 27 qveynis
monacemebis safuZvelze) Seadgina 10.5%. qveynebis mixedviT umuSevrobis
96
http://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=126&thid=labr&submit=Search http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/en/figures/labour/ http://www.stat.gov.az/source/labour/indexen.php
124
yvelaze dabali done dafiqsirda norvegiaSi 3.2%. norvegiasTan erTad
reitingis xuTeuli ase gamoiyureba: avstria 4.3%, luqsemburgi 5.1%,
holandia 5.3% da germania 5.5%. xolo umuSevrobis yvelaze maRalma
donem Seadgina espaneTSi 25.0%. Semdeg modian: saberZneTi 24.3%,
portugalia da xorvatia orive qveyanaSi 15.9%. aSS-Si umuSevrobis donem
8.1% Seadgina, iaponiaSi _ 4.3%, xolo TurqeTSi _ 8.1%.97
evrokavSiris qveynebSi umuSevrobis definicireba ganisazRvreba
Semdegnairad: umuSevrobis done warmoadgens umuSevarTa wils samuSao
ZalaSi. samuSao Zala aris dasaqmebulTa da umuSevarTa saerTo
raodenoba. umuSevari warmoadgens 15-dan 74 wlamde pirs, romelic:
a) umuSevaria saangariSo kviraSi, b) mzad aris muSaobis dasawyebad ori
kviris manZilze, g) aqtiurad eZebs samuSaos sakvlevi 4 kviris
ganmavlobaSi, an iSovna samsaxuri, magram muSaobas iwyebs maqsimum sami
Tvis vadaSi.
saqarTvelos samuSao Zalis statistikis meTodologia TiTqmis
imeorebs evrokavSiris qveynebSi umuSevrobis donis gamoTvlis
meTodologias im gansxvavebiT, rom evrokavSirs umuSevrobis zeda
zRvrad 74 weli aqvs dawesebuli.98 rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi
oficialuri monacemebiT ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis, dasaqmebisa
da umuSevrobis Sefasebas, mas saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli
samsaxuri (saqstati) Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (Sso)
meTodologiis mixedviT axorcielebs.99
sabolood ki, saqarTvelos mier dasaqmebis problemis gadasaWrelad
aucilebelia Sromis bazris kvleva, misi statistikuri Seswavla da
miRebuli Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze qmediTi ekonomikuri
politikis gatareba.
97
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tsdec450&plugin=1 98 http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tsdec450&plugin=1 99 http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/methodology/Labour%20Force%20Statistics.pdf
125
3.4 mosaxleobis ganaTlebis donisa da jandacvis statistika
saqarTveloSi
ganaTleba, jandacva da socialuri daxmareba warmoadgenen im
faqtorTa jgufs, romelTa urTierTkavSiric aris qveynis socialuri da
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis safuZveli. qveyanaSi adamianis srulfasovnad
ganviTarebisaTvis ganaTlebis maRal donesa da jandacvis gamarTul
sistemas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba. SeuZlebelia adamianma
janmrTelobis gareSe miiRos ganaTlebis maRali done, xolo Tu
qveyanaSi ar iqna ganaTleba Sesabamis doneze ayvanili, maSin jandacvis
sferoc gaumarTavi iqneba, rac mZime Sedegebis momtani gaxdeba rogorc
calkeuli pirovnebebisTvis da ise zogadad qveynis socialuri
sferosTvis.
msoflio jandacvis organizaciis 1986 wlis wesdebaSi vkiTxulobT
Semdegs: . . . janmrTeloba aris sruli fizikuri, gonebrivi da
socialuri keTildReobis mdgomareoba da ara mxolod daavadebisa da
uZlurebis ararseboba.”
janmrTeloba xels uwyobs pirovnebis fizikur, xolo ganaTleba ki
mis sulier ganviTarebas. adamianis srulfasovnebisTvis ki aucilebelia
rogorc fizikuri ise sulieri ganviTareba, rac gavlenas axdens Sromis
bazarze kvalificiuri samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoebaze, mecnierul-
teqnikur progresze, demografiul procesebze: Sobadoba, sicocxlis
xangrZlivoba, migracia.
ganaTleba pirovnebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi mTavari faqtoria da
sxva danarCeni socialuri faqtorebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi umTavresi
faqtoric ki sazogadoebaSi adgilis dasamkvidreblad da srulfasovani
ganviTarebis misaRwevad.
ganaTleba mTavari faqtoria, romelic mosaxleobas hyofs
gansxvavebul socialur Semadgenlobebad da ganapirobebs maTSi
siRaribis arsebobas, is aseve mniSvnelovani SesaZleblobaa momavali
126
TaobebisTvis siRaribis dasaZlevad. naklebad ganaTlebul adamians
Semosavlebis miRebis SezRuduli SesaZlebloba aqvs da miT ufro
metadaa daucveli siRaribisgan. amave dros, Rarib bavSvebSi dabalia
skolaSi ganaTlebis miRebis xelmisawvdomoba da maTi ojaxebi mZime
socialuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare iZulebulni arian naklebi xarji
gaiRon arasrulwlovanTa ganaTlebaSi. mTel msoflioSi siRaribis
yvelaze maRali maCveneblebi aris im Sinameurneobebis wevrebSi, romlis
ojaxis ufrossac ar aqvs miRebuli ganaTleba da siRaribe ganaTlebis
donis zrdis saSualebas ukargavs. magaliTad nigeriaSi (2003-2004)
SinameurneobebSi siRaribis done Seadgenda 69%-s roca ojaxis ufross
ar hqonda miRebuli ganaTleba, 49%-s roca ojaxis ufross miRebuli
hqonda dawyebiTi saSualo skolis ganaTleba, xolo 26% Tu miRebuli
hqonda saSualo skolis Semdgomi ganaTleba.100
msoflios qveynebis gamocdilebiT, qveyanaSi siRaribis daZlevis
politika iwyeba ganaTlebis donis gaumjobesebiT da am sferoSi
investiciebis CadebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela doneze ganaTleba
mniSvnelovania, sabazo ganaTlebas prioritetad miiCneven. aseve
mniSvnelovania, rom xelmisawvdomi gaxdes sabazo ganaTleba yvela
adamianisTvis da gansakuTrebiT soflad, sadac es problema ufro
mkafiod iCens Tavs.
saqarTveloSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis regulireba ZiriTadad
xorcieldeba ,,umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonisa da
mis safuZvelze saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris mier
dadgenili wesebiT.
kanoniT, dadgenilia umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis 3
saxeoba: 1. universiteti; 2. saswavlo universiteti; 3. koleji. amasTan,
TiToeuli maTgani SeiZleba arsebobdes sajaro an kerZo samarTlis
iuridiuli piris formiT. dRes saqarTveloSi raodenobrivad yvelaze
gavrcelebulia sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris (ssip) formiT
100
ECOWAS Poverty Profile _ Prepared by the Economic Community of West African States Commission (ECOWAS) and the United Nations Statistics Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2007, pg. 34.
127
Seqmnili umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi. Semdeg modis
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis (Sps) formiT Seqmnili,
xolo yvelaze mcirea arasamewarme iuridiuli piris formiT (aip)
Seqmnili umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi.
saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis wili mTlian Sida produqtSi zrdis
tendenciiT xasiaTdeba, Tumca bolo monacemebiT es maCvenebeli mcire
wils, 4.2%-s Seadgenda da Tan 10 wlian periodSic 1%-ian zrdaze naklebi
dafiqsirda (diagrama 3.5).
diagrama 3.5
ganaTlebis wili mSp-Si (%), 2002-2012 wlebi101
ZiriTad kapitalSi ganxorcielebuli investiciebis struqturidan
(cxrili 3.17) naTlad Cans mocemul dargebs Soris arsebuli
diferenciacia. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi ganxorcielebuli
investiciebis wili TiTqmis 15-jer aRemateba ganaTlebis sferoSi
ganxorcielebul investiciebs. am ukanasknelis wili ki minimaluria
mTlian struqturaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom 5 wlian periodSi mocemuli
maCvenebeli TiTqmis 2-jer gaizarda. ganaTlebis sferos
ganviTarebisaTvis ki aucilebelia masSi investiciebis ganxorcieleba, am
sferoSi Cadebuli kapitali momavalSi kvlav qveyanas daubrundeba
101 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=118&lang=geo
3.7%3.2% 3.5% 3.3%
3.7%3.2%
3.5%4.2% 4.2% 4.3% 4.2%
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
128
inteleqtualuri dovlaTis saxiT, rac mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis
zrdasa da saxelmwifoebriv ganviTarebaSi Tavis rols Seasrulebs.
cxrili 3.17
ZiriTad kapitalSi investiciebis struqtura saqarTveloSi (%),
2007-2011 wlebi102
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
saxelmwifo
mmarTveloba103 12.4 20.2 37.8 32.9 23.7
janmrTelobis
dacva da
socialuri
daxmareba
2.3 1.4 2.7 2.0 2.2
ganaTleba 0.9 0.8 1.2 1.5 1.6
mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia is, Tu ramdens xarjavs mTavroba
ganaTlebaze. ganaTlebaze gaweuli xarjebi mSp-Tan mimarTebaSi
saqarTveloSi Seadgens 3.2%-s, rac azerbaijanisa da somxeTis
maCveneblebis analogiuria, ruseTSi ki ganaTlebaze ixarjeba 4.1% mSp-
Tan mimarTebaSi. 4_dan 6%-mde danaxarjebi warmoadgenen yvelaze metad
gavrcelebul maCveneblebs mTel msoflioSi da TiTqmis mTel evropaSi.
norvegiaSi, SvedeTSi, fineTsa da islandiaSi ki mocemuli maCvenebeli
6%-ze mets Seadgens.104
ganaTlebis donis Seswavlisas mniSvnelovania ganvixiloT
moswavleTa da studentTa ricxovnobis statistika dinamikaSi (cxrili
3.18). 5 wlis periodSi klebis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba moswavleTa
ricxovnoba. aseve aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom moswavleTa ricxovnoba
izrdeba kerZo skolebSi da paralelurad mcirdeba sajaro skolebSi. es
faqti imiTac aixsneba, rom mSoblebi da moswavleebi ganaTlebis ufro
102 ix. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, saqarTvelos erovnuli angariSebi 2011, Tb., 2013, gv. 36. 103
saxelmwifo mmarTveloba da saerTo sargeblobis aqtivebi (gzebi, sainJinro nagebobebi, saxelmwifo marTvis organoebi) 104
http://childrenschances.org/global-maps/beyond-basic-education/how-much-do-governments-spend-on-education/
129
maRali donis misaRebad upiratesobas kerZo skolebs aniWeben da ar
akmayofilebT sajaro skolebis swavlebis done. es faqti
gasaTvaliswinebelia im mxriv, rom sajaro skolebSi gaizardos
ganaTlebis miRebis xarisxi da gauTanabrdes maRal saganmanaTleblo
standartebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom kerZo skolebSi moswavleTa ricxovnoba
10 wlis manZilze 3-jer gaizarda.
zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba studentTa ricxovnoba, amasTan bolo
monacemebiT saxelmwifo umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi maTi
wili 73%-s Seadgens, Sesabamisad 27% kerZo umaRles saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebSi swavlobs, maSin roca kerZo saswavleblebis raodenoba
(38) 2-jer aRemateba saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis raodenobas (19), es
ki ZiriTadad gamowveulia umaRlesi saxelmwifo universitetebis
materialur-teqnikuri bazis ukeT mowyobiT.
cxrili 3.18
moswavleTa da studentTa ricxovnoba saqarTveloSi105
(saswavlo wlis dasawyisisaTvis)
2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13
moswavleTa
ricxovnoba, aTasi 643.3 624.5 595.4 568.5 559.4
maswavlebelTa
ricxovnoba 76 887 79 891 63 512 69 955 68 670
maswavlebelTa
ricxovnoba
1000 moswavleze
120 128 107 123 123
studentTa
ricxovnoba 93 637 102 710 _ 95 110 109 533
profesor-
maswavlebelTa
ricxovnoba
5 452 6 606 _ 6 997 6 287
profesor-
maswavlebelTa
ricxovnoba
1000 studentze
58 64 _ 74 57
105 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=205&lang=geo
130
studentTa raodenobis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba profesor-
maswavlebelTa ricxovnobac. bolo wlis monacemebiT 1000 studentze
modis 57 profesor-maswavlebeli, xolo 1000 moswavleze _ 123
maswavlebeli. mocemuli Tanafardoba TiTqmis ucvlelia bolo 5 wlis
ganmavlobaSi.
ganaTleba adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis samidan erT-erT
subindeqss warmoadgens, rac mianiSnebs kidec saerTaSoriso doneze
ganaTlebis mTavar rols adamianis ganviTarebaSi. saqarTvelos
ganaTlebis indeqsi 0.8-s Seadgens, rac maRali maCvenebelia da agi-s
reitingSi gvamkvidrebs maRal ganviTarebul qveynebis jgufSi. swavlis
saSualo xangrZlivoba saqarTveloSi aris 12.1 weli, xolo swavlis
mosalodneli xangrZlivoba _ 13.2 weli. norvegiaSi, romelic reitings
liderobs swavlis saSualo xangrZlivoba Seadgens 12.6 wels, xolo
swavlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba 17.5 wels. mocemuli maCveneblebis
maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebia: aSS-Si swavlis saSualo xangrZlivoba 13.3
weli, axal zelandiaSi swavlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba 19.7 weli,
xolo avstraliaSi mocemuli maCvenebeli 19.6 wliT ganisazRvra.
ganvixiloT umuSevarTa ganawileba ganaTlebis donis mixedviT
(cxrili 3.19). rogorc cxrilidan Cans, umuSevarTa Soris yvelaze maRali
xvedriTi woniTaa warmodgenili umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianebi,
xolo Semdeg modian saSualo zogadi ganaTlebis mqone umuSevrebi. is
faqti, rom umuSevarTa Soris Warbobs is adamianebi, romelTac umaRlesi
ganaTleba aqvT miRebuli, gamowveulia ganaTlebis sistemis
arasrulyofilebiT. umaRlesi saswavleblebi ver uzrunvelyofen
maRali kvalifikaciis mqone kadrebis gamoSvebas, romlebic upasuxeben
sabazro ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebel standartebs. amasTan kerZo da
saxelmwifo universitetebSi Cambarebel studentTa ricxvi yovel
wels izrdeba, Sesabamisad didia universitetebis mier gamoSvebul
specialistTa ricxvi, xolo maTi umetesoba ver axerxebs dasaqmebas
Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalisadmi Camoyalibebuli dabali moTxovnisa
131
da maT mier miRebuli sabazro ekonomikisaTvis aradamakmayofilebeli
ganaTlebis donis gamo.
cxrili 3.19
umuSevarTa ganawileba ganaTlebis donis mixedviT saqarTveloSi,
2005-2008 wlebi106
(% jamTan)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 saSualod
dawyebiTi an sabazo
ganaTleba 4.7 4.1 4.5 3.8 3.4 4.1
saSualo zogadi 35.5 37.3 35.2 35.2 36.2 35.8
dawyebiTi profesiuli,
saxelobo 2.8 2.9 3.3 2.6 3.0 2.9
saSualo profesiuli 17.9 17.8 17.0 16.4 17.7 17.4
umaRlesi 39.1 37.9 40.1 41.9 39.5 39.7
ganaTlebis gareSe/
araidentificirebuli 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1
sul 100 100 100 100 100 100
ganaTlebis donis mixedviT umuSevarTa ganawilebaSi aseve maRali
xvedriTi woniT aris warmodgenili saSualo zogadi ganaTlebis mqone
umuSevari adamianebi. Sromis bazarze am kategoriis adamianebSi didia
konkurenciis done da swored isini warmoadgenen damqiraveblebisaTvis
samuSao Zalis yvelaze iaf mimwodeblebs, xolo dasaqmebis SemTxvevaSi
umeteswilad araprestiJul, dabalanazRaurebad da mZime fizikuri saxis
samuSaos Tanxmdebian.
saqarTveloSi samuSao adgilebis Seqmna samrewvelo, samSeneblo,
soflis meurneobis da sxva ekonomikuri dargebis ganviTarebis Sedegad,
gamoiwvevs zemoT aRniSnuli kategoriis muSa-xelis mniSvnelovani
nawilis dasaqmebas, Sedegad samuSao Zalis mimwodeblebSi konkurenciis
donis Semcireba gamoiwvevs Sromis fasis zrdas.
106
ix. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri _ qali da kaci saqarTveloSi, statistikuri publikacia, Tb., 2013, gv. 37; qali da kaci saqarTveloSi, statistikuri publikacia, Tb., 2011, gv. 48.
132
ganaTlebis donis mixedviT dasaqmebulTa ganawilebisas viRebT, rom
dasaqmebulTa 40.0% saSualo zogadi ganaTlebis mqone adamianebi arian,
romlebic ZiriTadad dabalanazRaurebad samuSaoebs asruleben, xolo
Semdgomi profesiuli zrdis SesaZleblobebic ar eZlevaT. qveynis
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donidan gamomdinare ki Sromis bazarzec
ZiriTadi moTxovna dabalanazRaurebad da dabali kvalifikaciis mqone
muSa xelzea.
dasaqmebulTa 28.8%-s umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianebi
warmoadgenen, xolo Semdeg modian saSualo profesiuli ganaTlebis
muSebi. dasaqmebulebSi umcires wils Seadgenen dawyebiTi an sabazo
ganaTlebis mqone adamianebi, romelTa xvedriTi wona 6.8%-s Seadgens. rac
Seexeba ganaTlebis gareSe myof adamianTa kategorias, oficialuri
monacenebiT, rogorc dasaqmebulebSi, ise umuSevrebSi 2.0%-sac ar
Seadgens, es ki imas niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi Zalian mcirea iseTi
adamianebis ricxvi, romelTac Tundac ar uvliaT skolaSi.
qveyanaSi jandacvis sistemis gamarTulad funqcionireba, misi
xelmisawvdomoba da mosaxleobis socialuri uzrunvelyofa
aucilebelia qveynis ganviTarebisa da misi TiToeuli moqalaqis
cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
cxrili 3.20
eqimTa uzrunvelyofis maCvenebeli saqarTveloSi,
2008-2012 wlebi107
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
eqimebis ricxovnoba
(aTasi) 20.3 20.6 21.2 21.8 19.4
eqimebis ricxovnoba
100 000 mosaxleze 463 467 476 486 432
adamianuri resursebis kuTxiT, saqarTveloSi eqimTa uzrunvelyofis
maCvenebelebi sakmaod maRalia evropis regionSi (2012 w. 432 – 100 000
mosaxleze), maSin rodesac eqTnebis raodenoba erT-erTi dabalia da 107 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=196&lang=geo
133
agrZelebs klebas (2010 w. 300 – 100 000 mosaxleze). eqimebisa da eqTnebis
arabalansirebul TanafardobasTan erTad (1 eqimze - 0,7 eqTani) qveyanaSi
aRiniSneba samedicino kadrebis araTanabari geografiuli ganawilebac.
rac Seexeba adamianuri resursebis struqturas, specialistebis
procentuli wili (2011 w. _ 76%) mniSvnelovnad Warbobs farTo
profilis eqimebis wils. ,,yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs,
rom qveyanaSi moqmedi adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebis sistema
(diplomamdeli ganaTleba, rezidentura, uwyveti samedicino ganaTleba
da profesiuli ganviTareba) saWiroebs reformirebas, raTa moxdes
jandacvis seqtorSi qveynis saWiroebebidan gamomdinare, eqimebis axali
nakadis dabalanseba da eqTnebis rolis, funqciebis gansazRvra da
raodenobis gazrda”.108
jandacvis sferos kvlevaSi sistemis efeqturobis Sefasebisas,
kvlevis avtorebi aRniSnaven samedicino personalis dabal
produqtiulobas, erTi eqimi weliwadSi saSualod 42 hospitalizebul
pacients uwevs momsaxurebas, pirveladi jandacvis eqimebs dReSi uwevT
saSualod 3 pacientis miReba, nacvlad jandacvis msoflio organizaciis
mier rekomendebuli 15 pacientisa. rekomendaciad ki gvTavazoben eqimTa
waxalisebis sxvadasxva meqanizmebis dawesebas da eqimTa muSaobis
Sefasebis instrumentebis daxvewa ganviTarebas, rac TavisTavad misaRebia
jandacvis sistemis efeqtianobis amaRlebisTvis.109
saavadmyofoebis raodenobis klebasTan erTad mcirdeba sawolTa
uzrunvelyofis maCvenebelic, Tu 2003 wels 100 000 mcxovrebze 420
sawoli modioda, 10 wlian periodSi TiTqmis 2_jer Semcirda (2012 w._ 252
sawoli 100 000 mcxovrebze). mocemuli maCvenebliT saqarTvelo CamorCeba
rogorc evropis saSualo maCvenebels, ise mis mezobel qveynebs, somxeTsa
da azerbaijans.110
108 jandacvis sistemis efeqturobis Sefasebis angariSi, saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro, Tb., 2013, gv-ebi: 9-53. 109
iqve gv-ebi: 9-53. 110
iqve gv. 37 da saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamentis, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2006, gv. 104.
134
diagrama 3.6
sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba dabadebisas saqarTveloSi,
2000-2012 wlebi111
mosaxleobis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia
dabadebisas sicocxlis saSualo mosalodneli xangrZlivoba (diagrama
3.6). mocemuli maCvenebeli 80-iani wlebidan moyolebuli mxolod 1993
wels daeca 70 welze dabla da Seadgina 68.9 weli, viTareba umjobesdeba
90-iani wlebis meore naxevridan, xolo 2000 wlidan 2012 wlamde periodSi
71.3-dan 74.7-mde moimata, rac dadebiT tendencias warmoadgens.
diagrama 3.7
jandacvis wili mSp-Si (%), 2002-2012 wlebi112
jandacvis wili mTlian Sida produqtSi 2002-2005 wlebSi mcirdeba,
xolo miuxedavad momdevno wlidan dawyebuli zrdisa, bolo 10 welSi
jandacvis wili mxolod 1.2%-iT gaizarda (diagrama 3.7).
111
ix. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamentis, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2005, gv.49 da http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=151&lang=geo 112 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=118&lang=geo
71.3
74.7
6970717273747576
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
4.7%4.0% 3.5% 3.5%
4.3% 4.1%4.4%
5.7% 5.8% 5.2% 5.2%
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
135
jandacvaze mTliani danaxarjebis xvedriTi wona mSp-Si 2002-2011
wlebSi (diagrama 3.8) izrdeba, amasTan es wili maRalia evropis qveynebs
Sorisac. rogorc jandacvis sistemis efeqturobis Sefasebis angariSSi
aris naTqvami, mSp-dan jandacvaze gaweuli xarjebi SesaZloa
ganpirobebuli iyos axali teqnologiebisa da medikamentebis maRali
fasebiT, Sesabamisad maRali samedicino inflaciiT, aseve xandazmuli
mosaxleobis ricxovnobis matebis xarjze farTod gavrcelebuli
qronikuli daavadebebis swrafi zrdis fonze samedicino momsaxurebis
moTxovnis zrda da sxva.
absolutur cifrebSi jandacvaze saxelmwifo xarjebis mniSvnelovani
matebis miuxedavad, misi wili rogorc mSp–Tan (2011 w. _ 2.2%), ise
saxelmwifo biujetTan mimarTebaSi (2011 w. _ 6.9%) sakmaod dabalia da
CamorCeba evropis qveynebis analogiur maCveneblebs, Tumca ki ufro
maRalia vidre somxeTsa (5.8%) (1.6%) da azerbaijanSi (3.7%) (1.1%).113
diagrama 3.8
jandacvaze mTliani danaxarjebis xvedriTi wona mSp-Si (%), 2002-2011 wlebi114
jandacvis sistemis dafinansebaSi saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtoris
wili damokidebulia mraval faqtorze, romelTa Soris mTavaria –
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done da sazogadoebaSi arsebuli 113
http://search.worldbank.org/data?qterm=health%20expenditure%20on%20government%20expenditure&_topic_exact[]= 114
http://search.worldbank.org/data?qterm=governmant+social+expenditures+%25+in+GDP&language=EN&format=&os=30
8.7% 8.5% 8.5% 8.6% 8.4% 8.2%9.0%
10.2% 10.2% 9.9%
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
136
faseulobebi. Cveulebriv, rac bevrs xarjavs saxelmwifo janmrTelobis
dacvaze, miT naklebs ixdis pacienti sakuTari jibidan gamoyenebuli
samedicino momsaxurebisTvis. jandacvaze danaxarjebis tvirTi jer kidev
mosaxleobas awevs da jibidan gadaxdili Tanxebis wili jandacvaze
mTlian xarjebSi 70%–s aWarbebs, Tumca misi wili jandacvaze mTlian
danaxarjebSi aT wlian dinamikaSi nel-nela iklebs. rac, saxelmwifos
mier jandacvis seqtorSi gatarebuli reformebis, absolutur ricxvebSi
jandacvaze saxelmwifo danaxarjebisa da kerZo winasawari gadaxdis
sqemebiT (dazRveviT) gadaxdili Tanxebis zrdiT (2001 w. - 1% jandacvaze
mTlian danaxarjebSi da 2010 w. ki - 3%) aixsneba.115
jandacvis sistemis erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqciaa xarisxian
medikamentebze, vaqcinebsa da teqnologiebze xelmisawvdomobis
uzrunvelyofa, aseve mkurnalobis procesSi gamoyenebuli samkurnalo
saSualebebis usafrTxoeba da efeqtianoba.
mosaxleobas mZime tvirTad awevs samkurnalo medikamentebze
danaxarjebi, romelic ukanaskneli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ganuxrelad
izrdeba da maT mier jandacvaze daxarjuli saxsrebis TiTqmis naxevars
Seadgens. medikamentebze danaxarjebis maRali wilis gamo saqarTveloSi
dabalia samkurnalo da sareabilitacio momsaxurebaze gaweuli
xarjebis wilic evropis sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT.
saqarTveloSi rogorc soflad, ise qalaqad mcxovrebi adamianebis
mniSvnelovan raodenobas ar SeuZlia Tavs ufleba misces, SeiZinos
daniSnuli medikamentebi maTi siZviris gamo. ase magaliTad, 2010 wlis
monacemebiT, uRaribes kvintilSi mosaxleobis wili, visac daeniSna
medikamentebi da ver moaxerxa maTi SeZena, Seadgenda 21.7%-s, xolo
umdidres kvintilSi _ 10.3%-s. amasTan mocemuli maCveneblebi kidev ufro
gazrdilia 2007 welTan SedarebiT.116
115
ix. jandacvis sistemis efeqturobis Sefasebis angariSi, saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro, Tb., 2013, gv. 31. 116ix. jandacvis sistemis efeqturobis Sefasebis angariSi, saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro, Tb., 2013, gv. 64.
137
jandacvis sistemis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs myari
sadazRvevo sistemis Camoyalibeba qveyanaSi, ris Sedegadac jandacvaze
gaweuli xarjebi ara saxelmwifos, aramed mosaxleobis mxridan
dafinansdeba, es iqneba mosaxleobis mier samomavlod gadadebuli fuli
maTive janmrTelobis saWiroebisaTvis.
jandacvis sferoSi ganaTlebis rolis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare
unda aRvniSnoT, rom saqarTveloSi yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 2000
studenti amTavrebs samedicino skolebis diplomirebuli medikosis
programas. axalkursdamTavrebul eqimTa raodenoba 100 000 mosaxleze
2-jer aRemateba evropisa da dsT-is qveynebis da 4-jer aSS-is analogiur
maCvenebels.117 am SemTxvevaSi jandacvis sferos potencialis Sefasebisas
unda gamovideT ara raodenobis, aramed xarisxobrivi maCveneblidan, Tu
ramdenad Seesabameba maT mier miRebuli codna im praqtikul moTxovnebs,
romelsac es sfero sTvazobs.
ganaTlebis sistema dinamiuri xasiaTisaa, mudmivad xdeba misi
srulyofa sabazro moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Sesabamisad
saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemac unda iqnas sabazro moTxovnebTan
SesabamisobaSi moyvanili da maRal kvalificiuri kadrebiT uzrunvelyos
rogorc jandacvis sfero, aseve is dargebi, romelTa ganviTareba da
maRal standartebamde miyvana sawindari gaxdeba qveynis socialuri da
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis
gaumjobesebisaTvis.
117
ix. jandacvis sistemis efeqturobis Sefasebis angariSi, saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro, Tb., 2013, gv. 53.
138
3.5 mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis indeqsis ageba adamianis ganviTarebis
indeqsis gaangariSebis meTodis safuZvelze
mosaxleobis cxovrebis done umniSvnelovanesi socialur-ekonomikuri
kategoriaa, xolo misi maxasiaTebeli faqtorebis farTo areali
cxovrebis donis gaangariSebis erTiani maCveneblis gansazRvras
arTulebs, Sesabamisad ekonomikur literaturaSic ar aris mocemuli
erTi maCvenebeli, romliTac cxovrebis done gaizomeboda. amitom
mosaxleobis cxovrebis dones masze moqmedi socialur-ekonomikuri
faqtorebis kvlevebiT axasiaTeben.
problema, rac arTulebs cxovrebis donis zogadi maCveneblis
gaangariSebas, aris cxovrebis donis maCvenebelTa simravle da am
maCvenebelTa xarisxis gansazRvra. maCvenebelTa simravles ganapirobebs
cxovrebis donis ganmsazRvreli socialuri Tu ekonomikuri faqtorebis
farTo areali, romlebic axasiaTeben mosaxleobis cxovrebis dones,
xolo raodenobrivi maCveneblebis xarisxis doniT Sefaseba kidev ufro
arTulebs cxovrebis donis saerTo maCveneblis gaangariSebas.
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis maCveneblis gaangariSebas aseve
arTulebs teqnologiuri progresis pirobebSi adamianebSi gaCenili
mzardi moTxovnilebebi, rac gamoixateba aramarto cxovrebis donis
maCvenebelTa gaangariSebaSi, aramed Tavad am maCvenebelTa gansazRvraSic.
mocemul paragrafSi gaviangariSebT Cvens mier SemoTavazebul
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis maCvenebels, romelic cxovrebis donis
zogad suraTs warmogvidgens.
cxovrebis donis erTiani maCveneblis misaRebad unda movaxdinoT
cxovrebis doneze moqmedi TiToeuli faqtoris erT maCvenebelze dayvana.
risTvisac es faqtorebi SeiZleba davajgufod 3 blokad (diagrama 3.9),
TiToeul blokSi Semavali maCveneblebis mixedviT gaviangariSebT
mosaxleobis cxovrebis ekonomikuri, socialuri da ekologiuri
mdgomareobis dones. mocemuli sami blokidan miRebuli maCveneblebis
139
saSualo geometriuliT ki miviRebT cxovrebis donis zogad maCvenebels,
rac SeiZleba warmovadginoT Semdegi formuliT: 3ECOLSOCECON IIILI
diagrama 3.9
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis maCvenebelTa jgufebi
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Cveni meTodiT gaangariSebisas
socialuri, ekonomikuri da ekologiuri maCveneblebi daviyvaneT 10
ZiriTad maCvenebelze, xolo maTgan miRebuli saSualo maCvenebeli
cxovrebis donis indeqss gviCvenebs.
1. Semosavlebis indeqsi;
2. Semosavlebis uTanabrobis indeqsi;
3. umuSevrobis indeqsi;
4. ganaTlebis indeqsi;
5. sicocxlis xangrZlivobis indeqsi (jandacvisa da demografiuli
viTarebis maCvenebeli);
6. sursaTis SeZenaze gaweuli xarjebis indeqsi;
7. socialuri uzrunvelyofis indeqsi;
8. usafrTxoebis indeqsi;
9. ekologiuri mdgomareobis indeqsi;
10. adamianis uflebaTa indeqsi.
mosaxleobis cxovrebis done
ekonomikuri maCveneblebi
socialuri maCveneblebi
ekologiuri maCveneblebi
140
TiToeuli am maCveneblis indeqsis gamoTvlas vaxdenT Semdegi
formuliT:
I =)min()max(
)min(
xx
xx
1. Semosavlebis indeqsi.
mTliani erovnuli Semosavali gansazRvravs qveynis erovnul
simdidres, amitom cxovrebis donis indeqsis gaangariSebaSi viRebT am
maCvenebels. Semosavlebis indeqsis gasaangariSeblad viyenebT mTliani
erovnuli Semosavlis faqtobriv, minimalur da maqsimalur maCveneblebs
erT sul mosaxleze (aSS dolari), rac ukve gaangariSebuli gvaqvs118 da
mocemuli indeqsi saqarTvelosTvis Seadgens: 580.0)100ln()87478ln(
)100ln()5005ln(1
I
2. Semosavlebis uTanabrobis indeqsi.
Semosavalebi erT sulze gviCvenebs mosaxleobis cxovrebis dones
saSualod, magram ar xdeba mdidrebisa da Raribebs Soris arsebuli
Semosavlebis diferenciaciis gaTvaliswineba, amitom meore indeqsis
gamosaTvlelad viyenebT jinis koeficients:119 518.0707.0230.0
707.0460.02
I
sadac, )max( x 23.0% (SvedeTi 2005), )min(x 70.7% (namibia 2003),
x 46.0% (saqarTvelo 2012).
3. umuSevrobis indeqsi.
mosaxleobis Semosavlebis dones gansazRvravs dasaqmeba, qveyanaSi
umuSevrobis maRali done niSnavs mosaxleobis SemosavlebiT
uzrunvelyofis dabal maCvenebels. indeqsis gaangariSeba miiRebs Semdeg
118ix. amave TemaSi gv.49 119
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI http://www.mongabay.com/reference/stats/rankings/2172.html https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2172rank.html
141
saxes: 846.095.0004.0
95.015.03
I . sadac, )max( x 0.4% (yatari 2011), )min(x 95.0%
(zimbabve 2009), x 15.0% (saqarTvelo 2012).120
4. ganaTlebis indeqsi.
adamianis ganviTarebisa da misi cxovrebis donis zrdisaTvis
ganaTlebas eniWeba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, Sesabamisad momdevno
indeqsad viRebT ganaTlebis indeqss, romelsac eqneba Semdegi saxe:121
841.0971.0
733.0910.04
I
5. sicocxlis xangrZlivobis indeqsi.
sicocxlis xangrZlivobis indeqsi gviCvenebs erTis mxriv
demografiul mdgomareobas qveyanaSi, xolo meore mxriv zogadad
gviCvenebs jandacvis dones qveyanaSi, vinaidan maRal ganviTarebul
qveynebSi maRalia sicocxlis xangrZlivoba da Sesabamisad iseT dabal
ganviTarebul qveynebSi, rogoricaa afrikis qveynebi, sicocxlis
xangrZlivobac dabalia. sicocxlis xangrZlivobis indeqsi iRebs Semdeg
saxes:122 847.0206.83
209.735
I
6. sursaTis SeZenaze gaweuli xarjebis indeqsi.
am maCveneblis gaangariSeba SeiZleba momxdariyo sursaTis moxmarebis
indeqsiT, rac iangariSeba sursaTis medianuri moxmarebis safuZvelze. am
mxriv qveynebis Sedareba ar SeiZleba moxdes, radgan yvela qveyanaSi
sursaTis moxmareba individualuria da damokidebulia qveynis
geografiul mdebareobaze, eTnikur da socialur Semadgenlobaze. am
120 http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/unemployment_rate_2012_0.html https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2129rank.html 121ix. amave TemaSi gv. 49. 122ix. amave TemaSi gv. 48.
142
SemTxvevaSi Sedareba unda moxdes qveynisTvis gansazRvruli kvebis
produqtebis energetikuli Rirebulebidan medianur moxmarebis gadaxriT.
radgan saqarTveloSi saarsebo minimumis ar aris realuri Rirebulebis
amsaxveli, amitom realuri suraTis misaRebad Semogvaqvs, sursaTis
SeZenaze gaweuli xarjebis xvedriTi wona mTlian xarjebSi da vaxdenT
sxva qveynebTan Sedarebas. sursaTze gaweuli xarjebis wili mosaxleobis
mTlian xarjebSi mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs mosaxleobis cxovrebis
dones. rac ufro mcirea es wili miT ufro maRalia mosaxleobis
cxovrebis done qveyanaSi.123 indeqsi gamoiTvleba Semdegi saxiT:
351.05.457
5.45326
I
sadac, )max( x 7.0% (aSS 2009), )min(x 45.5% (pakistani 2009), x 32.0%
(saqarTvelo 2012).
7. socialuri uzrunvelyofis indeqsi.124
qveynis ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis zrdaSi didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba mosaxleobis socialur daxmarebas. mocemuli
indeqsis gasaangariSeblad viyenebT mSp-Tan socialuri danaxarjebis
xvedriTi wonis maqsimalur da minimalur mniSvnelobebs.
219.01.01.32
1.01.77
I
sadac, )max( x 32.1% (safrangeTi 2012), )min(x 0.1% (papua axali gvinea),
x 7.1% (saqarTvelo).
8. usafrTxoebis indeqsi.
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebasTan erTad aseve mniSvnelovania, rom
mosaxleobam usafrTxod igrZnos Tavi mis qveyanaSi, amitom momdevno
maCveneblad viRebT usafrTxoebis donis indeqss125 (usafrTxoebis done
tolia 100% - danaSaulis done).
123
http://civileats.com/2011/03/29/mapping-global-food-spending-infographic/ 124
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_protection http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&d=5&t=14223 125 http://www.numbeo.com/crime/
143
676.026.1525.94
26.1567.688
I
sadac, )max( x 94.25% (iaponia 2012), )min(x 15.26% (venesuela 2012),
x 68.67% (saqarTvelo).
9. ekologiuri mdgomareobis indeqsi.
adamianis ganviTarebisa da keTildReobisaTvis ekologiurad sufTa
garemos udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba, yovelgvari materialuri
keTildReoba fuWi iqneba, Tu ar iqna sacxovrebel pirobebSi
sanitarul_higienuri normebisa da qveynis ekologiuri sistemis dacva.126
ekologiuri mdgomareobis indeqss ki gaviangariSebT Semdegnairad.
614.032.2569.76
32.2584.569
I
sadac, )max( x 76.69% (Sveicaria 2012), )min(x 25.32% (erayi 2012),
x 56.84% (saqarTvelo 2012).
10. adamianis uflebaTa indeqsi.
adamianis uflebaTa indeqsi zomavs adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
xarisxs, indeqsis mniSvnelobebi, romlebic kvlevis avtorebis mier
Catarebulia msoflios 195 qveyanaSi, Sedgeba 22 indikatorisgan,
romlebic dayofilia 3 ganzomilebad: a) saerTaSoriso samarTlis
arasamTavrobo ratificirebis ZiriTad instrumentebs, b) adamianis
saerTaSoriso samarTlis uflebaTa darRvevebs da g) saerTaSoriso
humanitaruli samarTlis darRvevebs.127
795.0097.8181.0
097.8806.110
I
sadac, )max( x 0.181 (ax. zelandia), )min(x 8.097 (kongos demokratiuli
respublika), x 1.806 (saqarTvelo).
126
http://epi.yale.edu/epi2012/rankings 127 http://escolapau.uab.es/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=77&Itemid=97&lang=en
144
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis indeqsi iqneba mocemuli
indeqsebis saSualo geometriuli.
1010987654321 IIIIIIIIIIGLI
795.0614.0676.0219.0351.0847.0841.0846.0518.0580.010 GLI =0.584
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donisa da adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis
gamoTvlisas miRebuli Sedegebis analiziT indeqsis mixedviT qveyanaSi
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis ganviTarebis sazRvrebi SeiZleba
ganvixiloT cxrili 3.20-is saxiT.
cxrili 3.20
cxovrebis donis indeqsis sazRvrebi
dabal
ganviTarebuli
saSualo
ganviTarebuli
maRal
ganviTarebuli
umaRles
ganviTarebuli
0 - 0.50 0.51 – 0.70 0.71 – 0.80 0.81 – 1.0
mocemuli cxrilis mixedviT saqarTvelo mosaxleobis cxovrebis
doniT (0.584) saSualo ganviTarebis qveynebis jgufSi xvdeba.
imis mixedviT, Tu romeli organizacia axdens mosaxleobis cxovrebis
donis saerTo maCveneblis gamoTvlas, kvlevis organizatorebis mier
icvleba subindeqsebic, es ki gamowveulia cxovrebis donis kvlevis
maCveneblebis farTo arealiT.
Cvens mier gaangariSebul indeqss ar ganvixilavT unikalur
maCveneblad, romelic srulad asaxavs mosaxleobis cxovrebis dones,
Tumca, misaRebia cxovrebis donis saerTo indeqsis am saxiT warmodgena,
romelic axali maCveneblebis damatebiT, maCvenebelTa blokebis SeqmniTa
da srulyofiT miiRebs indeqsis saxes, romelic kidev ufro ukeT
warmogviCens qveynis mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis suraTs.
145
Tavi 4. siRaribe, rogorc cxovrebis donis mniSvnelovani
kategoria da misi statistikuri analizi
4.1 saarsebo minimumis gaangariSebis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi
cxovrebis Tanamedrove etapze, Semosavlebis uTanabroba, umuSevroba
da siRaribe sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari umZimesi problemebia.
Rarib ojaxebs sxvebze metad emuqrebaT usaxlkaroba, narkomania, ojaxis
wevrebs Soris Zaladoba, janmrTelobis problemebi da ganaTlebis
dabali done. aqedan gamomdinare, siRaribe mraval ekonomikur Tu
socialur ubedurebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.128
siRaribe rTuli socialur-ekonomikuri kategoriaa da Sesabamisad ar
warmoadgens calke ganyenebul cnebas, xolo is ricxobrivi maCveneblebi,
romlebic drois garkveuli momentisaTvis gviCveneben siRaribis dones
ama Tu im qveyanaSi an regionSi, sakmarisi ar aris, radgan siRaribe
TavisTavad ver warmoiSveba da am SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia ganvixiloT
is faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobeben siRaribis arsebobas. maTgan
amosaval problemas warmoadgens Semosavlebis ukmarisoba, radgan
Semosavlebi gansazRvravs siRaribis zRvars zemoT da siRaribis zRvars
qvemoT myof adamianTa kategorias. mosaxleobis Semosavlebi
gansazRvravs maT ganawilebas socialuri statusis mixedviT. yvelaze
maRali Semosavlis mqone adamianebi miekuTvnebian mdidarTa fenas,
yvelaze dabali Semosavlis mqone adamianebi ki _ RatakTa fenas.
qveyanaSi, sadac umuSevroba mwvave problemas warmoadgens, iq maRalia
siRaribis donec, vinaidan dausaqmebeli, umuSevari adamiani stabiluri
Semosavlis gareSe rCeba da damokidebuli xdeba saxelmwifos mier
gamoyofil Semweobebze, rac ukve mosaxleobis garkveuli masis
128
ix. virsalaZe n. _ mosaxleobis Semosavlebi saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi, quT. 2003, gv. 103.
146
gaRatakebasac niSnavs. siRaribis Semcirebis mTavar gzas ki dasaqmebis
problemis mogvareba warmoadgens. faqtia, rom saqarTvelos realobaSi
bevria iseTi dasaqmebuli adamiani, romlis Semosavalic ar aRemateba
saarsebo minimums (siRaribis zRvars).
saqarTveloSi Seqmnili socialuri pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
cxovrebis donis analizisas upriania SevCerdeT misi erT-erTi
aqtualuri saxis, siRaribis ganxilvaze.
rogorc pirvel TavSi aRvniSneT praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis oTxi gageba:
1) uzrunvelyofili done (keTildReoba);
2) cxovrebis normaluri done;
3) siRaribe;
4) siRatake.
siRaribis cnebisa da ZiriTadi niSnebis Sesaxeb mravali mosazreba
ganixileba msoflio ekonomikur-statistikur da sociologiur
mecnierebebSi. aqedan siRaribis Sesaxeb sami gansxvavebuli midgoma
gamoirCeva: pirveli midgomiT siRaribis cnebaSi igulisxmeba usaxsroba
da materialuri faseulobebis nakleboba. es ganmarteba dafuZnebulia
obieqtur faqtorebze da ugulebelyofs subieqturi faqtorebis gavlenas
siRaribeze. amitom, meore midgomis momxreebi siRaribed miiCneven mxolod
adamianis subieqtur ganwyobas, miaCnia Tu ara Tavi Raribad. es midgomac
calmxrivi da arasrulyofilia imdenad, ramdenadac maRali Semosavlis
mqone adamiansac SeiZleba gaaCndes ukmarisobis grZnoba da Tavs Raribad
Tvlides. ufro srulyofilia mesame midgoma, romlis mixedviTac
siRaribeSi igulisxmeba ara marto materialuri, aramed sulieri
faqtorebis erToblioba. materialurs cxadia sasursaTo da
arasasursaTo samomxmareblo Rirebulebani gansazRvraven, xolo
suliers _ kulturul-saganmanaTleblo, dasvenebisa da garTobaze
gaweuli momsaxurebis Rirebulebani. sulieri faqtorebi agreTve
aerTianeben: adamianis mdgomareobas sazogadoebaSi, kerZod mis adgilsa
147
da rols sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom am midgomas
ara marto mecnier-mkvlevarni, aramed gaeros eqspertebic emxrobian, igi
xasiaTdeba xarvezebiT. es midgoma ver pasuxobs kiTxvebze: 1. risi
ukmarisobaa siRaribe? 2. visTvisaa arasakmarisi anu deficiti? am
kiTxvebs SeiZleba gaeces Semdegi saxis pasuxi, siRaribe aris
Semosavlebis (fuladi da ara fuladi) ukmarisoba, rac gansazRvravs
adamianis rogorc materialuri ise sulieri dovlaTis moxmarebis
donesa da struqturas, agreTve adamianis moralur mdgomareobas
sazogadoebaSi. sabolood SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom siRaribe aris
Semosavlebis (fuladi da arafuladi) ukmarisoba adamianis
fiziologiuri da sulieri arseboba-ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro
minimalurad aucilebel materialur da sulier RirebulebaTa
moxmarebisaTvis.129
am ganmartebaSi asaxulia adamianis rogorc fiziologiuri (sursaTi,
tansacmeli, fexsacmeli, sacxovrebeli da sxv.), ise fsiqologiuri (imedi,
Tanadgoma, siyvaruli, SiSi da sxv.) da socialuri (usafrTxoeba,
pativiscema, wesrigi da sxv.) moTxovnilebani. aqedan cxadia, Tu qveyanaSi
sufevs usamarTloba, ukanonoba, SiSis sindromi, adamianebi ver igrZnoben
Tavs daculad da yovelgvari materialuri qoneba usargeblo da
araefeqtiani xdeba adamianis sulieri ganviTarebisaTvis.130
msoflio bankis debulebiT Raribad iTvleba pirovneba, romelsac
dReSi Semosavali 2 aSS dolarze, xolo Ratakad _ Tu 1.25 aSS dolarze
naklebi aqvs.
siRaribe rTul da amave dros metad aqtualur problemas
warmoadgens, rogorc ganviTarebadi, ise ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis. es
ki aucileblad moiTxovs siRaribis fenomenis arsSi, warmoSobis,
ganviTarebis mizezebSi da daZlevis saSualebebSi arsebiT garkvevas.
siRaribis statistikuri maCveneblebia: siRaribis done, siRrme da
simwvave.
129 ix. gabiZaSvili b. _ siRaribis portreti saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2006, gv. 8. 130
iqve, gv. 8.
148
siRaribis done ewodeba Raribi mosaxleobis wils mosaxleobis mTel
ricxovnobaSi da gamoiTvleba formuliT: k =n
q; sadac, q – Raribebis
ricxovnobaa, n- mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnoba.
siRaribis absolutur zRvrad miCneulia saarsebo minimumi. am
ukanasknelSi ki gulisxmoben Sromisunariani asakis mamakacis saarsebo
minimums. siRaribis maCveneblebis gasaangariSeblad gamokvlevebSi
gamoyenebulia, agreTve medianuri moxmarebis 60% da medianuri
moxmarebis 40%, romlebsac uwodeben siRaribis fardobiT zRvrebs.
medianuri moxmareba ki moxmarebis is sididea, romlis qvemoT anu
mosaxleobis qvemo naxevari (50%) maszed ufro naklebs moixmars, xolo
meore naxevari anu zemo naxevari (50%) maszed mets.
siRaribis done zogadi maCvenebelia da ver axasiaTebs saarsebo
minimumidan RaribTa daSorebis manZils, amitom statistika angariSobs
meore maCvenebels, romelsac ewodeba siRaribis siRrme.
siRaribis siRrme axasiaTebs saarsebo minimumidan Raribi
mosaxleobis saSualo Semosavlis daSorebis manZils da gamoiTvleba
formuliT:
P =nz
yzq
i
i
1
)(
; sadac, Z – saarsebo minimumia mocemul periodSi,
y – Raribi mosaxleobis i-uri wevris Semosavlis sidide, n – mosaxleobis
ricxovnoba mocemul qveyanaSi.
siRaribis siRrmis maCvenebelic ver iZleva siRaribis srulyofil
sarkes, radgan gamokvlevis miRma rCeba TviT RaribTa Soris cxovrebis
donis gansxvavebuli suraTi, imdenad ramdenadac Raribebis erTi nawili
axlosaa saarsebo minimumTan da uaxloes periodSi qveynis ekonomikis
winsvlasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba gadascildes am zRvars da saSualo
mcxovrebTa zonaSi moxvdes, amavdroulad Raribebis meore nawili
SeiZleba axlos iyos Ratakebisa da saerTod arafris mqone
macxovrebelTa zonasTan. am zonasTan daaxloebis manZilis gasazomad,
149
msoflio statistikur Teoriasa da praqtikaSi SemoRebulia mesame
maCvenebeli, romelsac siRaribis simwvave ewodeba.131
siRaribis simwvave axasiaTebs Raribi mosaxleobis kontigentSi am
adamianTa saSualo Semosavlebis daSorebas Raribi mosaxleobis
saSualo Semosavlisagan da gamoiTvleba Semdegi formuliT:
P =2
1
1
q
i
i
z
yz
n.
siRaribis donis ganmartebebi qveynebs Soris mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdebian, rac maTi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doniT gamoixateba.
ekonomikurad ganviTarebul da mdidar qveynebSi dasaqmebisa da siRaribis
definiciebi ufro metad aris miaxloebuli maRal standartebs vidre
Rarib qveynebSi.
ekonomikur literaturaSi ganasxvaveben absolutur da SefardebiT
siRaribes.
absoluturi midgomis safuZvelze Raribad iTvleba Sinameurneoba da
is moqalaqeebi, romelTac obieqturad gansazRvrul absolutur
minimumze naklebi resursebi gaaCniaT. e.i. am SemTxvevaSi siRaribis
zRvars warmoadgens saarsebo minimumi, xolo mosaxleobis is kategoria
miekuTvneba Raribebs, romelTa Semosavlebic ar aRemateba saarsebo
minimums.
SefardebiTi midgomiT ki Raribia mosaxleobis is kategoria,
romelTac gaaCniaT ufro naklebi materialuri uzrunvelyofis done,
vidre mocemul qveyanaSi mcxovreb umdidres fenas. am SemTxevaSi
Sedareba unda moxdes uRaribesi fenis saSualo Semosavlebsa da
umdidresi fenis warmomadgenelTa saSualo Semosavlebs Soris
urTierTTanafardobis safuZvelze.
aseve ganasxvaveben socialur da ekonomikur siRaribes.
socialuri siRaribe moicavs mosaxleobis ,,tradiciulad” Rarib
kategorias – mravalSvilian ojaxebs, martoxela pensionerebs,
131
ix. gabiZaSvili b. _ siRaribis portreti saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2006, gv-ebi: 45-47.
150
invalidebs. e.i. mosaxleobis im kategorias, romelsac gaaCnia ojaxSi
kmayofaze myofTa didi ricxvi, aqvs aradamakmayofilebeli janmrTeloba,
martoxelebia, xandazmulebia da rogorc wesi, naklebad arian
dasaqmebulebi.
ekonomikur siRaribesTan gvaqvs saqme, roca Sromisunarian
mosaxleobas sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ar SeuZlia Seiqmnas socialurad
misaRebi cxovrebis done. es aixsneba dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebuli
sxvadasxva mizezebiT – umuSevrobiT, arastabiluri dasaqmebiT, Sromis
dabali anazRaurebiT, xelfasis Tavisdroulad gaucemlobiT da sxva.
siRaribes ganasxvaveben Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi niSnis
mixedviTac. Tvisebrivi niSniT siRaribe niSnavs imas, rom Sinameurneobas
ar gaaCnia im moculobis resursebi, rac aucilebelia ZiriTad
moTxovnilebaTa minimalur doneze dasakmayofileblad. siRatake ki aseTi
resursebis absoluturi ukmarisobaa, rac saboloo jamSi iwvevs
individis socialur da zogjer fizikur degradacias.
raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT siRaribis zRvari gaiangariSeba
absoluturi mniSvnelobiT, xolo siRaribis zRvars saarsebo minimumi
warmoadgens.
Rarib mosaxleobas miekuTvnebian is adamianebi, romelTac saarsebo
minimumze dabali Semosavali aqvT. siRaribis done ki aris Raribi
mosaxleobis xvedriTi wona mosaxleobis mTel ricxovnobaSi da
gamoiTvleba Raribi mosaxleobis raodenobis SefardebiT mosaxleobis
mTlian ricxovnobasTan.
saarsebo minimumi gamoiTvleba minimaluri samomxmareblo kalaTis
damatebiT gadasaxadebsa da Sesatanebze.
minimaluri samomxmareblo kalaTa = sasursaTo kalaTa (minimumi) +
arasasursaTo moxmareba (kalaTa) + gaweuli momsaxurebis Rirebuleba.
2014 wels ganaxlebuli samomxmareblo kalaTa Sedgeba 295
dasaxelebis samomxmareblo saqonlisa da momsaxurebisagan. romelTac
151
miniWebuli aqvT Sesabamisi xvedriTi wona, mTliani moxmarebis
proporciulad.
minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTa moicavs Semdegi saxis produqcias:
xorblis puri, xorblis da simindis fqvili, lobio, brinji, xorci,
Tevzi, Zexveuli, rZe da rZis nawarmi, kvercxi, zeTi da sxva.
arasasursaTo kalaTa moicavs: tansacmels, fexsacmels, binis
daqiravebis Rirebulebas, sxvadasxva saxis saojaxo nivTebsa da sxva.
momsaxurebis Rirebuleba aerTianebs iseTi saxis momsaxurebebs,
rogoricaa: eqim-Terapevtis konsultacia, eqim-stomatologis momsaxureba,
sastumros momsaxureba, yvela saxis mgzavrobis Rirebuleba da sxva.
gadasaxadebi da Senatanebi moicavs komunalur gadasaxdelebs: wylis,
eleqtroenergiis, gazis, dasufTavebis, telefonis gadasaxadi.
minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTa ewodeba kvebis produqtebis im nakrebs,
rac fiziologiuri normebis, maTi kaloriulobisa da sabazro fasebis
mixedviT, minimalurad mainc saWiroa adamianis fizikuri arseboba
ganviTarebisa da sicocxlisunarianobis SesanarCuneblad. TiToeuli
qveynisTvis moxmarebis fiziologiur normebs angariSobs Sesabamisi
samedicino, Sromisa da sxva samecniero-kvleviTi institutebi,
mocemul qveyanaSi adamianTa asakobrivi, sqesobrivi, cxovrebis
bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis, istoriuli tradiciebis, kulturisa da
sxvaTa gaTvaliswinebiT.
dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTis
rekomendebuli Semadgenloba Sromisunariani mamakacisaTvis Seadgens
2300,0 kkalorias dRiuri moxmarebisaTvis da Sedgeba 40 dasaxelebis
produqciisagan.
2012 wels saqarTveloSi saarsebo minimumma Seadgina 151.1 lari.
qveyanaSi saarsebo minimumis mimarT mwvave sazogadoebrivi kritika
arsebobs, rac ukavSirdeba mis gaangariSebis meTodologias da amis
Sedegad miRebul saarsebo minimumis fulad Rirebulebas, romelic ar
asaxavs saqarTveloSi siRaribis zRvaris realur suraTs. aseve
152
naklovanebebiT xasiaTdeba saarsebo minimumis identoba siRaribis
zRvarTan, rac SemdegSi mdgomareobs; Tu dRes saarsebo minimumi aris 151
lari da pirovnebis Semosavali Seadgens 150 lars, is CaiTvleba Raribad,
magram Tu pirovnebis Semosavali ganisazRvreba 152 lariT, es imas ar
unda niSnavdes, rom man daZlia siRaribe. is kvlav siRaribis riskis qveS
imyofeba.
,,siRaribis zRvari ginda zeviT aswio, ginda qveviT daswio, amiT
qveyanaSi mdgomareoba arc gaumjobesdeba, arc gauaresdeba.”132 amisaTvis
sworad unda ganvsazRvroT ,,realuri” saarsebo minimumis daTvlis
mizani da saWiroeba. saarsebo minimumi sazomi saSualebaa, romlis
mixedviTac unda moxdes siRaribis daZlevis politikis warmarTva,
saarsebo minimumis daTvla ki zusti politikis gatarebaSi warmatebis
pirveli safexuria. saarsebo minimumis socialuri orientiri mimarTuli
unda iyos: mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis cvlilebaTa asaxvisaTvis;
mosaxleobis socialurad daucveli kategoriis gansazRvrisa da
miznobrivi socialuri politikis gatarebisaTvis; xelfasebis, pensiebis,
stipendiebisa da sxva socialuri daxmarebebis minimaluri odenobis
gansazRvrisaTvis.
ganvixiloT saarsebo minimumis gaangariSebis meTodologia.
saarsebo minimumi dgindeba minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTis
safuZvelze. pirvel rigSi xdeba minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTis sakvebi
produqtebis mTliani Semadgenlobis Rirebulebis daTvla saqarTvelos
5 qalaqis (Tbilisi, quTaisi, baTumi, gori da Telavi) gasaSualoebuli
fasebis Sewonili saSualos daTvliT.133 miRebuli fasebi warmoadgens
TiToeuli produqtis saSualo fass qveyanaSi.
Semdeg angariSoben Sromisunariani asakis mamakacis sasursaTo
kalaTis saSualo Tviur Rirebulebas, romelic miiReba kalaTaSi
Semavali produqtebis Tviuri normisa da TiToeuli am produqtis
saSualo fasis namravliT.
132 ix. gazeTi rezonansi, 2009 wlis 7 ivlisi, samSabaTi, gv. 10. 133
wonebad gamoiyeneba aRniSnuli 5 qalaqis mosaxleobis ricxovnoba.
153
bolos ki minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTis Tviuri Sualeduri
Rirebuleba mravldeba SevaWrebis koeficientze, aRniSnuli koeficienti
Seadgens 0.865-s.
saarsebo minimumis RirebulebaSi sasursaTo xarjebis wili
ganisazRvreba 70%-iT, Sesabamisad, arasasursaTo xarjebis wili
ganisazRvreba 30%-iT. arasasursaTo kalaTis Rirebuleba gamoiTvleba
Semdegi proporciidan.
0.7 _ miRebuli sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebuleba.
0.3 _ X lari.
saarsebo minimumi = sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebuleba + arasasursaTo
kalaTis Rirebuleba.
saarsebo minimumis gaangariSeba saWiroebs Tavidan gadaixedos misi
gamoTvlis Semdegi sakiTxebi:
1. pirvel rigSi unda moxdes Sromisunariani mamakacisaTvis
gansazRvruli kvebis produqtebis k.kaloriulobis dRiuri normis
dadgena. dRes is 2300.0 k.kalorias Seadgens da gamosarkvevia, ramdenad
uzrunvelyofs adamianis Sromisunarianobis SenarCunebas, vinaidan Tu am
moculobiT sakvebis miReba mxolod sicocxlisunarianobas unarCunebs
adamians, is iqneba ara siRaribis, aramed siRatakis zRvari. mocemuli
samuSao ki cxadia janmrTelobis dacvis saministros mxridan aris
Casatarebeli da moicavs:
a) minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTis Semadgeneli kvebis produqtebis
CamonaTvalis dazustebas;
b) TiToeuli CamonaTvali produqtis energetikuli Rirebulebis
gansazRvrasa da sakvebi produqtebis k.kaloriebis saerTo raodenobis
dadgenas Sromisunariani asakis mamakacisaTvis.
2. saqarTvelos danarCeni regionebis CarTvis mizniT, produqtebis
fasebis daTvla sasurvelia moxdes 5-is nacvlad 8 qalaqSi regionuli
centrebis mixedviT. kaxeTi _ Telavi, Sida qarTli _ gori, imereTi _
quTaisi, aWara _ baTumi, qvemo qarTli _ marneuli, samcxe-javaxeTi _
154
axalcixe, samegrelo _ zugdidi da Tbilisi. aseTi midgoma
gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom SemoTavazebul samive regions mosaxleobis
ricxovnobiT maRali xvedriTi wonebi uWiravT, imaze metic, rac dRes
arsebul kvlevaSi monawile regionebs.
3. Sesabamisi kvlevebis safuZvelze gadasasinjia sasursaTo da
arasasursaTo xarjebis wilebi saarsebo minimumSi.
ganvixiloT saarsebo minimumis cvlilebebi wlebis manZilze
(diagrama 4.1). 1997 wlidan 2003 wlamde saarsebo minimumi izrdeba da
maqsimalur mniSvnelobas 2003 wels miaRwia _ 130.7 lari. momdevno wels
saarsebo minimumi 1.6-jer Semcirda, rac gamowveuli iyo sasursaTo
kalaTaSi Semavali sakvebi produqtebis energetikuli Rirebulebis
SemcirebiT, xolo sasursaTo kalaTis fuladi Rirebulebis Semcirebam
ganapiroba Sromisunariani asakis mamakacis saarsebo minimumis
Rirebulebis Semcireba. cxadia, saarsebo minimumis am doniT Semcireba
mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebda siRaribis donis klebas, rac miRweul iqna
ara mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebis Sedegad, aramed
siRaribis zRvaris xelovnurad dawevis saSualebiT. mocemul sakiTxs,
statistikuri monacemebis analiziT momdevno paragrafSi gavixilavT.
diagrama 4.1
Sromisunariani asakis mamakacis saarsebo minimumi saqarTveloSi, 1997-2012134 (lari)
134 saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli _ 1999, gv. 73; 2000, gv. 80; 2002, gv. 80; 2004, gv. 85; 2007, gv. 69; 2010, gv. 51 da http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=178&lang=geo
105.3 101.6115.8 114.5 116.6
125.4 130.7
84.395.8
106.5118.6
127.9 128.8 134.3
157.8 151.1
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
155
2005 wlidan saarsebo minimumi kvlav ganagrZobs matebas da 2010
wlisaTvis uTanabrdeba 7 wlis winandel maCvenebels, xolo 2011 wels
mis maqsimalur mniSvnelobas miaRwia. 2012 wels saarsebo minimumma
Seadgina 151.1 lari, rac 2003 wlis nominalur maCvenebelze metia, magram
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom laris myidvelobiTunarianoba 2012 wels 2000
welTan SedarebiT Semcirda 51%-iT (1/1.954), xolo 2003 wels 2000 welTan
SedarebiT myidvelobiTunarianoba135 Semcirebuli iyo mxolod 14%-iT
(1/1.166). Sesabamisad, saarsebo minimumis realurma Rirebulebam 2003 wels
Seadgina 112.1 lari, xolo 2012 wels 77.3 lari. aqedan gamomdinare,
Znelia amtkico, rom am periodSi, saarsebo minimumis zrda dadebiTi
movlenaa da is realurad asaxavs siRaribis zRvars.
saqarTvelosa da misi mezobeli qveynebis saarsebo minimumis Sedareba
larebSi gviCvenebs, rom saqarTvelo samive maTgans CamorCeba.
oficialuri statistikuri monacemebiT somxeTSi 2012 wels siRaribis
zeda zRvarma Seadgina 153.2 lari (37 044 drami),136 ruseTSi _ 346.3 lari
(6510 rubli),137 xolo azerbaijanSi _ 251.7 lari (119.3 manaTi).138
Sromisunariani mamakacisaTvis sakvebi produqtebis energetikuli
Rirebulebis Sesadareblad saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynebidan,
geografiuli da religiuri faqtorebis gaTvaliwinebiT, somxeTi
yvelaze metad Sesadarisia. sadac, minimalur sasursaTo kalaTaSi
Sedis:139 sakonditro nawarmi, xorci, Tevzi, rZe da rZis produqtebi,
kvercxi, zeTi, Saqari, bostneuli, xili, ualkoholo sasmeli da sxva
sakvebi produqtebi, romelTa dRiuri energetikuli Rirebuleba 2 232.0
k.kalorias Seadgens. mocemuli maCvenebeli miaxloebulia saqarTvelos
analogiuri maCveneblis mniSvnelobasTan, Tumca gansxvaveba mainc
arsebobs. miuxedavad imisa rom saqarTveloSi sakvebi produqtebis
135ix. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2010, gv. 230. 136
http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99478608.pdf 137
http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b13_12/IssWWW.exe/stg/d01/7-11.htm 138
http://www.stat.gov.az/menu/6/statistical_yearbooks/indexen.php 139 http://www.armstat.am/file/article/poverty_2012e_2.pdf
156
energetikuli RirebulebebaTa jami metia vidre somxeTSi, es imas ar
amtkicebs, rom qveyanaSi sakvebi produqtebis (k.kaloriulobis
gaTvaliswinebiT) im raodeobiT miReba, rac dadgenilia, uzrunvelyofs
zrdasruli adamianis Sromisunarianobis SenarCunebasa da mis gonebriv
ganviTarebas. amitomac mniSvnelovania, rom dRes, cxovrebis standartebis
matebisa da arasasursaTo produqtebze arsebuli maRali
moTxovnilebebis fonze, moxdes sasursaTo kalaTis gadasinjvac da
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi misi ganaxleba.
cxrili 4.1
SinameurneobaTa Semosavlebi erT mosaxleze da saSualo momxmareblis saarsebo minimumi saqarTveloSi (lari), 2004-2012 wlebi140
maCveneblebi
wlebi
SinameurneobaTa Semosavlebi
mosaxleobis erT mosaxleze
saSualo momxmareblis
saarsebo minimumi
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
84.7
92.3
102.6
115.2
147.2
154.5
178.6
195.2
218.4
74.7
84.9
94.4
105.0
113.3
114.1
119.0
139.7
133.8
SevadaroT saSualo momxmareblis saarsebo minimumi SinameurneobaTa
Semosavlebs erT mosaxleze gaangariSebiT (cxrili 4.1). Sinameurneobebis
Semosavlebi (fuladi da arafuladi) erT mosaxleze gaangariSebiT
aWarbebs saarsebo minimums, magram vnaxoT ras warmoadgens es Tanxebi
2003 wlis ucvleli fasebiT, deflatoris gamoyenebiT, rac udris
140http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=181&lang=geo
157
1.676-s.141 2012 wels SinameurneobaTa saSualo Semosavlebi mosaxleobis
erT sulze gaangariSebiT Seadgenda 218.4:1.676=130.3 lars, xolo saSualo
momxmareblis saarsebo minimumi 133.8:1.676=79.8 lars. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
2012 wlis laris dolarze gacvlis saSualo kurss142, maSin
saqarTveloSi SinameurneobaTa saSualo suladobrivi Semosavali
Seadgens 130.3:1.651=78.9 dolars, xolo saSualo momxmareblis saarsebo
minimumi _ 79.8:1.651=48.3 dolars. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom msoflio
bankis debulebiT Raribad iTvleba pirovneba, romelsac dReSi
Semosavali 2 dolarze naklebi aqvs, maSin saqarTveloSi yvela
Sinameurneoba saarsebo minimumiT siRaribeSia, xolo saSualo
Semosavlebis mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT gamovida
siRaribidan, rac wina wlebis tendenciebidan gamomdinare dadebiT
movlenad unda CaiTvalos.
cxrili 4.2
Sromisunariani asakis mamakacis saarsebo minimumi saqarTveloSi
(lari)
wlebi 2011 2012 2013 (maisi)
statistikis
erovnuli samsaxuri 157.8 151.1 149.9
Cveni gaangariSebiT
maT Soris: 162.8 153.3 151.4
sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebuleba
114.0 107.3 106.0
arasasursaTo
kalaTis Rirebuleba 48.8 46.0 45.4
Cvens mier daTvlili saarsebo minimumis (cxrili 4.2) gaangariSeba
imave meTodologias efuZneba, riTac xdeba misi oficialuri wardgena.
mocemuli cxrilis mixedviT, 2012 wels minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTis
saSualo Tviurma Rirebulebam 107.3 lari Seadgina, xolo dRiuri
moxmarebis fasi ganisazRvreba 4 lariT (ix. danarTi 1 da danarTi 2). es
141
amave TemaSi gv. 68. 142http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=316&lang=geo
158
niSnavs, rom Tu dReSi pirovneba kvebis produqtebze xarjavs 4 larze
mets, maSin is ar unda CaiTvalos Raribad, rac sakamaTo sakiTxia imis
fonzec, rom 1 kilogrami puri 1.5 lari Rirs.
zemoT ganxiluli cxovrebis oTxi done SeiZleba warmovadginoT
samkuTxedis formis naxaziT (nax. 4.1). sadac, Ratakebisa da Raribebis
fena daikavebs samkuTxedis fuZes, radganac is yvelaze
mravalricxovania, xolo mwvervals _ mdidarTa fena. mocemul naxazs
kargad axasiaTebs Semdegi citata: ,,mwvervalze yovelTvis moinaxeba
adgili, magram iq moxvedra Zalian Znelia.”143
saqarTvelos realobidan gamomdinare, mosaxleoba 4 fenad dayofis
nacvlad SesaZlebelia daiyos 5 fenad. axali kategoria emateba
Raribebsa da saSualo fenas Soris, rac imiT aixsneba, rom saarsebo
minimumi ar warmoadgens siRaribis im zRvars, romlis gadalaxvis Semdeg
adamiani pirdapir gaxdeba saSualo fenis warmomadgeneli, amitomac
Semogvaqvs siRaribidan saSualo fenamde gardamavali socialuri fenis
kategoria, romlebic cxovrebis donis zrdis Semdeg gadavlen saSualo
fenaSi.
nax. 4.1
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis piramida
143
ix. adeiSvili g., asaTiani r. _ ekonomikuri Teoria, Tb., 1998, gv. 457.
saSualo fena
Raribebi
Ratakebi
Raribebi
Ratakebi
mdidrebi mdidrebi
saSualo fena
gardamavali saSualo fena
159
fenebs Soris zRvari mxolod saarsebo minimumiT aris gavlebuli,
amitom saintereso iqneba TiToeuli kategoriisTvis zRvaris daweseba
(nax. 4.2).
1. siRatakis zRvari. gaangariSeba SesaZlebelia moxdes saarsebo
minimumis msgavsad, minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTis moxmarebis
Sesabamisad. Sromisunariani mamakacisaTvis gansazRvruli kvebis
produqtebis k.kaloriulobis dRiurma normam unda uzrunvelyos
adamianis sicocxlisunarianobis SenarCuneba, xolo mis safuZvelze
gaangariSebuli minimaluri samomxmareblo kalaTis Rirebuleba SeiZleba
warmovadginoT rogorc siRatakis zRvari. mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis
kategoriebisadmi zRvaris dawesebisas saintereso iqneba somxeTis
magaliTis moyvana, sadac siRaribis zRvaris saCveneblad gamoiyeneba
rogorc zogadi siRaribis zRvari, ise sursaTis anu eqstremaluri
siRaribis zRvari. saqarTveloSi msgavsi meTodis gamoyeneba saSualebas
mogvcems dainergos siRatakis zRvari.
nax. 4.2
cxovrebis donis kategoriebis zRvari
2. siRaribis zRvari. mis mniSvnelobas saarsebo minimumi asrulebs, aq
mTavar sakiTxs misi marTebulad gaangariSeba warmoadgens. moxmarebis
donem, romelic iqneba daTvlili saarsebo minimumis saxiT, unda
uzrunvelyos pirovnebis Sromisunarianobis aRdgena.
gardamavali saSualo fena
Raribebi
Ratakebi
saSualo fena
mdidrebi
siRatakis zRvari
siRaribis zRvari (saarsebo minimumi)
saSualo fenis zRvari (saSualoTviuri Semosavali)
simdidris zRvari
160
3. gardamavali saSualo fena da saSualo fena. saSualo fenis qveda
zRvars qveyanaSi saSualo Tviuri Semosavlis done gansazRvravs, maT
visac dafiqsirebul saSualo Tviur Semosavalze aranaklebi Semosavali
eqnebaT saSualo fenis kategorias mivakuTvnebT. saSualo Tviur
Semosavalsa da saarsebo minimums Soris arsebuli gardamavali saSualo
fena es is kategoriaa, romelmac gadalaxa siRaribis zRvari da saSualo
fenaSi gadainacvla, Tumca umetesi maTgani Tavisi SemosavlebiT
siRaribesTan mainc axlos aris, amitom isini gardamaval socialur
safexurze dganan, cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebis Sedegad ki realuri
gaxdeba maTTvis saSualo fenis kategoriis miniWeba.
4. simdidris zRvari pirobiTi kategoriaa da arc imdeni socialuri
datvirTva ar gaaCnia, rogorc mis qvemoT arsebul fenebs. cxadia
simdidris zeda zRvari ganusazRvrelia, rac Seexeba qveda zRvars, mis
dadgenas teqnikur mxaresTan erTad arTulebs subieqturi faqtorebi,
rac gamoixateba adamianTa individualuri damokidebulebiT am
kategoriisadmi da misi gaangariSebis SemTxvevaSi miRebuli zRvari
yvelasTvis misaRebi arc aRmoCndeba.
161
4.2 siRaribis realuri mdgomareobis statistikuri analizi
saqarTveloSi
siRaribe da ekonomikuri uTanasworoba Tanamedrove msoflios erT-
erT mTavar problemad rCeba. miuxedavad msoflio globalizaciis
maRali tempebisa, cxovrebis donis mixedviT msoflios regionebi
erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian. procentulad, siRaribis
yvelaze maRali donea saharis samxreT da samxreT aziis qveynebSi.
siRaribis maRali donea aseve aRmosavleT aziis, laTinuri amerikisa da
karibis zRvis auzis qveynebSi. evropis kontinentze siRaribis SedarebiT
maRali doniT warmodgenilni arian aRmosavleT da samxreT evropis
qveynebi. siRaribis SedarebiT dabali maCveneblebiT gamoirCevian evropis,
kerZod, CrdiloeT da dasavleT evropis, centraluri aziisa da
CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebi. rac Seexeba siRaribis donis mixedviT
kontinentebis ganawilebas, siRaribis yvelaze maRali done afrikis,
xolo yvelaze dabali done evropis kontinentzea. amasTan, Raribi
mosaxleobis udidesi nawili cxovrobs ganviTarebadi da gardamavali
ekonomikis mqone qveynebSi.
mosaxleobis cxovrebis done gansxvavebulia rogorc qveynebs Soris,
aseve calkeuli qveynis SigniTac, vinaidan Semosavlebisa da cxovrebis
donis sxva maCveneblebiT sazogadoebis fenebi mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. jinis koeficientis maRali done
ZiriTadad dabalganviTarebul qveynebSi arsebobs, rac imaze metyvelebs,
rom Semosavlebis diferenciacia umetes SemTxvevaSi ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis donesTan aris dakavSirebuli, amasTan mas qveyanaSi
Camoyalibebuli tradiciebi da ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulireba
gansazRvravs.
ganvixiloT siRaribis done saqarTveloSi (saarsebo minimumis mimarT)
1997 wlidan 2003 wlamde. 1997 wels mocemulma maCvenebelma
Seadgina 44.2%; 1998 wels _ 45.9%; 1999 wels _ 51.3%; 2000 wels _ 51.8%;
162
2001 wels _ 51.2%; 2002 wels _ 52.1%; 2003 wels _ 54.5%.144 mocemul wlebSi
siRaribis done zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba, xolo yvelaze maRali
done 2003 wels dafiqsirda. mocemul wlebSi, oficialuri statistikiT
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis naxevari siRaribeSi cxovrobda, rac naTel
suraTs gviqmnis im periodis saqarTvelos cxovrebis doneze.
2005 wlis statistikuri weliwdeulis mixedviT, 2004 wels siRaribis
done Semcirda 2.5%-iT da Seadgina 52.0%. 2006 wels gamocemul
statistikur weliwdeulSi ki siRaribis donis Sesaxeb gaCnda axali
ricxvebi, romlis mixedviTac 2004 wlis pirvelive kvartalSi am
maCvenebelma Seadgina 32.8%, xolo saSualod 2004 wlisaTvis siRaribis
done Seadgenda 35.7%-s, rac 1.5-jer naklebia, vidre es naCvenebi iyo 2005
wlis statistikur weliwdeulSi.
SevadaroT 2005 wlisa da 2006 wlis statistikur weliwdeulebSi
gaangariSebuli saarsebo minimumis absoluturi mniSvnelobebi. 2004 wels
siRaribis absoluturi zRvari (saarsebo minimumi) erT Sromisunariani
asakis mamakacze gaangariSebiT 137.1 laridan 84.3 laramde Semcirda,
xolo 52 lariT Semcirebul saarsebo minimumTan mosaxleobis
faqtobrivi Semosavlebis Sedarebam ki gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi siRaribis
donis 1.5-jer Semcireba (cxrili 4.3).
cxrili 4.3
Sromisunariani asakis mamakacis saarsebo minimumi (lari), 2002-2005 wlebSi145
wlebi
maCveneblebi 2002 2003 2004 2005
saarsebo minimumi
(2005 wlis statistikuri
weliwdeulis monacemebiT)
125.4 130.7 137.1 _
saarsebo minimumi
(2006 wlis statistikuri
weliwdeulis monacemebiT)
_ _ 84.3 92.6
144ix. saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli _ 1999, gv. 76; 2000, gv. 81; 2002, gv. 81; 2004, gv. 87. 145
ix. saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli _ 2005, gv. 88; 2006, gv. 69.
163
am magaliTidanac kargad Cans, rom unda moxdes saarsebo minimumis
gaangariSeba rogorc sasursaTo, ise arasasursaTo saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis, agreTve gadasaxadebisa da inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT,
mecnierulad dasabuTebuli normebis safuZvelze. saarsebo minimumi
realurad unda asaxavdes im zRvars, romelic gamoyofs RaribTa
kontigents saSualo fenisagan da ara ise, rom mas mxolod simboluri
datvirTva hqondes, xolo am zRvaris qvemoT dawevis Sedegad
Semcirebuli siRaribis doniT ar moxdes manipulireba mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebaze.
2004 wlidan ki siRaribis maCveneblebi gamoiTvleba mxolod
medianuri moxmarebis 60%-isa da medianuri moxmarebis 40%-is mimarT da
arc erTi maCvenebeli ar gaiangariSeba saarsebo minimumis mimarT, rac
Tavis mxriv imas niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi realurad ar gvaqvs Raribi
mosaxleobis raodenobisa da siRaribis donis amsaxveli oficialuri
statistikuri maCveneblebi.
diagrama 4.2
siRaribis maCveneblebi medianuri moxmarebis 60%-is mimarT, 2002-2012 wlebi146
(% jamTan)
2004-2012 wlebSi siRaribis done medianuri moxmarebis 60%-is mimarT
mcirdeba (diagrama 4.2). rac, erTi SexedviT dadebiTi tendenciis
146http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=187&lang=geo
3.5% 3.7% 4.0% 3.6% 3.3% 3.2% 3.2% 3.1%
7.1% 7.3% 8.1% 7.6% 7.2% 6.9% 7.0% 6.6%
21.8% 22.0%24.6% 24.1% 23.3%
21.3% 22.1%21.0%
22.7% 23.0%22.4%
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
siRaribis simwvave siRaribis siRrme siRaribis done
164
maniSnebelia, magram Tu mocemuli maCveneblebis ganviTarebis dinamikas
mivadevnebT Tvals, davinaxavT, rom 2012 wels 2004 welTan SedarebiT,
siRaribis done mxolod 2.2%-iT aris Semcirebuli, Tumca ufro maRalia,
vidre 2002-2003 wlebis maCveneblebi.
siRaribis done medianuri moxmarebis 40%-is mimarT 2004-2012 wlebSi
10.9%-dan 9.3%-mde Semcirda, kleba wina maCveneblis msgavsi ganviTarebis
tendenciiT xasiaTdeba da qveynis dabali fenis mosaxleobis cxovrebis
donis gaumjobesebazec ar miuTiTebs.
siRaribis simwvavisa da siRrmis maCveneblebis amsaxveli oficialuri
monacemebi ki 2009 wlis Semdeg aRar qveyndeba, rac gviZnelebs Raribi
mosaxleobis qveda fenebSi arsebul siRaribis maCveneblebze analizs.
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri socialuri
momsaxurebis saagentos wyaroze dayrdnobiT gvTavazobs siRaribis
zRvars miRma myofi mosaxleobis xvedriT wonas saSualo wliuri
mosaxleobis ricxovnobaSi, rasac 2007-2012 wlebSi Semdegi saxe aqvs
(diagrama 4.3).
diagrama 4.3
siRaribis zRvars qveviT myofi mosaxleobis wili saqarTveloSi,
2007-2012 wlebi147
(% jamTan)
siRaribis zRvars qveviT myofi mosaxleobis rogorc absoluturi,
ise SefardebiTi maCveneblebi 2012 wels 2007 welTan SedarebiT
gazrdilia. miuxedavad matebisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom siRaribis
147http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=145&lang=geo
6.4%8.4%
9.9% 9.7% 9.2% 9.7%
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
165
mocemuli maCvenebeli sakmaod dabalia, magram aq gasarkvevia is, Tu
ramdenad realurad asaxavs Sefasebis qulaTa sistema Raribi adamianebis
mdgomareobas da maT winaSe mdgar problemebs, radgan arseboben Raribi
ojaxebi romlebic ver sargebloben saarsebo SemweobiTa da samedicino
dazRveviT, amis mizezi ki is gaxlavT, rom sxvadasxva sayofacxovrebo
teqnikis qonis gamo, romlebic dRevandel dRes fufunebis sagans aRar
warmoadgenen, monacemTa erTian bazaSi maRali sareitingo qulebi
ericxebaT.
diagrama 4.4
siRaribis done qalaqisa da soflis WrilSi, 2004-2012 wlebi148 (medianuri moxmarebis 60%-is mimarT)
diagrama 4.5 umuSevrobis done qalaq-soflis WrilSi (%), 2004-2012 wlebi149
148
http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=187&lang=geo 149 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=145&lang=geo
2004 w. 2005 w. 2006 w. 2007 w. 2008 w. 2009 w. 2010 w. 2011 w. 2012 w.
qalaqi 23.0% 22.1% 22.8% 17.9% 18.0% 17.6% 18.6% 18.8% 17.5%
sofeli 26.2% 26.0% 23.7% 24.9% 26.2% 24.3% 26.7% 26.9% 27.0%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
2004 w. 2005 w. 2006 w. 2007 w. 2008w. 2009 w. 2010 w. 2011 w. 2012 w.
qalaqi 24.3% 26.3% 26.1% 23.9% 28.9% 28.8% 27.2% 26.5% 26.2%
sofeli 4.2% 5.0% 4.8% 5.4% 7.1% 7.8% 7.9% 6.5% 7.0%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
166
ganvixiloT siRaribis done qalaq-soflis WrilSi (diagrama 4.4).
mocemuli maCvenebeli qalaqSi Semcirda, xolo sofelSi TiTqmis
ucvleli darCa.
2012 wels siRaribis done sofelSi (27.0%) ufro maRali iyo, vidre
qalaqSi (17.5%), sanacvlod umuSevrobis donem sofelSi Seadgina 7.0%,
xolo qalaqSi _ 26.2%150 (diagrama 4.3). cxadia, es ori faqti Seusabamobas
qmnis, vinaidan im regionSi, sadac maRalia umuSevrobis done, aseve
maRali unda iyos siRaribis maCvenebeli. Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki monacemebi
sapirispiros aCveneben. realurad, dasaqmebis maRali done sofelSi
miRweulia dasaqmebulTa Soris TviTdasaqmebulTa maRali xvedriTi
wonis arsebobiT, romelTa umetesobac realurad arc aris dasaqmebuli
da ojaxSi usasyidlod momuSave wevrebs warmoadgenen.
mocemuli monacemebis diagramebis (diagrama 4.4 da diagrama 4.5) aseTi
saxiT warmodgenac qalaq-soflis mixedviT siRaribisa da umuSevrobis
maCveneblebis Seusabamobis ilustrirebis mizniT movaxdineT.
saqarTvelos mezobel qveynebSi siRaribis done (saarsebo minimumis
mimarT) 2012 wels Semdeg suraTs iZleva: azerbaijanSi siRaribis donem
6.0% Seadgina, somxeTSi _ 32.4%, xolo ruseTSi siRaribis zRvars qvemoT
mosaxleobis 11.0% imyofeboda.151
postsabWoTa sivrceSi siRaribis yvelaze dabali done
baltiispireTis qveynebSia, Semdeg modian aRmosavleT evropisa da
samxreT kavkasiis qveynebi, xolo siRaribis yvelaze maRali done
centraluri aziis qveynebSia dafiqsirebuli.
msoflioSi arc erTi qveyana ar arsebobs siRaribis gareSe, TviT
aSS-Si siRaribis miRma mosaxleobis 15.0% cxovrobs.152 evrostatis
monacemebis mixedviT153 2012 wels siRaribis riskis zonaSi belgiaSi
cxovrobda mosaxleobis 14.8%, germaniaSi 16.1%, norvegiaSi 10.1%, fineTSi
150http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=145&lang=geo 151
http://www.stat.gov.az/source/millennium/source/MDG_en.pdf ; http://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=126&id=15005 http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b13_12/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d01/7-01.htm 152
http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/historical/people.html 153 http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tessi012&plugin=0
167
13.2%, SvedeTSi 14.2%, litvaSi 18.6%, latviaSi 19.4%, estoneTSi 17.5%.
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi siRaribis procentulma maCvenebelma 20.0%-s
gadaaWarba: xorvatiaSi, bulgareTSi, rumineTSi, espaneTsa da saberZneTSi.
yvelaze dabali maCvenebeli ki CexeTSi dafiqsirda da Seadgina 9.6%.
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi siRaribis riskis zRvars medianuri
Semosavlebis 60% warmoadgens, xolo Cvens mezobel qveynebSi:
azerbaijanSi, somxeTsa da ruseTSi, siRaribis oficialuri done
saarsebo minimumis mimarT gamoiTvleba.
ganviTarebuli qveynebis praqtikis gadmoReba, romlebic siRaribis
dones ar iTvlian saarsebo minimumis mimarT, saqarTvelos, rogorc
gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveyanas, romlis mosaxleobis cxovrebis
donec mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba ganviTarebul qveynebSi arsebul
cxovrebis dones, rogorc socialuri da ise ekonomikuri maCveneblebiT,
Cveni azriT ar gamodgeba. gamarTlebuli iqneba mxolod siRaribis
meTodologiurad marTebuli zRvaris dadgena da am zRvaris mimarT
siRaribis donis gamoTvla.
168
4.3 qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba da siRaribis daZlevis gzebi
saqarTveloSi
saqarTveloSi siRaribis daZlevis mravali samTavrobo dokumenti
Seiqmna, romlebzedac didZali Tanxebi ixarjeboda, Tumca siRaribis
saerTo suraTi, rogorc donis, ise siRrmisa da simwvavis mixedviT
realurad arc Secvlila.
2003-2004 wlebSi siRaribis donis 2.5% Semcireba erTi SexedviT
siRaribis daZlevis gegmis efeqtianad amoqmedebaze mianiSnebda, magram
Semdeg siRaribis done saarsebo minimumis xelovnurad Semcirebis gziT
jer gaanaxevres, xolo Semdeg misi gaangariSeba saarsebo minimumis
mimarT Sewyvites, amis Sedegad ki dRes realurad ar viciT Tu ramdenia
im Raribi mosaxleobis ricxovnoba, romlebic siRaribis zRvars miRma
imyofebian.
2008 wlis bolos parlamentma daamtkica programa ,,erTiani
saqarTvelo siRaribis gareSe!”154 preambulaSi mocemulia 2008-2012 wlebSi
siRaribis problemis dasaZlevad mimarTuli ZiriTadi miznebi:
1. siRaribis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli politika mimarTuli iqneba
socialuri biujetis mizanmimarTuli xarjviT, beneficiarTa SerCevis
efeqturi meqanizmebiT, hospitaluri sistemis ganviTarebis programiT,
soflis eqimis farTod ganviTarebuli qseliT, xelmokleTaTvis
saxelmwifos mier uzrunvelyofili sadazRvevo sistemiT, socialuri
sapensio paketiT, programiT ,Rirseuli dasawyisi.’ 2. swrafi ekonomikuri
zrda da siRaribis Semcireba saWiroebs sagzao infrastruqturis
ganviTarebas, kerZo investiciebs saporto da sarkinigzo
infrastruqturaSi, ,Ria cis’ politikis ganxorcielebas, sagzao
gadazidvebis liberalur reJims, hidroenergetikuli resursebis
aTvisebis gazrdas, energomomaragebis diversifikacias da regionuli
154
http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=17412 da https://matsne.gov.ge/index.php?option=com_ldmssearch&view=docView&id=45874
169
disbalansis Semcirebas. aseve saubaria samuSao adgilebis Seqmnaze, ise
rom Seiqmneboda 200-ze meti sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis
gadamamuSavebeli sawarmo, sadac dasaqmdeboda 10 000-mde adamiani, xolo
foTis Tavisufali industriuli zonis srulfasovnad amoqmedeba
daasaqmebda 20 000-mde adamians. konkretulad siRaribis Semcirebis gegma
naxsenebia erTxel _ ,,sagrZnoblad Semcirdeba siRaribe – 5 weliwadSi.
socialuri programebis beneficiarTa 50% maTi keTildReobis
gaumjobesebis gamo gamova beneficiarTa siebidan.” es mxolod imas
gulisxmobda, rom saxelmwifos daxmarebis qveS myofi gaWirvebulTa
raodenoba unda Semcirebuliyo 50 procentiT.
mocemul preambulaSi warmodgenili iyo qveynis siRaribesTan
brZolis gegma, romlis gaanalizebac gviCvenebs, rom is realurad ar
aris siRaribis Semcirebis gegma, rac iqidanac gamomdinareobs, rom
mTavrobis mxridan jerovnad arc momxdara gaazreba, Tu ra aris
siRaribe.
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis zogadi maCvenebelia mTliani Sida
produqti da mTliani erovnuli Semosavali erT mosaxleze
gaangariSebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisi ekonomikuri SinaarsiT mSp-s
cxovrebis donis ganmsazRvrel parametradac iyeneben, is mainc zogad
maCveneblad unda miviCnioT, radganac ar aris sakmarisi mxolod mSp-is
mixedviT gansazRvro cxovrebis done qveyanaSi. mSp gviCvenebs ekonomikur
ganviTarebis dones qveyanaSi, xolo ekonomikuri zrda mniSvnelovania
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebaSi, im pirobiT, rom
ekonomikuri keTildReoba Tanabrad aisaxos yvela socialuri fenis
warmomadgenelze. ekonomikuri zrdis struqturasa da xarisxs didi
mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan igi adamianebs farTo arCevanis Seqmnis
mniSvnelovan saSualebas aZlevs. amitomac dRes, sabazro urTierTobebis
damkvidrebis gzaze ekonomikuri zrda da keTildReoba saqarTvelosTvis
gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria.
170
,,saqarTvelos humanuri ganviTarebis angariSi’’-s avtorebi ganixilaven
ekonomikuri zrdis nebismier fasad miRweviT gamowveul savaraudo
Sedegebs:155
samuSao adgilebis gareSe ekonomikuri zrda, rodesac ar
Seiqmneba dasaqmebis meti SesaZlebloba;
Seubralebeli ekonomikuri zrda, rodesac zrdis SedegebiT,
ZiriTadad, mdidrebi sargebloben da amiT kidev ufro izrdeba
umdidressa da uRaribes fenebs Soris manZili;
daundobeli ekonomikuri zrda, romelsac SeuZlia
kulturuli mravalferovnebis da identifikaciis CaxSoba;
umomavlo ekonomikuri zrda, ris Sedegad amoiwureba
araganaxlebadi bunebrivi resursebi;
xmis uflebis gareSe ekonomikuri zrda, rodesac demokratia,
an uflebamosilebis miniWeba da monawileoba ar Zlierdeba.
aseve, ekonomikuri zrdis mniSvnelovan uaryofiT faqtors
warmoadgens misi zemoqmedeba garemos ekologiur mdgomareobaze.
ekonomikuri zrdis dadebiT efeqtad siRaribis Semcireba da
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis zrda saxeldeba, amasTan siRaribis maRali
done iq fiqsirdeba, sadac dabalia ekonomikuri ganviTareba, aseTi
qveynebis magaliTebi ki umetesad afrikaSi gvxvdeba.
ekonomikuri zrdis momxreebis mtkicebiT ki teqnologiuri
ganviTareba qveynis ekonomikis efeqtianobisken iqneba mimarTuli, xolo
alternatiuli resursebis miRebis Sedegad ar gaxdeba saSiSroeba ukve
arsebuli bunebrivi resursebis amowurviT safrTxis Seqmnisa. Tumca ki
isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom axali resursebis kvlavwarmoebamde ar
moxdes Zveli resursebis amowurva.
Tu ekonomikuri zrda SenarCunda, simdidris zrda momaval Taobebs
bevrad uzrunvelyofils gaxdis, vidre DdRevandels. aq ki SeiZleba
155
ix. saqarTvelos humanuri ganviTarebis angariSi 2008 _ reformebi da reformebs miRma, Tb., 2008, gv. 82.
171
davsvaT SekiTxva, ris xarjze moxdeba maTi gamdidreba da ramdenad aris
is misaRebi CvenTvis da momavali TaobebisTvis.
ekonomikuri ganviTareba unda gaxdes marTvadi, kontroli unda
gaewios mis ganviTarebis tempebsa da mosalodnel Sedegebs, Tu ki
ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT miRebuli sargebeli adamianTa mxolod mcire
kontigentis keTildReobis sawindari gaxdeba da im donemde ver miva
Rarib mosaxleobasTan, rac Sedegad maTi siRaribidan amosvlas mogvcems,
maSin ajobebs am xalxs ekologiuri garemo mainc ar davubinZuroT da
aseve ar gaxdnen maT xarjze Semcirebuli bunebrivi resursebis
brZolisTvis ganwirulni. aqedan gamomdinare sakiTxi globalur
azrovnebas moiTxovs, romlis gadaWrac umravlesobis sakeTildReod
unda moxdes.
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maCvenebeli mTliani Sida produqtis
dinamika diagramis saxiTaa mocemuli (diagrama 4.6).
diagrama 4.6
mTliani Sida produqtis moculoba da dinamika saqarTveloSi156
(mimdinare fasebSi da mudmiv 2003 wlis fasebSi, mln lari)
156
ix. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2010, gv. 112; saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2009, gv. 120 da http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=118&lang=geo
2004 w. 2005 w. 2006 w. 2007 w. 2008 w. 2009 w. 2010 w. 2011 w. 2012 w.
982411621
13790
1699419075
1798620743
2434426167
90669936 10868
12209 12491 12020 12771 13688 14534
172
mSp 2003-2012 wlebSi periodulad izrdeba, kleba mxolod erTxel
2008-2009 wlebSi dafiqsirda, xolo mis maqsimalur maCvenebels 2012 wels
miaRwia, Seadgina ra 26 167 mln lari. mSp izrdeba rogorc produqciisa
da momsaxurebis fizikuri moculobis, aseve fasebis zrdis saSualebiT.
Tu mSp-s SevafasebT 2003 wlis mudmiv fasebSi, amiT gamovricxavT mis
zrdaze fasebis zrdis gavlenas. sxvaoba nominalur da realur mSp-s
Soris warmoadgens fasebis zrdis da ara produqciisa da momsaxurebis
moculobis zrdis Sedegs. am meTodis gamoyenebiT viRebT, rom 2004 wels
fasebis zrdis Sedegad nominaluri mSp gaizarda 7.7%-iT, xolo 2012
wels _ 44.5%-iT, rac mocemul periodSi fasebis mniSvnelovan zrdaze
miuTiTebs, amasTan 2012 wels nominaluri mSp 1.8-jer aRemateba
realur mSp-s.
mSp-is kleba mxolod erTxel 2009 wels dafiqsirda, rac erTis mxriv
gamowveuli iyo agvistos omiT miyenebuli zianiTa da meores mxriv
mocemuli periodi emTxveva msoflio ekonomikur kriziss.
saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri krizisis erT-erTi xelSemwyobi faqtori
iyo privatizebis procesis SeCereba, saprivatizaciod gamotanili
obieqtebis umetesoba ar iyideboda an dagegmilze gacilebiT mcire
fasad. problemebi Seiqmna sainvesticio kuTxiTac, radgan investorebis
umetesoba politikurad arastabilur qveyanaSi investiciebis
ganxorcielebas erideboda. ekonomikuri krizisi aisaxa produqtebis
fasebze, fasebma moimata sursaTze da yoveldRiuri moxmarebis nivTebze.
saqarTveloSi msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis Sedegad, umuSevrobis
problemebi ZiriTadad samSeneblo biznessa da sabanko sistemas Seexo,
radganac krizisamde mxolod es ori dargi iyo ukeT ganviTarebuli da
metwilad dakavSirebuli sabazro ekonomikaze. am periodSi, mniSvnelovan
movlenas warmoadgenda umsxvilesi qarTuli bankebis mier 2008 wlis
bolos TanamSromelTa masStaburi daTxovna.
XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis didi depresiis Semdeg, rodesac
globaluri ekonomikuri vardnis Sedegad gakotrda uamravi banki da
173
umuSevrobam rekordul maCveneblebs miaRwia, mimdinare msoflio
ekonomikuri krizisi Tavisi CarTulobiT yvelaze Rrmaa, xolo
RirebulebiT yvelaze didi finansuri zianis momtani.
2009 wels realuri mSp-is kleba aseve dafiqsirda evropis
ganviTarebul qveynebSi, rac gamomwveuli iyo msoflio ekonomikuri
krizisiT. realuri mSp-is klebam Seadgina: aSS-Si -3.5%; iaponiaSi _ -6.3%;
norvegiaSi _ -1.7; SvedeTSi _ -5.2%; fineTSi _ -8.2%; luqsemburgSi _ -5.3%;
germaniaSi _ -5.1%; realuri mSp-is klebis yvelaze maRali maCvenebli ki
estoneTSi, litvasa da latviaSi dafiqsirda, Sesabamisad -14.3%; -14.8% da
-17.7%. evrokavSiris qveynebidan erTaderT qveyanas warmoadgens poloneTi,
sadac realuri mSp-is 1.6%-iani zrda dafiqsirda.
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis zogad maCveneblebs; mTlian Sida
produqtsa da mTlian erovnul Semosavals (meS) erT mosaxleze
gaangariSebiT qvemoT mocemul diagramaSi ganvixilavT (diagrama 4.7).
diagrama 4.7
nominaluri mSp da meS erT mosaxleze saqarTveloSi (lari),
2004-2012 wlebi157
157 ix. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2008, gv. 132 da gv. 143; http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=472&lang=geo
2004 w.
2005 w.
2006 w.
2007 w.
2008 w.
2009 w.
2010 w.
2011 w.
2012 w.
meS erT mosaxleze 2317 2704 3204 3882 4294 4057 4531 5288 5764
mSp erT mosaxleze 2275 2665 3133 3867 4353 4101 4676 5447 5818
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
174
2004-2012 wlebSi nominaluri mSp da meS erT mosaxleze gaangariSebiT
izrdeba, aseve isic aRsaniSnavia, rom 2008 wlamde meS aWarbebda mSp-s,
xolo 2008 wlidan mSp-ma gadaaWarba meS-s.
meS = mSp + pirveladi Semosavlebis miReba danarCeni msofliodan _
pirveladi Semosavlebis gadaxda danarCeni msofliosaTvis. 2008 wels
pirveladi Semosavlebis gadaxdis maCvenebelma gadaaWarba pirveladi
Semosavlebis miRebis maCvenebels danarCeni msofliodan, xolo momdevno
wlidan ufro maRali zrdis tempiTac xasiaTdeba, rac ganapirobebs
kidec meS-Tan SedarebiT ufro maRal mSp-s. cxadia am tendenciis
dadebiTad, an uaryofiTad Sefaseba SeuZlebelia. meS erovnuli
ekonomikis mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia, romlis mzardi da maRali
moculoba qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis
donis zrdis sawindaria, xolo mSp-is zrda da misi erovnul
Semosavalze metoba qveynis ekonomikis gardamaval etapze gardauvali da
amasTan misaRebi tendenciaa. ucxouri investiciebis mateba ZiriTad
kapitalSi (saqarTveloSi ucxouri investiciebi miuxedavad 2011-2012
wlebis klebisa, 2003-2012 wlebSi gazrdilia 2.7-jer)158 aZlierebs da aseve
saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSic gaaZlierebs mSp-sa da meS-s Soris
diferenciacias, am dros ki unda moxdes saxelmwifos mxridan misi
gonivruli marTva da dabalanseba. marTalia qveyanaSi ucxouri
investiciebis mozidva saWiroa, magram ucxour kapitals didi
ricxovnobiT ar unda Semoyves ucxoelTa samuSao Zala da momuSaveTa
ZiriTadi miwodeba adgilobrivma Sromis bazarma uzrunvelyos. udavod,
ucxouri kompaniebis mier saxelmwifosTvis gadaxdili gadasaxadebi,
adgilobriv momuSaveebze gacemuli anazRaureba Tu morigi axali
investiciebi saqarTveloSi, qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis
aucilebelia, cifrebSi naCvenebi mSp-isa Tu meS-is zrda ki unda aisaxos
mosaxleobis socialur mdgomareobasa da maT ekonomikur dovlaTze.
158
http://www.economy.ge/uploads/meniu_publikaciebi/foreign/Economic_Outlook_GEO_2012.pdf da http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=139&lang=geo
175
2011 wels pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis wili mSp-Si Seadgenda
7.7%-s, xolo 2012 wels Semcirda 5.8%-mde.159 rogorc mSp-sa da ucxour
investiciebs Soris korelaciur-regresiuli analizi gviCvenebs, ucxouri
investiciebi ver axdenen mSp-is moculobis efeqtianad zrdas. amitomac
aucilebelia ucxouri kompaniebis meti CarTuloba adgilobriv bazarze,
im pirobiT, rom meti ekonomikuri sargebeli moutanon qveyanas.
mSp-is zrda saqarTvelos ekonomikis zrdas niSnavs da dadebiT
movlenad unda Sefasdes. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos mocemuli
ekonomikuri maCvenebeli izrdeba, izrdeba sxva qveynebis maCveneblebic, aq
ki mniSvnelovania is faqti, Tu ramdenad mihyveba saqarTvelo sxva
qveynebis ganviTarebas. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis monacemebis
mixedviT 2012 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi erT mosaxleze mSp-is moculobam
(myidvelobiT unarianobis paritetis mixedviT) 5930 aSS dolari
Seadgina160 da am maCvenebliT msoflios qveynebSi 117 adgilzea, xolo
bolo 5 wlian (2008-2012) periodSi reitingSi 1 adgiliT win waiwia, (am
SemTxvevaSi reitingis ganxilvisas kosovos maCveneblis cvlilebas ar
viTvaliswinebT).
mSp-is erT mosaxleze moculobiT saqarTvelo umdidres qveyana
yatars 17-jer CamorCeba, luqsemburgs 13-jer, singapurs 10-jer, norvegias
9-jer, aSS-s 8-jer, germanias 7-jer, estoneTs 4-jer, TurqeTs 3-jer.
saqarTvelo aseve CamorCeba gvineas, namibias, tongas, kosovos, samoas...
mSp-is erT mosaxleze ganawilebiT postsabWoTa sivrceSi (diagrama
4.8) saqarTvelo me-10 adgilzea, xolo mezobeli qveynebidan mxolod
somxeTs uswrebs. reitingSi lideroben baltiis qveynebi, iseve rogorc
TavianTi socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doniT lideroben
postsabWoTa sivrceSi sxva reitingebsac. Cveni mezobeli qveynebidan,
ruseTis udidesi bunebrivi resursebis SesaZleblobebis, xolo
azerbaijanis gazisa da navTobis maragebis gaTvaliswinebiT, realurad
159
ix. statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri _ pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi 2012, gv. 8. 160
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/index.aspx da http://knoema.com/atlas/ranks/GDP-per-capita-PPP-based
176
mxolod somxeTi warmoadgens qveyanas, romelTanac SesaZlebelia
reitingSi konkurenciis gaweva da miuxedavad masTan mcire sxvaobisa,
upiratesoba miRweulia.
diagrama 4.8
postsabWoTa qveynebis mSp-is reitingebi, 2012 weli
(myidvelobiTi unarianobis paritetis mixedviT)
msoflio bankis meTodologiiT erT mosaxleze meS-is mixedviT
msoflios qveynebi 4 did jgufad iyofa:161
1) uRaribesi qveynebi (dabal Semosavliani), sadac mSp/erT mosaxleze
naklebia 1 035 dolarze;
2) ganviTarebadi qveynebi (saSualoze dabal Semosavliani) _ mSp/erT
mosaxleze Seadgens 1 036 _ 4 085 dolars;
3) saSualo ganviTarebis qveynebi (saSualoze maRal Semosavliani) _
mSp/erT mosaxleze Seadgens 4 086 _ 12 615 dolars;
161 http://data.worldbank.org/news/new-country-classifications
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
tajikeTi (151)
yirgizeTi (147)
moldova (136)
uzbekeTi (134)
somxeTi (118)
saqarTvelo (117)
ukraina (105)
TurqmeneTi (96)
azerbaijani (85)
yazaxeTi (69)
belarusi (62)
ruseTi (55)
latvia (51)
litva (46)
estoneTi (45)
2229
2376
3415
3555
5838
5930
7374
8718
10478
13893
15634
17709
18255
21615
21713
177
4) ganviTarebuli qveynebi (maRal Semosavliani), sadac mSp/erT
mosaxleze 12 616 dolarze metia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemuli klasifikacia pirobiTia, is kargad
asaxavs qveynebis ZiriTad jgufebs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mixedviT.
2012 wels saqarTveloSi meS erT mosaxleze Seadgenda 3 280 aSS dolars,
am maCvenebliT saqarTvelo saSualoze dabalSemosavlian qveynebis
jgufs miekuTvneba. msoflios 180 qveynis reitingSi 104-e poziciazea,
mezobeli qveynebidan ki bolo adgilze. postsabWoTa sivrceSi
saqarTvelo mxolod uzbekeTs, moldovas, yirgizeTsa da tajikeTs
uswrebs.
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umetesi nawili soflad cxovrobs (53.2%),
aseve soflad modis samuSao Zalis (ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba)
58%, rac imis safuZvels iZleva, rom mSp-Si soflis meurneobis xvedriTi
wona maRali iyos, Tumca sapirispiro suraTs viRebT. mSp-is struqturaSi
soflis meurneobas mcire procentuli wili uWiravs da amasTan wlebis
ganmavlobaSi xasiaTdeba klebis tendenciiT, rac ra Tqma unda
uaryofiTi movlenaa qarTul ekonomikaSi. soflis meurneobaSi ar
iwarmoeba im Rirebulebis produqcia, romelic mniSvnelovani maCvenebeli
gaxdeboda mSp-is formirebaSi. bolo 10 welSi soflis meurneobis wili
mSp-Si 2-jer aris Semcirebuli (diagrama 4.9).
diagrama 4.9
soflis meurneobis wili mTlian Sida produqtSi, 1996-2012 wlebi (%)
34.1
29.2 27.626.2
21.9 22.4 20.6 20.5 17.9 16.712.8 10.7 9.4 9.4 8.4 8.8 8.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012wlebi
178
qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebisa da simdidris dagrovebaSi soflis
meurneobis prioritetad aRiarebis sakiTxi daisva XVII saukunis meore
naxevarSi, fiziokratuli skolis mier. f. kene simdidris wyarod mxolod
soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebul Sromas Tvlida. fransua kene statiaSi
,,xorbali’’ (1757) aRniSnavda, rom mudmivad kvlavwarmoebuli soflis
meurneobis simdidre warmoadgens simdidris yvela sxva formis
safuZvels, uzrunvelyofs dasaqmebas, xels uwyobs rogorc mrewvelobis,
ise vaWrobis ganviTarebas, ganapirobebs eris ayvavebasa da mosaxleobis
keTildReobis zrdas.162
klasikuri politikuri ekonomiis skolis warmomadgenelma uiliam
petim yuradReba miaqcia simdidris or faqtors _ Sromasa da miwas. is
aRniSnavda: ,,vaWroba metad mniSvnelovania, magram mas ar SeuZlia
simdidris gamravleba, eris gamdidreba mxolod warmoebis gziT SeiZleba
moxdes.’’163
saqarTvelos ekonomikis perspeqtiuli ganviTarebis aspeqtiT soflis
meurneobas, rogorc ekonomikis erT-erTi maprofilebeli dargis
ganviTarebas, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. soflis meurneoba
warmoadgens saqarTvelos ekonomikis im prioritetul dargs, romlis
aRorZinebac saSualebas iZleva Cveni qveynisTvis ekonomikuri dovlaTis
momtani gaxdes.
saqarTvelos udidesi agraruli potenciali gaaCnia, romlis
saTanadod gamoyeneba ver xerxdeba. qveyanas realurad aqvs imis
SesaZlebloba, rom mniSvnelovnad gazardos sasoflo-sameurneo
warmoeba, mTavaria moxdes im potencialis realizacia, romelic
SemdgomSi soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas gamoiwvevs.
soflis meurneobis produqciis gamoSvebaSi (mimdinare fasebSi)
mecxoveleobas wlebis ganmavlobaSi ufro maRali xvedriTi wona
162ix. TeTruaSvili z., TeTruaSvili-qardava m. _ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis finansur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi da misi regulirebis meqanizmebi sabazro urTierTobis formirebis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro Sida qarTlis saero universiteti, Tb., 2006, gv. 22. 163
ix. adeiSvili g., asaTiani r. _ ekonomikuri Teoria, Tb., 1998, gv. 17.
179
uWiravs vidre memcenareobas mag., 2012 wlis monacemebiT, memcenareobam
mTlian gamoSvebaSi Seadgina 37%, xolo mecxoveleobam 59%. miuxedavad
mecxoveleobidan ufro maRali Semosavlianobisa, qveynis mTavrobam
soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaken mimarTuli ekonomikuri politika
Tanabrad unda gaataros, rogorc memcenareobis, aseve mecxoveleobis
dargis asaRorZineblad, radganac es dargebi urTierTdamokidebulni
arian.164
ganvixiloT saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis memcenareobisa da
mecxoveleobis dargebSi arsebuli viTareba.
soflis meurneobis kulturebis mTliani naTesi farTobebis
Semcireba 1998 wlidan daiwyo da dRemde grZeldeba. 1998-2012 wlebis
periodSi, naTesi farTobebi 616.1 aTasi ha-dan 259.6 aTas ha-mde
Semcirda.165 rac Seexeba 2003-2012 wlebis periods, soflis meurneobis
memcenareobis dargis ganviTarebisaken konkretuli nabijebi ar
gadamdgara. Sedegad naTesi farTobebi 2-jer da ufro metad aris
Semcirebuli, Sesabamisad Semcirebulia memcenareobis produqtebis
warmoebac.
2003-2012 wlebSi xorblis naTesi farTobi mcirdeba 117.3 aT. ha-dan 50.0
aT. ha-mde, xolo misi warmoeba 225.4 aT. tonidan 80.7 aT. tonamde. simindis
naTesi farTobi _ 197.6 aT. ha-dan 114.8 aT. ha-mde, misi warmoeba ki _ 461,9
aT. tonidan 267.0 aT. tonamde. lobios naTesi farTobi _ 10.7 aT. ha-dan 6.4
aT. ha-mde, warmoeba ki 12.1 aT. tonidan 9.6 aT. tonamde. kartofilis
naTesi farTobi _ 37.6 aT. ha-dan 25.8 aT. ha-mde, warmoeba 425.2 aT. tonidan
252.0 tonamde. bostneuli naTesi farTobi _ 40.4 aT. ha-dan 23.8 aT. ha-mde,
xolo misi warmoeba 430.1 aT. tonidan 198.5 aT. tonamde.166
msgavsad memcenareobisa, arasaxarbielo suraTia mecxoveleobaSic.
2003-2012 wlebSi msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis raodenoba 1 242 500
164 ix. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2012, gv. 15. 165 iqve gv. 26. 166
iqve gv-ebi: 30-35.
180
sulidan 1 128 800 sulamde Semcirda, Roris _ 473 800 sulidan 204 300
sulamde, magram gaizarda cxvrisa da Txis suladoba _ 722 200 sulidan
742 200 sulamde. Sesabamisad am periodSi xorcis warmoeba Semcirda
2.6_jer, xolo rZis _ 1,3-jer. mocemul wlebSi Semcirebulia matylis,
xolo gazrdilia kvercxis warmoeba.
miuxedavad bolo 10 wliani periodSi dafiqsirebuli klebisa, 2011-
2012 wlebSi soflis meurneobaSi SeiniSneba dadebiTi Zvrebi: imatebs
erTwliani kulturebis naTesi farTobebi, pirutyvis suladoba, rZisa da
kvercxis warmoeba, rac saxelmwifos mxridan soflis meurneobis
ganviTarebisaTvis ganxorcielebuli ekonomikuri politikis Sedegia.
wliuri inflaciis donis dinamikaSi ganxilvisas, saintereso suraTs
iZleva sasursaTo saqonlis fasebisa da samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsebs
Soris korelaciuri kavSiri. Cven ar ganvixilavT inflaciis oficialuri
maCveneblebis sandoobas, mxolod inflaciisa da sasursaTo saqonelze
fasebis zrdas Soris arsebuli korelaciuri kavSiris tendenciebs
vaCvenebT. mag., Tu 2011 wels sasursaTo saqonelze fasebi gaizarda
0.9%-iT, inflaciis done Seadgenda 2.4%-s. sapirispirod 2012 wels
sasursaTo saqonelze fasebi 3.6%-iT Semcirda, xolo inflaciis donem
Seadgina -1.4% (deflacia),167 2005-2012 wlebis analizis safuZvelze, am or
movlenas Soris arsebobs maRali korelaciuri kavSiri (0.925), romlis
mixedviTac, sasursaTo saqonelze fasebis 1%-iT zrda gamoiwvevs
inflaciis 0.5%-iT zrdas (danarTi 3). Sesabamisad sasursaTo saqonelze
dabalansebuli fasebi inflaciaze brZolis erT-erT meqanizms
warmoadgens.
imisaTvis, rom moxdes sasursaTo saqonelze fasebis kleba, saWiroa
ganviTardes adgilobrivi soflis meurneobis produqciis warmoeba.
samamulo warmoebiT miRebuli produqciis dabali fasebi importirebul
saqonelTan SedarebiT miRweul unda iqnas am produqciaze dabali
TviTRirebulebiT. aq ukve unda moxdes saxelmwifos Careva, rom mTeli
167 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2012, gv. 228 da http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=127&lang=geo
181
rigi saSualebebiT uzrunvelyos soflis meurneobis produqciis
SedarebiT dabali TviTRirebuleba.
ganvixiloT sursaTis eqsporti da importi saqarTveloSi (diagrama
4.10). rogorc diagramidan Cans, sursaTis importi saqarTveloSi izrdeba
wlebis ganmavlobaSi, 2012 wels ki sursaTis importma 5-jer gadaaWarba
eqsports. amasTan isic aRsaniSnavia, rom mocemul wels wina welTan
SedarebiT sursaTis importi qveynis mTlian importSi 14.3%-dan Semcirda
13.4%-mde, xolo sursaTis eqsportis wili qveynis mTlian eqsportSi
8.6%-dan gaizarda 9.0%-mde,168 rac dadebiT movlenad unda CaiTvalos
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis.
2003-2011 wlebSi xorblis importi 192.6 aT. tonidan gaizarda 897.6 aT.
tonamde, kartofilis importi ki 5.4 aT. tonidan 30.2 aT. tonamde. Tavis
mxriv xorcis importi gazrdilia 2.5-jer, bostneulis ki _ 4.5-jer.
diagrama 4.10
sursaTis eqsporti da importi saqarTveloSi (mln aSS dolari), 2003-2012 wlebi
soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulebisaTvis bankebis mier SeTavazebuli
dabal saprocento ganakveTiani sesxebi, am adamianebs saSualebas
miscems gazardon soflis meurneobaSi ganxorcielebuli xarjebi,
amasTan erTad am dargSi dasaqmebulTaTvis SeRavaTebis micema (saTesle
masalis glexebisTvis ufasod darigeba an SeRavaTian fasebSi miyidva,
168 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=751&lang=geo
74.4 99.7 137.4 111.6 148.6 103.4 147.3 137.6 194.8 211.2172.6335.7 387.8
513.3
714.6784.1
643.1785.6
986.5 1050.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
eqsporti impoti
182
materialur-teqnikuri saSualebebiT momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomoba da
sxv.) warmoadgens dasaqmebulTa stimuls awarmoon meti produqcia vidre
amas dRes akeTeben da Sesabamisad soflis meurneobis produqciis
gayidvidan meti Semosavali miiRon, rac momavalSi soflis meurneobaSi
dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis zrdasac gamoiwvevs. zemoT aRniSnuli
ekonomikuri RonisZiebebis gatareba warmoebuli soflis meurneobis
produqciis TviTRirebulebasac Seamcirebs da glexs SesaZlebloba
miecema mis mier warmoebuli produqcia qarTul bazarze gaitanos da
importirebul produqts konkurenciac gauwios, xolo erovnuli
warmoebis produqciis bazarze Warbi raodenobiT gamosvla ki gamoiwvevs
sazRvargareTidan Semotanili analogiuri produqciis Canacvlebas da
misi eqsportirebis SesaZleblobas. ucxoeTidan soflis meurneobis
produqciis importis Semcireba damatebiTi stimuli gaxdeba
adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebisaTvis. cxadia Tavisufal sabazro pirobebSi
amis miRweva Znelia, magram es nabiji unda gadaidgas importirebul
saqonelze xarisxis kontrolis gamkacrebiT, rac erTis mxriv
momxmarebels daicavs uxarisxo produqciisgan, xolo meores mxriv
adgilobriv mwarmoebels qarTul bazarze gasvlis met SesaZleblobas
miscems.
dReisaTvis saqarTvelos bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis saTanadod
gamoyeneba da soflis meurneobis aRorZineba, qveynis ekonomikis
ganviTarebis winapirobas warmoadgens, unda moxdes Cveni qveynis mdidari
bunebrivi resursebis efeqtianad gamoyeneba, rac momavalSi xels
Seuwyobs qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis
pirobebis gaumjobesebas.
msoflios bankis mier SemoTavazebulia realuri progresis
maCvenebelTa (GPI)169 sistema, romelic qveynis erovnul simdidresa da
mosaxleobis saerTo keTildReobis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs
warmoadgens da Sesabamisad dakavSirebulia cxovrebis maRal xarisxTan.
169 Genuine Progress Indicators (GPI)
183
cxrili 4.4 realuri progresis maCveneblebi
ekonomikuri
keTildReobis
maCveneblebi
socialuri
keTildReobis
maCveneblebi
garemo
keTildReobis
maCveneblebi
ekonomikuri zrda
erovnuli Semosavali
saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebi erT mosaxleze
saSualo Tviuri xarjebi erT mosaxleze
sursaTis SeZenaze gaweuli xarjebi
cxovrebis Rirebuleba da inflacia
gadasaxadebi
mosaxleobis danazogebi
satransporto uzrunvelyofa
sazogadoebrivi infrastruqtura
siRaribe
Semosavlebisa da
xarjebis ganawileba
umuSevroba
dasaqmeba
Sromis pirobebi
anazRaurebadi samuSao dro
ganaTleba da kultura
jandacva
sabinao pirobebi
sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba
Tavisufali dro
sazogadoebriv transportSi mgzavrobis dro
naadrevi sikvdilianoba
Cvil bavSvTa mokvdaoba
TviTmkvleloba
danaSaulis done
narkotikebis moxmareba
azartuli TamaSebi
avto katastrofa
ganqorwineba
adamianis uflebebi
navTobisa da gazis
maragebi
energetikis gamoyeneba
soflis meurneoba
TevzWera
satyeo mdgradi
ganviTareba
parkebi da sarekreacio
zonebi
sasmeli wylis xarisxi
haeris xarisxi
sanitarul-higienuri
pirobebi
nagavsayrelis narCenebi
sicocxlisa da
janmrTelobisTvis sxva
saxifaTo narCenebi
184
realuri progresis maCveneblebs ajgufeben 3 blokad. 1. ekonomikuri
keTildReobis maCveneblebi; 2. socialuri keTildReobis maCveneblebi;
3. garemo keTildReobis maCveneblebi.170
mocemuli maCveneblebis safuZvelze, Cveni Sexedulebisamebr
SevitaneT cvlilebebi maCvenebelTa CamonaTvalSi, rasac zemoT mocemuli
cxrilis saxiT warmovadgenT (cxrili 4.4).
qveyanaSi mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebisken mimarTuli
politika unda warimarTos mocemuli 3 ZiriTadi blokis, ekonomikuri,
socialuri da garemo keTildReobis maCvenebeli faqtorebis
Tanmimdevruli ganviTarebiT. cxadia pirvel rigSi unda moxdes
problematuri sakiTxebis gadaWra, is rac aqtualuria qveyanaSi
Tanamedrove etapze da moicavs ekonomikur da socialur maCveneblebs. am
sakiTxebis warmatebiT gadaWris Semdeg, qveyana, rogorc Tavisi
ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis doniT, aseve mosaxleobaSi
gaCenili cxovrebis maRali xarisxis moTxovnilebebiT, mzad iqneba
gaagrZelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba da amasTan garemo
keTildReobis maCveneblebis srulyofiT Seuqmnas ekologiurad sufTa
garemo mis mosaxleobas da qveyanaSi arsebuli bunebrivi resursebis
efeqtianad gamoyenebiT awarmoos meti ekonomikuri dovlaTi.
saqarTvelos realobidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifom mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis amaRleba pirvel rigSi qveyanaSi arsebuli siRaribis
mwvave problemis gadaWriT unda daiwyos, rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs
siRaribis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis detalur Seswavlasa da maT
aRmosafxvrelad qmediTi nabijebis gadadgmas.
adamianis socialuri mdgomareoba da roli sazogadoebaSi, misi
Semosavali da materialuri keTildReoba, damokidebulia gare da
pirovnul faqtorebze. pirovnuli faqtorebi aerTianebs: pirovnebis
ganaTlebis dones, profesiul unars, nebisyofas, pirad miznebs da a.S.
gare faqtorebi ki ganpirobebulia qveynis samarTlebrivi mowyobiTa da
170 The Fourth Biennial Conference of the Canadian Society for Ecological Economics: Ecological Sustainability of
the Global Market Place, Montreal, Quebec. pg. 17.
185
aq damkvidrebuli tradiciebiT. siRaribe pirvel rigSi moqmedebs
adamianis janmrTelobaze, auaresebs mis fizikur da sulier
mdgomareobas. arasrulfasovani kveba, cudi sanitaruli pirobebi,
jandacvis sferos, wylis momaragebis sistemebisa da gzebis
ganuviTarebloba, ganaTlebisa da kulturis dabali done,
qancgamomcleli Sroma, ganuwyveteli dardi TandaTan cveTs adamians
rogorc fizikurad, ise moralurad, rac kidev ufro cud mdgomareobaSi
agdebs mas. siRaribis gaZlierebis erT-erTi mizezia uimedoba, rac Tan
axlavs cxovrebis rTul pirobebs. uimedoba adamians akargvinebs rwmenas,
rom igi odesme Tavs daaRwevs siRaribes. rwmenis dakargva iwvevs
umoqmedobas, rac aZlierebs siRaribes qveyanaSi.171
,,siRaribe xels uSlis maRali xarisxis socialuri momsaxurebis
miRebas. Raribi ojaxebi ufro met sirTules ganicdian xarisxiani
jandacvis momsaxurebis misaRebad, xolo jandacvis momsaxurebis
safasuris jibidan gadaxda ufro did dartymas ayenebs maT. Raribi
ojaxis bavSvs ufro naklebi Sansi aqvs iaros skolamdeli aRzrdis
dawesebulebaSi, xSirad gvian iwyebs pirveladi ganaTlebis miRebas da
ganicdis saskolo ganaTlebis naadrevad dasrulebis ufro maRal risks.
uTanabrobebi jandacvis da ganaTlebis sferoSi zegavlenas axdens
bavSvTa keTildReobaze, maT dRevandel ganviTarebaze da maT Sansebze
momaval cxovrebaSi, aseve aZlierebs Taobidan Taobaze gardamavali
siRaribis risks.”172
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ekonomikur literaturaSi ganasxvaveben
absolutur da SefardebiT siRaribes. cxadia qveyanaSi siRaribis donis
Semcireba absoluturi midgomiT unda moxdes. saarsebo minimumis,
rogorc siRaribis zRvaris gadalaxviT, adamianebma Tavi unda daaRwion
siRaribes, amiT miviRebT ukeTes cxovrebis dones qveyanaSi. SefardebiTi
171
ix. abesaZe r._ mosaxleobis cxovrebis donisa da siRaribis zogierTi socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqti, paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis samecniero Sromebis krebuli III, Tb., 2010, gv. 11. 172
ix. bavSvTa siRaribe saqarTveloSi, daskvniTi angariSi, Tb., 2008, gv. 2.
186
maCveneblebiT ki gavzomavT umdidres da yvelaze dabali Semosavlebis
mqone fenebs Soris diferenciacias.
siRaribis daZleva unda warimarTos 2 mimarTulebiT, socialuri da
ekonomikuri siRaribis daZleviT.
socialuri siRaribis dasaZlevad saxelmwifom unda gaataros
moqnili sapensio sistema, ise rom is aRematebodes saarsebo minimums,
amasTan saarsebo minimumis gaangariSeba unda moxdes mecnierulad
dasabuTebuli normebis safuZvelze. daTvlili unda iqnes umweo
ojaxebis zusti ricxvi im pirobiT, rom araswori meTodologiiT
gamoyvanilma qulebma ar datovos aseTi ojaxebis mniSvnelovani nawili
daxmarebis gareSe.
,,rac ufro mZimea qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, miT ufro xSirad
gaismis mowodeba mosaxleobis socialur dacvaze. aseT pirobebSi
mdgomareoba kidev ufro rTuldeba imis gamo, rom Tu qveyanaSi
SeiniSneba ekonomikuri dacema, mcirdeba warmoebis moculoba da
warmoebuli erovnuli produqti, am dros saxelmwifos SesaZleblobebi,
gamoyos damatebiTi saxsrebi mosaxleobis socialur dacvaze, Zalzed
SezRudulia. izrdeba zewola saxelmwifo biujetze. saxelmwifo
iZulebulia gazardos gadasaxadebi, ris gamoc mcirdeba warmoebis da
muSebis Semosavlebi, rac axal socialur daZabulobas iwvevs.”173
ekonomikis zrda da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis gaumjobeseba,
qveynis umTavres mizans warmoadgens, ekonomikis aRmavlobis dawyebamde
ki aucilebelia umweo ojaxebisa da siRatakis zRvarze myofi
mosaxleobis daxmareba. daxmarebis erT-erTi gzaa am kategoriis
adamianTaTvis fuladi daxmareba, rasac mTavroba ZiriTadad socialuri
dazRvevis sistemis meSveobiT axorcielebs. socialuri dacvis sistema
uSualod dakavSirebulia: xelfasis minimalur donesTan, ufro metad
daucveli fenebis sakvebiT, tansacmliTa da sacxovrebeli biniT
uzrunvelyofasTan. am mizniT ekonomistTa erTi nawili asabuTebs
173
ix. virsalaZe n. _ mosaxleobis Semosavlebi saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi, quT. 2003, gv. 104.
187
uaryofiT gadasaxadze gadasvlis aucileblobas. am politikis mixedviT
TiToeulma ojaxma mTavrobas sruli angariSi unda warudginos Tavis
SemosavlebTan dakavSirebiT. maRalSemosavlianma ojaxebma gadasaxadi
unda gadaixadon TavianTi Semosavlebidan gamomdinare,
dabalSemosavlianma ojaxebma ki subsidiebi miiRon, anu Raribebma
,,uaryofiTi gadasaxadi unda gadaixadon.”174
sapensio da socialuri paketis mimRebTa ricxovnobam 2012 wels sul
857 aTasi adamiani Seadgina, romlis 80%-sac asakiT pensionerTa
ricxovnoba gansazRvravs. socialuri paketis mimRebTa kategoriaSi ki
Sedis: SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirebi, marCenaldakarguli
ojaxis wevrebi, saxelmwifo kompensaciis mimRebebi da sxva.175
saxelmwifos funqciaa izrunos sazogadoebis im nawilis socialur
dacvaze, romelic sxvadasxva mizezebiT CarTuli araa aqtiur
sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi da saxelmwifos daxmarebas saWiroebs,
swored maT miekuTvneba zemoT CamoTvlili mosaxleobis kategoria.
moqnili sapensio sistemis gatarebasTan erTad, mTavroba samedicino
dazRvevis programis meSveobiT zrunavs Raribi adamianebis
janmrTelobaze, aseve saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maTTvis TavSesafris
micemas. mTavrobis mxridan aseve xdeba saqvelmoqmedo RonisZiebebic
Rataki fenis dasaxmareblad, rac gamoixateba maTTvis sakvebisa Tu
sasursaTo baraTebis darigebiT
Raribebis cxovrebis donis amaRlebis erT-erT gzad ganixilaven maT
daxmarebas naturaluri formiT, anu maT uzrunvelyofas im saqonliTa
da momsaxurebiT, rac yvelaze metad sWirdebaT.
fuladi daxmarebis momxreebis azriT ki naturaluri daxmareba
araefeqtiania da damamcirebeli. mTavrobam ar icis, ra saqoneli da
momsaxureba sWirdeba Raribebs yvelaze metad. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
sanacvlod, romelic mas SesaZloa sul ar sWirdeba, umjobesia fuliT
174
ix. virsalaZe n. _ mosaxleobis Semosavlebi saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi, quT. 2003, gv-ebi: 104-107. 175 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=199&lang=geo
188
davexmaroT da mivceT imis yidvis saSualeba, rac mas yvelaze metad
sWirdeba. naturaluri daxmarebis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom aseTi
daxmarebiT, Raribebi iReben swored imas, rac yvelaze metad sWirdebaT.
RaribebisaTvis sakvebisa da TavSesafris micemis SemTxvevaSi, mTavrobas
SeuZlia darwmunebuli iyos, rom iseT mavne Cvevebs, rogoricaa
narkomania da alkoholizmi, ar uwyobs xels. swored esaa mizezi, rom
naturiT daxmareba ufro efeqtiania, vidre fuladi daxmareba.176
ekonomikur siRaribeSi ZiriTadad erTiandebian umuSevrebi. am
kategoriis siRaribis dasaZlevad ki unda Seiqmnas samuSao adgilebi da
moxdes ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis dasaqmeba. soflis meurneobis,
erovnuli warmoebis, mrewvelobis, vaWrobis, mSeneblobis, safinanso
saqmianobisa da sxva dargebis ganviTarebis Sedegad Seiqmneba axali
samuSao adgilebi, rac uzrunvelyofs mosaxleobis ekonomikurad
aqtiuri nawilis dasaqmebas. pirvel rigSi ki unda moxdes qveyanaSi
samewarmeo garemos gaumjobeseba bazarze samarTlianobis damkvidrebiTa
da monopoliuri sistemis gardaqmniT konkurentul bazrad. aseve
mniSvnelovania efeqtiani sagadasaxado politikis gatareba, romelic
mimzidveli iqneba ekonomikuri saqmianobis dasawyebad, rogorc qveynis
rezidenti, ise ararezidenti pirebisaTvis. am yvelafers ki Tan unda
erTvodes mSvidi da stabiluri politikuri mdgomareoba qveyanaSi, rac
gamoricxavs am mimarTulebiTYbiznes riskebs.
dasaqmebulTa kategoria iyofa daqiravebulebad da
TviTdasaqmebulebad (diagrama 4.11). dasaqmebis zrda unda moxdes
ZiriTadad daqiravebulTa ricxovnobis zrdis xarjze, romlebic dRes
mTlian dasaqmebulTa 38.4%_s Seadgens. cxadia saxelmwifos mxridan
pirdapiri gziT ver moxdeba daqiravebulTa zrda, es unda moxdes
damqiravebelTa zrdis xarjze, romlebmac Semdgom unda daasaqmon
daqiravebulTa kategoria. damqiravebelTa da individualurad
momuSaveTa ricxovnobis zrda miiRweva swored samewarmeo garemos
176ix. virsalaZe n. _ mosaxleobis Semosavlebi saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi, quT. 2003, gv-ebi: 104-107.
189
gaumjobesebiT, xolo konkurentul pirobebSi daqiravebuli adamianebis
daxmareba saxelmwifos mxridan gamoixateba Sromis kodeqsiT
daqiravebulTaTvis Rirseuli Sromis pirobebis SeTavazebiT.
SinamurneobaSi usasyidlod momuSave pirTa kategoria ar gamoricxavs
adamianTa aunazRaurebel dasaqmebas, amitom am kategoriis
SinameurneobebSi dasaqmebulebad unda ganixilebodnen is adamianebi,
romlebic ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sedegad iReben Semosavals.
diagrama 4.11
dasaqmebulTa ganawileba kategoriebis mixedviT
,,qveyanaSi mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad marto xalxis survili da
saxelmwifos dapirebebi ar kmara, problemis gadasaWrelad unda daiwyos
ekonomikuri aRmavloba da Seiqmnas keTildReobis is minimumi, romelic
aucilebelia xalxisaTvis.”177
adamianis ganviTarebisa da misi keTildReobisaTvis umTavres
amocanebs warmoadgens qveyanaSi ganviTarebuli da xelmisawvdomi
jandacvisa da ganaTlebis sistemis mowyoba; samuSao adgilebis zrda da
177
ix. virsalaZe n. _ mosaxleobis Semosavlebi saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi, quT. 2003, gv. 104.
dasaqmebuli
daqiravebuli
TviTdasaqmebuli
damqiravebeli
individualurad
momuSave
SinameurneobaSi
usasyidlod
momuSave
190
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobisaTvis Rirseuli samuSao pirobebis
SeTavazeba; sapensio sistemis ganviTarebiT adamianebisTvis uzrunveli
siberis micema.
saqarTvelo ar warmoadgens navTobmompovebel qveyanas, magram
mTavrobis mxridan gonivruli ekonomikuri politikis gatarebis
SemTxvevaSi unda moxdes Cveni qveynis mdidari bunebrivi resursebis,
miwis savarguleebis, xelsayreli klimaturi pirobebis efeqtianad
gamoyeneba, rac momavalSi xels Seuwyobs qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebas
da dasaqmebis donis zrdas.
cxrili 4.5
adamianis keTildReobis aucilebeli minimumaluri moTxovnebi
asakobrivi niSniT
-15 15-64 65+
ganviTarebuli
jandacvis sistema
dawyebiTi da saSualo
ganaTlebis xarisxi da
xelmisawvdomoba
ganviTarebuli
jandacvis sistema
teqnikuri da umaRlesi
ganaTlebis xarisxi da
xelmisawvdomoba
dasaqmeba da Rirseuli
Sromis pirobebi
ganviTarebuli
jandacvis sistema
moqnili sapensio fondi
qveynis ganviTarebis demokratiul gzas alternativa ar gaaCnia, aseTi
wyoba adamianebisTvis ganviTarebis farTo SesaZleblobas iZleva. amasTan
socialuri Tanasworoba politikuri Tanasworobis pirobad unda
iqces.178 xelisufleba xalxs ekuTvnis, Sesabamisad mTavroba mowodebuli
unda iqnes qveynis demokratiuli ganviTarebisken, rac uzrunvelyofs
yvela moqalaqis Tanasworobas kanonis winaSe, Sekrebebis, mitingebis,
demonstraciebisa da informaciis Tavisuflad gavrcelebis saSualebas.
qveyanaSi aucilebelia samarTlianobis damkvidreba da mis winaSe
yvela moqalaqis Tanabari uflebebiT wardgena. saxelmwifos
178
veTanxmebiT ra axalgazrda socialistebis politikuri dokumentis Sinaarss, Temis am nawilSi viyenebT maT xedvebs. ix. dok. ,,axalgazrda socialistebis politikuri dokumenti”.
191
ganviTarebisa da misi efeqtianad funqcionirebisaTvis samarTlianoba
aucilebeli winapirobaa. ,,saxelmwifo unda efuZnebodes kanonis
uzenaesobisa da adamianis uflebebis dacvis proncipebs, zneobriv da
moralur normebs.” SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kanonis samarTlianoba
moralidan unda gamomdinareobdes. samarTlianobis pirobebSi adamianebi
unda iyvnen Tanasworuflebianebi miuxedavad maTi eTnikuri
warmomavlobisa Tu socialuri kuTvnilebisa da yvela adamians unda
hqondes ganviTarebis erTnairi SesaZlebloba. sazogadoebis arc erTi
wevri ar unda iyos damamcirebel mdgomareobaSi mxolod imitom, rom is
Raribia. solidarobis principiT gaerTianebuli sazogadoeba ufro
metad miaRwevs ukeTes socialur, ekonomikur da politikur
mdgomareobas rogorc sazogadoebis calkeul fenebSi, ise mTlianad
qveyanaSi.
pirovneba SeZlebs iyos srulfasovani moqalaqe, Tu misi materialuri
da sulieri moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebuli iqneba garkveul donemde,
amisaTvis mniSvnelovania saxelmwifom efeqtianad gaataros socialuri
da ekonomikuri politika qveyanaSi. qveynis socialuri politika
mimarTulia misi TiToeuli moqalaqisTvis Rirseuli cxovrebis
pirobebis Sesaqmnelad. pirovnebis srulfasovani ganviTarebisaTvis
socialuri politikis warmarTva unda ganxorcieldes Semdegi ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebiT: ganaTleba, jandacva da socialuri uzrunvelyofa.
amasTan unda moxdes dasaqmebis efeqtiani politikis gatareba da
dasaqmebulTaTvis Rirseuli SromiTi pirobebis SeTavazeba.
ganaTleba unda warmoadgendes saxelmwifos prioritetul dargs.
ganaTleba pirovnebis ganviTarebis sawyisi da misi SesaZleblobaa
daikavos sazogadoebaSi Rirseuli adgili. amis misaRwevad ki
aucilebelia ganaTlebis miReba iyos xarisxiani da xelmisawvdomi.
qveynis socialuri ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovania gamarTuli
jandacvis sistema, xolo moqalaqeebisaTvis SeTavazebulma sayovelTao
192
dazRvevam unda uzrunvelyos mosaxleobis maRal xarisxiani samedicino
momsaxureba.
Sromis ufleba adamianis erT-erTi uflebaa, xolo saxelmwifom unda
izrunos Seuqmnas adamianebs Sesabamisi dasaqmebis pirobebi, dasaqmebulis
mier SromiT miRebuli Semosavali ki ar unda iyos saarsebo minimumze
naklebi.
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba damokidebulia saxelmwifos mier
swori ekonomikuri politikis gatarebaze. efeqtiani ekonomikuri
politikis gatarebisTvis aucilebelia bazarze konkurentuli garemos
Camoyalibeba da mkacri antimonopoliuri politikis gatareba.
qveyanaSi aucilebelia gamarTuli sagadasaxado sistema, rac ar
iqneba ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis xelis SemSleli da Seqmnis
mewarmeobisa da biznesisaTvis mimzidvel garemos. aucilebelia fulad-
sakredito politikis gaumjobeseba, bazarze fulis moZraobis siCqaris
daregulireba da inflaciis minimaluri doniT SenarCunebis amocanis
gadawyveta.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis kerZo sakuTrebis
ganviTareba aucilebelia, ar unda moxdes saxelmwifo sakuTrebis
ugulebelyofa, gansakuTrebiT qveynisTvis strategiuli mniSvnelobis
obieqtebze.
qveyanaSi arsebuli bunebrivi resursebis gamoyeneba unda moxdes
mkacri regulaciebiT, maTi ekonomikuri miznebisaTvis gamoyenebam ki
xeli ar unda SeuSalos bunebaSi arsebuli resurebis kvlavwarmoebas. es
Tavis mxriv Tavidan agvacilebs garemos dabinZurebasa da masTan
dakavSirebul problemebs. socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan erTad
saqarTvelo unda Camoyalibdes iseT saxelmwifod, romelic aramxolod
ar anadgurebs, aramed aZlierebs sakuTari qveynis bunebas, riTac Tavis
wvlils Seitans globalur ekologiur politikaSi.179
179
ix. dok. ,,axalgazrda socialistebis politikuri dokumenti”.
193
daskvnebi da winadadebebi
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis kvlevisa da
meTodologiuri sakiTxebis Seswavlis Sedegad CamovayalibeT Semdegi
saxis daskvnebi da sarekomendacio xasiaTis winadadebebi:
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis socialur-ekonomikur maCvenebelTa
statistikuri Seswavla, maTi struqturuli analizi da dinamikaSi
ganxilva gviCvenebs cxovrebis donis suraTs saqarTveloSi. cxovrebis
donis Sesaxeb miRebuli Sedegebi realuria imdenad, ramdenadac
realuria cxovrebis donis ganmsazRvreli maCveneblebi, amitom
mniSvnelovania swored es maCveneblebi asaxavdnen realobas, imisaTvis
rom miviRoT mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis zusti Sefaseba. am kuTxiT ki
gasatarebelia meTodologiuri samuSaoebi da saerTaSoriso
Sesadarisobis miRweva.
sadisertacio naSromSi ganxilulia gaeros cxovrebis donis
maCvenebelTa sistema da misi SemuSavebis etapebi. aseve ganvixilavT
evropis statistikis sistemis komitetis mier evrokavSirisaTvis
SemuSavebul cxovrebis xarisxis maCveneblebs, romelTa meTodologiuri
gaTvaliswineba da qarTul praqtikaSi danergva mniSvnelovani iqneba
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Sesafaseblad.
cxovrebis donis mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia gaeros mier
SemuSavebuli adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi, romlis mTavari
daniSnulebaa gansazRvros qveynis adamianuri ganviTarebis done.
Cveni gamoTvliT, 2012 wels saqarTvelos agi-s ganmsazRvreli
subindeqsebis mniSvnelobebi Semdegia: sicocxlis xangrZlivobis indeqsma
Seadgina 0.847, ganaTlebis indeqsma _ 0.841, xolo Semosavlebis indeqsma _
0.580. adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi ki 0.745-iT ganisazRvra. am
maCvenebliT saqarTvelo msoflios 187 qveynis reitingSi 72-e adgils
ikavebs da maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufSia (ganviTarebis 4
donidan rigiT me-2 done). mocemuli maCvenebliT mezobeli qveynebidan
194
saqarTvelo uswrebs azerbaijansa da somxeTs, xolo CamorCeba ruseTs.
Cveni prognoziT, agi-s mniSvneloba 2017 wels miaRwevs 0.760-s. miuxedavad
progresisa, agi-s reitingiT, saqarTvelo kvlav maRalganviTarebuli
qveynebis jgufSi darCeba. qveynis ekonomikuri zrda, ganaTlebis donis
amaRleba da jandacvis sistemis momsaxurebis maRali xarisxis miRweva
saqarTvelos adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsiT daumkvidrebs ufro maRal
sareitingo adgils vidre dRes aris, rac Tavis mxriv aisaxeba
mosaxleobis cxovrebis ukeTes pirobebSi da cxovrebis donis
amaRlebaSi.
saqarTveloSi 2012 wels 2003 welTan SedarebiT mosaxleobis
myidvelobiTunarianoba Semcirda 40%-iT, rac niSnavs, rom mosaxleobas
gaZvirebuli produqciis SeZena uwevs da ra Tanxadac 2003 wels
SeiZendnen produqcias, 10 wlis Semdeg igive Tanxad SeeZloT 40%-iT
naklebi moculobis produqciis yidva. rac Seexeba cxovrebis
Rirebulebis maCveneblebs, samomxmareblo saqonlis SesaZenad cxovreba
saqarTveloSi ufro iafia vidre mis mezobel da cxadia ganviTarebul
qveynebSi, Tumca es imas ar niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi cxovrebis done
ufro maRalia vidre am qveynebSi. tendencia ki aseTia: rac ufro
maRalganviTarebuli da maRali cxovrebis standartebis mqonea qveyana,
miT ufro maRalia iq cxovrebis Rirebuleba. saSualo realuri
xelfasiT saqarTvelo ufro meti myidvelobiTunarianobiT gamoirCeva
vidre azerbaijani da somxeTi, es maCvenebeli dadebiTad CaiTvleba, Tu
saSualo xelfasis azerbaijanTan da somxeTTan SedarebiT maRali
myidvelobiTunarianoba SenarCunebuli iqneba dasaqmebis maRali donis
pirobebSic. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis, rac SemdgomSi
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis zrdis sawindari unda gaxdes, inflaciis
dabal maCvenebelsa da stabilur fasebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba.
demografiuli movlenebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen socialur-
ekonomikur procesebze, aqedan gamomdinare naSromSi ganxilulia
demografiuli maCveneblebi dinamikaSi da gakeTebulia Sesabamisi
195
daskvnebi. mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobriv ganawilebasTan erTad
movaxdineT SromiTi resursebis gansazRvra, rac mniSvnelovania qveyanaSi
socialuri da ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebisaTvis. saqarTveloSi
bolo 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi Sobadobis maCvenebeli (aTas kacze) 12.9-dan
11.7-mde, xolo bunebrivi matebis koeficienti 3.1-dan 0.5-mde Semcirda.
Cveni gamoTvliT 65 wlisa da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis xvedriTi wona
mTlian mosaxleobaSi 2003-2012 wlebSi 13.5%-dan 13.8%-mde gaizarda, rac
mosaxleobis daberebis maCvenebelia. xolo SromiTi resursebis
daberebis TvalsazrisiT, 2012 wels ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobaSi
60 wlisa da ufrosi asakis ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba 18.7%-s
Seadgenda. amasTan SromiTi resursebis uaryofiTi migraciuli saldo
uaryofiTad aisaxeba Sromis bazris efeqtianad funqcionirebaSi.
saqarTveloSi demografiuli problemebis gadaWra unda warimarTos 2
gziT, rac ukavSirdeba bunebrivi matebisa da migraciis dadebiT saldos
miRwevas. amitomac aris mniSvnelovani maTi ganxilva, analizi, ris
safuZvelzec moxdeba saxelmwifos mxridan marTebuli politikis
SemuSaveba.
absoluturi siRaribis ganxilvisas mniSvnelovania gaviangariSoT
SinameurneobaTa absoluturi Semosavlebi erT mosaxleze, ris Sedegadac
viRebT Semdegi saxis suraTs: daqiravebuli Sromidan miRebuli
Semosavlebis xvedriTi wona mTlian SemosavlebSi 2004-2012 wlebSi
izrdeba, Tumca jer kidev mcirea misi wili mTlian SemosavlebSi (31.4%).
TviTdasaqmebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis xvedriTi wona mTlian
SemosavlebSi mcirdeba (11.4%-dan 8.5%-mde). rac imas gviCvenebs, rom Cvens
qveyanaSi individualuri mewarmeoba ver viTardeba im donemde, rac
garkveuli saxis materialur keTildReobas moutanda mewarmes. dadebiT
tendenciad unda CaiTvalos pensiebis, stipendiebisa da daxmarebebis
zrda. saqarTvelo romelic tradiciulad agrarul qveyanaTa ricxvs
miekuTvneba, soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan miRebuli
Semosavlebis xvedriTi wona mTlian SemosavlebSi mcirdeba (2004-2012
196
wlebSi 10.7%-dan Semcirda 6.1%-mde), rac gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom
saqarTvelo ver axerxebs aq arsebuli xelsayreli bunebriv-klimaturi
pirobebis saTanadod aTvisebasa da gamoyenebas. 2004-2012 wlebSi
sofelSi, soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan miRebuli
Semosavlebis xvedriTi wona mTlian SemosavlebSi 19.0%-dan 12.6%-mdea
Semcirebuli, maSin roca pensiebisa da daxmarebebis xvedriTma wonam
sofelSi 15.1% Seadgina. gamodis, rom saSualod soflis mosaxleoba
daxmarebebiT ufro met Semosavals iRebs, vidre soflis meurneobaSi
wamoebuli produqciis realizaciidan. sursaTze gaweuli xarjebis
xvedriTi wona mTlian xarjebSi wlebis mixedviT mcirdeba, es
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis zrdisken gadadgmul nabijad unda
miviCnioT, Tumca misi wili ganviTarebul qveynebTan SedarebiT sakmaod
maRalia da mTliani xarjebis 1/4-s Seadgens. evrokavSiris ganviTarebul
qveynebSi kvebaze gaweuli xarjebi mTlian xarjebSi 15.0%-mde Seadgens.
rac Seexeba samomxmareblo fulad xarjebSi sursaTis SeZenaze gaweuli
xarjebs, es maCvenebeli 2012 wels 38.0%-s Seadgenda.
ganxilul monacemebze gakeTebuli analizis safuZvelze SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom saqarTvelo, rogorc mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da
xarjebis ganawilebis, ise struqturis mixedviT ganviTarebadi ekonomikis
mqone qveyanaa, romelic xasiaTdeba mosaxleobis maRali qonebrivi
diferenciaciiT, xarjviT struqturaSi ki aRsaniSnavia sasursaTo
xarjebis didi wili, rac saqarTvelos mosaxleobis cxovrebis
saSualoze dabal doneze miuTiTebs.
miuxedavad, bolo 5 wlian periodSi, saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis
donis klebisa, 2004-2012 wlebSi 12.6%-dan gaizarda 15.0%-mde, rac am
periodisaTvis uaryofiTad unda Sefasdes. TviTdasaqmebulTa nawili,
romelic samuSaos uqonlobis gamo iZulebulia Zalian dabali
anazRaurebiT, an sulac anazRaurebis gareSe eweodes arakvalificiur
Sromas, aseve saqarTvelos regionebSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba, romlebic
TviTdasaqmebulad iTvlebian mxolod imis gamo, rom maT gaaCniaT 1
197
heqtari, an meti farTobis miwis nakveTi, realurad dasaqmebulad ar
SeiZleba CaiTvalos da amis gauTvaliswinebloba saqarTveloSi
umuSevrobisa da dasaqmebis Sesaxeb mdgomareobis Sefasebisas mcdar
suraTs iZleva. saqarTveloSi TviTdasaqmebulTa wili dasaqmebulebSi
60.0%-ze mets Seadgens, xolo soflad es maCvenebeli 80.0%-ze metia.
TviTdasaqmebulTa kategorias miekuTvnebian: individualurad
momuSave, damqiravebeli da ojaxur sawarmoSi usasyidlod momuSave piri,
romelic muSaobs usasyidlod ojaxur sawarmoSi an meurneobaSi da
romlis mflobelic misi naTesavia. swored es ukanaskneli kategoria
iqcevs Cvens yuradRebas. radgan am kategoriis adamianebi warmoadgenen
TviTdasaqmebulTa ZiriTad nawils da maTi raodenobis xarjze xdeba
TviTdasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis zrda. Sedegad jaWvuri sistemiT, viRebT
Semdeg suraTs: ojaxur sawarmoSi usasyidlod momuSaveebis xelovnurad
gazrdili ricxovnoba ganapirobebs TviTdasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis
zrdas, xolo TviTdasaqmebulTa gazrdili raodenoba iwvevs dasaqmebis
donis zrdas da Sesabamisad am kategoriaSi mis maRal xvedriT wonas.
2012 wels siRaribis done sofelSi (27.0%) ufro maRali iyo, vidre
qalaqSi (17.5%), sanacvlod umuSevrobis donem sofelSi Seadgina 7.0%,
xolo qalaqSi _ 26.2%. cxadia, es ori faqti Seusabamobas qmnis, vinaidan
im regionSi, sadac maRalia umuSevrobis done, aseve maRali unda iyos
siRaribis maCvenebeli. Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki monacemebi sapirispiros
aCveneben. realurad, dasaqmebis maRali done sofelSi miRweulia
dasaqmebulTa Soris TviTdasaqmebulTa maRali xvedriTi wonis
arsebobiT, romelTa umetesobac realurad arc aris dasaqmebuli da
ojaxSi usasyidlod momuSave wevrebs warmoadgenen.
qveynis socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis safuZvels
ganaTleba, jandacva da socialuri daxmareba warmoadgenen. ganaTlebaze
gaweuli xarjebi mSp-Tan mimarTebaSi saqarTveloSi Seadgens 3.2%-s, rac
azerbaijanisa da somxeTis maCveneblebis analogiuria, jandacvaze
mTliani danaxarjebis xvedriTi wona mSp-Si Seadgens 9.9%-s, amasTan es
198
wili maRalia evropis qveynebs Sorisac. saqarTveloSi yovelwliurad
daaxloebiT 2000 studenti amTavrebs samedicino skolebis
diplomirebuli medikosis programas. jandacvis sferos potencialis
Sefasebisas ki unda gamovideT ara raodenobis, aramed xarisxobrivi
maCveneblidan, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba maT mier miRebuli codna im
praqtikul moTxovnebs, romelsac es sfero sTvazobs. Sesabamisad
saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemac unda iqnas sabazro moTxovnebTan
SesabamisobaSi moyvanili da maRal kvalificiuri kadrebiT uzrunvelyos
rogorc jandacvis sfero, aseve is dargebi, romelTa ganviTareba da
maRal standartebamde miyvana sawindari gaxdeba qveynis socialuri da
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis
gaumjobesebisaTvis.
sadisertacio naSromSi adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis
gaangariSebis meTodologiis safuZvelze avageT saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis indeqsi, romlis gamosaTvlelad viyenebT
Semdeg maCveneblebs: 1. Semosavlebis indeqsi; 2. Semosavlebis uTanabrobis
indeqsi; 3. umuSevrobis indeqsi; 4. ganaTlebis indeqsi; 5. sicocxlis
xangrZlivobis indeqsi; 6. sursaTis SeZenaze gaweuli xarjebis indeqsi;
7. socialuri uzrunvelyofis indeqsi; 8. usafrTxoebis indeqsi;
9. ekologiuri mdgomareobis indeqsi; 10. adamianis uflebaTa indeqsi.
CamoTvlili maCveneblebis safuZvelze gaangariSebulma mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis indeqsma Seadgina 0.584. mocemuli maCveneblis mixedviT
saqarTvelo mosaxleobis cxovrebis doniT saSualo ganviTarebis
qveynebis jgufSia (4 jgufidan rigiT me-3 jgufSi).
2012 wels saarsebo minimumma saqarTveloSi Seadgina 151.1 lari, rac
2003 wlis nominalur maCvenebelze metia, magram laris
myidvelobiTunarianobis SemcirebiT miviReT, rom 2000 wlis mudmiv
fasebSi gadayvaniT, saarsebo minimumis realurma Rirebulebam 2003 wels
Seadgina 112.1 lari, xolo 2012 wels 77.3 lari. aqedan gamomdinare,
realuri saarsebo minimumis zrdis nacvlad kleba miviReT.
199
Sinameurneobebis Semosavlebi erT mosaxleze gaangariSebiT aWarbebs
saarsebo minimums, xolo am Tanxebis 2003 wlis ucvlel fasebSi
gadayvaniT viRebT Semdegs: 2012 wels SinameurneobaTa saSualo
Semosavlebi erT mosaxleze gaangariSebiT Seadgenda 78.9 dolars
(130.3:1.651), xolo saSualo momxmareblis saarsebo minimumi _ 48.3 dolars
(79.8:1.651). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom msoflio bankis debulebiT Raribad
iTvleba pirovneba, romelsac dReSi Semosavali 2 dolarze naklebi aqvs,
maSin saqarTveloSi yvela Sinameurneoba saarsebo minimumiT siRaribeSia,
xolo saSualo Semosavlebis mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT
gamovida siRaribidan, rac wina wlebis tendenciebidan gamomdinare
dadebiT movlenad unda CaiTvalos. Cvens mier gaangariSebulma
minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTis dRiurma Rirebulebam 2012 wels 4 lari
Seadgina, rac imas niSnavs, rom Tu dReSi pirovneba kvebis produqtebze
xarjavs 4 larze mets, maSin is ar unda CaiTvalos Raribad, rac sakmaod
dabali fasia da ar asaxavs saqarTveloSi siRaribis zRvaris realur
suraTs. amitomac aris mniSvnelovani saarsebo minimumis gaangariSebis
meTodologiis srulyofa.
saqarTvelos realobidan gamomdinare, mosaxleoba 4 fenad dayofis
nacvlad SesaZlebelia daiyos 5 fenad. axali kategoria emateba
Raribebsa da saSualo fenas Soris, rac imiT aixsneba, rom saarsebo
minimumi ar warmoadgens siRaribis im zRvars, romlis gadalaxvis Semdeg
adamiani pirdapir gaxdeba saSualo fenis warmomadgeneli, amitomac
Semogvaqvs siRaribidan saSualo fenamde gardamavali socialuri fenis
kategoria, romlebic cxovrebis donis zrdis Semdeg gadavlen saSualo
fenaSi. fenebs Soris zRvari mxolod saarsebo minimumiT aris
gavlebuli, amitom saintereso iqneba TiToeuli fenisTvis zRvaris
daweseba. siRatakis zRvari. gaangariSeba SesaZlebelia moxdes saarsebo
minimumis msgavsad, minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTis moxmarebis
Sesabamisad, sadac Sromisunariani mamakacisaTvis gansazRvruli kvebis
produqtebis k.kaloriulobis dRiurma normam unda uzrunvelyos
200
adamianis sicocxlisunarianobis SenarCuneba. siRaribis zRvari, romlis
mniSvnelobas saarsebo minimumi asrulebs. gardamavali saSualo fena da
saSualo fena. saSualo fenis qveda zRvari qveyanaSi saSualo Tviuri
Semosavlis donem unda gansazRvros, saSualo Tviur Semosavalsa da
saarsebo minimums Soris ki moeqceva gardamavali saSualo fena.
simdidris zRvari pirobiTi kategoriaa da arc imdeni socialuri
datvirTva ar gaaCnia, rogorc mis qvemoT arsebul fenebs. cxadia
simdidris zeda zRvari ganusazRvrelia, rac Seexeba qveda zRvars, mis
dadgenas teqnikur mxaresTan erTad arTulebs subieqturi faqtorebi,
rac gamoixateba adamianTa individualuri damokidebulebiT am
kategoriisadmi da misi gaangariSebis SemTxvevaSi miRebuli zRvari
yvelasTvis misaRebi arc aRmoCndeba.
saqarTveloSi siRaribis statistikuri analizi Semdegi saxis
suraTs gvaZlevs. 2004 wlamde saqarTvelos mosaxleobis naxevari
siRaribeSi cxovrobda, xolo am periodSi siRaribis yvelaze maRali
done 2003 wels, 54.5% dafiqsirda. Semdgom periodSi, 2004 wels siRaribis
done 2.5%-iT Semcirda, Sedegad 122 813 adamianma dasZlia siRaribe, xolo
siRaribeSi darCa mosaxleobis 52.0%. miuxedavad am progresisa, RaribTa
qveda fenaSi medianuri moxmarebis 60 da 40 procentis mimarT siRaribe
kidev ufro gaizarda. 2006 wlis statistikuri weliwdeulis mixedviT ki
siRaribis done TiTqmis ganaxevrda, rac saarsebo minimumis Semcirebam da
am Semcirebul saarsebo minimumTan, mosaxleobis faqtobrivi
Semosavlebis Sedarebam gamoiwvia. 2004 wlidan siRaribis maCveneblebi
gamoiTvleba mxolod medianuri moxmarebis 60%-isa da medianuri
moxmarebis 40%-is mimarT da arc erTi maCvenebeli ar gaiangariSeba
saarsebo minimumis mimarT. siRaribis simwvavisa da siRrmis maCveneblebis
amsaxveli oficialuri monacemebi ki 2009 wlis Semdeg aRar qveyndeba,
rac gviZnelebs Raribi mosaxleobis qveda fenebSi arsebul siRaribis
maCveneblebze analizs.
201
qveyanaSi mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebisken mimarTuli
politika unda warimarTos 3 ZiriTadi blokis, ekonomikuri, socialuri
da garemo keTildReobis maCvenebeli faqtorebis Tanmimdevruli
ganviTarebiT. cxadia pirvel rigSi unda moxdes problematuri
sakiTxebis gadaWra, is rac aqtualuria qveyanaSi Tanamedrove etapze da
moicavs ekonomikur da socialur maCveneblebs.
saqarTvelos realobidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifom mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis amaRleba pirvel rigSi qveyanaSi arsebuli siRaribis
mwvave problemis gadaWriT unda daiwyos, rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs
siRaribis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis detalur Seswavlasa da maT
aRmosafxvrelad qmediTi nabijebis gadadgmas. siRaribis daZleva unda
warimarTos 2 mimarTulebiT, socialuri da ekonomikuri siRaribis
daZleviT. socialuri siRaribis dasaZlevad saxelmwifom unda gaataros
moqnili sapensio sistema da uzrunvelyos pensionerebis, umweo ojaxebisa
da siRatakis zRvarze myofi mosaxleobis daxmareba. ekonomikur
siRaribeSi ZiriTadad erTiandebian umuSevrebi. am kategoriis siRaribis
dasaZlevad ki unda Seiqmnas samuSao adgilebi da moxdes ekonomikurad
aqtiuri mosaxleobis dasaqmeba, rac miiRweva qveyanaSi samewarmeo
garemos gaumjobesebiT da konkurentul bazarze samarTlianobis
damkvidrebiT. aseve mniSvnelovania efeqtiani sagadasaxado politikis
gatareba, romelic mimzidveli iqneba ekonomikuri saqmianobis dasawyebad,
rogorc qveynis rezidenti, ise ararezidenti pirebisaTvis. yvelafer amas
Tan unda erTvodes mSvidi da stabiluri politikuri mdgomareoba
qveyanaSi, rac gamoricxavs am mimarTulebiTYbiznes riskebs. sabolood
ki, saqarTvelos mTavrobis mxridan gonivruli ekonomikuri politikis
gatarebis Sedegad unda moxdes Cveni qveynis mdidari bunebrivi
resursebis efeqtianad gamoyeneba, rac momavalSi xels Seuwyobs qveynis
ekonomikis ganviTarebas, dasaqmebis donis zrdas da mosaxleobis
cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas.
202
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danarTi 1. minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebulebis gaangariSeba, 2011 weli
produqciis dasaxeleba fasi (1kg)
dRiuri moxmareba
dRiuri moxmarebis
fasi
k.kal
lari grami lari 1 xorblis puri 1.557 250 0.38925 579.6 2 xorblis fqvili 1.734 70 0.12138 227.6 3 simindis fqvili da sxv. 2.516 40 0.10063 123.8 4 lobio 3.777 20 0.075545 61.5 5 brinji 1.869 10 0.01869 44.2 6 burRuli (mananis, wiwiburas
da sxv) 2.433 10 0.02433 50.3
7 makaronis nawarmi 3.013 15 0.045195 49 8 Zroxis da xbos xorci 10.967 40 0.43867 65.3 9 Roris xorci 11.153 10 0.1115275 32.7 10 Sinauri frinveli (qaTami) 7.157 20 0.14314 26.9 11 Tevzi nedli, gayinuli 7.558 40 0.30232 15 12 Zexveuli (moxarSuli) 7.273 10 0.07273 28.6 13 rZe 2.044 150 0.3066 88.5 14 mawoni (1 litri) 2.672 25 0.0668 12.3 15 xaWo 9.309 15 0.139635 23.3 16 yveli 7.015 20 0.1403 63.2 17 naduRi - 5 6.5 18 kvercxi
(0.5 cali dReSi) 0.3096 (1 c.)
24 0.15485
67
19 cxoveluri cximi (karaqi, erbo)
7.949 12 0.095388 81.9
20 margarini 4.282 7 0.029974 49.5 21 zeTi mcenareuli
(mzesumziris) 4.1910 10 0.04191 89.1
22 Teslovani xili 2.405 50 0.12025 19.5 23 kurkovani xili
(atami, bali, alubali) 3.107 50
0.15535 18.6
24 subtropikuli xili 3.282 50 0.1641 16.0 25 sazamTro, nesvi, gogra 0.635 50 0.03175 13.2 26 kakali, Txili, mzesumzira 20.826 15 0.31239 96.9 27 pomidori 2.379 50 0.11895 7.2 28 xaxvi 1.345 25 0.033625 11.2 29 niori 7.354 7 0.051478 7.2 30 badrijani 2.539 10 0.02539 2.4 31 kombosto 0.886 40 0.03544 5.6 32 Warxali 1.586 15 0.02379 3.6 33 stafilo 1.567 15 0.023505 4.4 34 kartofili 1.216 150 0.1824375 80.4 35 Saqari 2.256 50 0.1128 199.6 36 murabebi da jemebi - 5 8.4 37 sakonditro nawarmi 6.033 5 0.030165 20.7 38 Rvino samamulo 2.442 20 0.04884 0.0 39 marili 0.587 8 0.004696 0.0 40 Cai 48.533 2 0.097066 0.0 jami 4.4 2300.0
211
danarTi 2. minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebulebis gaangariSeba, 2012 weli
produqciis dasaxeleba fasi (1kg)
dRiuri moxmareba
dRiuri moxmarebis
fasi
k.kal
lari grami lari 1 xorblis puri 1.491 250 0.37275 579.6 2 xorblis fqvili 1.551 70 0.10857 227.6 3 simindis fqvili da sxv. 1.919 40 0.07676 123.8 4 lobio 3.725 20 0.0745 61.5 5 brinji 2.120 10 0.0212 44.2 6 burRuli (mananis, wiwiburas
da sxv) 2.224 10 0.02224 50.3
7 makaronis nawarmi 3.201 15 0.048015 49 8 Zroxis da xbos xorci 12.104 40 0.48416 65.3 9 Roris xorci 12.243 10 0.12243 32.7 10 Sinauri frinveli (qaTami) 6.915 20 0.1383 26.9 11 Tevzi nedli, gayinuli 7.459 40 0.29836 15 12 Zexveuli (moxarSuli) 7.661 10 0.07661 28.6 13 rZe 1.784 150 0.2676 88.5 14 mawoni (1 litri) 2.969 25 0.074225 12.3 15 xaWo 10.949 15 0.164235 23.3 16 yveli 7.488 20 0.14976 63.2 17 naduRi - 5 - 6.5 18 kvercxi
(0.5 cali dReSi) 0.3037 (1 c.)
24 0.15185 67
19 cxoveluri cximi (karaqi, erbo)
7.9206 12 0.0950472 81.9
20 margarini 4.132 7 0.028924 49.5 21 zeTi mcenareuli
(mzesumziris) 3.784 10 0.03784 89.1
22 Teslovani xili 1.707 50 0.08535 19.5 23 kurkovani xili
(atami, bali, alubali) 2.003 50 0.10015 18.6
24 subtropikuli xili 3.121 50 0.15605 16.0 25 sazamTro, nesvi, gogra 0.889 50 0.04445 13.2 26 kakali, Txili, mzesumzira 20.561 15 0.308415 96.9 27 pomidori 2.413 50 0.12065 7.2 28 xaxvi 0.959 25 0.023975 11.2 29 niori 3.203 7 0.022421 7.2 30 badrijani 2.525 10 0.02525 2.4 31 kombosto 0.670 40 0.0268 5.6 32 Warxali 1.182 15 0.01773 3.6 33 stafilo 1.444 15 0.02166 4.4 34 kartofili 0.870 150 0.1305 80.4 35 Saqari 1.807 50 0.09035 199.6 36 murabebi da jemebi 5 8.4 37 sakonditro nawarmi 7.171 5 0.035855 20.7 38 Rvino samamulo 2.586 20 0.05172 0.0 39 marili 0.64 8 0.00512 0.0 40 Cai 27.1 2 0.0542 0.0 jami 4.1 2300.0
212
danarTi 3. sasursaTo saqonlis fasebsa da samomxmareblo fasebs Soris
korelaciur-regresiuli analizi, 2005-2012 wlebi
x y x2
xy y
104.1 113.4 112.9 105.5 103.8 122.8 100.9 96.4
106.2 108.8 111.0 105.5 103.0 111.2 102.0 98.6
10836.81 12859.56 12746.41 11130.25 10774.44 15079.84 10180.81 9292.96
11055.42 12337.92 12531.90 11130.25 10691.40 13655.36 10291.80 9505.04
103.82 108.47 108.22 104.52 103.67 113.17 102.22 99.97
859.8 846.3 92901.08 91199.09 846.3
xaay 10
xyxaxa
yxana
2
10
10
09.9119908.929018.859
3.8468.8598
10
10
aa
aa
xy 492.093.52 ;
93.520 a ; 492.01 a
925.0
yx
xy
yxxyR