Lessons&Learned&from&over&a&Decade&of&Involvement&in&Regula6ng&UV&Applica6ons:&Prac6cal&Considera6ons&for&Ballast&Water&

Treatment&&

Jim&Cosman&November&22,&2011&

Presenta6on&Overview&

•  Interdependent(rela+onship(between(filtra+on(and(UV(disinfec+on(

•  Scaling(of(filtra+on(and(UV(disinfec+on(systems(–(challenges(modeling(process(efficacy(

•  Tracking(of(cri+cal(treatment(components(•  Standards(for(ballast(water(filters(

(

(

Background&and&Context&

•  Status(of(Ballast(Water(Conven+on(–  (Contrac+ng(par+es(30(out(of(the(30(needed(for(entry(into(force.(

–  (Contrac+ng(par+es(represent(26.44%(of(the(world(tonnage,(whereas(35%(will(be(needed(for(the(Conven+on(to(enter(into(force(

•  US(Coast(Guard(Ballast(Water(Discharge(Standards(went(to(OMB(review(on(11/11/11(S90(Day(Review(

•  Type(approved(ballast(water(treatment(systems(–  8(BWT(systems(incorpora+ng(UV(type(approved(–  ~8(addi+onal(systems(incorpora+ng(UV(in(process(of(being(approved(

(

Ra6onale&for&Presenta6on&

•  “Approval)of)a)system,)however,)does)not)ensure)that)a)given)system)will)work)on)all)vessels)or)in)all)situa9ons.)To)sa9sfy)the)Conven9on,)a)discharge)must)comply)with)the)D?2)standard)throughout)the)life)of)the)vessel”)(Guidelines&For&Approval&Of&Ballast&Water&Management&&Systems&(G8),&Sec6on&1.5)&

(As&stakeholders,&we&need&to&put&the&appropriate&regulatory&frameworks&in&place&to&ensure&that&the&likelihood&of&this&occurring&increases&drama6cally&

Tes6ng&Challenges&

5.&Summary&of&water&parameters&at&each&test&facility&The(natural(water(quality(parameters((Table(1)(at(selected(facili+es(clearly(show(that(ambient(water(condi+ons(do(not(always(meet(the(standards(required(by(IMO(Guideline(G8(for(the(landSbased(tests.(To(meet(the(G8(challenge(water(requirements,(substances(and(organisms(may(have(to(be(added(to(the(water.(Source:&Global&Expert&Workshop&On&Harmoniza6on&Of&Methodologies&For&Test&Facili6es&Of&Ballast&Water&Management&Systems,&24[25&January&2010,&Page&5&

Star6ng&Principles&

•  Complex(problem(versus(potable(water(and(wastewater(applica+ons(–  Variable(water(quali+es(–(ports(around(the(world(–  Wide(range(of(organisms(–  UV(typically(employed(in(conjunc+on(with(filtra+on((

•  UV(disinfec+on(must(not(be(put(at(a(disadvantage(for(ballast(water(applica+ons(S((All(treatment(technologies(must(be(dealt(with(on(an(equal(basis(

(

Drinking(Water(Treatment(

•  Source(water(for(treatment((e.g.(lake,(river)(typically(has(a(narrow(and(defined(water(quality(profile(with(only(seasonal(varia+ons.(

•  Filtra+on(and(UV(Disinfec+on(typically(part(of(a(treatment(train(with(mul+ple(process(steps(

•  UV(Disinfec+on(typically(placed(at(the(end(of(the(treatment(train(in(the(best(water(quality(possible(

•  Regula+ons(specify(performance(requirements(for(filtra+on(and(UV(disinfec+on(•  Filtra+on:(log(removal(requirements(•  UV(disinfec+on:((

•  Dose(requirement:(e.g.(40(mJ/cm2(

•  Log(inac+va+on(requirements:(e.g.(2.5(log(Cryptosporidium)

(

Ballast(Water(Treatment(

•  Source(water(drawn(from(ports(around(the(world:(highly(variable(water(quali+es(

•  Filtra+on(and(UV(Disinfec+on(are(the(only(treatment(processes(–(no(upstream(treatment((

•  Regula+ons(specify(end(of(pipe(performance(requirements(for(en+re(treatment(system(

UV(Disinfec+on(

Ballast&Tank&

UV&Disinfec6on&Filter&

Ballast(Water(Treatment(

Filtra6on&UV&Disinfec6on&

Ballast&Tank&Source&Water&

Receiving&Water&

Water(Quality(Parameters(•  Salinity(•  Temperature(•  pH(•  Organic(Loading(•  Turbidity(•  Organisms(

Ballast(Water(Discharge(Standards(

Filtra6on&Func6on&•  Removal(of((

organisms(•  Removal(of(sediment(•  Damages(organisms(

UV&Disinfec6on&Func6on&•  Inac+va+on(of(

organisms(

Ballast(Water(Treatment(

Filtra6on&UV&Disinfec6on&

Ballast&Tank&Source&Water&

Receiving&Water&

Water(Quality(Parameters(•  Salinity(•  Temperature(•  pH(•  Organic(Loading(•  Turbidity((•  Organisms(

•  The&Performance&of&both&technologies&are&interdependent&(e.g.&level&of&filtra6on&applied&will&impact&amount&of&UV&energy&applied)&

Ballast(Water(Discharge(Standards(

Measuring(System(Efficacy(

•  From(a(regulatory(compliance(standpoint,(must(treat(it(as(an(integrated(system(–(can’t(set(standards(for(filtra+on(and(UV(disinfec+on(in(isola+on(

•  En+re(system(must(be(treated(as(an(integrated(system(and(thoroughly(tested(

•  System(efficacy(is(a(result(of(a(synergis+c(effect(between(the(filter(and(UV(system.((Efficacy(is(a(func+on(of:(–  Organism(type(–  Amount(of(organisms(in(influent(water(–  Methods(u+lized(to(measure(viability((e.g.(grow(out(versus(staining)(

Scaling(UV(SystemsS(3(Fundamental(Approaches(

250(m3/h(

250(m3/h(

250(m3/h(

250(m3/h(

250(m3/h(

250(m3/h(

2500(m3/h(

1500(m3/h(

1000(m3/h(

250(m3/h(

Land(based(test(of((each(discrete(flow(model(and(u+lize(empirically(validated(units(

Land(based(test(of(only(one(discrete(flow(model(and(u+lize(mathema+cal(models(or(Computa+onal(Fluid(Dynamics(to(scale(up(to(larger(flows(

250(m3/h(

1000(m3/h(

1500(m3/h(

2500(m3/h(

Land(based(test(of(only(one(discrete(flow(model(and(u+lize(same(unit(in(parallel(for(larger(flows(

Type(Approved(Systems(incorpora+ng(UV((

System& Total&Rated&Capacity&m3/h&

Discrete&Flow&Models&[&BWT&

Discrete&Flow&Models&[&UV&

Flow&model&tested&–&land&and&ship&

Manufacturer&A& 60(–6000( ~(24( ~(8( 250(m3/h(land(250(m3/h(ship(

Manufacturer&B& 50S6000( ~(13( Unknown( 250(m3/h(land(260(m3/h(ship(

Manufacturer&C& Up(to(3000(( Unknown( 1((250(m3/h)( 500(m3/h(land(

Manufacturer&D& Up(to(3000(( Unknown( 1((167(m3/h)( 330(m3/h(land(

Scaling(of(Ballast(Water(Treatment(Systems(Approach& Issues&

Land(based(test(only(one(discrete(flow(model(and(u+lize(same(unit(in(parallel(for(larger(flows((

•  Technically(sound(on(UV(por+on(–(using(parallel(modular(approach(

•  System(footprint(large(due(to(manifolding(mul+ple(units((e.g.(10(X(250(m3/h)(

•  Issues(with(scaling(filter(–(filters(typically(not(employed(in(a(parallel(modular(approach(

•  Filter(redundancy(

Land(based(test(only(one(discrete(flow(model(and(u+lize(mathema+cal(models(or(Computa+onal(Fluid(Dynamics(to(scale(up(to(larger(flows((

•  No(empirical(proof(that(the(system(will(work(at(higher(flows(

•  Danger(that(the(system(has(been(undersized(and(will(not(meet(port(state(control(requirements(

Land(based(test(of(each(discrete(flow(model(and(u+lize(empirically(validated(units((

•  Lowest(risk(op+on(–(generates(empirical(test(data(for(each(discrete(flow(model(

•  Costly(–(land(based(test(each(discrete(flow(model(

•  Time(consuming(–(land(based(test(each(discrete(flow(model(

IMO(Guidance(on(Scaling(of(Ballast(Water(Management(Systems(

1.2(An(equipment(review(and(cer+fica+on(of(a(scaled(system(should(be(undertaken(by(the(Administra+on.(Such(a(review(should(be(supported(by:(

.1(Mathema+cal(modeling(and/or(calcula+ons(demonstra+ng(that(any(parameters(that(would(affect(system(performance(are(equivalent(between(base(and(scaled(units;((

1.8.2&Validated(mathema+cal(model(and/or(calcula+ons(should(be(used(to(predict(that(the(key(performance(parameters(will(be(achieved(in(the(scaled(unit(design(and(that(the(fundamental(mechanism(of(opera+on(is(not(changed.(

IMO&Circular&BWM.2/Circ.&33&–&Guidance&on&Scaling&of&Ballast&Water&Management&Systems,&August&8,&2011&

Challenges(Modeling(UV(Disinfec+on(1.  There(is(linle(agreement(on(appropriate(procedures(for(assessing(the(

credibility(of(CFD(models.((2.  CFD(models(for(predic+on(of(UV(dose(delivered(by(a(reactor(comprise(

coupled(submodels(for(turbulent(flow,(microbial(transport,(UV(intensity,(and(microbial(inac+va+on.(Many(op+ons(and(approaches(are(available(for(each(subSmodel.(Currently,(no(consensus(has(been(reached(for(which(approaches(are(most(suitable(for(predic+ng(UV(dose(delivery(in(a(fullSscale(reactor.(

(3.  CFD(modeling(of(UV(dose(delivery(requires(a(mul+Sdisciplinary(approach.(

Knowledge(of(fluid(mechanics,(light(physics,(microbial(inac+va+on,(numerical(modeling,(and(UV(process(engineering(is(essen+al(for(credible(CFD(modeling(of(UV(dose(delivery.(The(pool(of(this(type(of(integrated(exper+se(is(currently(limited,(which(presents(a(challenge(for(states(tasked(to(review(CFD(modeling(reports.(

Source:&hnp://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/disinfec+on/lt2/pdfs/guide_lt2_uvguidance.pdf,(Sec+on(D6.(page(DS25(

Tracking(of(Cri+cal(Treatment(Components(1.  The(majority(of(land(and(ship(based(test(en++es(are(not(providing(

specific(descrip+ons(of(the(Ballast(Water(Treatment(system(tested(during(land(and(ship(based(tes+ng(in(their(test(reports(

2.  In(addi+on,(there(is(typically(no(evidence(that(cri+cal(treatment(components(in(the(system(have(been(recorded((at(each(test).((For(example:(

•  UV(lamp(serial(numbers(•  Filter(element(serial(numbers(•  UV(sensor(informa+on(

3.  Audi+ng(processes(to(verify(on(vessel(compliance(are(unclear(and(not(yet(established((e.g.(port(state(control(verifying(lamps)(

(

Implemen6ng&processes&to&track&cri6cal&treatment&components&is&one&of&the&easiest&and&most&immediate&steps&that&can&be&taken&to&eliminate&the&&possibility&of&noncompliance.&

Tracking(of(Cri+cal(Treatment(Components(

Type&Approval&Cer6ficate&

Land&Based&Test&Report&

Ship&Based&Test&Report&

Verifica+on(process(must(be(in(place(that(ensures(that(cri+cal(components(u+lized(in(type(approval(tes+ng(are(actually(used(in(the(system(employed(on(vessels(

Detailed system description

1.  Filter element utilized in testing: Model and serial number

2.  UV Lamp utilized in

testing: Model and serial number

3.  Intensity sensor

utilized in testing: Model and serial number

Tracking(of(Cri+cal(Treatment(Components(

Filter(Ra+ng(Claims(•  Standards(required(for(BWT(filters(–(how(do(you(characterize?(•  Micron(ra+ngs(are(not(appropriate(to(describe(•  Ra+ng(must(take(following(aspects(into(account:(

–  Filter(weaves(differ((e.g.(plain,(dutch,(twill,(twin)(–(weave(impacts(performance(

–  Different(ways(to(define(micron(ra+ngs((e.g.(bubble(test,(sieve(test,(tests(under(pressure(vs.(not)(–(micron(ra+ngs(not(appropriate(

–  Different(diameters(between(warp(and(wer(wires(lead(to(different(flow(characteris+cs(which(lead(to(different(performance(

–  Organisms(removed(are(not(spheres,(they(are(complex(mul+(cellular(structures(

Micron(ra+ngs(are(not(the(most(appropriate(way(to(characterize(a(filter.(((

Conclusions(

1.  UV(and(filtra+on(must(be(treated(as(an(integrated(system(from(a(regulatory(compliance(standpoint(–(not(appropriate(to(set(minimum(UV(dose(values(

2.  Scaling(of(filtra+on(and(UV(systems(increases(the(risk(of(nonScompliance(–(many(barriers(to(assessing(validity(of(CFD(models(for(UV(disinfec+on,(and(many(challenges(modeling(overall(process(efficacy ((

3.  Cri+cal(treatment(components(must(be(documented(during(tes+ng(and(tracked(in(the(field(–(must(use(the(same(components(on(vessels(

4.  Standards(are(required(for(filters(u+lized(in(ballast(water(treatment(–(standard(test(to(assign(micron(ra+ngs(((