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bmoH$V§Ì Am¡a g‘mOdmX hr Bg AmÝXmobZ Ho$ gmYZ

h¡&

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Aå~oS>H$ar AmÝXmobZ H$mo àmaå^ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a 1956

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h¡& ¶h XmohamZm AWm©V ‘¥Ë¶y h¡,h¡& ¶h XmohamZm AWm©V ‘¥Ë¶y h¡,h¡& ¶h XmohamZm AWm©V ‘¥Ë¶y h¡,h¡& ¶h XmohamZm AWm©V ‘¥Ë¶y h¡,h¡& ¶h XmohamZm AWm©V ‘¥Ë¶y h¡,

n[adV©Z ZH$maZm AWm©V ‘¥Ë¶y h¡,n[adV©Z ZH$maZm AWm©V ‘¥Ë¶y h¡,n[adV©Z ZH$maZm AWm©V ‘¥Ë¶y h¡,n[adV©Z ZH$maZm AWm©V ‘¥Ë¶y h¡,n[adV©Z ZH$maZm AWm©V ‘¥Ë¶y h¡,

¶h "A{ZË¶dmX' aMZodmbo ~wÕ Zo¶h "A{ZË¶dmX' aMZodmbo ~wÕ Zo¶h "A{ZË¶dmX' aMZodmbo ~wÕ Zo¶h "A{ZË¶dmX' aMZodmbo ~wÕ Zo¶h "A{ZË¶dmX' aMZodmbo ~wÕ Zo

H$hm Wm&H$hm Wm&H$hm Wm&H$hm Wm&H$hm Wm&


VH$ EH$ Omoe Ho$ gmW ¶h AmÝXmobZ MbVm ahm&

¶h AmÝXmobZ hr Aå~oS>H$admXr AmÝXmobZ h¡& Bg

AmÝXmobZ H$mo 1956 VH$ S>m. ~m~mgmh~ Aå~oS>H$a

H$m ZoV¥Ëd àmá hþAm& ~m~mgmh~ Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd Ho$ COmbo

‘| hr Bg AmÝXmobZ Zo AmJoHy$M {H$¶m&

Aå~oS>H$ar AmÝXmobZ Ho$ nrN>o EH$ gånyU©

OrdZXe©Z Wm& ¶h OrdZXe©Z H«$mpÝVH$mar Wm& g‘mO,

amOZr{V, {ejU, AW©Zr{V, Zr{V, Yå‘ Am{X OrdZ

Ho$ gdmªJ H$mo Bg Xe©Z Zo AnZo H$moI ‘| g‘m {b¶m&

gm{hË¶ Am¡a VËdkmZ H$s {Z{‘©Vr H$m joÌ ^r Bg

AmÝXmobZ Ho$ Xm¶ao go Zht ~M gH$m& Aå~oS>H$ar

AmÝXmobZ H$m g§{dYmZ H«$‘ go K{Q>V hmoVm J¶m&

1920 go g§{dYmZ H$s aMZm H$m àmaå^ hþAm& "H$mñQ>

BZ B§{S>¶m' J«§W H$s {Z{‘©Vr go g§{dYmZ H$m nhbm

AÜ¶m¶ gmH$ma hþAm VWm "~wÕ Am¡a CZH$m Yå‘'

J«§WamO Zo Bg g§{dYmZ H$m ¶wJàdV©H$ g‘mamon {H$¶m&

gånyU© Xoe {df‘Vm Ho$ OhmO ‘|…gånyU© Xoe {df‘Vm Ho$ OhmO ‘|…gånyU© Xoe {df‘Vm Ho$ OhmO ‘|…gånyU© Xoe {df‘Vm Ho$ OhmO ‘|…gånyU© Xoe {df‘Vm Ho$ OhmO ‘|…

S>m.~m~mgmh~ Aå~oS>H$a Zo {dMmam| H$r Ádma-S>m.~m~mgmh~ Aå~oS>H$a Zo {dMmam| H$r Ádma-S>m.~m~mgmh~ Aå~oS>H$a Zo {dMmam| H$r Ádma-S>m.~m~mgmh~ Aå~oS>H$a Zo {dMmam| H$r Ádma-S>m.~m~mgmh~ Aå~oS>H$a Zo {dMmam| H$r Ádma-

^mQ>m gm{~V H$aHo$ {XIm¶r& AmÝXmobZ I‹S>m {H$¶m&^mQ>m gm{~V H$aHo$ {XIm¶r& AmÝXmobZ I‹S>m {H$¶m&^mQ>m gm{~V H$aHo$ {XIm¶r& AmÝXmobZ I‹S>m {H$¶m&^mQ>m gm{~V H$aHo$ {XIm¶r& AmÝXmobZ I‹S>m {H$¶m&^mQ>m gm{~V H$aHo$ {XIm¶r& AmÝXmobZ I‹S>m {H$¶m&

CÝh| ¶h {XImB© {X¶m H$s ¶h Xoe dV©‘mZ H$mb ‘|CÝh| ¶h {XImB© {X¶m H$s ¶h Xoe dV©‘mZ H$mb ‘|CÝh| ¶h {XImB© {X¶m H$s ¶h Xoe dV©‘mZ H$mb ‘|CÝh| ¶h {XImB© {X¶m H$s ¶h Xoe dV©‘mZ H$mb ‘|CÝh| ¶h {XImB© {X¶m H$s ¶h Xoe dV©‘mZ H$mb ‘|

Zht Or ahm h¡& ¶h g‘mO Ho$db ^yVH$mb H$mo hrZht Or ahm h¡& ¶h g‘mO Ho$db ^yVH$mb H$mo hrZht Or ahm h¡& ¶h g‘mO Ho$db ^yVH$mb H$mo hrZht Or ahm h¡& ¶h g‘mO Ho$db ^yVH$mb H$mo hrZht Or ahm h¡& ¶h g‘mO Ho$db ^yVH$mb H$mo hr

Xmoham ahm h¡& ¶h XmohamZm AWm©V ‘¥Ë¶y h¡, n[adV©ZXmoham ahm h¡& ¶h XmohamZm AWm©V ‘¥Ë¶y h¡, n[adV©ZXmoham ahm h¡& ¶h XmohamZm AWm©V ‘¥Ë¶y h¡, n[adV©ZXmoham ahm h¡& ¶h XmohamZm AWm©V ‘¥Ë¶y h¡, n[adV©ZXmoham ahm h¡& ¶h XmohamZm AWm©V ‘¥Ë¶y h¡, n[adV©Z

ZH$maZm AWm©V ‘¥Ë¶y h¡, ¶h "A{ZË¶dmX' aMZodmboZH$maZm AWm©V ‘¥Ë¶y h¡, ¶h "A{ZË¶dmX' aMZodmboZH$maZm AWm©V ‘¥Ë¶y h¡, ¶h "A{ZË¶dmX' aMZodmboZH$maZm AWm©V ‘¥Ë¶y h¡, ¶h "A{ZË¶dmX' aMZodmboZH$maZm AWm©V ‘¥Ë¶y h¡, ¶h "A{ZË¶dmX' aMZodmbo

~wÕ Zo H$hm Wm&~wÕ Zo H$hm Wm&~wÕ Zo H$hm Wm&~wÕ Zo H$hm Wm&~wÕ Zo H$hm Wm& {H$ÝVw {dZme Ho$ Zeo ‘| Mya Am¡a

{df‘Vm H$m ¶§H$a amoJ nmbZodmbo Bg g‘mO Zo ~wÕ

H$s EH$ Zm gwZr& OmoVr~m ’w$bo H$m r Zht gwZm& dU©

¶mZo g‘mO H$mo VmoS>H$a ZîQ> H$aZm h¡& Om{V H$m AW©

O»‘ h¡& ¶h g‘mO BZ Q>mnyAm| go ~Zm& BZ‘| Amngr

ñZoh H$s Z‘r H$ht ^r Zht h¡& ñZoh H$m, ghOrdZ

H$m, BÝgm{Z¶V H$m [aíVm hr Zht h¡& g~Hw$N> bmXm

J¶m, O~aXñVr go bmXm J¶m Wm& Bg g‘mO ‘|

EH$Xÿgao H$mo àH$me‘mZ H$aZo H$m [aíVm Zht Wm&

[aíVm Wm ‘mbH$-Xmg H$m& Xþ…I XoZodmbm Am¡a Xþ…I

wJVZodmbm [aíVm Wm& Bg [aíVo H$mo na‘oída ZoBg [aíVo H$mo na‘oída ZoBg [aíVo H$mo na‘oída ZoBg [aíVo H$mo na‘oída ZoBg [aíVo H$mo na‘oída Zo

{Z‘m©U {H$¶m Bg {H$ñ‘ H$m ^«‘ H$mo bmoJm| Ho$ ‘Z{Z‘m©U {H$¶m Bg {H$ñ‘ H$m ^«‘ H$mo bmoJm| Ho$ ‘Z{Z‘m©U {H$¶m Bg {H$ñ‘ H$m ^«‘ H$mo bmoJm| Ho$ ‘Z{Z‘m©U {H$¶m Bg {H$ñ‘ H$m ^«‘ H$mo bmoJm| Ho$ ‘Z{Z‘m©U {H$¶m Bg {H$ñ‘ H$m ^«‘ H$mo bmoJm| Ho$ ‘Z

‘| CƒdUu¶ Zo {Z‘m©U {H$¶m Wm; Am¡a ¶h ^«‘‘| CƒdUu¶ Zo {Z‘m©U {H$¶m Wm; Am¡a ¶h ^«‘‘| CƒdUu¶ Zo {Z‘m©U {H$¶m Wm; Am¡a ¶h ^«‘‘| CƒdUu¶ Zo {Z‘m©U {H$¶m Wm; Am¡a ¶h ^«‘‘| CƒdUu¶ Zo {Z‘m©U {H$¶m Wm; Am¡a ¶h ^«‘

H«$‘ go lÕm ~ZH$a, ^«‘ hr n{dÌ hmo J¶m Wm&H«$‘ go lÕm ~ZH$a, ^«‘ hr n{dÌ hmo J¶m Wm&H«$‘ go lÕm ~ZH$a, ^«‘ hr n{dÌ hmo J¶m Wm&H«$‘ go lÕm ~ZH$a, ^«‘ hr n{dÌ hmo J¶m Wm&H«$‘ go lÕm ~ZH$a, ^«‘ hr n{dÌ hmo J¶m Wm&

{df‘Vm hr OrdZ{ZîR>m hmo MwH$s Wr& ^«‘ H$mo ‘yë¶{df‘Vm hr OrdZ{ZîR>m hmo MwH$s Wr& ^«‘ H$mo ‘yë¶{df‘Vm hr OrdZ{ZîR>m hmo MwH$s Wr& ^«‘ H$mo ‘yë¶{df‘Vm hr OrdZ{ZîR>m hmo MwH$s Wr& ^«‘ H$mo ‘yë¶{df‘Vm hr OrdZ{ZîR>m hmo MwH$s Wr& ^«‘ H$mo ‘yë¶

H$s, loîR> OrdZ‘yë¶ H$s Cnm{Y àmá hmo MwH$s Wr&H$s, loîR> OrdZ‘yë¶ H$s Cnm{Y àmá hmo MwH$s Wr&H$s, loîR> OrdZ‘yë¶ H$s Cnm{Y àmá hmo MwH$s Wr&H$s, loîR> OrdZ‘yë¶ H$s Cnm{Y àmá hmo MwH$s Wr&H$s, loîR> OrdZ‘yë¶ H$s Cnm{Y àmá hmo MwH$s Wr&

Bg Xoe Ho$ g‘mO H$mo yVH$mb Zo Bg H$Xa

g¢H$‹S>mo O»‘ {X¶o Wo& g‘mO H$mo Xþ…Ir hmoZo Ho$ {bE

Hw$N> r {Z‘m©U H$aZo H$s OéaV Zht Wr& dh nyU©V¶m

Xþ…Ir hmoJm BVZm à~ÝY CgHo$ AmXaUr¶ yVH$mb Zo

H$aHo$ aIm Wm& Bg g‘mO H$mo dV©‘mZH$mb ‘| OrZo

H$s {dÚm hr kmV Zht Wr& Mma dU©, Añn¥í¶Vm Am¡a

D$na go BZ g~ ‘| hOmamo§ Om{V E¡gm ¶h {N>Þ-

{d{N>Þ Xoe {df‘Vm H$s H$íVr ‘| ~¡R>m hþAm Wm& ¶h

H$íVr EH$ OJh go {hb ^r Zht ahr Wr& Bg H$íVr

H$mo dU©-Om{V H$s g§»¶m Ho$ ~am~a ‘mÌm ‘| N>oX Wo&

Bg H$íVr H$m AmJo ~‹T>Zm Ag§ d Wm& ¶h H$íVr

Bg H$Xa Sy>~o hþ¶o hmbmV ‘| EH$ hr OJh éH$s hþ¶r

Wr& H$mb éH$ J¶m Wm& ¶h Qy>Q>r hþB© H$íVr EH$ OJh

Bg g‘mO H$mo dV©‘mZH$mb ‘| OrZo Bg g‘mO H$mo dV©‘mZH$mb ‘| OrZo Bg g‘mO H$mo dV©‘mZH$mb ‘| OrZo Bg g‘mO H$mo dV©‘mZH$mb ‘| OrZo Bg g‘mO H$mo dV©‘mZH$mb ‘| OrZo

H$s {dÚm hr kmV Zht Wr& Mma dU©,H$s {dÚm hr kmV Zht Wr& Mma dU©,H$s {dÚm hr kmV Zht Wr& Mma dU©,H$s {dÚm hr kmV Zht Wr& Mma dU©,H$s {dÚm hr kmV Zht Wr& Mma dU©,

Añn¥í¶Vm Am¡a D$na go BZ g~ ‘| hOmamoAñn¥í¶Vm Am¡a D$na go BZ g~ ‘| hOmamoAñn¥í¶Vm Am¡a D$na go BZ g~ ‘| hOmamoAñn¥í¶Vm Am¡a D$na go BZ g~ ‘| hOmamoAñn¥í¶Vm Am¡a D$na go BZ g~ ‘| hOmamo

Om{V E¡gm ¶h {N>Þ-{d{N>Þ Xoe {df‘VmOm{V E¡gm ¶h {N>Þ-{d{N>Þ Xoe {df‘VmOm{V E¡gm ¶h {N>Þ-{d{N>Þ Xoe {df‘VmOm{V E¡gm ¶h {N>Þ-{d{N>Þ Xoe {df‘VmOm{V E¡gm ¶h {N>Þ-{d{N>Þ Xoe {df‘Vm

H$s H$íVr ‘| ~¡R>m hþAm Wm& ¶h H$íVr EH$H$s H$íVr ‘| ~¡R>m hþAm Wm& ¶h H$íVr EH$H$s H$íVr ‘| ~¡R>m hþAm Wm& ¶h H$íVr EH$H$s H$íVr ‘| ~¡R>m hþAm Wm& ¶h H$íVr EH$H$s H$íVr ‘| ~¡R>m hþAm Wm& ¶h H$íVr EH$

OJh go {hb ^r Zht ahr Wr& Bg H$íVr H$moOJh go {hb ^r Zht ahr Wr& Bg H$íVr H$moOJh go {hb ^r Zht ahr Wr& Bg H$íVr H$moOJh go {hb ^r Zht ahr Wr& Bg H$íVr H$moOJh go {hb ^r Zht ahr Wr& Bg H$íVr H$mo

dU©-Om{V H$s g§»¶m Ho$ ~am~a ‘mÌm ‘| N>oXdU©-Om{V H$s g§»¶m Ho$ ~am~a ‘mÌm ‘| N>oXdU©-Om{V H$s g§»¶m Ho$ ~am~a ‘mÌm ‘| N>oXdU©-Om{V H$s g§»¶m Ho$ ~am~a ‘mÌm ‘| N>oXdU©-Om{V H$s g§»¶m Ho$ ~am~a ‘mÌm ‘| N>oX

Wo& Bg H$íVr H$m AmJo ~‹T>Zm Ag§^d Wm&Wo& Bg H$íVr H$m AmJo ~‹T>Zm Ag§^d Wm&Wo& Bg H$íVr H$m AmJo ~‹T>Zm Ag§^d Wm&Wo& Bg H$íVr H$m AmJo ~‹T>Zm Ag§^d Wm&Wo& Bg H$íVr H$m AmJo ~‹T>Zm Ag§^d Wm&

¶h H$íVr Bg H$Xa Sy>~o hþ¶o hmbmV ‘| EH$¶h H$íVr Bg H$Xa Sy>~o hþ¶o hmbmV ‘| EH$¶h H$íVr Bg H$Xa Sy>~o hþ¶o hmbmV ‘| EH$¶h H$íVr Bg H$Xa Sy>~o hþ¶o hmbmV ‘| EH$¶h H$íVr Bg H$Xa Sy>~o hþ¶o hmbmV ‘| EH$

hr OJh éH$s hþ¶r Wr& H$mb éH$ J¶m Wm&hr OJh éH$s hþ¶r Wr& H$mb éH$ J¶m Wm&hr OJh éH$s hþ¶r Wr& H$mb éH$ J¶m Wm&hr OJh éH$s hþ¶r Wr& H$mb éH$ J¶m Wm&hr OJh éH$s hþ¶r Wr& H$mb éH$ J¶m Wm&

¶h Qy>Q>r hþB© H$íVr EH$ OJh na O‘H$a éH$¶h Qy>Q>r hþB© H$íVr EH$ OJh na O‘H$a éH$¶h Qy>Q>r hþB© H$íVr EH$ OJh na O‘H$a éH$¶h Qy>Q>r hþB© H$íVr EH$ OJh na O‘H$a éH$¶h Qy>Q>r hþB© H$íVr EH$ OJh na O‘H$a éH$

J¶r Wr& ¶hm± go ~m~mgmh~ H$m AmÝXmobZJ¶r Wr& ¶hm± go ~m~mgmh~ H$m AmÝXmobZJ¶r Wr& ¶hm± go ~m~mgmh~ H$m AmÝXmobZJ¶r Wr& ¶hm± go ~m~mgmh~ H$m AmÝXmobZJ¶r Wr& ¶hm± go ~m~mgmh~ H$m AmÝXmobZ

àmaå^ hmoVm h¡&àmaå^ hmoVm h¡&àmaå^ hmoVm h¡&àmaå^ hmoVm h¡&àmaå^ hmoVm h¡&


na O‘H$a éH$ J¶r Wr& ¶hm± go ~m~mgmh~ H$m

AmÝXmobZ àmaå^ hmoVm h¡&

{dMma Am¡a H¥${V H$s ¶wVr{dMma Am¡a H¥${V H$s ¶wVr{dMma Am¡a H¥${V H$s ¶wVr{dMma Am¡a H¥${V H$s ¶wVr{dMma Am¡a H¥${V H$s ¶wVr… ~m~mgmh~ Ho$

AmÝXmobZ ‘| àmaå^ go EH$ ~mV {Za§Va ZOa AmVr h¡

dh ¶h h¡ {H$, {dMma Am¡a H¥${V ha d³V hmWm| ‘|

hmW Wm‘H$a Mb aht h¡& Xmo H$Ý¶mE| EH$-XÿOo Ho$

hmWm| ‘| hmW S>mbH$a Iob ahr h¡§& ¶hr [aíVm

Aå~oS>H$ar AmÝXmobZ ‘| {dMma Am¡a H¥${V H$m Wm&

gwIr hþB© bH$‹S>r na AmJ H$r qMJmar {JaVo hr AmJ

^S>H$ CR>Vr h¡ Cgr Vah {dMma H$s qMJmar {JaVo hr

H¥${V H$s bnQ>| CR>Zo Mm{h¶o Wr& Omo {dMma AË¶§VOmo {dMma AË¶§VOmo {dMma AË¶§VOmo {dMma AË¶§VOmo {dMma AË¶§V

VoOr go H¥${V H$m én YmaU H$aVm h¡ dh {dMmaVoOr go H¥${V H$m én YmaU H$aVm h¡ dh {dMmaVoOr go H¥${V H$m én YmaU H$aVm h¡ dh {dMmaVoOr go H¥${V H$m én YmaU H$aVm h¡ dh {dMmaVoOr go H¥${V H$m én YmaU H$aVm h¡ dh {dMma

g‘mOH«$m§Vr Ho$ g§X^© ‘| ‘hËdnyU© {H$aXma {Z^mVmg‘mOH«$m§Vr Ho$ g§X^© ‘| ‘hËdnyU© {H$aXma {Z^mVmg‘mOH«$m§Vr Ho$ g§X^© ‘| ‘hËdnyU© {H$aXma {Z^mVmg‘mOH«$m§Vr Ho$ g§X^© ‘| ‘hËdnyU© {H$aXma {Z^mVmg‘mOH«$m§Vr Ho$ g§X^© ‘| ‘hËdnyU© {H$aXma {Z^mVm

h¡&h¡&h¡&h¡&h¡& ~m~mgmh~ Ho$ 1956 VH$ AmÝXmobZ ‘| h‘Zo

{dMma Am¡a H¥${V H$mo hmW ‘| hmW Wm‘H$a MbVo hþ¶o

XoIm h¡&

Vbñneu {dMma … Vbñneu {dMma … Vbñneu {dMma … Vbñneu {dMma … Vbñneu {dMma … ~m~mgmh~ H$mo maVr¶ g‘mO

aMZm H$s ~wamB© H$m gånyU© VOw~m© hþAm Wm& Bg

g‘mO H$s {df‘Vm H$s AmJ ‘| ObH$a ñ‘ hþ¶o ‘Z

H$m dh {dMma Wm& JbV {dMma, AYyam {dMma Am¡a

nyU© àñVwV {dMma; Bg Vah {dMma H$m {d^mOZ H$a

gH$Vo h¢; Am¡a g‘mO H$mo AmJo ~‹T>mZm hmo Vmo Cgo

nyU© àñVwV {dMma go hr Omo‹S>Zm hmoJm ¶h {ZpíMV h¡&

H«$m§{V{damoYr ‘Z Zo Bg Xoe Ho$ eyÐm{VeyÐ ~m~V

"gmoMm hr Zht&' BgH$m AW© ¶h bmoJ H«$m§{V{damoYH$

H$s aMZm ‘| ‘m¡OyX hr Zht Wo& Bg{bE BÝhm|Zo CÝh|

{JZVr ‘| {b¶m hr Zht& g‘mO H$m Bg Vah ~hþg§»¶

bmoJm| Ho$ {dMma H$mo Ü¶mZ ‘| Zm {b¶m OmZm BgH$m

³¶m AW© h¡? BgH$m AW© ¶h hmoVm h¡ H$s, H«$m§{V{damoYr

bmoJm|o H$m {dMma ‘wÆ>r^a bmoJm| H$m {dMma h¡& dh nyU©

OrdZ H$m, g‘mO Ho$ gånyU© nhby H$m {dMma hr Zht

h¡& ¶h {dMma AnyUmªH$ ‘| I‹S>m h¡& ¶h {dMma A^mJm,

g§H$sU© d ñdmWu h¡& ñd¶§ Ho$ MwQ>H$s^a ñdmW© Ho$

{bE H«$m§{V{damoYH$m| H$m {dMma nyU© {dMma H$s à{H«$¶m

hr ZH$maVm h¡ Am¡a BÝgm{Z¶V H$m g§{dYmZ r ZH$maVm

h¡&

gwYmaZm Am¡a H«$m§{V …gwYmaZm Am¡a H«$m§{V …gwYmaZm Am¡a H«$m§{V …gwYmaZm Am¡a H«$m§{V …gwYmaZm Am¡a H«$m§{V … 1935 VH$ ~m~mgmh~

Ho$ {dMma gwYmaZmdmX Ho$ Xm¶ao ‘| «‘U H$aVo hþ¶o

ZOa AmVo h¡& O~ ~m~mgmh~ qhXÿ Y‘© ‘| Wo, V~

CÝhm|Zo H$hm Wm {H$ qhXÿ Y‘© H$s {df‘Vm {ZH$mbZr

Mm{h¶o& qhXÿ Y‘© Ho$ gånyU© VmpÎdH$ A{YîR>mZ H$mo

Bg d³V ~m~mgmh~ ZH$maVo Zht& Bggo ~m~mgmh~

H$s gwYmaZmdmXr ‘mZ{gH$Vm ZOa AmVr h¡& ¶h

~m~mgmh~ Ho$ OrdZ H$m nhbm d¡Mm[aH$ n‹S>md h¡&

Am¡a ¶h n‹S>md {Og Vrd«Vm go A{^ì¶³V hmoVm h¡

dh Vrd«Vm r Bg Xoe Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| ~oOmoS> h¡& AmJo

~m~mgmh~ H$mo BZ gwYmaZmdmX H$m ImoIbmnZ g‘PZo

bJVm h¡& ~m~mgmh~ A~ {ZUm©¶H$ y{‘H$m {Z^mZo

bJVo h¡& ¶h y{‘H$m H«$m§{VH$mar y{‘H$m h¡& ^maVr¶

g‘mOaMZm ~XbZm h¡, CgHo$ OhZ ‘| gpå‘{bV

{df‘Vm nyar Vah go ZîQ> H$aZm hmo Vmo Bg g‘mO

aMZm H$m gånyU© VmpÎdH$ A{YîR>mZ hr ~XbZm M[h¶o&

CgHo$ {bE qhXÿY‘© Ë¶mJZo H$s KmofU do H$aVo h¡& Bg

Xoe H$s g‘mOaMZm H$mo qhXÿY‘© Zo Omo VmpÎdH$

A{YîR>mZ {X¶m Wm, Cgna {df‘Vm Ho$ {df Ho$ Abmdm

Xþgar H$moB© ^r ’$gb Zhr§ n¡Xm Zht hmo gH$Vr ¶h

~mV ~m~mgmh~ H$s g‘P ‘| Am JB© Wr& Bg{bE

1935 níMmV² H«$‘ go ~m~mgmh~ Üm‘m©VrV d1935 níMmV² H«$‘ go ~m~mgmh~ Üm‘m©VrV d1935 níMmV² H«$‘ go ~m~mgmh~ Üm‘m©VrV d1935 níMmV² H«$‘ go ~m~mgmh~ Üm‘m©VrV d1935 níMmV² H«$‘ go ~m~mgmh~ Üm‘m©VrV d

B©ídamVrV go³¶wb°[aP‘ H$s Amoa PyH$Zo bJo& 1950B©ídamVrV go³¶wb°[aP‘ H$s Amoa PyH$Zo bJo& 1950B©ídamVrV go³¶wb°[aP‘ H$s Amoa PyH$Zo bJo& 1950B©ídamVrV go³¶wb°[aP‘ H$s Amoa PyH$Zo bJo& 1950B©ídamVrV go³¶wb°[aP‘ H$s Amoa PyH$Zo bJo& 1950

‘|, ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ ‘¢Zo nyU©én go go³¶wba {H$¶m‘|, ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ ‘¢Zo nyU©én go go³¶wba {H$¶m‘|, ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ ‘¢Zo nyU©én go go³¶wba {H$¶m‘|, ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ ‘¢Zo nyU©én go go³¶wba {H$¶m‘|, ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ ‘¢Zo nyU©én go go³¶wba {H$¶m

CÝhm|Zo H$hm Wm& {’$bm°gm°’$s Am°’$ qhXÿBP‘² ‘| dhCÝhm|Zo H$hm Wm& {’$bm°gm°’$s Am°’$ qhXÿBP‘² ‘| dhCÝhm|Zo H$hm Wm& {’$bm°gm°’$s Am°’$ qhXÿBP‘² ‘| dhCÝhm|Zo H$hm Wm& {’$bm°gm°’$s Am°’$ qhXÿBP‘² ‘| dhCÝhm|Zo H$hm Wm& {’$bm°gm°’$s Am°’$ qhXÿBP‘² ‘| dh

go³¶wb°[aP‘ H$m H$B© ~ma {dMma H$aVo h¡& CZH$mgo³¶wb°[aP‘ H$m H$B© ~ma {dMma H$aVo h¡& CZH$mgo³¶wb°[aP‘ H$m H$B© ~ma {dMma H$aVo h¡& CZH$mgo³¶wb°[aP‘ H$m H$B© ~ma {dMma H$aVo h¡& CZH$mgo³¶wb°[aP‘ H$m H$B© ~ma {dMma H$aVo h¡& CZH$m

"~wÕ A±S> {hO Yå‘' J«§W H$mo "~wÕ A±S> {hO Yå‘' J«§W H$mo "~wÕ A±S> {hO Yå‘' J«§W H$mo "~wÕ A±S> {hO Yå‘' J«§W H$mo "~wÕ A±S> {hO Yå‘' J«§W H$mo Secularism H$m H$m H$m H$m H$m

à‘mUJ«§W ‘mZZm n‹S>o Bg Vah H$m J«§W h¡&à‘mUJ«§W ‘mZZm n‹S>o Bg Vah H$m J«§W h¡&à‘mUJ«§W ‘mZZm n‹S>o Bg Vah H$m J«§W h¡&à‘mUJ«§W ‘mZZm n‹S>o Bg Vah H$m J«§W h¡&à‘mUJ«§W ‘mZZm n‹S>o Bg Vah H$m J«§W h¡&

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Y‘© na AmYm[aV hmo Vmo Am¡a Y‘© B©ída H$s H$ënZmna


AmYm[aV hmo Vmo {df‘Vm ZH$maZo H$m AW© Y‘© Am¡a

B©ída ZH$maZm hmoVm h¡& {df‘Vm Bg A§{V‘ H$‹S>r H$mo

ZH$maZm hmo Vmo O§Ora H$s Bg H$‹S>r H$mo n¡Xm H$aZodmbm

B©ída, Y‘© H$‹S>r¶m| H$mo ZH$maZm Oéar h¡& Y‘© Am¡a

B©ída H$m¶‘ aIH$a {df‘Vm H$mo ZH$maZm g§ d Zht

h¡& {’$a Y‘m©VrV Am¡a B©ídamVrV Secularism Ho$Abmdm {dH$ën Zhr h¡& ~m~mgmh~ Zo go³¶wb°[aP‘

AWdm BhdmX àñVwV {H$¶m CgH$m ¶h H$maU h¡&

AmÝXmobZ … ‘yë¶m{YîR>rV …AmÝXmobZ … ‘yë¶m{YîR>rV …AmÝXmobZ … ‘yë¶m{YîR>rV …AmÝXmobZ … ‘yë¶m{YîR>rV …AmÝXmobZ … ‘yë¶m{YîR>rV … ~m~mgmh~ Zo

d¡Mm[aH$ AmÝXmobZ I‹S>m {H$¶m& CgH$m ñdén Bg

Vah h¡; {H$ÝVw ~m~mgmh~ Zo H¥${V H$m ^r AmÝXmobZ

{Z‘m©U {H$¶m& {dMma H$m CƒmaU H$aHo$ ~m~mgmh~

éHo$ Zht Vmo {dMma H$mo CÝhm|Zo H¥${V ‘| àñVwV {H$¶m&

~m~mgmh~ H$m {dMma H¥${V go ì¶³V hþAm& Bg

AmÝXmobZ H$mo loîR> ‘yë¶ H$m A{YîR>mZ Wm& Bg

AmÝXmobZ Ho$ nrN>o H$moB© ^r eyÐ ñdmW© Zht Wm&

ñdmW© Wm Ho$db gånyU© Cno{jV ‘mZdVm Ho$ CËWmZ

H$m& gånyU© AÝ¶m¶J«ñV g‘yh H$s ‘wp³V go Bg ñdmW©

Zo ZmVm Omo‹S> {X¶m Wm& ñd¶§ Ho$ {bE ¶h g~ Zht

Wm& ñd¶§ H$îQ> ^moJH$a Xþ…Ir bmoJm| Ho$ {bE Mbm¶m

J¶m Z¶o OrdZ H$m {Z‘m©U Wm& BZ g~ nr‹S>mAm| Ho$

nrN>o "‘¢' ¶h bú¶ Zht Wm& "g‘mO' hr bú¶ Wm&

amîQ´>H$ë¶mU hr bú¶ Wm& ì¶³Vr Ho$ {bE Zht Vmo

‘yë¶ Ho$ {bE ¶h AmÝXmobZ Wm&

~m~mgmh~ H$m ¶h AmÝXmobZ ‘yH$Zm¶H$ H$s

H¥$Vr go gd©àW‘ ì¶³V hmoZo bJm& dhm± go ~{hîH¥$V

{hVH$m[aUr g^m, ~{hîH¥$V ^maV, MdXma Vmbm~

H$m gË¶mJ«h, ‘Zwñ‘¥VrXhZ, H$mbmam‘ ‘§{Xa

gË¶mJ«h, ñdV§Ì ‘Oya nj, eoS>çwëS> H$mñQ> ’o$S>aoeZ,

Ama.nr.Am¶., H$m‘Jma g§J«m‘, qhXÿ H$moS>{~b,

Yå‘ñdrH$ma Bg Vah Ag§»¶ AmÝXmobZ go ~m~mgmh~

H$s {OÝXJr Sw>~r hþB© h¡& ~m~mgmh~ Ho$ AmÝXmobZ H$mo

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ñd¶§ H$mo AmÝXmobZ ‘| Pm|H$Zodmbo Am¡a B©‘mZXma

H$m¶©H$Vm© ~m~mgmh~ H$mo àmá hþ¶o&

Bg AmÝXmobZ go Bg Xoe ‘| H«$m§{V H$m EH$

C{MV AmÝXmobZ C^aH$a Am¶m& H$amo‹S>mo § bmoJ

Jwbm‘{Jar H$mo PQ>H$H$a BÝgm{Z¶Vna A{YH$ma OVmZo

bJo& AkmZ, bmMmar, A§YlÕm, X¡ddmX H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a

‘Zwî¶ Z¶o go³¶wba H«$m§{V Ho$ nWna MbZo bJo& Xoe

‘| g~go Á¶mXm Jwbm‘r ^moJZo dmbm EH$ g‘mOñVa

Bg Xoe Ho$ AÝ¶ {H$gr go ^r H«$m§{V‘mZ hmo J¶m&

Apñ‘Vm H$s Ádmbm go dh {Ib J¶m& AnZo Abmdm

AÝ¶ g^r AÝ¶m¶J«ñV H$mo g‘oQ>H$a, nwH$maH$a ¶h

H«$m§{V‘mZ g‘mO H«$m§{V Ho$ nWna MbZo bJm& CgHo$

nmg ~m~mgmh~ H$m Y‘m©VrV-B©ídamVrV H«$m§{V H$m

{dMma h¡& 1956 ‘| ~m~mgmh~ H$m ‘hmn[a{Zdm©U

hmo J¶m, Cg d³V EH$ ‘hme³Vr H$m g§MmaZ Bg

g‘mO ‘o§ hþAm Wm& Cgo {damQ> VmH$V àmá hmo JB© Wr&

EH$ {ZUm©¶H$ ¶wÕ y{‘na, g‘Vm Ho$ ¶wÕ Ho$ {bE dh

V¡¶ma hþAm& ¶h Ñí¶ Xoe Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m A yVnyd©

Ñí¶ Wm&

Aå~oS>H$ar AmÝXmobZ …Aå~oS>H$ar AmÝXmobZ …Aå~oS>H$ar AmÝXmobZ …Aå~oS>H$ar AmÝXmobZ …Aå~oS>H$ar AmÝXmobZ … AmO …AmO …AmO …AmO …AmO … 1960, 65

VH$ Aå~oS>H$ar AmÝXmobZ H$r aâVma$ VoO Wr&

Aå~oS>H$ar OrdZ‘yë¶ Ho$ nrN>o ¶h AmÝXmobZ {Za§Va

Xm¡‹S> ahm Wm& {H$ÝVw H«$‘ go Bg AmÝXmobZ H$s Vmo‹S>‘amo‹S>

hmoZo bJr& ~m~mgmh~ Zo AnZo {dÚ‘mZVm ‘| gånyU©

~{hîH¥$V maV H$mo EH$ gyÌ ‘| ~m±Y {b¶m Wm& gyÌ ‘|

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‘Zwî¶ H$s ep³V ~‹T>Vr h¡& ì¶p³V H$s ep³V‘Zwî¶ H$s ep³V ~‹T>Vr h¡& ì¶p³V H$s ep³V‘Zwî¶ H$s ep³V ~‹T>Vr h¡& ì¶p³V H$s ep³V‘Zwî¶ H$s ep³V ~‹T>Vr h¡& ì¶p³V H$s ep³V‘Zwî¶ H$s ep³V ~‹T>Vr h¡& ì¶p³V H$s ep³V

AmÝXmobZ ‘| em‘rb hmoZo go H$B© JwUm Á¶mXm ~‹T>AmÝXmobZ ‘| em‘rb hmoZo go H$B© JwUm Á¶mXm ~‹T>AmÝXmobZ ‘| em‘rb hmoZo go H$B© JwUm Á¶mXm ~‹T>AmÝXmobZ ‘| em‘rb hmoZo go H$B© JwUm Á¶mXm ~‹T>AmÝXmobZ ‘| em‘rb hmoZo go H$B© JwUm Á¶mXm ~‹T>

OmVr h¡&OmVr h¡&OmVr h¡&OmVr h¡&OmVr h¡& AbJ AbJ gm¡ ì¶p³V Ho$ ep³V H$m Vm¡b

{OVZm hmoJm Cggo EH${ÌV gm¡ ì¶p³V¶m| H$s ep³V

H$m Vm¡b H$B© A{YH$ hmoJm& EH${ÌV ì¶p³V H$s

ep³V J{UVr¶ aâVma go ~‹T>Vr h¡& gm¡ bmoJm| H$m

g‘yh {~Iao hþ¶o gm¡ bmoJm| H$s ep³V go A{YH$ ^mar


hmoVm h¡ ¶h Ü¶mZ ‘| boZm Oéar h¡& 1960-65 Ho$

nydm©Y© ‘| h‘| EH${ÌV H$aZodmbo ì¶p³V H$s ep³V H$m

VOw~m© h¡& {H$ÝVw AmJo MbH$a {~Iao hþ¶o ì¶p³V¶m|

H$m Vm¡b ì¶p³VJV gVh na ^r H$‘ hmoZo bJm&

AmÝXmobZ Ho$ gdmªJ ‘| {Zamem Am JB©& AmÝXmobZ

‘waPm J¶m h¡& Aå~oS>H$ar AmÝXmobZ H$m ¶h

ep³VhrZVm H$m H$mb h¡& Mmamo§ Amoa go T>bmZ {XImB©

Xo ahr h¡& C‘§J T>h MwH$r h¡& BÝgmZm| ‘| ñZoh H$s Z‘r

‘| AH$mb Am J¶m& Aå~oS>H$a EH$ gyÌ h¡& EH$

A yVnyd© H«$m§{VgyÌ h¡, {H$ÝVw BÝgmZ Cg gyÌ ‘| EH${ÌV

{namo¶o Zht Om aho h¡& Bg Xoe Ho$ gånyU© Aå~oS>H$ar

OZVm H$mo EH$ gyÌ ‘| {H$g Vah {namo¶m Om gHo$Jm?

AmÝXmobZ Ho$ gdmªJ ‘| àmU {H$g Vah ^am Om

gHo$Jm? Aja EH$Ì AmZo go eãX V¶ma hmoVm h¡&

eãX {H$gr CÔoí¶ go EH$Ì AmZo na dm³¶ ~Z OmVm

h¡& dm³¶ EH$ gyÌ ‘| ~±Y Om¶o Vmo EH$ AW©nyU©Vm

{gÕ hmoVr h¡& Nw>Å>o Ajam| H$mo AW© Zhr§ hmoVm& AW©

gmH$ma hmoZo Ho$ {bE Ajam| H$mo EH$Ì AmZm hr n‹S>Vm

h¡& Nw>Å>o eãXm| H$mo AÝ¶ eãX H$s g§J{V go ep³V àmá

hmoVr h¡& Cg‘| go {Z‘m©U hmoZo dmbr ‘hmep³V ‘yë¶m§Va

{Z‘m©U H$aVr h¡& gÎmm§Va {Z‘m©U H$aVr h¡& nyamZr

g‘mO aMZm ZîQ> H$aHo$ Z¶o g‘mO H$mo OÝ‘ XoVr h¡&

‘Zwî¶ H$m Z¶m g§{dYmZ ¶h ‘hmep³V {gÕ H$aVr

h¡& Z¶o ‘Zwî¶ H$mo OÝ‘ XoVr h¡& ‘hmep³V g‘mOm§Va

H$aVr h¡&

Bgr Vah ‘Zwî¶ H$m h¡& ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ EH$Ì AmZo go

g‘yh V¡¶ma hmoVm h¡& AbJ AbJ d¥Îm V¡¶ma hmoVm h¡&

¶h AbJ AbJ d¥Îm, ¶h AbJ AbJ g‘yh EH$Ì

AmZona g§JR>Z, ‘hmg§JR>Z {gÕ hmoVm h¡& g^r ‘Zwî¶

EH$ gyÌ ‘| ~m±Yo J¶o Vmo EH$ ep³V‘mbm V¡¶ma hmoVr

h¡& ‘hmep³V V¶ma hmoVr h¡& ¶h ‘hmep³V g‘mO

H$s {Xem ~Xb gH$Vr h¡& dh ‘yë¶m§Va H$a gH$Vr

h¡& g‘mO§Va bm gH$Vr h¡& ‘Zwî¶m| Zo EH$Ì AmZm

Mm{h¶o& ‘Zwî¶ EH$Ì {namo¶o OmZo Mm{h¶o&

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Pm|Ho$ go C‹S> Om¶|Jo& CZH$s XþX©em hmo Om¶oJr& {H$ÝVw

gmao nÞm| H$mo EH${ÌV H$a CZH$mo ~m±Ym Om¶o Vmo J«§W

V¡¶ma hmoVm h¡& J«§W ^mar hmoVm h¡& dh hdm Ho$ Pm|Ho$

go Zht C‹S> gH$Vm& Nw>Å>o nÞo EH$Ì Am J¶o Vmo, EH$Ì

~m±Yo OmZo H$s à{H«$¶m ‘mÝ¶ H$s Om¶o Vmo CZH$s ep³V

V¡¶ma hmoVr h¡& CZH$m dOZ ~‹T>Vm h¡& Cgr Vah

‘Zwî¶m| H$m h¡& H«$m§{V{damoYr ep³V EH$-EH$ ‘Zwî¶

H$m AmgmZr go AnhaU H$aVr h¡& {H$ÝVw ¶hr ‘Zwî¶

EH$Ì Am J¶o Vmo ‘hmg§JR>Z gmH$ma hmo OmVm h¡& Bg

g§KQ>Zm H$m AnhaU H«$m§{V{damoYr ep³V Zht H$a

gH$Vr& H«$m§{V{damoYr ep³V Xþ~©b hmo OmVr h¡&

Bg g§X © ‘| EH$ OmVH$H$Wm {‘gmb Ho$ Vm¡ana

Xr Om gH$Vr h¡& Bg H$Wm ‘| ~Vm¶m J¶m h¡ {H$,

VrVa njr PwÊS> ~ZmH$a O~ VH$ EH$ gmW Wo V~

VH$ nmaYr CZH$s {eH$ma Zht H$a gH$m& ³¶m|{H$

CZ‘| EH$Vm Wr& EH$Vm H$s ep³V Wr& {H$ÝVw Ah§H$ma

go BZ VrVa H$s EH$Vm ‘| Xama n‹S> JB© Am¡a do EH$XÿOo

go Xÿa Mbo J¶o& CZH$s ep³V {d^m{OV hmo JB©&

ep³Ëm {d^m{OV hmoZo go do Xþ~©b hmo J¶o& {Oggo

{eH$mar EH$ EH$ VrVa H$m AmgmZr go {eH$ma H$aZo

‘| H$m‘¶m~ hmo J¶m& g§JR>Z ep³V h¡& AHo$bonZ go

ep³Vj¶ hmoVr h¡& EH$Vm hr VmH$V h¡& {dÀN>oXZ

{H$gr H$s ajm Zht H$aVm& EH$Vm Jwbm‘r ZîQ> H$aVr

h¡& ZB© g‘mOaMZm H$mo OÝ‘ XoVr h¡& ’y$Q> ‘Zwî¶ H$mo

Jwbm‘r H$s H¡$X ‘| YHo$bVm h¡& ¶{X Eogm bJ ahm

hmo, h‘mar ^r hmbmV VrVa g‘mZ Zm hmo, h‘mam

{eH$ma H$aZo H$m hoVy g’$b Zm hmo Vmo h‘| EH${ÌV

hmoZo H$s Á¶mXm OéaV h¡& g§JR>Z H$s g™V OéaV h¡&

VrVa H$s EH$Vm §J hmo JB© Vmo CZH$m {dZme

{ZpíMV Vm¡a na hmo J¶m& EH$Vm hr ‘hmep³V h¡& ¶h

‘hmep³V §J hmo JB© Vmo g~ Hw$N> IV‘ hmo OmVm h¡&

g~ H$m Zme hmoVm h¡& {OÝh| g§J{R>V hmoZm AmVm h¡ {OÝh| g§J{R>V hmoZm AmVm h¡ {OÝh| g§J{R>V hmoZm AmVm h¡ {OÝh| g§J{R>V hmoZm AmVm h¡ {OÝh| g§J{R>V hmoZm AmVm h¡


CZH$m g§Kf© g’$b hmoVm h¡& àW‘ g§J{R>V hmoZmCZH$m g§Kf© g’$b hmoVm h¡& àW‘ g§J{R>V hmoZmCZH$m g§Kf© g’$b hmoVm h¡& àW‘ g§J{R>V hmoZmCZH$m g§Kf© g’$b hmoVm h¡& àW‘ g§J{R>V hmoZmCZH$m g§Kf© g’$b hmoVm h¡& àW‘ g§J{R>V hmoZm

grIZm Mm{h¶o& grIZo H$s à{H«$¶m H«$m§{V H$s {XemgrIZm Mm{h¶o& grIZo H$s à{H«$¶m H«$m§{V H$s {XemgrIZm Mm{h¶o& grIZo H$s à{H«$¶m H«$m§{V H$s {XemgrIZm Mm{h¶o& grIZo H$s à{H«$¶m H«$m§{V H$s {XemgrIZm Mm{h¶o& grIZo H$s à{H«$¶m H«$m§{V H$s {Xem

‘| ’$bXm¶r H$aZo Ho$ {bE g§J{R>V hmoZm Oéar h¡‘| ’$bXm¶r H$aZo Ho$ {bE g§J{R>V hmoZm Oéar h¡‘| ’$bXm¶r H$aZo Ho$ {bE g§J{R>V hmoZm Oéar h¡‘| ’$bXm¶r H$aZo Ho$ {bE g§J{R>V hmoZm Oéar h¡‘| ’$bXm¶r H$aZo Ho$ {bE g§J{R>V hmoZm Oéar h¡

Am¡a g§Kf© H$m‘¶m~ H$aZo Ho$ {bE g§J{R>V hmoZmAm¡a g§Kf© H$m‘¶m~ H$aZo Ho$ {bE g§J{R>V hmoZmAm¡a g§Kf© H$m‘¶m~ H$aZo Ho$ {bE g§J{R>V hmoZmAm¡a g§Kf© H$m‘¶m~ H$aZo Ho$ {bE g§J{R>V hmoZmAm¡a g§Kf© H$m‘¶m~ H$aZo Ho$ {bE g§J{R>V hmoZm

Oéar h¡&Oéar h¡&Oéar h¡&Oéar h¡&Oéar h¡& AHo$bm ‘Zwî¶ g§Kf© Zht H$a gH$Vm& {H$¶m

Vmo ^r H$m‘¶m~r àmá Zht hmoVr& AHo$bo ‘Zwî¶ Ho$

{hñgo nam^d Ho$ Abmdm Hw$N> r Zht AmVm& ‘m¶ygr,

{Zamem Am¡a jrUVm Ho$ Abmdm AHoo$bo ‘Zwî¶ H$mo

Am¡a Hw$N> ^r àmá Zht hmoVm& nam^d EH$ VarHo$ H$m

‘¥Ë¶y hr h¡& nam^d go AHo$bo BÝgmZ H$s YpÁO¶m±

C‹S> OmVr h¡& {Zamem Ho$ A§YH$ma ‘| Sy>~o hþ¶o ‘Zwî¶

¶hm± dhm± {~Iao hþ¶o {XImB© XoVo h¡& ~wPo hþ¶o ‘Z ^r

dhm± {XImB© XoVo h¡& AHo$bm ‘Zwî¶ hma OmVm h¡&

nam{OV ‘Zwî¶ nam^d wbmZo Ho$ {bE AbJ amh na

Mb XoVo h¡& Bg ¶mÌm ‘| ‘yë¶ ~yar Vah go IË‘ hmo

OmVo h¡& ‘yë¶eyÝ¶Vm ‘|, g§doXZeyÝ¶Vm ‘| ‘Zwî¶ {eaH$V

H$aVo h¢& EH$ ÑpîQ> go dh dV©Z AmÝXmobZ {damoYr hmo

OmVm h¡& VQ>ñWVm ¶h r EH$ àH$ma go AghH$ma hr

h¡& {^Þ {^Þ àH$ma Ho$ H¡$’$ ‘| X§J ahZm ¶h ^r

nbm¶Z H$r EH$ amh hr h¡& AHo$bonZ go AmZodmbo

d¡’$ë¶ H$mo X~moMZo Ho$ {bE ¶h bmoJ Bg amh H$mo

AnZmVo h¡ qH$Vw ¶h amh ‘Zwî¶m| H$mo {H$g Amoa boH$a

OmVm h¡? {dZme go {’$a go {dZme H$s Amoa& A§°ÝYH$ma

go Am¡a Jhao AÝYH$ma H$s Amoa& A§Y…nVZ H$s XbXb

‘| A{YH$ JhamB© VH$ boH$a OmZm ¶hr Bg amh H$m

H$m‘ h¡&

Bg AZW© H$mo Q>mb gH$Vo h¡& ep³V‘mZ hmo

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H$mo Ym¢g {XIm gH$Vo h¡& CgH$m nam^d H$a gH$Vo

h¡& EH$Vm ‘mÌ hmoZr Mm{h¶o& g§J{R>V ‘mÌ hmoZm

Mm{h¶o& {H$ÝVw Aå~oS>H$ar AmÝXmobZ AmOH$b {‘Å>r

‘| {‘b J¶m h¡&

amOZr{VH$ AmÝXmobZ …amOZr{VH$ AmÝXmobZ …amOZr{VH$ AmÝXmobZ …amOZr{VH$ AmÝXmobZ …amOZr{VH$ AmÝXmobZ … h‘mam amOZr{VH$

AmÝXmobZ H$B© JyQ>m| ‘| ~±Q> J¶m h¡& h‘mao AmÝXmobZ

H$mo g~go Á¶mXm Vmo‹S>m ‘amo‹S>m Ho$db amOZr{V Zo&

amOZr{V ‘| ~m~mgmh~ H$mo em{‘b hmoZm n‹S>m& {H$ÝVw

amOZr{V CÝh| Oam r ng§X Zht Wr& EH$ ~ma CÝhm|Zo

H$hm ^r {H$-

"Politics is the one thing that I hate!'""g~go Á¶mXm ¶{X {H$gr {MO go ‘wPo Z’$aV h¡

dh h¡ amOZr{V&'' (S>m°.~m~mgmh~ Aå~oS>H$a, M[aÌ

IÊS> Zm¡… I¡a‘moS>o, ‘wå~B©, 1987, n¥.23), {H$ÝVw

1956 Ho$ ~mX H«$‘ go Aå~oS>H$ar g‘mO Ho$ haoH$

H$mo amOH$maU ngÝX AmZo bJm& Bg ngÝX H$m n[aUm‘

nmQ>u ‘| g‘yh ~ZZo ‘| VãXrb hþAm& I¡a, ¶h amOZr{V

h¡ ³¶m? H$moB© ^r AmohXm, à{VîR>m ¶m n¡gm àmá

H$aZm& ~hþg§»¶ bmoJm| H$mo amOZr{V ‘| é{M h¡& CR>Vo

~¡R>Vo bmoJ amOZr{V H$s hdm ‘| V¡aZo bJo h¡& {H$ÝVw

{’$a ^r Aå~oS>H$ar g‘mO ‘| amOZr{V H$s ‘m{‘©H$

MMm© H$aZo dmbo ZOa hr Zht AmVo& AmO Xoe H$s$

amOZr{V H$m ‘‘© ImobH$a {díbofU H$moB© Xo hr Zht

gH$Vm& Bg amOZr{V H$mo ar‹T> H$s hÈ>r ³¶m| Zhr§ h¡?

¶h amOZr{V Ho$db {XImdm ³¶m| H$aVr h¡? ¶h

amOZr{V ~m±P ³¶m| h¡? BVZr Xþ~©b Am¡a {ZaW©H$ ³¶m|

hmo J¶r BgH$m {díbofU ^r ¶h amOZr{V Zht Xo

gH$Vr& g‘W© bmoJ h¡ hr Zht Eogm Zht h¡, h¡; {H$ÝVw

BZ WmoS>o go g‘W© bmoJm| H$mo Ag‘W© ³¶m| hmoZm n‹S>Vm

h¡& Xÿgam| H$s hWobr go nmZr ³¶m| nrZm n‹S>Vm h¡?

¶h g‘W© ^r Bg Zhr§ Vmo Cg Xb Ho$ T>m~o na

³¶m| ImVo h¡? ¶h namdbå~r amOZr{V do ³¶m| H$aVo

h¡? Aå~oS>H$ar ZoVm Ho$ g‘j Z‘« hmoZo Ho$ ~Om¶

AÝ¶ gÎmmYmar hñVr Ho$ AmJo KyQ>Zo ³¶m| Q>oH$Vo h¡?

Aå~oS>H$ar g‘mO Ho$ g^r ZoVm ¶{X EH$XÿOo Ho$ à{V

Z‘«Vm go noe Am¶o Vmo do {ga D§$Mm H$aHo$ amOZr{V Ho$

‘hmÛma go ^rVa àdoe H$a gH|$Jo& Bg Z‘«Vm H$mo

’$b {‘boJm {H$ÝVw AÝ¶ gÎmmdmXr Xb H$s bmMmar

ñdrH$ma H$a ³¶m àmá hmoJm? XhbrO na ~±Yo hþ¶o

Hw$Îmo H$s y{‘H$m ¶{X H$moB© gÎmmYmar Xb Xo ahm h¡ Vmo


Cg‘| H$m¡Zgm gm¡ m½¶ g‘Po? VmoVm AnZo gmoZo Ho$

qnOao H$m EhgmZ ‘mZo ¶m ~±Ym hþAm Hw$Îmm AnZo Jbo

‘| ~§Yr hþB©$ gmoZo H$s O§Ora H$s

Vmar’$ H$ao? Bgmn H$m EH$ gwÝXa

{H$ñgm h¡& dh Bg gÝX © ‘| ~ohX

CX²~moYH$ h¡-

EH$ bμâ’$mOr Hw$Îmm Wm&

CgHo$ ‘m{bH$ Zo CgH$o Jbo ‘|

EH$ gmoZo H$s O§Ora S>mb Xr&

AmO VH$ Bg Vah H$s O§Ora

nhZZo H$m gå‘mZ ‘oao g‘mO ‘|

{H$gr H$mo ^r Zht {‘bm& dh

Ho$db ‘wPo {‘bm& ¶h gå‘mZ

Ho$db ‘wPo hr {‘bm BgH$m H$maU

‘¢ ~ohX H$V¥©ËddmZ hÿ± Eogm Cg Hw$Îmo H$mo bJZo bJm&

dh Hw$Îmm Jbo ‘| O§Ora nhZH$a A³I‹S>Vo hþ¶o MbZo

bJm& OmZ~yPH$a O§Ora Ho$ {df¶ na ~mobH$a AÝ¶

na B§àoeZ ‘maZo bJm& g~ H$m Ü¶mZ AnZr Amoa

ItMZo Ho$ {bE D±$Mr OJh na I‹S>m hmoH$a O§Ora H$s

Amoa Bemam H$aHo$ ~mV| H$aZo bJm& Eogo hr EH$ H$m¶©H«$‘

‘| CgH$s ‘wbmH$mV EH$ d¥Õ Hw$Îmo go hþB©& Cg d¥Õ Zo

Cggo H$hm H$s ¶h O§Ora Jm¡ad H$m à{VH$ Zht

~pëH$ An‘mZ H$m à{VH$ h¡& {’$a ^r H$B© {XZm| VH$

Cg O§Oradmbo Hw$Îmo H$mo ¶h ~mV g‘P ‘| Zht AmB©&

EH$ ~ma CgHo$ ‘m{bH$ Zo Cgo Ka Ho$ ~mha IXo‹S>

{X¶m& V~ Cgo H$moB© ^r AnZmZo H$mo V¡¶ma Zht Wm,

O§Ora H$mo gå‘mZ g‘PZo dmbm| H$m ¶hr hl hmoVm

h¡&

Aå~oS>H$ar AmÝXmobZ Ho$ amOZr{VH$ bmoJm| Zo

¶h ~mV Ü¶mZ ‘| aIZr Mm{h¶o& BZ g^r amOZr{VH$m|

Zo Jbo H$s O§Ora H$mo Vmo‹S>H$a EH$Ì AmZo H$s OéaV

h¡& gÎmmYmar go àmá O§Ora ’|$H$H$a g§J{R>V hmoZm

Mm{h¶o& {H$ÝVw Aå~oS>H$ar AmÝXmobZ H$s amOZr{V

gãOr ‘ÊS>r g‘mZ hmo MwH$s h¡& Bg amOZr{V go

AmÝXmobZ H§$Jmb hmo MwH$m h¡& Hw$N> ZoVm aB©g hmo J¶o&

Bg à{H«$¶m H$mo CëQ>m Ky‘Zm Mm{h¶o& AmÝXmobZ aB©gAmÝXmobZ aB©gAmÝXmobZ aB©gAmÝXmobZ aB©gAmÝXmobZ aB©g

hmoZm Mm{h¶o&hmoZm Mm{h¶o&hmoZm Mm{h¶o&hmoZm Mm{h¶o&hmoZm Mm{h¶o& CgHo$ {bE EH$[ÌV

hmoZm Oéar h¡&

gm‘m {OH$ AmÝXm obZ …gm‘m {OH$ AmÝXm obZ …gm‘m {OH$ AmÝXm obZ …gm‘m {OH$ AmÝXm obZ …gm‘m {OH$ AmÝXm obZ …

gm‘m{OH$ AmÝXm obZ H$s Vm o

amOZr{V go r ~‹S>o n¡‘mZo na XþJ©{V

hmo ahr h¡& Hw$N> àmÜ¶mnH$, Hw$N>

gm{hpË¶H$, Hw$N> amOZr{VH$ Xb

go Ow‹S>o hþ¶o H$m¶©H$V} AnZo AnZo

Vm¡a na {deofV… ~m~mgmh~ H$s

O¶§Vr d ‘hmn[a{Zdm©U {XZ Ho$

~hmZo ^mfU XoVo h¡& ^mfU nhbo

go MbVm Am ahm dhr hmoVm h¡&

^bo M§Jo bmoJm| H$s ~m~mgmh~ H$mo g‘PZo ‘| XþX©em

hmoVr h¡ dhm± H$m¶©H$Vm© H$mo ³¶m Xmof Xo? ~m~mgmh~

Ho$ {Ibm’$ H$hZo dmbo VWmH${WV {dÛmZ Vmo h¡§ hr&

~wÕ Am¡a ~m~mgmh~ AÜ¶mË‘dmXr Wo ¶h ^r ¶hr

{dÛmZ H$hVo h¡& g^m {OVZm& ’§$S> {OVZm ¶hr Ü¶o¶dmX

~‹T> J¶m h¡& ^mfU gOmZo H$s hmo‹S> bJ OmVr h¡&

Vm{b¶m| J‹S>J‹S>mhQ> gwZZo H$s à{V¶mo{JVm ewé hmoVr

h¡& d³V¥Ëd Ho$ {bE ‘wH$å‘b aQ>m hþAm, ‘gmbm noe

{H$¶m OmVm h¡& Cg‘| eoam| Ho$ gmW ^mfU Ho$ H$B©

dm³¶m| H$s nwZamd¥{Îm hmo OmVr h¡& BZ g~ ‘| ‘‘© na

D±$Jbr {~abo hr aIr OmVr h¡& H$moB© Z¶m {díbofU

XoZo H$s H$mo{ee Zht {XIVr& Z¶m nhby noe H$aZo

H$m à¶mg Zht {XIVm& BZ g~ ~mVm| H$mo ZOaA§XmO

{H$¶m Om¶ {’$a ^r àË¶j H¥${V go ~mobZodmbm

gm‘m{OH$ AmÝXmobZ ¶Xm H$Xm hr {XImB© XoVm h¡&

[aS>ëg H$m AmÝXmobZ, Zm‘m§VaU H$m AmÝXmobZ ¶h

Jm¡adembr AmÝXmobZ h¡&

~m~mgmh~ Zo {Vb{‘bmH$a H$hm Wm {H$ …-~m~mgmh~ Zo {Vb{‘bmH$a H$hm Wm {H$ …-~m~mgmh~ Zo {Vb{‘bmH$a H$hm Wm {H$ …-~m~mgmh~ Zo {Vb{‘bmH$a H$hm Wm {H$ …-~m~mgmh~ Zo {Vb{‘bmH$a H$hm Wm {H$ …-

""Vw‘ bmoJm| ‘| {Xdma IS>r hmo Eogm ~Vm©d Zm H$ao;

EH$Vm ~‹T>m¶o, ’y$Q> ÜdñV H$ao, {H$ÝVw ~‹S>o hr XþX£d H$s

""¶{X AmZo dmbo Xg""¶{X AmZo dmbo Xg""¶{X AmZo dmbo Xg""¶{X AmZo dmbo Xg""¶{X AmZo dmbo Xggmbm| ‘| h‘Zo h‘margmbm| ‘| h‘Zo h‘margmbm| ‘| h‘Zo h‘margmbm| ‘| h‘Zo h‘margmbm| ‘| h‘Zo h‘marg§KQ>Zm Ñ‹T> Ed§ ‘O~yVg§KQ>Zm Ñ‹T> Ed§ ‘O~yVg§KQ>Zm Ñ‹T> Ed§ ‘O~yVg§KQ>Zm Ñ‹T> Ed§ ‘O~yVg§KQ>Zm Ñ‹T> Ed§ ‘O~yV~w{Z¶mX na I‹S>r H$aHo$~w{Z¶mX na I‹S>r H$aHo$~w{Z¶mX na I‹S>r H$aHo$~w{Z¶mX na I‹S>r H$aHo$~w{Z¶mX na I‹S>r H$aHo$H$m¶©aV Zht H$s Vmo XgH$m¶©aV Zht H$s Vmo XgH$m¶©aV Zht H$s Vmo XgH$m¶©aV Zht H$s Vmo XgH$m¶©aV Zht H$s Vmo Xggmbm| ~mX "‘Zwñ‘¥{V-gmbm| ~mX "‘Zwñ‘¥{V-gmbm| ~mX "‘Zwñ‘¥{V-gmbm| ~mX "‘Zwñ‘¥{V-gmbm| ~mX "‘Zwñ‘¥{V-amO' ñdrH$maZo H$m Xþ m©½¶amO' ñdrH$maZo H$m Xþ m©½¶amO' ñdrH$maZo H$m Xþ m©½¶amO' ñdrH$maZo H$m Xþ m©½¶amO' ñdrH$maZo H$m Xþ m©½¶h‘mao Zgr~ ‘| Am¶oJm&''h‘mao Zgr~ ‘| Am¶oJm&''h‘mao Zgr~ ‘| Am¶oJm&''h‘mao Zgr~ ‘| Am¶oJm&''h‘mao Zgr~ ‘| Am¶oJm&''


~mV H$s h‘mao bmoJm| ‘| ’y$Q> H$s bV ~‹T> ahr h¡& g~

Va’$ H$bh hmo aho h¡& Bggo H$m¶© H$m Zme hmo ahm

h¡... g‘PXma H$m¡Z Am¡a ~oO~m~Xma H$m¡Z Bgna

{dMma H$amo; {H$ÝVw ‘Z ‘| {N>no bmbMr ‘yI©Vm Ho$

M§Jwb ‘| Zm ’±$go& {H$gr Ho$ ^r hmWm| go {X¶m ObZo

Xmo {H$ÝVw Amngr ôX {‘Q>mAmo; Am¡a AnZo

‘mJ© H$s éH$mdQ>m| H$mo ZîQ> H$aZo H$m kmZ àmá H$a

bmo&'' (OZVm … 23.7.38) Bg Vah g§KQ>Zm ‘|

gm‘Ï¶© H$m ~m~mgmh~ Zo {deXrH$aU {H$¶m& ¶h

gm‘Ï¶© àmá hmo J¶m Vmo à{Vnj go Xmo Xmo hmW H$a

gH$Vo h¡, CÝhm|Zo H$hm h¡& ""g§KQ>Zm Ho$ A^md go""g§KQ>Zm Ho$ A^md go""g§KQ>Zm Ho$ A^md go""g§KQ>Zm Ho$ A^md go""g§KQ>Zm Ho$ A^md go

h‘mar ¶h XþX©em h¡, A~ Am¡a Zm hmoZo Xo& g‘mO ‘|h‘mar ¶h XþX©em h¡, A~ Am¡a Zm hmoZo Xo& g‘mO ‘|h‘mar ¶h XþX©em h¡, A~ Am¡a Zm hmoZo Xo& g‘mO ‘|h‘mar ¶h XþX©em h¡, A~ Am¡a Zm hmoZo Xo& g‘mO ‘|h‘mar ¶h XþX©em h¡, A~ Am¡a Zm hmoZo Xo& g‘mO ‘|

ôX H$aZodmbm| H$mo H$VB© nZmh Zm Xo& BgHo$ {bEôX H$aZodmbm| H$mo H$VB© nZmh Zm Xo& BgHo$ {bEôX H$aZodmbm| H$mo H$VB© nZmh Zm Xo& BgHo$ {bEôX H$aZodmbm| H$mo H$VB© nZmh Zm Xo& BgHo$ {bEôX H$aZodmbm| H$mo H$VB© nZmh Zm Xo& BgHo$ {bE

A~ h‘ | g»V ~ §X m o~ñV H$aZm hm oJ m&''A~ h‘ | g»V ~ §X m o~ñV H$aZm hm oJ m&''A~ h‘ | g»V ~ §X m o~ñV H$aZm hm oJ m&''A~ h‘ | g»V ~ §X m o~ñV H$aZm hm oJ m&''A~ h‘ | g»V ~ §X m o~ñV H$aZm hm oJ m&''

(OZVm…14.12.40) Eogm Cg d³V ~m~mgmh~ Zo

H$hm& h‘mar g§KQ>Zm ‘O~yV hmoZr Mm{h¶o dh ñdV§Ì

hr hmoZr Mm{h¶o& ~m~mgmh~ Zo H$hm h¡-

""ñdV§Ì g§KQ>Zm Ho$ Abmdm h‘ ñdm^r‘mZ go

Or Zht gH$Vo&'' (OZVm …26.11.49)

BgH$m H$maU {OÝh| B{Vhmg aMZm h¡ dh {H$gr

H$s ^r hm§Or hm§Or Zht H$aVm& Omo ^r àmá H$aZm hmo

dh BÁOV go hr& rH$ Zht ‘m§JZr h¡& ¶h ~m~mgmh~

H$mo kmV Wm& Bg{bE do Bg Vah {Vb{‘bmH$a ~mob

aho Wo& do H$hVo Wo-

""h‘mao nmg ‘O~yV g§KQ>Z Zht hmoJm Vmo Xoe""h‘mao nmg ‘O~yV g§KQ>Z Zht hmoJm Vmo Xoe""h‘mao nmg ‘O~yV g§KQ>Z Zht hmoJm Vmo Xoe""h‘mao nmg ‘O~yV g§KQ>Z Zht hmoJm Vmo Xoe""h‘mao nmg ‘O~yV g§KQ>Z Zht hmoJm Vmo Xoe

H$s amOZr{V ‘| h‘| H$moB© ^r ñWmZ àmá H$aZmH$s amOZr{V ‘| h‘| H$moB© ^r ñWmZ àmá H$aZmH$s amOZr{V ‘| h‘| H$moB© ^r ñWmZ àmá H$aZmH$s amOZr{V ‘| h‘| H$moB© ^r ñWmZ àmá H$aZmH$s amOZr{V ‘| h‘| H$moB© ^r ñWmZ àmá H$aZm

‘w‘{H$Z Zht h¡&'‘w‘{H$Z Zht h¡&'‘w‘{H$Z Zht h¡&'‘w‘{H$Z Zht h¡&'‘w‘{H$Z Zht h¡&'' (Thus spoke Ambedkar,vol.2)

""¶{X AmZo dmbo Xg gmbm| ‘| h‘Zo h‘mar

g§KQ>Zm Ñ‹T> Ed§ ‘O~yV ~w{Z¶mX na I‹S>r H$aHo$

H$m¶©aV Zht H$s Vmo Xg gmbm| ~mX "‘Zwñ‘¥{V-amO'

ñdrH$maZo H$m Xþ^m©½¶ h‘mao Zgr~ ‘| Am¶oJm&''

(Cnamo³V g§X ©)

""g^r nXX{bV Am¡a AÝ¶m¶J«ñV bmoJm| H$s""g^r nXX{bV Am¡a AÝ¶m¶J«ñV bmoJm| H$s""g^r nXX{bV Am¡a AÝ¶m¶J«ñV bmoJm| H$s""g^r nXX{bV Am¡a AÝ¶m¶J«ñV bmoJm| H$s""g^r nXX{bV Am¡a AÝ¶m¶J«ñV bmoJm| H$s

AbJ g§KQ>Zm hmoZr Mm{h¶o& Zhr§ Vmo CZH$m gd©ZmeAbJ g§KQ>Zm hmoZr Mm{h¶o& Zhr§ Vmo CZH$m gd©ZmeAbJ g§KQ>Zm hmoZr Mm{h¶o& Zhr§ Vmo CZH$m gd©ZmeAbJ g§KQ>Zm hmoZr Mm{h¶o& Zhr§ Vmo CZH$m gd©ZmeAbJ g§KQ>Zm hmoZr Mm{h¶o& Zhr§ Vmo CZH$m gd©Zme

AQ>b h¡&''AQ>b h¡&''AQ>b h¡&''AQ>b h¡&''AQ>b h¡&'' (Cnamo³V g§X ©) ~m~mgmh~ Zo ¶h am¶

27/10/1951 ‘| Omb§Xa Ho$ ^mfU ‘| ì¶³V H$s

Wr& AmO ¶h am¶ {H$VZr g§OrXm hmo MwH$s h¡ ¶h

h‘| ZμOa Am ahm h¡& Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$, ~m~mgmh~

AnZr am¶ AmO, AmO Ho$ hmbmVm| H$mo ‘Ôo ZμOa

aIH$a ì¶³V H$a aho Wo& AmO Y‘©g§gX Am¡a ‘Zwñ‘¥{V

H$m H$mZyZ Bg Xoena bmXZo H$m fL²>¶§Ì aMm Om ahm

h¡& BZ hmbmVm| ‘| r ³¶m h‘ ~m~mgmh~ Ho$ Cnamo³V

H$WZ na J§ raVm go {dMma H$aZo dmbo h¢ ¶m Zht?

AmO ~hþV go Z¶o g§X © h‘mao Mmam| Amoa I‹S>o h¡&

Bg d³V Aå~oS>H$ar AmÝXmobZ H$s AmMmag§{hVm

Am¡a {dMmag§{hVm {ZpíMV H$aZo H$s OéaV h¡& {dMmam|

H$m ‘O‘m Am¡a AmMma H$s AamOH$Vm ‘M JB© h¡&

BgH$s amoH$Ïmm‘ hmoZr Mm{h¶o&

h‘mao gm‘Zo I‹S>r g‘ñ¶mE| …h‘mao gm‘Zo I‹S>r g‘ñ¶mE| …h‘mao gm‘Zo I‹S>r g‘ñ¶mE| …h‘mao gm‘Zo I‹S>r g‘ñ¶mE| …h‘mao gm‘Zo I‹S>r g‘ñ¶mE| …- ^yVH$mb Zo

h‘mao g‘j AZoH$ g‘ñ¶mE§o bmH$a I‹S>r H$a Xr&

Om{Vg§ñWm, A§YlÕm, XoddmX, X¡ddmX, naånamdmXr

àd¥{Îm, Amngr Ûof Ho$ g§ñH$ma Am{X g‘ñ¶m h‘|

yVH$mb Zo hr Xr h¡& Bg{bE h‘ EH$OyQ> hmo ^r Zht

gH$Vo& Bgr dOh go h‘ bmoH$emhr H$m dhZ Zht

H$a gHo$& naånam go MbVo Am aho Bg Xoe H$m ‘Z

nyU©V¶m bmoH$emhr {damoY ‘Z h¡& ¶h ‘Z AnZo

AnZo Om{V Ho$ Ah§H$ma go J«{gV h¡& Bgr Ah§H$ma go

emofUì¶dñWm CZH$m emofU H$a ahr h¡ ¶h Bg ‘Z

H$s g‘P ‘| AmVm hr Zht& BÝgmZ ‘Z go Jwbm‘ h¡,BÝgmZ ‘Z go Jwbm‘ h¡,BÝgmZ ‘Z go Jwbm‘ h¡,BÝgmZ ‘Z go Jwbm‘ h¡,BÝgmZ ‘Z go Jwbm‘ h¡,

{H$ÝVw h‘ Jwbm‘ h¡ ¶h CÝh| nVm hr Zhr§ ¶hr Bg{H$ÝVw h‘ Jwbm‘ h¡ ¶h CÝh| nVm hr Zhr§ ¶hr Bg{H$ÝVw h‘ Jwbm‘ h¡ ¶h CÝh| nVm hr Zhr§ ¶hr Bg{H$ÝVw h‘ Jwbm‘ h¡ ¶h CÝh| nVm hr Zhr§ ¶hr Bg{H$ÝVw h‘ Jwbm‘ h¡ ¶h CÝh| nVm hr Zhr§ ¶hr Bg

Xoe H$s g~go ~‹S>r g‘ñ¶m h¡& Xoe H$s g~go ~‹S>r g‘ñ¶m h¡& Xoe H$s g~go ~‹S>r g‘ñ¶m h¡& Xoe H$s g~go ~‹S>r g‘ñ¶m h¡& Xoe H$s g~go ~‹S>r g‘ñ¶m h¡& ¶h g‘ñ¶m ~wÕ Ho$

g‘j Wr, ’w$bo Ho$ g‘j Wr Am¡a ~m~mgmh~ Ho$

g‘j ^r Wr, h‘mao g‘j ^r dh ‘m¡OyX h¡ hr&

BZ g‘ñ¶mAm| ‘| XhoO, ~oamoOJmar, [aídVImoar,

«îQ>mMma, ’°${gñQ> H$m {dÐmoh, A§YlÕm, {‘Ï¶m{^‘mZ,

‘h§JmB© Am{X AZoH$ g‘ñ¶mAm| H$s dV©‘mZ ‘| ^r


^a‘ma h¡& amOZr{VH$ g‘mdoeZ, dmL²>‘¶rZ g‘mdoeZ,

gm‘m{OH$ g‘mdoeZ, d¡Mm[aH$ g‘mdoeZ H$s ^r

g‘ñ¶m go h‘mam AmÝXmobZ J«ñV h¡& hoS>Jodma Ho$ g§K

‘o| g‘mdoe H$aZo H$m {dMma H$moB© aIVm h¡ Am¡a IwX

H$mo Aå~oS>H$ar H$hbmVm h¡& bmoJm| H$mo Jw‘amh H$a

XoZm, Cgo AnZo Aå~oS>H$admXr ZH$m~ go AmgmZr go

‘w‘{H$Z hmoVm h¡& nagm| hr H$hr n‹T>m Wm {H$ EH$

O‘KQ> ‘| 1994 ‘| ~m~mgmh~ hmoVo Vmo H$m¡Zgm

gm‘m{OH$ {dMma CÝhm|Zo àñVwV {H$¶m hmoVm? Bg

àíZ na ~hg& AWm©V 1956 VH$ ~m~mgmh~ Zo aMo

Wo dh {dMma JbV Wo ³¶m? ³¶m Bg O‘KQ> H$mo ¶h

H$hZm Wm? BÝh| bJm H$s ~m~mgmh~ Ho$ {dMma 1956

VH$ EH$m§Jr Wo& dh Hw$N> Y{‘©¶ na AÝ¶m¶H$maH$

Wm& dh B©ída Z ‘mZZodmbm ZmpñVH$ {dMma Wm& ¶h

gånyU© {dMma g‘mdoeH$Vm H$mo H$ar~ H$aZodmbm {dMma

Zht Wm& Bg{bE Hw$N> H$mo ¶h bJm H$s 1994 ‘|

~m~mgmh~ Zo AbJ {dMma aMm hmoVm& H$m¡Zgm? ¶h

àíZ {H$go CnpñWV hþAm? BgH$m CÎma g§¶moOH$ Zo

³¶m J¥{hV H$aZm Mm{h¶o?

h‘ g~ Zo Hw$N> ~mVm| H$mo Q>mbZm Mm{h¶o-

(1)K‘§S>, (2) ~oB©‘mZr, (3)ñdmW©, (4) EH$ Xÿgao

H$s Q>m§J {IMZm, (5)Hw$pËgVnZ, (6)eam~ H$s

bV, (7) Ym{‘©H$ àd¥{Îm, A§YlÕm, d«V H$aZm,

~m~m-~wdm, (8) Aå~oS>H$a {damoYr {dMmam| go,

AmÝXmobZ go gå~ÝY aIZm&

Am{X Am¡a Bg Vah H$s Hw$N> Nw>Q>-nwQ> ~mVm| H$mo

Q>mbm Om¶ Vmo h‘mam AmÝXmobZ {gÕ hmo gH$Vm h¡&

CgH$r XþX©em g‘má hmo gH$Vr h¡& ZoVm, H$m¶©H$Vm©ZoVm, H$m¶©H$Vm©ZoVm, H$m¶©H$Vm©ZoVm, H$m¶©H$Vm©ZoVm, H$m¶©H$Vm©

Am¡a g‘mO ¶h VrZ KQ>H$ AmÝXmobZ Ho$ {bE à‘wIAm¡a g‘mO ¶h VrZ KQ>H$ AmÝXmobZ Ho$ {bE à‘wIAm¡a g‘mO ¶h VrZ KQ>H$ AmÝXmobZ Ho$ {bE à‘wIAm¡a g‘mO ¶h VrZ KQ>H$ AmÝXmobZ Ho$ {bE à‘wIAm¡a g‘mO ¶h VrZ KQ>H$ AmÝXmobZ Ho$ {bE à‘wI

h¡& ZoVm AWm©V {dMma, ZoVm AWm©V VËdkmZ, ¶hh¡& ZoVm AWm©V {dMma, ZoVm AWm©V VËdkmZ, ¶hh¡& ZoVm AWm©V {dMma, ZoVm AWm©V VËdkmZ, ¶hh¡& ZoVm AWm©V {dMma, ZoVm AWm©V VËdkmZ, ¶hh¡& ZoVm AWm©V {dMma, ZoVm AWm©V VËdkmZ, ¶h

VËdkmZ bmoJm| VH$ dhZ H$aVm h¡ ZoVm, bmoJm| Ho$VËdkmZ bmoJm| VH$ dhZ H$aVm h¡ ZoVm, bmoJm| Ho$VËdkmZ bmoJm| VH$ dhZ H$aVm h¡ ZoVm, bmoJm| Ho$VËdkmZ bmoJm| VH$ dhZ H$aVm h¡ ZoVm, bmoJm| Ho$VËdkmZ bmoJm| VH$ dhZ H$aVm h¡ ZoVm, bmoJm| Ho$

‘Z na A§{H$V H$aVm h¡ dh H$m¶©H$Vm©; Am¡a Bg‘Z na A§{H$V H$aVm h¡ dh H$m¶©H$Vm©; Am¡a Bg‘Z na A§{H$V H$aVm h¡ dh H$m¶©H$Vm©; Am¡a Bg‘Z na A§{H$V H$aVm h¡ dh H$m¶©H$Vm©; Am¡a Bg‘Z na A§{H$V H$aVm h¡ dh H$m¶©H$Vm©; Am¡a Bg

VËdkmZ ‘| AÝV{Z©{hV n[adV©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE OmoVËdkmZ ‘| AÝV{Z©{hV n[adV©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE OmoVËdkmZ ‘| AÝV{Z©{hV n[adV©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE OmoVËdkmZ ‘| AÝV{Z©{hV n[adV©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE OmoVËdkmZ ‘| AÝV{Z©{hV n[adV©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE Omo

g‘yh AmÝXmobZ hmoVm h¡ dh g‘mO&g‘yh AmÝXmobZ hmoVm h¡ dh g‘mO&g‘yh AmÝXmobZ hmoVm h¡ dh g‘mO&g‘yh AmÝXmobZ hmoVm h¡ dh g‘mO&g‘yh AmÝXmobZ hmoVm h¡ dh g‘mO& g‘mO AmÝXmobZ

hmoVm h¡, {H$ÝVw Bg AmÝXmobZ ‘| ZoVm Am¡a H$m¶©H$Vm©

em{‘b hmoVm hr h¡& Ho$db em{‘b hmoVm h¡ Eogm Zht

~pëH$ dh ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËd AWm©V AmÝXmobZ ‘| em{‘b

g‘mO H$mo {Za§Va YYH$ H$a aIZo H$m H$m¶© H$aVm h¡&

amOZr{V Ho$ Abmdm H$moB© {dH$ën Zht…-amOZr{V Ho$ Abmdm H$moB© {dH$ën Zht…-amOZr{V Ho$ Abmdm H$moB© {dH$ën Zht…-amOZr{V Ho$ Abmdm H$moB© {dH$ën Zht…-amOZr{V Ho$ Abmdm H$moB© {dH$ën Zht…- Hw$N>

^r H$hmo {’$a ^r amOZr{V H$mo Q>mbZm ‘w‘{H$Z Zhr§&

h‘ Q>mbVo h¡ Vmo amOZr{V h‘| Zht Q>mbVr& amOZr{V

h‘mao OrdZ Ho$ g^r nhbyAm| H$mo Koam S>mbo h¡&

amOZr{V ep³V h¡& gÎmm hm§{gb H$aZo Ho$ {bE,

gÎmmYmar ~ZZo Ho$ {bE Hw$ebVmnyU© amOZr{V AmZr

Mm{h¶o& ~m~mgmh~ Zo amOZr{V H$m ‘hÎd Am¡a g»V

OéaV AZoH$ àH$ma go ñnîQ> {H$¶o h¡, CÝhm|Zo H$hm-

1. ""... h‘mar bJmVma CÞ{V Ho$ {bE {Og na

{Z ©a ah gH|$ Eogr EH$ hr ~mV h¡, dh h¡ amOH$s¶

ep³V H$mo hm§{gb H$aZm& h‘mao ‘wp³V H$m EH$ hr

‘mJ© h¡& Bg ~mao ‘| ‘wPo Vmo Oam r g§Xoh Zht h¡ Am¡a

Bg ep³V {~Zm h‘mam gd©Zme hmoJm&'' (A.^m.X{bV

dJ© n[afX, ZmJnwa, 18, 19, Owb¡ 42)

2. ""Añn¥í¶ g‘mO H$mo AmOmXr, BÁOV d

BÝgm{Z¶V Mm{h¶o hmo Vmo AmnH$mo amOZr{V na H$ãOm

H$aZm Mm{h¶o& {’$bhmb h‘mao nmg H$moB© ^r gmYZ

Zht h¡... Bg{bE h‘mam Zme d AdZ{V hmo JB© h¡&

h‘ bmoJm| H$mo CR>Zo H$s ^r VmH$X Zht ahr& h‘mar

g‘mO g§»¶m r Aën h¡ Am¡a dh r {~Iar hþB© h¡&

BZ gmao hmbmVm| H$mo gwYmaZo Ho$ {bE hr h‘mao hmW ‘|

amOH$s¶ gÎmm Mm{h¶o&'' (nwUo 4.10.45 H$m mfU…

^mfU I§S> 1 g§nm. Jm§Oao, n¥.131)

3. ""Q>wH$S>o Ho$ {bE Xÿgao Ho$ ‘w±h H$s Amoa VmH$Zo

H$m d³V h‘mao g‘mO na Zm Am¶o& noQ> Ho$ gdmb go

AmOmXr, gå‘mZ go ahZo Ho$ {bE amOH$s¶ gÎmm

Oéar h¡ Am¡a Cgo àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE hr h‘ b‹S> aho

h¡&'' (C³V … ^mfU I§S> 1, n¥.153)


4. ""emgZgÎmm ‘| {hñgm àmá hmo ¶h AmnH$s

BÀN>m hmoJr Vmo AmnH$mo O~aXñV g§JR>Z C^maH$a

EH$OyQ> hmoZm Mm{h¶o&'' (C³V n¥. 162)

5. ""... h‘| EH$ ep³V àmá hmo gH$Vr h¡, dh

h¡ amOH$s¶ ep³V! ¶h ep³V h‘| àmá H$aZr hr

Mm{h¶o& Bg ep³V go b¡g hmoH$a h‘ h‘mao bmoJm| H$m

g§ajU H$a gH$Vo h¡&'' (~m~mgmh~mMr ^mfUo

(‘amR>r)… I§S> 7 g§nm. Jm§Oao, n¥.51) Bgr mfU ‘|

amOgÎmm àmá H$amo ¶h CÝhm|Zo H$hm Wm, Am¡a AmOmXamOgÎmm àmá H$amo ¶h CÝhm|Zo H$hm Wm, Am¡a AmOmXamOgÎmm àmá H$amo ¶h CÝhm|Zo H$hm Wm, Am¡a AmOmXamOgÎmm àmá H$amo ¶h CÝhm|Zo H$hm Wm, Am¡a AmOmXamOgÎmm àmá H$amo ¶h CÝhm|Zo H$hm Wm, Am¡a AmOmX

^maV ‘| h‘| emgH$ O‘mV ~ZZm h ¡, Bg^maV ‘| h‘| emgH$ O‘mV ~ZZm h ¡, Bg^maV ‘| h‘| emgH$ O‘mV ~ZZm h ¡, Bg^maV ‘| h‘| emgH$ O‘mV ~ZZm h ¡, Bg^maV ‘| h‘| emgH$ O‘mV ~ZZm h ¡, Bg

AmË‘{dídmg H$mo Wm‘Ho$ aImo Eogm ~m~mgmh~ ZoAmË‘{dídmg H$mo Wm‘Ho$ aImo Eogm ~m~mgmh~ ZoAmË‘{dídmg H$mo Wm‘Ho$ aImo Eogm ~m~mgmh~ ZoAmË‘{dídmg H$mo Wm‘Ho$ aImo Eogm ~m~mgmh~ ZoAmË‘{dídmg H$mo Wm‘Ho$ aImo Eogm ~m~mgmh~ Zo

bmoJm| go H$hm Wm&bmoJm| go H$hm Wm&bmoJm| go H$hm Wm&bmoJm| go H$hm Wm&bmoJm| go H$hm Wm& amOZr{V Am¡a gÎmmàmár na

~m~mgmh~ Zo Bg Vah ‘hËd {deX {H$¶m Wm&

g§JR>Z Am¡a amOZr{V H$m [aíVm ñnîQ> H$aVo hþ¶o

~m~mgmh~ Zo H$hm Wm-

""h‘mao nmg ‘O~yV g§JR>Z Zm hmo Vmo Xoe H$s$

amOZr{V ‘| h‘| H$moB© ^r ñWmZ Zht hmoJm& "ANy>V'

bmoJ ¶{X "EH$g§K' H$s EH$ hr Om{V ‘| g§J{R>V hþ¶o

Vmo h‘ amOZr{V ‘| Hw$N> ñWmZ àmá H$a gH$Vo h¡& h‘|

‘O~yV Ed§ EH$g§K g§JR>Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE Xg gmbm|

VH$ éH$Zm Zht h¡& Bg g§JR>Z H$mo A^r go ~m±YZm

Mm{h¶o; Bg g§JR>Z H$mo AmO hr h‘| ~m±YZm Mm{h¶o&

hm±, H$b Zht, nagm| Zht Vmo AmO hr!'' (^mfU…

I§S> 7 g§nm. JmOao n¥.55)

amOZr{V Ho$ Abmdm Am¡a H$moB© amh Zhr§&

emgZH$Vm© ~ZZo Ho$ Abmdm CÕma Zht& gÎmm hm§{gb

{H$¶o ~J¡a gdmb gwbPZodmbm Zht& Xoe go³¶wba hmo

Zht gHo$Jm& gÎmm gå‘mZ àXmZ H$aoJr& gÎmm h‘mao

g‘mO‘yë¶ H$mo ¶WmW©Vm ‘| V~Xrb H$aoJr& {H$ÝVw

¶h gÎmm àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE g§JR>Z Mm{h¶o& ‘O~yV

g§JR>Z& g§JR>Z hr gÎmm H$s Amoa boH$a Om¶oJr&

h‘mam XyOm ñWmZ ZîQ> H$aoJr& Xoe H$mo g‘Vm Ho$ gyÌ

‘| ~m±YoJr& BgHo$ {bE Mm{h¶o O~aXñV ZoV¥Ëd Am¡a

H$m¶©H$Vm©&

ZoVm H¡$gm hmo?…-ZoVm H¡$gm hmo?…-ZoVm H¡$gm hmo?…-ZoVm H¡$gm hmo?…-ZoVm H¡$gm hmo?…- ~m~mgmh~ Ho$ níMmV²

~m~mgmh~ Ho$ g‘mO H$m ZoV¥Ëd H$aZo dmbm ZoVm~m~mgmh~ Ho$ g‘mO H$m ZoV¥Ëd H$aZo dmbm ZoVm~m~mgmh~ Ho$ g‘mO H$m ZoV¥Ëd H$aZo dmbm ZoVm~m~mgmh~ Ho$ g‘mO H$m ZoV¥Ëd H$aZo dmbm ZoVm~m~mgmh~ Ho$ g‘mO H$m ZoV¥Ëd H$aZo dmbm ZoVm

~ohX ~m¡{ÕH$ j‘Vm H$m hmoZm Mm{h¶o Bg‘| H$moB©~ohX ~m¡{ÕH$ j‘Vm H$m hmoZm Mm{h¶o Bg‘| H$moB©~ohX ~m¡{ÕH$ j‘Vm H$m hmoZm Mm{h¶o Bg‘| H$moB©~ohX ~m¡{ÕH$ j‘Vm H$m hmoZm Mm{h¶o Bg‘| H$moB©~ohX ~m¡{ÕH$ j‘Vm H$m hmoZm Mm{h¶o Bg‘| H$moB©

g§Xoh Zht h¡& g§Xoh Zht h¡& g§Xoh Zht h¡& g§Xoh Zht h¡& g§Xoh Zht h¡& ~m~mgmh~ Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd H$s {damgV H$mo

AmJo ~‹T>mZm AmgmZ Zht& Bg{bE ~m~mgmh~ Ho$

níMmV ¶h g‘mO ZoVm ~J¡a h¡ Eogm Hw$N> bmoJ H$hVo

h¡& ~m~mgmh~ H$m ZoV¥Ëd {dMmad§V H$m, ‘hmn§{S>V

H$m ZoV¥Ëd Wm& ~m~mgmh~ Ho$ kmZ H$r Yamoha r h‘|

T>§J go dhZ H$aZm Zht Am¶m& Bg Yamoha H$m ~moP

h‘ CR>m hr Zht gHo$& WmoS>o-~hþV V¡¶ma 2-4 bmoJ

àmaå^ ‘| hr H$Ýâ¶yO hmo J¶o& Aå~oS>H$a gyÌ N>mo‹S>H$a

^Q>H$Zo bJo& {‘bmdQ> H$aZo H$s Anàd¥{Îm go BZ

Aä¶m{g¶m| Zo Am’$V H$a S>mbr&

Xÿgar ~mV ¶h H$s BZ Xmo Mma Aä¶m{g¶m| ‘| go

Hw$N> bmoJ amOZr{V Ho$ àË¶j AmÝXmobZ Ho$ ~mha hr

ah J¶o& Bg{bE àW‘ XO} H$s àkm Ed§ à{V^m

Aå~oS>H$ar AmÝXmobZ ‘| gm{hË¶ Ho$ {hñgo Am¶r

Am¡a amOH$s¶ ZoV¥Ëd Eogo Aä¶m{g¶m| Ho$ Abmdm

AÝ¶ Ho$ {hñgo Am¶o& amOZr{V Ho$ ~m¡{ÕH$ namO¶

H$r ¶h ^r EH$ dOh hmo gH$Vr h¡ ³¶m, Bgna

{dMma hmoZm Mm{h¶o& ‘m¡OyXm Aä¶m{g¶m| H$mo gO©Zerb

{dMmad§V ~ZZo H$s, Cg {Xem H$s Amoa N>bm§J bJmZo

H$s OéaV Wr Am¡a BZ gO©Zerb {dMmad§Vm| Zo,

Xme©{ZH$m| Zo AnZo VËdkmZ {Z{‘©Vr H$r à^mdembr

ny±Or boH$a amOZr{V ‘| CVaZm Mm{h¶o Wm, ¶{X Eogm

hmoVm Vmo amOZr{V ‘| ~m~mgmh~ H$r Yamoha h‘ gå^mb

gH$Vo Wo& {H$ÝVw {Og hmbmV ‘| h¡ Cg‘| h‘mar

amOZr{V à^mdembr Zht hmo gH$Vr& ~m~mgmh~

naàH$m{eV Zht Wo& do ñd¶§nyU© Wo& CÝhm|Zo Bg Xoe

H$m A§V~m©hç AmH$bZ JhamB© go {H$¶m Wm& Bg{bE

CZHo$ {dMma grYo ‘‘© na D±$Jbr aI XoVo Wo& gmao

{díbofU CZHo$ AmJo-nrN>o Ky‘Vo Wo& CgHo$ nrN>o


H$îQ> Wo& Xoe Ho$, Bg g‘mO Ho$ Am¡a ‘mZdr OrdZ

H$m ‘‘©kmZ Wm& CgHo$ {bE CZH$m bhÿ ~war Vah

gyI MwH$m Wm&

~m~mgmh~ Zo H$hm Wm, ""amOZr{V ‘| {H$gr H$mo

é{M hmo, Vmo amOZr{V H$m JhamB© go AÜ¶¶Z H$aZm

Mm{h¶o& AÜ¶¶Z Ho$ ~J¡a Xþ{Z¶m ‘| {H$gr H$mo Hw$N>

^r àmá Zht hmo gH$Vm& h‘mao g‘mO Ho$ àË¶oH$

H$m¶©H$Vm© Zo amOH$s¶, Ym{‘©H$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ àíZ H$m

JhamB© go AÜ¶¶Z H$aZm Mm{h¶o& CÝhm|Zo ZoVm H$s

{Oå‘oXmar ³¶m h¡, H$s OmZH$mar aIZr Mm{h¶o& ³¶m|{H$

h‘mao g‘mO Ho$ ZoVmAm| na ~hþV ~‹S>r {Oå‘oXmar h¡&

AÝ¶ ZoVmAm| H$m ³¶m? g^m ‘| OmZm, bå~m-Mm¡‹S>m

^mfU XoZm, Vm{b¶m| H$s J‹S>J‹S>mhQ> gwZZm Am¡a A§V

‘| hma Jbo ‘| S>mbH$a dmng AmZm ¶hr H$m‘ AÝ¶

ZoVmAm| H$m h¡& h‘mao g‘mO Ho$ ZoVmAm| Zo BVZo na hr

éH$Zm Zht Mm{h¶o& AÀN>m AÜ¶¶Z H$aZm, g‘mO

H$s CÞ{V Ho$ {bE ñd¶§ {XZ-amV {ZaÝVa ‘ohZV

H$aZm ¶h h‘mao ZoVmAm| H$mo H$aZm hmoJm Vmo hr dh

bmoJm| H$m WmoS>m ~hþV {dH$mg H$a gH|$Jo Am¡a dhr

gƒm ZoVm hmoJm&'' (^mfU IÊS> 6, g§nm.Jm§Oao,

n¥.191) ZoVm na Bg Vah H$s ~‹S>r {Oå‘oXmar h¡&

Aå~oS>H$ar AmÝXmobZ H$mo Bg Vah Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd H$s

OéaV h¡& h‘| ‘| Bg Vah Ho$ ZoVm Zht h¡ Eogm Zht h¡&

H$m¶©H$Vm© … H$m¶©H$Vm© … H$m¶©H$Vm© … H$m¶©H$Vm© … H$m¶©H$Vm© … H$m¶©H$Vm© g‘mOgodH$ H$r EH$ goZm

hr hmoZr Mm{h¶o& ¶h H$m¶©H$Vm© ^m‹S>o H$m Q>Åz> Zm hmo&

Cgo g‘mO CÞ{V H$s Mmh Am¡a AmñWm hmoZr Mm{h¶o&

H$m¶©H$Vm© ‘| ñdmW© Zm hmo Ed§ dh {~H$mD$ Zm hmo&

(M[aÌ I§S> …5, I¡a‘moS>o, n¥.89)

ZoVm Am¡a H$m¶©H$Vm© ¶o B§OZ d n{h¶o g‘mZ hmoVo

h¡& XmoZmo§ KQ>H$ EH$XÿOo na {Z ©a h¡& h‘mao AmÝXmobZ

Ho$ H$m¶©H$Vm©Am| Ho$ nmg goZm Zht h¡& g¢H$‹S>mo hOmamo

H$m¶©H$Vm© H$s OéaV h¢& do à{e{jV hmo& {dMmag§{hV

Ed§ AmMmag§{hVm CZHo$ nmg hmoZr Mm{h¶o& H$m¶©H$Vm©

Ho$ à{ejU H$s gw{dYm hmoZr Mm{h¶o& Bg Vah H$m

à{e{jV, Ë¶mJr Am¡a g‘mOgodm H$mo g‘{n©V H$m¶©H$Vm©

H$ht ^r hmo CgHo$ ‘wI go g§KQ>Zm Ho$ bú¶, CÔoí¶

H$s hr mfm {ZH$bo§& ¶hr H$m¶©H$Vm© g‘mO Ho$ A§{V‘

N>moa VH$ ~m~mgmh~ Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ H«$m§{V {dMma boH$a

Om¶oJm& H$m¶©H$Vm© ‘m‘ybr MrO Zht h¡& g‘mO H«$m§{V

H$s à{H«$¶m ‘| CgHo$ ~J¡a Jm‹S>r AmJo ~‹T>Zo dmbr Zht

h¡&

EH$OyQ> {H$g {H$g H$s?EH$OyQ> {H$g {H$g H$s?EH$OyQ> {H$g {H$g H$s?EH$OyQ> {H$g {H$g H$s?EH$OyQ> {H$g {H$g H$s?

gånyU© Aå~oS>H$ar OZVm ‘| EH$Vm hmoZr Mm{h¶o&

Aå~oS>H$ar OZVm H$s$ CnOm{V¶m± àW‘ ZîQ> hmoZm

Oéar h¡& Bg g§X © ‘| ~m~mgmh~ Zo H$m Wm&

""h‘mar OZVm Om{V oX H$s {~‘mar go J«ñV h¡,

¶h Xþ…I H$s ~mV h¡& {Og Vah AmO AÝ¶ H$mo

Añn¥í¶Vm d oX^md ZîQ> H$aZo H$s ‘m±J H$aVo hmo

Cgr Vah Amngr Om{V oX ZîQ> H$aZm ¶h AmnH$s

{Oå‘oXmar h¡&'' (I§S> 2, g§nm.Jm§Oao, n. 163)

AmO Aå~oS>H$ar OZVm H$s Anàd¥{Îm H$mo

{dg{O©V H$a EH$rH$aU H$aZo H$s OéaV h¡ qH$Vw AmO

Ho$ g§X © BVZo ~Xb MwHo$ h¡ {H$ AmO ’°${gP‘ C^aH$a

AmZo Ho$ g§Ho$V ZOa Am aho h¡& Bg{bE ^Q>Ho$-

{d‘w³V Am{Xdmgr, ‘wpñb‘-{¼íMZ Am¡a ~hþOZ

g‘mO BZ g~ H$mo Aå~S>H$ar AmÝXmobZ, Secularg‘mOH«$m§{V Ho$ {ZemZ Vbo EH$ hmoZo H$s OéaV h¡&


h[aOZm| (ANy>Vm|) H$s pñW{VA{^boIA{^boIA{^boIA{^boIA{^boI-Oo.EM.hQ>Z

AZwdmXH$-‘§JbZmW qgh

Bg n[a{eîQ> H$s {df¶-dñVw ‘oar [anmoQ>© Am°Z{X g|gg Am’$ B§{S>¶m Ho$ n[a{eîQ> go br JB© h¡& Cgon[a{eîQ> H$s g§jon ‘| {X¶m J¶m h¡, [H§$Vw Xÿgao n[adV©ZZht {H$¶o J¶o h¢& ¶hm± 1931 Ho$ ~mX H$s KQ>ZmAm|na {dMma Zht {H$¶m J¶m h¡& qH$Vw 1931 go 1941Ho$ ~rM O~ OmnmZ go ¶wÕ {N>‹S>m BZ Om{V¶m| H$spñW{V ‘| H$moB© Img ’$H©$ Zhr hþAm h¡& ¶h ¶wÕg‘má hmoZo Ho$ ~mX go n[adV©Z H$s J{V g§ dV… VoOahr h¡& qH$Vw ^maV pñWV bmoJm| go nÌ-ì¶dhma Am¡a^maVr¶ nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm|o ‘| àH$m{eV boIm| Ho$ O[a¶oOmo Hw$N> ‘mby‘ hmo gH$m h¡, Cggo ñnîQ> h¡ {H$n[adV©Z H$s ¶h J{V O¡gm {H$ ~hþV go ^maVr¶MmhVo h¢, CZH$s Amem go H$‘ VoO h¡& {deofH$a CZBbmH$m| ‘| Omo Xÿa XamO n‹S>Vo h¢ Am¡a Ohm± g§Mma-ì¶dñWm Yr‘r h¡, Z¶o H$mZyZm| Ho$ {Z‘m©U Am¡a h[aOZm|H$s öX¶ go ‘XX H$aZo H$s H$mo{eem|, {deofH$a Ho$ÝÐr¶gaH$ma H$s H$mo{eem| Ho$ ~mdOyX n[adV©Z H$s ‘mÌmZJÊ¶ O¡gr h¡ qH$Vw BgHo$ gmW hr EH$ ~‹S>r ‘hÎdnyU©Am¡a AmíM¶©OZH$ ~mV ¶h hþB© {H$ ^maV H$m Omog§{dYmZ ~Zm, g§{dYmZ-g^m ‘| CgH$m H$U©Yma ñd¶§EH$ h[aOZ ì¶p³V Wm& ¶h ~mV ^{dî¶ Ho$ {bEdmñV{dH$ Am¡a ^mar ‘hÎd H$s ~mV h¡&

‘ybV… Ag‘ Ho$ OZJUZm AYrjH$ Zo qhXÿ-Om{V¶m| ‘| h[aOZm| Ho$ {bE ({OÝh| Bg nwñVH$ Ho$A§J«Or g§ñH$aU ‘| B³ñQ>r[a¶a H$mñQ²>g H$hm h¡)àM{bV S>ràoñS> (X{bV) eãX Ho$ ñWmZ na"B³ñQ>r[a¶a' eãX Ho$ à¶moJ H$m gwPmd {X¶m Wm Am¡a[anmoQ>© ‘| Bgr eãX H$m BñVo‘mb hþAm h¡ ³¶m|{H$ ¶h

X{bV dJ© go A{YH$ g§VmofOZH$ g‘Pm J¶m& Bg"B³ñQ>r[a¶a' eãX na ^r Amn{Îm H$s J¶r h¡& H$hmJ¶m h¡ {H$ ¶h "AmCQ> H$mñQ>' hr hþAm& hm§, Bg‘|VrZ Ho$ ~Xbo nm§M {gb~b{gb~b{gb~b{gb~b{gb~b (Aja) h¢& {H$ÝVw Bgna nwamZm "AmCQ>' hr N>nm hþAm h¡& {H$ÝVw h‘mamAZwamoY ¶h h¡ {H$ Outcaste ‘| Outcast H$m hr^md h¡, hm§ {g’©$ ’$H©$ BVZm h¡ {H$ Xÿgao ‘| e Zht h¡&{H$ÝVw Outcaste H$m AW© ¶hr h¡ {H$ ¶o qhXÿ g‘mO‘| ñdrH¥$V Zht h¡& qH$Vw ì¶dhma ‘| Exterior castes(h[aOZm|)‘| do bmoJ ^r em{‘b h¡ {OÝh| Om{V Ho${Z¶‘m| Ho$ Cëb§KZ Ho$ H$maU qhXÿ g‘mO go {ZH$mb{X¶m J¶m h¡ Bg{bE Hw$N> AWm] ‘| Outcaste Am¡aOutcast n¶m©¶dmMr h¡ Am¡a Outcast Ho$ gmW OmoAn‘mZ H$m ^md Ow‹S>m h¡ Cggo Outcaste eãX ^rZht ~M nm¶m h¡& Bg{bE BgHo$ ñWmZ na Exte-rior eãX Hoo$ BñVo‘mb go Cg Xmof H$m ^r ‘mO©Z hmoOmVm h¡& (‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr Zo BZHo$ {bE h[aOZ eãXH$m BñVo‘mb H$a Bg nyar H$ënZm H$mo hr Z¶m Am¶m‘Xo {X¶m h¡-AZw.) BZHo$ {bE H$^r H$^r AdU©AdU©AdU©AdU©AdU© eãXH$m BñVo‘mb hmoVm h¡ Omo Bgr AW© H$mo A{^ì¶³VH$aVm h¡&

^maV gaH$ma Zo 1931 H$s OZJUZm Ho$ {bEOmo {hXm¶V| Xr Wr CZHo$ AÝV ‘| H$hm J¶m Wm…

""^maV gaH$ma ¶h r MmhVr h¡ {H$ Eogr gyMZmE§^r EH$Ì H$s Om¶ Omo {nN>‹S>o Am¡a X{bVdJm] Ho$g§~§Y ‘| ~ohVa OmZH$mar XoZo Am¡a dV©‘mZ ‘| Am¡a^{dî¶ ‘| CZHo$ H$ë¶mU H$s g‘ñ¶mAm| Ho$ g‘mYmZ‘| ghm¶H$ hm|&

{Q>ßnUr {Q>ßnUr {Q>ßnUr {Q>ßnUr {Q>ßnUr …- àñVwV AmboI EH$ A{^boI h¡& OZJUZm H${‘íZa (VËH$mbrZ) Zo harOZ eãX H$m à¶moJ {H$¶mh¡ {OgH$m Ame¶ ANy>V h¡& h‘ ¶hm± ‘yb nmR> Xo aho h¡&


Bg g§~§Y ‘| 1931 H$s ^maV OZJUZm Ho$AYrjH$m| H$mo ZrMo {bIr {hXm¶‘| Omar H$s J¶r…

Bg CÔoí¶ H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE ¶h Amdí¶H$ hmoJm{H$ Eogr Om{V¶m| H$s gyMr V¡¶ma H$s Om¶ {OÝh|Eogr Om{V¶m| H$s gyMr V¡¶ma H$s Om¶ {OÝh|Eogr Om{V¶m| H$s gyMr V¡¶ma H$s Om¶ {OÝh|Eogr Om{V¶m| H$s gyMr V¡¶ma H$s Om¶ {OÝh|Eogr Om{V¶m| H$s gyMr V¡¶ma H$s Om¶ {OÝh|

X{bVdJm] ‘| ew‘ma {H$¶m Om gHo$&X{bVdJm] ‘| ew‘ma {H$¶m Om gHo$&X{bVdJm] ‘| ew‘ma {H$¶m Om gHo$&X{bVdJm] ‘| ew‘ma {H$¶m Om gHo$&X{bVdJm] ‘| ew‘ma {H$¶m Om gHo$& AV… g^r gy~m|H$mo H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ do AnZo gy~o Ho$ {bE EH$ EogrgyMr V¡¶ma H$a|& Bg Vah H$s gyMr V¡¶ma H$aZo ‘|~hþV ~‹S>r H${R>ZmB¶m± h¡ Am¡a X{bV dJm] H$s EogrgyMr V¡¶ma H$aZo ‘| Omo H${R>ZmB¶m§ g‘yMo ^maV Ho${bE bmJy hm| do Ab§¿¶ h¢&''

BgHo$ ~mX ZrMo {bIr EH$ {hXm¶V {ZH$br …""‘¢Zo X{bV Om{V¶m| H$s ì¶m»¶m H$aVo hþE H$hm

h¡ {H$ ¶o do Om{V¶m§ h¡ {OZHo$ ñne© go gdU© qhXþAm|H$mo ñZmZm{X H$a ewÕ hmoZo H$s Amdí¶H$Vm hmoVr h¡&h‘mam ¶h A{^àm¶ Zht h¡ {H$ Bg ímãX H$mo ì¶dgm¶m|Ho$ g§X © ‘| b|& {H$ÝVw BgH$m g§~§Y CZ Om{V¶m| go h¡{OZH$mo qhXÿ-g‘mO ‘| CZH$s na§namJV pñW{V Ho$H$maU Hw$N> A¶mo½¶VmAm| H$m gm‘Zm H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡;CXmhaUmW© CÝh| ‘pÝXam| ‘| àdoe Zht {X¶m OmVm Wm{OÝh| n¥WH²$ Hw$Am| H$m BñVo‘mb H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ ¶m{OÝh| ñ³ybm| ‘|o AÝ¶ ~ƒm| Ho$ gmW Zht ~¡R>Zo {X¶mOmVm, Am¡a CÝh| ^dZ go ~mha ahZm n‹S>Vm h¡ ¶m OmoBgr àH$ma H$s A¶mo½¶VmAm| H$m {eH$ma h¢& ¶oA¶mo½¶VmE§ ^maV Ho$ {d{^Þ ^mJm| ‘| KQ>Vr-~‹T>VrahVr h¢& ¶o X{jU ^maV ‘| AÝ¶ ^mJm| H$s AnojmA{YH$ H$R>moa h¢& {H$ÝVw {’$a ^r Omo Om{V¶m§ Bg dJ©‘| AmVr h¢ CZH$m kmZ Am‘Vm¡a na g^r H$mo h¡ Am¡a^maV Ho$ A{YH$m§e ^mJm| ‘| EH$ {ZpíMV BbmHo$ Ho${bE BZH$s gyMr V¡¶ma H$s Om gH$Vr h¡& hm§, ¶hg§ d h¡ {H$ ¶o gy{M¶m§ g‘yMo ^maV Ho$ {bE g‘mZ Zhm|&''

OZJUZm ewé hmoZo go nyd© OZdar 1931 ‘|OZJUZm Ho$ g^r AYrjH$m| H$s EH$ ~¡R>H$ ‘| Eogrgy{M¶m§ V¡¶ma H$aZo Ho$ àíZ na {dMma {H$¶m J¶m&

Bg ~mV na gh‘{V hþB© {H$ ha gy~o ‘| Eogr Om{V¶m|H$s EH$ gyMr V¡¶ma H$s OmEJr {OZH$mo g‘mO ‘|CZH$s ZrMr h¡{g¶V H$s dOh go A¶mo½¶Vm H$m gm‘ZmH$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Am¡a CÝh| ‘§{Xam|, ñHy$bm|, Hw$Am| Ho$BñVo‘mb go amoH$m OmVm h¡& X{bV Om{V¶m| H$s H$moB©©Img n[a^mfm {ZYm©[aV Zht H$s J¶r Am¡a Bg g§~§Y‘| OZJUZm AYrjH$m| H$mo H$moB© Z¶o AmXoe Zht {X¶oJ¶o ³¶m|{H$ ¶h ñnîQ> AZw d {H$¶m J¶m {H$ EH$àm§V go Xÿgao àm§V H$s pñW{V AbJ-AbJ h¡& ¶hm±VH$ {H$ Hw$N> àm§Vm| ‘| Vmo EH$ {Obo go Xÿgao {Obo H$spñW{V AbJ h¡& Bg{bE AYrjH$m| H$mo N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r~mVm| Ho$ ~mao ‘| {hXm¶V| XoH$a ~m§Y XoZm ~w{Õ‘Îmm nyU©Z hmoJm& Bg H$m¶© Ho$ {bE à{H«$¶m ¶h {ZYm©[aV H$sJ¶r {H$ ñWmZr¶ Om§M go nVm bJm¶m Om¶ {H$ {H$ZOm{V¶m| H$mo X{bV ‘mZVo h¢ Am¡a ³¶m| Am¡a VXZwgmagyMr V¡¶ma H$s Om¶& ¶h {ZpíMV {H$¶m J¶m {H$‘wgb‘mZm| Am¡a BgmB¶m| H$mo "X{bVdJ©' ‘| Z aImOm¶& Am¡a Am‘Vm¡a na nhm‹S>r Am¡a dÝ¶ OZ-Om{V¶m|H$mo Omo qhXÿ Zht h¡ {H$ÝVw {OZH$m Y‘© "H$~m¶br'{bIm¶m Om¶, CÝh| ^r Bg gyMr ‘| em{‘b Z {H$¶mOm¶& ZrMo h[aOZm| H$s Omo g§»¶m Xr J¶r h¡ Cg‘|BZ {gÕm§Vm| H$m nmbZ {H$¶m J¶m h¡& ‘Vm{YH$ma(Franchise) g{‘{V H$mo Ag‘ àm§V Ho$ X{bVAm¡a {nN>‹S>o dJ© Ho$ ~mao ‘| EH$ ZmoQ> C³V àm§V Ho$OZJUZm AYrjH$ Zo {X¶m Wm& Bggo ñnîQ> hmo OmEJm{H$ {H$g àH$ma BZ {gÕmVm| na A‘b H$aZm Wm Am¡aCZ na OZJUZm AYrjH$m| Zo A‘b {H$¶m& BgH$m{ZMmo‹S> Bg n[a{eîQ> Ho$ A§V ‘| Xo {X¶m J¶m h¡&

gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ XmoZm| H$maUm| go ¶hAmdí¶H$ h¡ {H$ Bg dJ© H$s Om{V¶m| H$s g§»¶mg‘yMo ^maV ‘| {H$VZr h¡ BgH$m nVm bJm¶m Om¶&¶hr Zht, ha àm§V ‘| BZH$s g§»¶m H$m ^r nVmbJmZm Amdí¶H$ h¡& ¶h àH$aU amOZr{V Ho$ joÌ ‘|¶h àH$aU amOZr{V Ho$ joÌ ‘|¶h àH$aU amOZr{V Ho$ joÌ ‘|¶h àH$aU amOZr{V Ho$ joÌ ‘|¶h àH$aU amOZr{V Ho$ joÌ ‘|

CZHo$ à{V{Z{YËd H$s ÑpîQ> go hr ‘hÎdnyU© Zht h¡,CZHo$ à{V{Z{YËd H$s ÑpîQ> go hr ‘hÎdnyU© Zht h¡,CZHo$ à{V{Z{YËd H$s ÑpîQ> go hr ‘hÎdnyU© Zht h¡,CZHo$ à{V{Z{YËd H$s ÑpîQ> go hr ‘hÎdnyU© Zht h¡,CZHo$ à{V{Z{YËd H$s ÑpîQ> go hr ‘hÎdnyU© Zht h¡,


~pëH$ {nN>‹S>onZ go BZHo$ CËWmZ Ho$ {bE Vm{H$ ¶o~pëH$ {nN>‹S>onZ go BZHo$ CËWmZ Ho$ {bE Vm{H$ ¶o~pëH$ {nN>‹S>onZ go BZHo$ CËWmZ Ho$ {bE Vm{H$ ¶o~pëH$ {nN>‹S>onZ go BZHo$ CËWmZ Ho$ {bE Vm{H$ ¶o~pëH$ {nN>‹S>onZ go BZHo$ CËWmZ Ho$ {bE Vm{H$ ¶o

CÞV gm‘m{OH$ g‘wXm¶m| Ho$ ~am~a Am Om±E Omo ^rCÞV gm‘m{OH$ g‘wXm¶m| Ho$ ~am~a Am Om±E Omo ^rCÞV gm‘m{OH$ g‘wXm¶m| Ho$ ~am~a Am Om±E Omo ^rCÞV gm‘m{OH$ g‘wXm¶m| Ho$ ~am~a Am Om±E Omo ^rCÞV gm‘m{OH$ g‘wXm¶m| Ho$ ~am~a Am Om±E Omo ^r

à¶ËZ {H$¶o Om¶|Jo Cg Vah Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ H$m¶m] Ho$à¶ËZ {H$¶o Om¶|Jo Cg Vah Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ H$m¶m] Ho$à¶ËZ {H$¶o Om¶|Jo Cg Vah Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ H$m¶m] Ho$à¶ËZ {H$¶o Om¶|Jo Cg Vah Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ H$m¶m] Ho$à¶ËZ {H$¶o Om¶|Jo Cg Vah Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ H$m¶m] Ho$

{bE ^r BgH$m ‘hÎd h¡&{bE ^r BgH$m ‘hÎd h¡&{bE ^r BgH$m ‘hÎd h¡&{bE ^r BgH$m ‘hÎd h¡&{bE ^r BgH$m ‘hÎd h¡&gZ² 1921 Ho$ OZJUZm-Am¶w³V Zo (g§ogg

Am’$ B§{S>¶m, 1921 ^mJ - I, I§S> - I, n¡am 193){d{^Þ àmÝVm| ‘o§ X{bV dJ© Ho$ bmoJm| H$s g§»¶m,52,680,000 Xr Wr& Bgo CÝhm|Zo H$‘ go H$‘~Vbm¶m Wm& CZH$m H$hZm Wm {H$ ¶h g§»¶m H$‘AZw‘mZ h¡ ³¶m|{H$ Bg‘| Eogo ~hþV go bmoJ em{‘bZht {H$¶o J¶o h¢ {OÝh| em{‘b H$aZm Mm{hE Wm& doH$hVo h¡… ""h‘ n³Ho$ {dídmg go H$h gH$Vo h¡ {H$g‘yMo ^maV ‘| Eogo X{bV dJmoª Ho$ bmoJm| H$s g§»¶m5,1/2 go 6 H$amo‹S> Ho$ ~rM h¡ {OZH$mo Añn¥í¶‘mZm OmVm h¡&'' OZJUZm Am¶w³V Zo BZH$s g§»¶m5,1/4 H$amo‹S> Xr Wr Cg‘| go 4 H$amo‹S> n¡Vrg bmIo[~«{Q>e ^maV ‘§o Wo& ¶h g§»¶m VH$ar~Z dhr h¡{OVZr 1919 ‘| ‘Vm{YH$ma g{‘{V Zo ~Vbm¶r Wr&C³V g{‘{V Zo BZH$s g§»¶m 4 H$amo‹S> 20 bmI XrWr& Zm¶a Ho$ÝÐr¶ g{‘{V Zo 1929 ‘| {~«{Q>e ^maV‘| X{bVdJm] H$s g§»¶m 4 H$amo‹S> 45 bmI Xr Wr&Am¶w³V Ûmam Xr J¶r BZH$s g§»¶m Am¡a Bg g§»¶m ‘|Á¶mXm ’$H©$ Zht h¡& {H$ÝVw hQ>m}J g{‘{V Zo BZH$sg§»¶m H$ar~ 3 H$amo‹S> Xr Wr {Oggo Bg g§»¶m ‘|H$m’$s A§Va h¡& Om{ha h¡ {H$ A~ g‘¶ Am J¶m h¡{H$ O~ BZH$s g§»¶m Ho$ ~mao ‘| Omo AZw‘mZ bJm¶oJ¶o h¡ CZgo AmJo BZH$s Am¡a {ZpíMV g§»¶m H$m nVmbJm¶m Om¶& qH$Vw BZH$s ghr-ghr g§»¶m {H$VZrh¡, BgH$m {ZíM¶ H$aZo Ho$ ‘mJ© ‘|o ~hþV gr H${R>ZmB¶m±h¢&

X{bV dJm] H$s g§»¶m H$m nVm bJmZo Ho$ {bEOéar h¡ {H$ "X{bV' H$s n[a^mfm H$s Om¶& qH$Vw ¶hEH$ H${R>Z H$m¶© h¡& Bg g§~§Y ‘| ZrMo {bIo g§ m{dV‘mnX§S>m| na {dMma H$aZm hmoJm…

1 ³¶m ñdÀN> ~«m÷U Cg Om{V ¶m dJ© H$mnm¡amo{hË¶m{X H$m¶© H$aVm h¡?

2. ³¶m ZmB©, H$hma, XOu Am{X Omo gdU© qhXþAm|H$m H$m‘ H$aVo h¢ do CZH$m H$m‘ H$aVo h¢ ¶mZht?

3. ³¶m Cg Om{V ¶m dJ© Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo Añn¥í¶‘mZVo h¢?

4. ³¶m Cg Om{V ¶m dJ© Ho$ hmW ¶m nmZr gdU©qhXÿ nrVo h¢ ¶m Zht?

5. ³¶m Cg Om{V ¶m dJ© Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo gmd©O{ZH$gw{dYmAm|, O¡go g‹S>H$m|, KmQ>m|, Hw$Am| ¶m ñHy$bm|Ho$ BñVo‘mb na ‘Zmhr h¡?

6. ³¶m Cg Om{V ¶m dJ© H$mo qhXÿ-‘pÝXam| Ho$BñVo‘mb H$s ‘Zmhr h¡?

7. ³¶m Am‘ ì¶dhma ‘| Cg Om{V ¶m dJ© Ho$ bmoJm|H$mo CZHo$ g‘mZ ¶mo½¶Vm dmbm {e{jV CƒOm{V H$m qhXÿ ~am~ar H$m XOm© XoVm h¡ ¶m Zht?

8. ³¶m dh Om{V ¶m dJ© ‘mÌ AnZo AkmZ,{ZajaVm ¶m Jar~r Ho$ H$maU X{bV ‘mZm OmVmh¡, Amoa ¶{X Eogm Z hmo Vmo ³¶m Cgo {H$gr àH$maH$s A¶mo½¶Vm H$m gm‘Zm Zht H$aZm hmoJm?

9. ³¶m dh Om{V AnZo noeo Ho$ H$maU X{bV ‘mZrOmVr h¡ Am¡a ¶{X dh Cg noeo H$mo N>mo‹S> Xo Vmo³¶m Cgo CZ A¶mo½¶VmAm| H$m gm‘Zm Zht H$aZmn‹S>oJm?ñnîQ> h¡ {H$ BZ ‘mnX§S>m| ‘| H$B© Eogo h¡ {OZ‘|

Hw$N> KQ>H$ AkmV h¢& O¡go ñdÀN> ~«m÷U H$m¡Z h¡?D§$Mr Om{V H$m¡Z h¡ Am¡a H$m¡Z ZrMr? BZHo$ ~rM H$s{d^mOZ aoIm ³¶m h¡ ³¶m|{H$ ¶o XmoZm| {deofUVwbZmË‘H$ h¢& Añn¥í¶Vm ³¶m h¡? ‘§{Xa Ho$ BñVo‘mbH$m A{YH$ma ³¶m h¡ ³¶m|{H$ ‘§{Xam§o Ho$ ~mao ‘| ^rlo{U¶m§ h¢& Hw$N> H$mo ‘§{Xa Ho$ àm§JU VH$ OmZo H$mA{YH$ma h¡ Am¡aH$ wN> ‘§{Xa VH$ nhþ±M hr Zht gH$Vo&Bg ~mV H$m {ZíM¶ H$aZo ‘| {H$ h[aOZ H$m¡Z h¡,


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A§J Zht ~Z OmVo do {H$gr A¶mo½¶Vm Ho$ {eH$ma Zhth¢& Bgr àH$ma Oam¶‘ noem OZ Om{V¶m| H$mo ^r BggyMr ‘| V~ VH$ em{‘b Zht {H$¶m J¶m h¡ O~ VH${H$ CZH$s AdñWm Eogr Z ahr hmo {H$ ¶{X do AnZmAnamY noem N>mo‹S> XoZo Am¡a em§{V nyU© OrdZ {~VmZona ^r AnZo noeo Ho$ H$b§H$ Ho$ H$maU Zht ~pëH$AnZr gm‘m{OH$ h¡{g¶V Ho$ H$maU X{bV Z ‘mZoOm¶|& Hw$N> Eogr ^r Om{V¶m§ h¡ {OÝh| gdU© qhXÿAm¡nMm[aH$ én ‘| ANy>V ‘mZVo h¢& Am¡a CZHo$ hmWH$m nmZr Zht nrVo qH$Vw BZ Om{V¶m| Ho$ Eogo ‘O~yVg§KQ>Z h¡ Am¡a BZ‘| Eogo ~hþV go g§ «mÝV Am¡a {e{jVbmoJ h¢ {H$ CÝhm|Zo AnZr gm‘m{OH$ h¡{g¶V D±$MrH$a br h¡ Am¡a BZHo$ {bE {H$gr Img gm‘m{OH$,amOZr{VH$ ¶m Ym{‘©H$ g§ajU H$s Amdí¶H$Vm Zhth¡& BÝht ~mVm| H$mo Ü¶mZ ‘| aIVo hþE H$moMrZ [a¶mgVHo$ OZJUZm AYrjH$ Zo B©S>§wdZ H$mo X{bVm| ‘| em{‘bZht {H$¶m& ~§Jmb Am¡a Ag‘ Ho$ gmhm, Vobm|, Am¡a‘{hß¶ Vmo ñd¶§ X{bVm| H$s gyMr ‘| em{‘b hmoZo H$m{damoY H$aVo aho&1

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Hw$Am| Ho$ BñVo‘mb H$s MMm© D$na Am¶r h¡& ¶hA¶mo½¶Vm A{YH$ joÌ ‘| ’¡$br h¡ Am¡a dmñV{dH$ én‘| H$îQ>H$a h¡& g‹S>H$m| Ho$ BñVo‘mb na ¶{X H$ht amoH$hmo Vmo Cggo H$‘ H$îQ>àX ¶h Zht h¡& Am‘Vm¡a naOhm± h[aOZm| Zo gmd©O{ZH$ Hw$Am| Ho$ BñVo‘mb H$mA{YH$ma bo {b¶m h¡ dhm± gdU© qhXþAm| Zo CZ Hw$Am|H$m BñVo‘mb hr ~§X H$a {X¶m h¡& Hw$Am| Ho$ ~mao ‘|ewîH$ BbmH|$ ‘| Ohm§ nmZr H$s H$‘r h¡, h[aOZm| H$moA{YH$ H${R>ZmB¶m| H$m gm‘Zm H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡& Ag‘‘| ¶h H${R>ZmB© Eogr Zht h¡ {OgH$m {OH«$ {H$¶m OmgHo$& ~§Jmb ‘| Ohm± Hw$Am| Ho$ nmZr H$s OéaV n‹S>Vrh¡ dhm§ Bg H${R>ZmB© H$mo Xÿa H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$moB© gdU©qhXÿ Hw$E| go nmZr ItMH$a h[aOZm| H$mo Xo XoVm h¡& BgàH$ma H$s ì¶dñWm ‘| Hw$N> Im{‘¶m§ h¡& qH$Vw ¶hCVZr J§ ra Zht h¡ {OVZr CÎmar Am¡a X{jUr ^maV‘| ar{V[admOm| Ho$ H$maU h¢& BZ BbmH|$ ‘| Vmo gdU©qhXþAm| H$mo Cg Hw$E± H$m nmZr nrZo H$m {ZfoY h¡{OgH$m h[aOZ BñVo‘mb H$aVo h¢& ¶hr ~mVY‘©embmAm| Am¡a í‘emZm| Am¡a H$~«Jmhm| Ho$ BñVo‘mbH$aZo Ho$ ~mao ‘| h¡& h[aOZm|, H$mo Hw$Am| H$s hr ^m±{VBZHo$ BñVo‘mb H$s ‘Zmhr h¡&

Ohm± VH$ ñHy$bm| H$m àíZ h¡ ~§~B© Ho$ {ejm{d^mJ Ho$ {ZXoeH$ Zo 1928-29 Ho$ ~mao ‘| [anmoQ>©XoVo g‘¶ {bIm {H$ {H$gr ^r ñWmZr¶ {ZH$m¶ Ho$ñHy$bm| ‘| h[aOZm| Ho$ ~ƒm| H$m àdoe ‘Zm Zht H$aVo&hm§, BgHo$ AndmX h¢… aËZm{J[a {Obm ~moS>©, Zm{gH${Obm ~moS>© (Hw$N> ñHy$bm| ‘|) Am¡a Ah‘Xm~mX Am¡agyaV Ho$ {Obm ~moS>m] Ho$ ñHy$& Ah‘Xm~mX Am¡a gyaVHo$ {Obm| ‘| {dÚmWu Am‘Vm¡a na ‘§{Xam|, Y‘©embmAm|


Am¡a bmoJm| Ho$ {ZOr Kam| ‘| ~¡R>Vo h¡§& BZ‘| X{bV dJm]Ho$ ~ƒm| Ho$ àdoe na bmoJm| Zo EVamO {H$¶o, qH$VwO~ CZgo H$hm J¶m {H$ ¶{X do Eogm H$a|Jo Vmo ñHy$bm|H$mo Omo gaH$mar AZwXmZ {‘bVo h¡ ~§X H$a {X¶o Om¶|Jo,Vmo bmoJm| Zo EVamO dmng bo {bE& gdUm] Zo EVamOdmng Vmo bo {b¶o, na BgH$m Aga {H$VZm n‹S>m, ¶hg§XohmñnX hr h¡& H$‘ go H$‘ gyaV ‘| EH$ OJh Vmoh[aOZm| Zo gdUm] Ho$ AàË¶j X~mdm| Ho$ H$maU ñHy$bm|go AnZo ~ƒo dmng ~wbm {b¶o& Bgr àH$ma ~hþV~ma Vmo X{bV dJ© Ho$ ~ƒo ñHy$b Ho$ ~mha ~¡R>Zm hrngÝX H$aVo h¢& ¶{X do ^rVa ~¡R>o Vmo CZH$m ~m¶H$mQ>{H$¶m OmVm h¡ Am¡a CÝh| ñHy$b N>mo‹S>Zo H$mo ~mÜ¶ H$aXoVo h¢& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE Io‹S>m H$s ZJanm{bH$m Ho$ñHy$b ‘| Hw$N> T>o‹S> ~ƒo AÝ¶ ~ƒm| Ho$ gmW ñHy$b ‘|~¡R>o& Io‹S>m ‘hË‘m Jm§Yr H$m H$m¶©-joÌ Wm& Bg{bEbmoJm| Zo Bg na EoVamO Vmo Zht {H$¶m, {H$ÝVw O~gdU© ~ƒm| Ho$ ‘mVm-{nVmAm| Zo ¶h gwZm Vmo CÝhm|ZoY‘H$s Xr {H$ ¶{X ñHy$b ‘| CZHo$ ~ƒo Ho$ gmW T>o‹S>m|Ho$ ~ƒo ^r ~¡R>|Jo Vmo do ñHy$b Am¡a AÜ¶mnH$m| XmoZm|H$m ~{hîH$ma H$a X|Jo, BgH$m ZVrOm ¶h hþAm {H$AJbo {XZ T>o‹S>m| Ho$ ~ƒm| H$mo ñHy$b Ho$ AhmVo ‘|AmZo go ‘Zm H$a {X¶m J¶m& CYa qgY Am¡a ~å~B© Ho$‘Ü¶ Am¡a X{jU Ho$ {S>{dOZm| ‘| ñWmZr¶ {ZH$m¶ Ho${H$gr ^r àmB‘ar ñHy$b ‘| X{bV dJm] Ho$ ~ƒm| Ho$àdoe na H$moB© à{V~§Y Zht h¡& Bgr àH$ma Ag‘ ‘|^r BZ ~ƒm| H$mo {H$gr Vah H$s H${R>ZmB© H$m gm‘ZmZht H$aZm n‹S>Vm& BgHo$ {dnarV maV Ho$ AÝ¶ mJm|‘| h[aOZm| H$mo ~å~B© H$s Anojm H$ht A{YH$H${R>ZmB¶m| H$m gm‘Zm H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡& X{jU ^maV‘| ZmJnQ>‘², Hw§$^H$moU‘², {VÞodopëb, H$moH$ZmS>,~oOdm‹S>m Am¡a Zagmnwa Ho$ {OZ ñHy$bm| ‘| h[aOZ-~ƒm| H$mo Zm‘ ‘mÌ H$m ^r àdoe {X¶m J¶m, dhm§gdU© {hÝXþAm| Ho$ ~ƒo n‹T>Zo Zht OmVo& VWm{n ‘Ðmg,‘Wwam, {edJ§Jm Am¡a Hw$N> Xÿgao ZJam| Ho$ Eogo ñHy$bm|

‘| ^r Omo X{bV dJm] Ho$ {bE {deofV… gwa{jV Zht{H$¶o J¶o Am¡a {OZH$m gdU© {hÝXþAm| Zo ~{hîH$maZht {H$¶m h¡ h[aOZm| Ho$ ~hþV go ~ƒo n‹T>Zo OmVo h¢&X{jU ^maV Ho$ A{YH$m§e ^mJm| ‘| A^r h[aOZm| Ho$~hþV go ~ƒo n‹T>Zo OmVo h¢& X{jU maV Ho$ A{YH$m§e^mJm| ‘| A^r h[aOZm| Ho$ {bE {deof ñHy$bm| Ho$à~§Y H$s Amdí¶H$Vm h¡ ³¶m|{H$ Cƒ Om{V¶m| H$sBZHo$ gmW AnZo ~ƒo n‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE amOr H$aZmg§ d Zht h¡& OwbmB© 1931 ‘| O~ ¶h {ZpíM¶{H$¶m J¶m {H$ gaH$mar ghm¶Vm àmá g^r ñHy$bm| ‘|h[aOZm| Ho$ ~ƒm| H$mo àdoe {X¶m OmEJm Vmo ~hþV goEogo ñHy$b ~§X hmo J¶o& Hw$N> Xÿgao ñHy$bm| go ^r D±$MrOm{V Ho$ qhXþAm| Zo AnZo ~ƒo dmng H$a {b¶o& BgrVah O~ ~‹S>moXm amÁ¶ ‘| 1931 ‘| n¥WH²$ ñHy$bm| H$sì¶dñWm IË‘ H$a Xr J¶r Vmo gdU© {hÝXþAm| ‘| ~hþVamof ’¡$bm& Hw$N> ñHy$bm| ‘| CÝhm|Zo AnZo ~ƒo oOZo~§X H$a {X¶o O~ {H$ Hw$N> ñWmZm| na Vmo CÝhm|Zoh[aOZm| H$s ’$ñb| ZîQ> H$a Xt ¶m Eogo Hw$Am| ‘| {‘Å>rH$m Vob S>mb {X¶m {OgH$m BñVo‘mb h[aOZ H$aVoh¢& ~§Jmb ‘| gZ² 1930 B©. ‘| J«m‘rU àmB‘ar {ejm{dYo¶H$ nmg hþAm& Bg {~b H$m gdU© qhXþAm| Zo{damoY {H$¶m Wm& ¶h H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ Bg {damoY Ho$nrN>o ^mdZm ¶h Wr {H$ AgdU© qhXþAm| Am¡a Jar~‘wgb‘mZm| H$mo {ejm Ho$ bm^ go d§{MV aIZm Mm{hE&BgHo$ {dnarV H$moMrZ amÁ¶ ‘| g^r {ejm g§ñWmAm|‘| h[aOZm| Ho$ àdoe H$s {Xem ‘| ~hþV Hw$N> {H$¶mJ¶m h¡& BgHo$ {bE H$^r H$^r Vmo ñHy$b H$mo hr XÿgarOJh bo OmZm n‹S>m& Hw$N> ‘m‘bm| ‘| Vmo BZ Om{V¶m|Ho$ gmW Xþì¶©dhma H$s {eH$m¶V ^r {‘br& qH$VwAm‘Vm¡a na {nN>bo XeH$ (1921-31) ‘| H$moMrZHo$ ñHy$bm| ‘| h[aOZ ~ƒm| H$s g§»¶m 1500 go~‹T>H$a 14,000 hmo J¶r& 1931 ‘| ‘mÝ¶Vm àmá700 ñHy$bm| ‘| {g’©$ 3 hr Eogo Wo Omo D±$Mr Om{V¶m|Ho$ {bE gwa{jV Wo& Bg amÁ¶ ‘| X{bV Am¡a {nN>‹So$


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1931 ‘| O~ JUZm hmoZr Wr Vmo amOZ¡{VH$gwYma hmoZo H$s à~b AmemE§ Wt& Bggo h[aOZ Om{V¶m|Ho$ ~ma ‘| ghr ghr [anmoQ>© àmá H$aZo H$m ‘m‘bmH$m’$s CbP J¶m Wm& AZoH$ nañna {damoYr ep³V¶m§g{H«$¶ Wr& h[aOZm| ‘| ~hþV go bmoJm| Ho$ ‘Z ‘| Bg^md H$m CR>Zm ñdm^m{dH$ Wm {H$ do H¡$go AnZrgm‘m{OH$ h¡{g¶V D§$Mr H$a|& Bg{bE do AnZo H$modh ~VbmZm MmhVo Wo Vmo CZHo$ n‹S>mogr CÝh| Zht‘mZVo Wo& BÝht n[apñW{V¶m| ‘| qhXÿ ‘hmg^m Zo VmoEH$ Am§XmobZ hr N>o‹S> {X¶m {H$ g^r AnZo H$mo {g’©$qhXÿ {bIm¶|& BgHo$ gmW AnZr Om{V ¶m g§àXm¶ Ho${deofU bJmZo H$s OéaV Zht& 1928 ‘| ñd¶§ qhXÿ,‘hmg^m Zo EH$ àñVmd nmg H$a H$hm {H$ VWmH${WVAñn¥í¶m| H$mo AÝ¶ qhXþAm| H$s ^m§{V ñHy$bm| ‘| n‹T>Zo,g‹S>H$m| Am¡a ‘§{Xam| Ho$ BñVo‘mb H$m g‘mZ A{YH$mah¡& Bgr àñVmd ‘| nwamo{hVm|, ZmB¶m| Am¡a Ymo{~¶m| go¶h ^r H$hm J¶m Wm {H$ do Añn¥í¶m| H$s ^r godmH$a|& 1931 H$r OZJUZm ‘| AÝ¶ ~mVm| H$s Anojmg§ dV… amOZ¡{VH$ à^md AnojmH¥$V Jham n‹S>m& Bg


~mV Ho$ H$B© à¶ËZ hþE {H$ Añn¥í¶ AnZo H$mo {g’«$qhXÿ {bIdm¶o, Am¡a Hw$N> Zht& qH$Vw h[aOZ OmZVoWo {H$ ¶h ~mV ñd¶§ CZHo$ {hV ‘| hmoJr {H$ CZH$sg§»¶m H$m R>rH$ R>rH$ AmH$bZ hmo& BgHo$ gmW hr doBg ~mV Ho$ à{V ^r CXmgrZ Z Wo {H$ ¶{X X{bVOm{V¶m| ‘| A{YH$ go A{YH$ Om{V¶m| H$s JUZmhmoJr Vmo Bggo CZH$s gm‘y{hH$ g§ñWm Am¡a ‘hÎd ~‹T>OmEJm Am¡a A§VVmoJËdm BgH$m bm^ CÝh| {‘boJm&A§V… Ohm§ n§Om~ ‘| A{Ib maVr¶ lÕmZÝX X{bVdJ© {‘eZ h[aOZ Om{V¶m| H$mo "ANy>V' ¶m "X{bV'Ho$ ñWmZ na "Am¶© qhXÿ' {bImZo H$m AmJ«h H$a ahm

Wm, dht ñd¶§ BZ Om{V¶m| Ho$ ZoVm AnZo Om{V-BZ Om{V¶m| Ho$ ZoVm AnZo Om{V-BZ Om{V¶m| Ho$ ZoVm AnZo Om{V-BZ Om{V¶m| Ho$ ZoVm AnZo Om{V-BZ Om{V¶m| Ho$ ZoVm AnZo Om{V-

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1911 H$s OZJUZm go Añn¥í¶m| H$s g§»¶m Ho$ {ZYm©aÊm H$s ewéAmV hþB©& 1921 Am¡a1931 H$s OZJUZm ‘| ^r BZ {hXm¶Vm| Ho$ AZwnmbZ H$s H$mo{ee Omar aIr JB©&

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qH$Vw 1932 ‘| O~ bmo{W¶Z g{‘{V nwZJ©{R>V {dYmZ g^m Ho$ {bE ‘Vm{YH$ma Ho$ àíZna {dMma H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^maV AmB© Am¡a CgZo Om§M H$aZr ewé H$s V~ qhXþAm| Zo AMmZH$AnZo Voda ~Xb {XE Am¡a maV ‘| Añn¥í¶m| H$s g§»¶m Ho$ ~mao ‘| Omo Am§H$‹S>o gmB‘Z H$‘reZZo {XE Wo, CZH$mo ^maV ‘| Añn¥í¶m| H$s OZg§»¶m Ho$ ~mao ‘| ghr Am§H$‹S>m| Ho$ én ‘| ‘mZZo goB§H$ma H$a {X¶m& Hw$N> àm§Vm| ‘| Vmo qhXþAm| Zo ¶hm§ VH$ H$hm {H$ CZHo$ àm§V ‘| H$moB© Añn¥í¶ h¡hr Zht& BZH$m H$maU ¶h Wm {H$ V~ VH$ qhXþAm| H$mo Añn¥í¶m| H$s pñW{V H$mo Iwbo Am‘ñdrH$ma H$aZo Ho$ IVao H$m Ahgmg hmo MwH$m Wm, ³¶m|{H$ BgH$m ‘Vb~ ¶h Wm {H$ qhXþAm|H$mo OZg§»¶m Ho$ AmYma na {dYmZ g^m ‘§| {OVZm à{V{Z{YËd {‘bm hþAm Wm, CgH$m Hw$N>A§e CZgo {N>ZH$a Añn¥í¶m| H$mo {‘b OmEJm&

-S>m.Aå~oS>H$a g§nyU© dmL²>‘¶, IÊS>-9, n¥.23


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{^Þ dJ© Wo), ì¶mnmar5 Am¡a H$marJa6 H$m ApñVËdñdrH¥$V h¡& BZ dJm] H$s ‘m¡OyXJr Bg ~mV H$m g§Ho$VH$aVr h¡ {H$ EH$ Mm¡Wm dJ© ^r Wm Omo godH$ dJ© hmogH$Vm h¡& ¶o godH$ doVZ^moJr l{‘H$ AWdm Xmg(¶wÕ-~§Xr, G$U-Xmg Am{X) aho hm|Jo& ‘me©b ¶hH$h H$a CZH$m ApñVËd ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢ {H$ ‘mohZ-Omo-X‹S>mo Ho$ ~‹S>o ^dZm| Ho$ N>moQ>o H$‘ao Xmgm| AWdmnam{lV bmoJm|7 Ho$ {bE hþAm H$aVo Wo& h‘mam {dídmgh¡ {H$ BZ Kaoby-Xmgm| Am¡a godH$m| Ho$ A{V[a³V Hw$N>Xmg d¡V{ZH$ l{‘H$ ^r Wo, {OÝh| H|$Ðr¶ àm{YH$mar{Z¶w³V H$aVm Wm& ¶h Bg VÏ¶ go {gÕ hmo OmVm h¡{H$ ‘mohZ-Omo-Xm‹S>mo ‘| ahZo Ho$ H$‘am| H$s Xmo n§p³V¶m±{‘br h¢, Omo ~¡aH$m| go {‘bVr-OwbVr h¢& ¶o CZ JmobD±$Mr ~§{XH$mAm| H$s nm±M n§p³V¶m| Ho$ Adeofm| go~hþV Xÿa Zht {‘bo h¡ Ohm± AmoIbr-‘ygb go KmZ’$Q>H$m OmVm Wm& CZHo$ nmg hr AÞ §S>ma {‘bo h¢&¶o ahZo Ho$ H$‘ao EH$ Xrdma go {Kao h¢ Am¡a AbJ-AbJ ^mJm| ‘| ~±Q>o h¢, {OZ‘| go àË¶oH$ ‘§oo Xmo H$‘a|(¶m EH$ H$‘am Am¡a Am±JZ) h¢& BZ‘| Hw$N> H$m ’$e©Am§{eH$ én go BªQ>m| H$m ~Zm hþAm h¡& Vob-Ab-A‘aZm (Tel-el-Amarana) H$s ~¡aH$m| Ho$ gmW{‘bVo-OwbVo hmoZo go ìhrba (Wheeler) ‘mZVo h¢{H$ BZ‘| ahZo dmbo bmoJ Xmg ¶m Xmg g‘ñVa Ho$Wo&6

gmam§e ¶h h¡ {H$ Xmg-l‘ H$m ApñVËd qgYwgä¶Vm Ho$ ZJam| Am¡a Jm±dm| ‘| ahm hmoJm& ¶h YmaUmBg gä¶Vm (Am¡a A{YH$ ¶WmVÏ¶§nyd©H$ H$h| Vmo XmoZJam| H$s gä¶Vm) H$s Cg ¶wJ H$s AÝ¶ ZXr-KmQ>rgä¶VmAm| Ho$ gmW g‘Vm na AmYm[aV h¡& qH$VwBVZm hmoZo na ^r dñVwpñW{V ¶h h¡ {H$ qgYw gä¶VmHo$ H$moB© {b{IV à‘mU CnbãY Zht h¢& n[aUm‘ñdén,XmgàWm Ho$ ApñVËd Ho$ {df¶ ‘| A§{V‘ én go H$moB©VH©$ Zht {X¶m Om gH$Vm&

qgYw gä¶Vm H$m {dZme H¡$go hþAm Bg g§~§Y ‘|


Hw$N> ^r {ZpíMV én ‘| kmV Zht h¡& BgH$m H$maU³¶m Wm-¶wÕ, à~b eÌw H$m AmH«$‘U ¶m {’$a Ho$db~m‹T> ¶m g§H«$‘mH$ amoJ, O¡go àmH¥${VH$ àH$mon? Hw$N>^r {ZíM¶nyd©H$ Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm& VWm{n J{b¶m|‘§o {~Iar ApñW¶m± (ApñWqnOa) {‘bZo go (EH$ApñWqnOa go à~b AmKmVde ‘¥Ë¶w H$s nwpîQ> hmoVrh¡) eÌw Ho$ AmH«$‘U H$s n[aH$ënZm na {dídmg hmoZobJVm h¢ EH$ ~ma ¶h n[aH$ënZm ñdrH$ma H$a boZona Bg gd©Zme Ho$ AnamYr eÌw H$s ImoO H$aZmh‘mao {bE Amdí¶H$ hmo OmVm h¡& 1500 B©.ny. Ho$Amgnmg ^maV ‘| AmZo dmbo Am¶omª H$mo BgHo$ {bECÎmaXm¶r R>hamZo H$m bmo -g§daU H$a nmZm H${R>Zahm h¡&9 ¶hm± AmZo na ~gZo Ho$ {bE Am¶© Adí¶ hrCg g‘¶ Ho$ {Zdm{g¶m| Ho$ {déÕ b‹S>mB© H$aZo na{dde hþE hm|Jo&10 ¶hm± ñ‘aUr¶ h¡ {H$ Am¶m] H$m ZoVmnadVu H$mb ‘| XodVm én B§Ð H$mo nwa‘²-Xa (nwa§Xa)nwa‘²-Xa (nwa§Xa)nwa‘²-Xa (nwa§Xa)nwa‘²-Xa (nwa§Xa)nwa‘²-Xa (nwa§Xa)¶mZr ZJam| H$mo {dÜd§g H$aZo dmbm {deofU go A{^{hV{H$¶m OmVm h¡& AnZr Amao go h‘ BVZm H$h X| {H$¶{X G$½doX ‘| B§Ð H$mo ZJam| H$m {díd§gH$ nwa§Xa nwa§Xa nwa§Xa nwa§Xa nwa§Xa H$hmJ¶m h¡, Vmo CgHo$ eÌwAm| H$mo "AZmg...' Zm{gH$mhrZ~Vm¶m J¶m h¡& bo{H$Z ‘mohZ-Omo-Xm‹S>mo ‘| {‘brApñW¶m| Am¡a ApñWqnOam| go {H$gr EH$ Om{V-dJ©H$s àYmZVm Zht {XImB© XoVr& Xÿgar Amoa CZgo Om{V-{‘lU àH$Q> hmoVm h¡& g‘mO ‘| {ZpíMV én go H$B©Om{V¶m| Ho$ bmoJ Wo& ApñWqnOam| Ho$ Adeof Am¡a‘y{V©¶m± {Zñg§Xoh emar[aH$ ÑpîQ> go {^Þ dJm] H$s h¡&11

{’$a ^r O~ VH$ H$moB© AÝ¶ Eogm {gÕm§V Z hmo Omog‘mZ én go ghr bJo, Bg A§{V‘ {gÕm§V H$moH$m‘MbmD$ AZw‘mZ Ho$ én ‘| ñdrH¥$V H$a boZmMm{hE&12

Bg gä¶Vm Ho$ {dZme Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdén ZJaAm¡a Jm±d Ho$ g§~§Ym| ‘|, Am¡a gmW hr J«m‘rU Am¡aZmJ[aH$ OZVm Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ g§JR>Z ‘| r Adí¶‘odn[adV©Z hþAm hmoJm& A~ J«m‘-àXoe ZJam| H$s

Amdí¶H$VmAm| H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE {dde Zht Wm Am¡aXmgm| Zo, ¶{X CZH$m ApñVËd ah gH$m hmoJm Vmo,AnZo H$mo ñdmYrZ nm¶m& ZJam| Ho$ {dZme Zo AnZogmW "~wOw©Am' Ho$ {dZme Zo AnZo gmW "~wOw©Am'YZr H$mo g‘má H$a {X¶m,? {Oggo Kaoby Xmgm| H$mo‘wp³V {‘b JB©& emgH$ AnZo XþJm] Ho$ gmWm bwá hmoJE Am¡a nrN>o AnZo "Xmgm|' H$mo ‘w³V N>mo‹S> JE& ¶hAg§ d ~mV h¡ {H$ ZJam| Ho$ {dZme Ho$ gmW-gmWgmar OZg§»¶m Adí¶ hr ZîQ> hmo JB© hmo& ¶h g§ dh¡ {H$ Xmg bmoJ g‘mO Ho$ AÝ¶ dJm] Ho$ gmW ~MH$a^mJ {ZH$bo hm|Jo Am¡a AÝ¶Ì H$ht {H$gmZm|, H$marJam|AWdm gd¡V{ZH$ l{‘H$m| Ho$ én ‘| ~g JE hm|Jo&Mmho Hw$N> ^r hmo ¶{X Cg g‘¶ XmgàWm ‘m¡OyX ahrhmoJr Vmo Bg {dZme go Cgo J§ ra AmKmV nhþ±MmhmoJm& {’$a ^r Amdí¶H$ Zht {H$ H¥${f Ho$ Am{Y³¶H$s g§ mdZm bwá hmo JB© hmo& Z hr G$U-XmgVm,¶wÕ-~§Xr XmgVm Am{X H$s YmaUm g‘má H$s JB©&n[aUm‘ñdén, h‘ ‘mZ gH$Vo h¢ {H$ XmgàWm,{dMmaYmam ‘|o {~Zm {H$gr n[adV©Z Ho$ MbVr ahr¶Ú{n ¶h àË¶j én go ~hþV H$‘ hmo JB©&13

g§X^© …g§X^© …g§X^© …g§X^© …g§X^© …1. ìhrba,(Wheeler) qgYw gä¶Vm,(Indus

Civilization) n¥.932. Eg.{n½JQ>, àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$ ^maV, n¥.1333. V.G.Childe, New Light on Most-

Ancient East, p.1744. ìhrba, Ancient India 3,n¥.74; gmW hr

XoI| MmBëS²>, Cn¶w©³V n¥.173-4, gyXÿanyd© gä¶VmHo$ A{YH$ {ddaUm| Ho$ {bE XoI| EM. ’«|$H$’$Q>©(H. Frankfort) H$s nwñVH$ The Birthof the Civilization in the Far East.Bg joÌ H$s Xmg àWm Ho$ AÜ¶¶Z Ho$ {bE XoI|AmB©.‘¡S>bgm°Z (I. Mendelsohn) H$s nwñVH$Slavery in the Ancient Near East.

5. MmBëS> "h‹S>ßnm Ho$ ~wOw©Am' H$s MMm© H$aVo h¢,


Cn¶w©³V n¥.175.6. dhr n¥. 177.7. Mohen-jo-daro, vol.I, p.92; ‘¡Ho$

(Mackay) H$s Early Indian Civili-zation, n¥.39 ^r XoI|& boI H$mo ‘mohZ-Omo-X‹S>mo ‘| "EH$ g‘¥Õ, àemgr Am¡a ì¶mnmar dJ©,H$marJam| H$m {demb dJ© Am¡a ~hþV go Xmg ÑpîQ>JmoMahmoVo h¢&'

8. nydm}Õ¥V, n¥.23 VWm ¶hr CÕ¥ V, n¥.76; {n½JQ>,nydm}Õ¥V, n¥. 138 na BÝh| ^madmhr l{‘H$ H$hVoh¢&

9. Ü¶mZ XoZo ¶mo½¶ ~mV h¡ {H$ hmB©Zo JoëS>Z© (HeineGeldern) H$m {dMma h¡ {H$ Am¶© 1200 Am¡a1000 B©.ny. Ho$ Amg-nmg ^maV AmE (ManA³Qy>~a 1956, n¥.139).

10. {’$a ^r 1500 B©.ny. Ho$ Amg-nmg Am¶m] H$m^maV àdoe {gÕm§V ñdrH$ma H$aZo dmbo ’y$eo(Foucher) H$m {dMma h¡ {H$ {gÝYw gä¶Vm H$mÜd§g, Oogm BZ Xmo ‘hmZJam| go àVrV hmoVm h¡, Hw$N>g‘¶ nhbo H$moB© 200 B©.ny. Ho$ Amg-nmg hþAmAm¡a ¶h H$m‘ Agr[a¶m Ho$ bmoJm| H$m Wm (LaVieille route del, Inde, Vol. IIp.181)&

11. MmBëS> (Childe), nydm}Õ¥V, n¥. 175; ‘me©b(Marshall) nydm}Õ¥V, n¥.33, H$mo dhm± H$‘-go-H$‘ Mma {^Þ g‘yh {XImB © X oV o h ¢&S>r.EZ.‘Ow‘Xma (D.N.Majumdar) H$m H$WZh¡ {H$ àmMrZ ‘mZdr¶ Adeofm| Ho$ Om{VJV ñVaH$mo gwbPm nmZm ghO Zht, na§Vw Bg‘| boe‘mÌ rg§Xoh Zht {H$ ‘mohZ-Omo-X‹S>mo Am¡a h‹S>ßnm ‘| Am¡aCZHo$ Amg-nmg ~VmE JE Adeof H$B© àH$ma H$s

Om{V¶m| H$mo gy{MV H$aVo h¢& (^maVr¶ Om{V¶m± Am¡agä¶VmE°& (Races and Cultures of In-dia) n¥. 25-26, AV… h‘| Zht ‘mby‘ {H${n½JQ> (Piggot, nydm}Õ¥V n¥. 261 {H$g àH$maBg ImoO VH$ nhþ±Mo h¢ {H$ Bg OmZ-g‘yh ‘| àmoQ>mo-Am°ñQ´>mbm°BS> (Proto-australoid) dJ© H$mEH$ ~hþV ~‹S>o AZwnmV ‘| ApñVËd h¢&

12. Ohm± VH$ h‘mam àíZ h¡, h‘mam {dídmg h¡ {H$Am¶© bmoJ H$m§g¶H$mb ‘| hr ^maV ‘| Am MwHo$ WoAm¡a g§ dV… do ¶hm± nhbo {d{eîQ> ì¶mnm[a¶m| Ho$én ‘| AmE hm|Jo& do qgYw KmQ>r-g‘mO ‘| ñWmZ nmgHo$ hm|Jo& hm± {ZíM¶ hr ¶h ~mV CÝh| AmH«$m§VmAm|‘| {‘bZo go Zht amoH$Vr Am¡a Z hr CZ AmH«$m§VmAm|go b‹S>Zo ‘| H$moB© ~mYm AmB© hmoJr, ¶Ú{n XmoZm| EH$^mfm-g‘yh go g§~§{YV Wo& Eogr g§ mdZm go BZH$maZht {H$¶m Om gH$Vm O¡gm {H$ ¶yZmZ ‘| EH$ Ho$nrN>o EH$ ~gZo dmbr ¶yZmZr Om{V¶m| Ho$ B{Vhmg goàH$Q> hmoVm h¡& BgHo$ A{V[a³V G$½doXG$½doXG$½doXG$½doXG$½doX H$m gmú¶^r ñd¶§ Am¶m] ‘| d¡a Ho$ ApñVËd H$mo gy{MV H$aVmh¡&

13. h‘mar ¶h YmaUm h¡ {H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a ^m¡{VH$XmoZm| àH$ma H$s qgYw KmQ>r H$s na§namAm| H$m OmogVV²-àdmh 1500 B©.ny. Ho$ Amg-nmg hþAm Bg{dZme Ho$ ~mdOyX {dÚ‘mZ ahm& Cg‘| XmgàWm{Za§Va MbVr ahr& MmBëS> (Childe) H$m H$WZh¡, ""qgYw KmQ>r gä¶VmqgYw KmQ>r gä¶VmqgYw KmQ>r gä¶VmqgYw KmQ>r gä¶VmqgYw KmQ>r gä¶Vm AmÜwm{ZH$ maVr¶ g§ñH¥${VH$m ‘yb h¡& dmñVw-H$bm Am¡a CÚmoJ, Bggo ^rA{YH$ doe yfm Am¡a Y‘© Ho$ joÌ ‘| ‘mohZ-Omo-X‹S>mo Zo {OZ {d{eîQ> bjUm| H$mo àH$Q> {H$¶m h¡ dogXm go hr Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^maV H$s {deofVm ahr h¡&''(nydm}Õ¥V, 184)


‘yb Apñ‘Vm H$s Vbme … AVrV Ho$ PamoHo$ go-B©e Hw$‘ma J§Jm{Z¶m

^maV {d[^ÞVmAm| H$m Xoe h¡& BZ {d{^ÞVmAm|H$mo Xmo ^mJm| ‘| {d^m{OV {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡& àW‘àH$ma H$s {d{^ÞVm ämm¡Jmo{bH$ d àmH¥${VH$ hmoVr h¡&^m¡Jmo{bH$ {d{^ÞVm Ho$ MbVo aV ‘|, IoV-I{bhmZ,nhm‹S>-nR>ma, ZXr-Zmbo, g‘wÐ, dZ-CndZ, I{ZOg§nXm Am{X h¢& àH¥${V Zo {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ ‘m¡g‘,Obdm¶w, ImZ-nmZ, doe yfm, a§J-én, e³b-gyaVd {d{^Þ àH$ma H$s ^mfmE§ Xr h¢& BZ àmH¥${VH${d{^ÞVmAm| ‘| EH$Vm, Iy~gyaVr d AmH$f©U h¡& BZg~Ho$ MbVo {H$gr H$mo ^r ^maVr¶ hmoZo na Jd© hmogH$Vm h¡ Am¡a hmoZm ^r Mm{hE& bo{H$Z Xÿgao àH$maH$s {d{^ÞVmE§ ‘mZdH¥$V h¢& BZ {d{^ÞVmAm| H$moY‘mªYVm, Om{VdmX, gåàXm¶dmX, joÌdmX, ZñbdmX,d D§$M-ZrM, N>moQ>o-~‹S>o O¡go {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ñVarH$aU Ho$ én ‘| XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& BZ {d{^ÞVmAm|Ho$ MbVo maVr¶ g‘mO ‘| EH$Vm, g‘mZVm, ñdV§ÌVm,~§YwVm, ^mB©Mmam d A§Va§JVm O¡go ‘yë¶m| H$m ~ohXA^md h¡&

¶hm§ OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ ‘| Om{VJV, Y‘©JV,joÌJV d gåàXm¶JV bm‘~§Xr ZOa AmVr h¡& H$hZoH$s OéaV Zht {H$ AmO {hÝXÿdmXr g‘mO H$s dU©JVd Om{VJV bm‘~§Xr g~go A{YH$ K¥{UV demofUH$mar h¡& Bg bm‘~§Xr Ho$ MbVo Bg Xoe Ho$‘yb{Zdm{g¶m| Ho$ {bE Agwa, Mm§S>mb, A§Ë¶O, X¡Ë¶,Añn¥í¶ Am¡a Z OmZo {H$VZo àH$ma Ho$ Om{VgyMH$g§~moYZm| H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm h¡& S>m. Aå~S>H$aBg OmVr¶ bm‘~§Xr na Bg àH$ma {Q>ßnUr H$aVo h¢-{hÝXþAm| Ho$ {bE CZH$s Om{V hr OZVm h¡& CZH$mXm{¶Ëd AnZr Om{V VH$ gr{‘V h¡& CZH$s {ZîR>mAnZr Om{V VH$ gr{‘V h¡& JwUm| H$m AmYma ^rOm{V hr h¡ Am¡a Z¡{VH$Vm H$m AmYma r Om{V hr h¡&

ghr ì¶p³V Ho$ à{V (AJa dh CZH$s AnZr Om{VH$m Zht h¡) CZH$s ghmZw y{V Zht hmoVr& JwUm| H$sH$moB© gamhZm Zht h¡, OéaV‘§X Ho$ {bE ghm¶Vm Zhth¡& Xþ{I¶m| H$s nwH$ma H$m H$moB© Odm~ Zht h¡& AJaghm¶Vm X| Vmo dh Ho$db Om{V ‘mÌ VH$ gr{‘V h¡&ghmZw y{V h¡, bo{H$Z AÝ¶ Om{V¶m| Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ {bEZht&... {hÝXþAm| ‘| Bg ~mV H$s j‘Vm hr Zht h¡ {H$do AnZr Om{V go {^Þ AÝ¶ {H$gr Om{V Ho$ ì¶p³VHo$ JwUm| H$m ghr ‘yë¶m§H$Z H$a gHo$& JwUm| H$s gamhZmV~ hmoVr h¡ O~ dh ì¶p³V AnZr Om{V H$m hmo&CgH$s nyU© Z¡{VH$Vm CVZr hr {ZåZ H$mo{Q> H$s h¡,{OVZr O§Jbr Om{V¶m| H$s hmoVr h¡& AmX‘r H¡$gm ^rhmo, ghr ¶m JbV, AÀN>m ¶m ~wam, ~g AnZr Om{VH$m hmoZm M{hE& Z CÝh| JwUm| H$s àe§gm go ‘Vb~h¡, Z ~wamB© Ho$ {damoY go& CZHo$ {bE ‘wÔm {g’©$ BVZmh¡ {H$ AnZr Om{V H$m nj b| ¶m Zht& ³¶m {hÝXþAm|Zo AnZr Om{V Ho$ {hVm|-ñdmWm] H$s ajm H$aZo ‘|AnZo Xoe Ho$ à{V {dídmgKmV Zht {H$¶m h¡?

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Bgr H$‹S>r ‘| ‘m{Q>©Z ‘oH$dmZ H$m CëboI {H$¶mOm gH$Vm h¡- ""AmμOmXr Ho$ ~§Q>dmao Ho$ g‘¶ nm{H$ñVmZ‘| Omo {hÝXþAm| ‘| X{bV Wo, CÝh| hmW Omo‹S>H$a amoH$mJ¶m, ³¶m|{H$ do g~ g’$mB© H$‘©Mmar Wo& do Mbo OmE§Vmo Xoe g‹S>Zo bJoJm& H$mbm§Va ‘| nm{H$ñVmZ ‘|o {hÝXÿ~ZH$a ahZm ‘wpíH$b hmo J¶m, AV… CZ‘| go bJ^JnÝÐh à{VeV B©gmB© ~Z JE&11''

B©gmB©¶V ‘| X{bVm| H$s pñW{V H$m Om¶Om boZo

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‘o§ CZH$s nhMmZ ^r h¡&13'gVZm‘r Ho$ ~mX Apñ‘Vm H$s Bg Vbme ‘|

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Apñ‘VmAm| H$s {Za§Va n[adV©ZerbVm H$s Bg

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H$mbm h¡ dh gwww§Xa h¡&18'N>h-~m~yamd ~mJwb-"X{bV dh h¡, Omo dU©

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g§X^© …g§X^© …g§X^© …g§X^© …g§X^© …1. S>m.Aå~oS>H$a, gånyU© dmL²>‘¶, IÊS>-1, n¥îR>77-

782. Odmha bmb Zohé H$s AmË‘H$Wm H$m A§e Omo

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3. H$m§J«og Am¡a Jm§Yr Zo ANy>Vm| Ho$ {bE ³¶m {H$¶m…‘yb boIH$ S>m.Aå~oS>H$a, g§H$bZ {Q>ßn{U¶m§ Hw$gw‘‘oKdmb, n¥. 30

4. Iwed§V qgh-~wam ‘mZm ¶m bm, {hÝXþñVmZ {XZm§H$24-03-2007 (erf©H$-AnZr h¡{g¶V ‘| H¡$X{hÝXþñVmZr)

5. VX² d, A§H$-13, A³Vy~a 2005, erf©H$-1857H$m X{bV nj, n¥.31

6. AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ AmB©Zo ‘| X{bV, g§nmXZ-A^¶

Hw$‘ma Xþ~o, n¥. 421-4227. S>m.Aå~oS>H$a dmL²>‘¶, IÊS>-7, n¥.218. S>m.Aå~oS>H$a … amB©qQ>½g E§S> ñnr{MO, IÊS>2,

(~å~B© 1982) g§nmXZ d g§H$bZ dg§V ‘yZ,n¥.195

9. Eg.Eb.gmJa, h[aOZ H$m¡Z Am¡a H¡$go, gmJaàH$meZ, X[a~m ‘¡Znwar (CÎma àXoe) n¥.16

10. dhr-11. Ho$.{dëgZ, {X Q²>dm¶g E{bZo{Q>S>…H$ëMa Am°’$ X{bV

{H«$píM¶§g, h¡Xam~mX, ~wH$qb³g H$mnm}aoeZ, 1982,n¥.1

12. ‘m{Q>©Z ‘oH$dmZ, nwñVH$ "‘oar H$Wm,' dmUr àH$meZ,X[a¶mJ§O, amîQ´>r¶ ghmam-g‘rjm, X{bV Am§XmobZH$s AnZr H$Wm {XZm§H$ ‘B© 13, 2007

13. bma|g ~¡~, "{X gZmV‘rO…nm{b{Q>H$b BÝdmëd‘|Q>Am’$ E [a{b{O¶g ‘yd‘|Q>,' g§H${bV… ‘hma ‘me©b,AZQ>Mo~ëg BZ H§$Q>ånaoar B§{S>¶m, Q>¶yñH$Z, {X¶y{Zd{g©Q>r Am’$ A[aOmoZm àog, 1972, n¥.146

14. KZí¶m‘ emh, Apñ‘VmAm| H$m ApñVËd, nwñVH$-AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ AmB©Zo ‘| X{bV, g§nmXH$ - A^¶Hw$‘ma Xþ~o, n¥. 210

15. H$m§Mm Bb¡¶m, ‘¡ {hÝXÿ ³¶m| Zht hÿ§, AZwdmXH$ ‘wHo$e‘mZg, àH$meH$ Amamohr ~wH$ Q´>ñQ> ZB© {Xëbr,n¥.104

16. -dhr-n¥îR> 10517. -dhr-n¥îR> 10518. dr.Q>r.amOeoIa, "E ‘¡Z X¡Q> {S>ñQ´>m¶S> X{bV

AmBS>|{Q>Q>r,' X{bV dm¶g, IÊS>-8, A§H$-2,{Xg§~a 1-15, OyZ 1-15, 1988

19. ~m~yamd ~mJwb, Apñ‘VmXe©, n¥¥. 832. Zm‘Xod, T>gmb, Apñ‘VmXe©, n¥.8321. S>m.AmZ§X ~mñH$a, {hÝXr gm{hË¶ ‘| X{bV MoVZm,

n¥.1722. amO{H$emoa, "AJa ‘¢ X{bV hmoVm', Y‘©¶wJ, ‘B©

1994, n¥.2223. ‘mVm àgmX, "{hÝXr H$mb ‘| X{bV H$mì¶Ymam',

n¥.3


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Om{V eãX H$m CëboI gd©àW‘ {Zé³V ‘| H¥$îU Om{V Ho$ AW© ‘| {H$¶m J¶m

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dhm§ ~«m÷Um| Zo {dYdm {ñÌ¶m| H$m {ddmh ~§X

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A§Xa g‘m{hV Zht H$aVo&h‘ g‘Vm Ho$ AmYma na BH$Æ>m AmE§Jo, {df‘Vm

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à{H«$¶m ¶mZr ~«m÷UrH$aU&~«m÷UrH$aU H$m Xÿgam AW© ¶h ^r h¡ {H$

"‘mZ{gH$ Jwbm‘r {Z‘m©U H$aZodmbr à{H«$¶m hr~«m÷UrH$aU h¡&' AmX‘r Ho$ {Xbm|o-{X‘mJ go {dMmaIË‘ H$aZodmbr, gmoMZo H$s ~w{Õ IË‘ H$aZodmbr,ì¶p³V H$s {ddoH${ebVm ZîQ> H$aZodmbr ¶h à{H«$¶mh¡& J«må¶ ^mfm ‘| H$hm OmE§ Vmo AmX‘r H$mo OmZda~ZmZo H$s à{H«$¶m ¶mZr ~«m÷UrH$aU& ~«m÷UrH$aUH$m AÝ¶ EH$ AW© ¶h h¡ {H$ ~«m÷Um| H$m ZoV¥Ëd,~«m÷Um| H$m {Z¶§ÌU Ed§ ~«m÷Um| H$mo ‘mJ©Xe©H$ Ho$Vm¡a na ‘mÝ¶Vm XoZo H$s à{H«$¶m H$mo ~«m÷UrH$aUH$hVo h¢& h‘mam Xþí‘Z ¶{X Am{Xdm{g¶m| H$m~«m÷UrH$aU H$a ahm h¡ Vmo BgH$m ³¶m ‘Vb~ h¡?~«m÷UrH$aU H$m AW© h¡ AJa h‘ ~«m÷Um| H$s ì¶dñWmH$mo ‘mÝ¶Vm XoVo h¢ Vmo Eogm ‘mZm OmEJm {H$ h‘mam~«m÷UrH$aU hmo J¶m&

AJa h‘ ~«m÷Ur ‘yë¶m| H$mo pñdH$ma H$aVo h¢,~«m÷Ur ì¶dñWm H$mo pñdH$ma H$aVo h¢, ~«m÷Ur àVrH$m|H$mo pñdH$ma H$aVo h¢, ~«m÷Ur dM©ñd H$mo pñdH$maH$aVo h¢ Vmo h‘mam ~«m÷UrH$aU hmo J¶m& ¶{X h‘~«m÷Um| H$mo ZoV¥Ëd Ho$ Vm¡a na pñdH$ma H$aVo h¢ Vmoh‘mam ~«m÷UrH$aU hþAm Eogm H$hm OmEJm& ~«m÷UH$mo {damoY H$aZodmbo, ~«m÷Ur ‘wë¶m| H$m {damoYH$aZodmbo Omo bmoJ h¢ do bmoJ O~ ~«m÷U H$m, ~«m÷Urì¶dñWm H$m, ~«m÷Ur ‘yë¶m| H$m g‘W©Z H$aVo h¢ V~Cg g‘W©Z H$s à{H«$¶m H$mo ~«m÷UrH$aU H$hVo h¢&Bgo ³¶mo hmoVm h¡? Bggo ~«m÷Um| H$m {damoY H$aZodmbmì¶p³V ~«m÷Um|o H$m g‘W©H$ ~Z OmVm h¡&

O~ dh ~«m÷Um| H$m g‘W©H$ ~ZVm h¡ V~ ~«m÷Um|H$s g‘ñ¶m IË‘ hmo OmVr h¡& {damoY Am¡a à{VamoYg‘má hmoVm h¡& Ho$db g‘má hr Zht hmoVm ~pëH$~«m÷Um| H$m ~moP ‹T>moZo Ho$ {bE EH$ ’$m¡O V¡¶ma hmoOmVr h¡ Am¡a dh ’$m¡O AnZm H$m‘ H$aZo H$s ~OmE~«m÷Um| H$m H$m‘ H$aVr h¡& ~«m÷Um| H$m H$m‘ H$aVo


g‘¶ Cgo Jd© ‘hgyg hmoVm h¡, Jm¡ad ‘hgyg hmoVm h¡&~«m÷Um| H$s Omo ì¶dñWm h¡ Cg ì¶dñWm H$mo

‘yb{Zdm{g¶m| na WmonZo H$m Omo H$m¶©H«$‘ h¡ Cg H$m¶©H«$‘H$mo ‘¡ ~«m÷UrH$aU ‘mZVm hÿ§& ³¶m|{H$ ~«m÷Um| H$m OmoY‘© h¡, ~«m÷U H$hVo h¢ {H$ dh Y‘© h¡ {H$ÝVy h‘H$hVo h¢ {H$ dmo EH$ f‹S>¶Ì h¡& ~«m÷Um| Zo g‘mO~«m÷Um| Zo g‘mO~«m÷Um| Zo g‘mO~«m÷Um| Zo g‘mO~«m÷Um| Zo g‘mO

ì¶dñWm ~Zm¶r {Ogo do AmXe© g‘mO H$hVo h¢ì¶dñWm ~Zm¶r {Ogo do AmXe© g‘mO H$hVo h¢ì¶dñWm ~Zm¶r {Ogo do AmXe© g‘mO H$hVo h¢ì¶dñWm ~Zm¶r {Ogo do AmXe© g‘mO H$hVo h¢ì¶dñWm ~Zm¶r {Ogo do AmXe© g‘mO H$hVo h¢

‘Ja dh AmXe© g‘mO Zht ~pëH$ ‘yb{Zdm{g¶m|‘Ja dh AmXe© g‘mO Zht ~pëH$ ‘yb{Zdm{g¶m|‘Ja dh AmXe© g‘mO Zht ~pëH$ ‘yb{Zdm{g¶m|‘Ja dh AmXe© g‘mO Zht ~pëH$ ‘yb{Zdm{g¶m|‘Ja dh AmXe© g‘mO Zht ~pëH$ ‘yb{Zdm{g¶m|

H$mo {d^m{OV H$aZo H$m f‹S>¶§Ì h¡&H$mo {d^m{OV H$aZo H$m f‹S>¶§Ì h¡&H$mo {d^m{OV H$aZo H$m f‹S>¶§Ì h¡&H$mo {d^m{OV H$aZo H$m f‹S>¶§Ì h¡&H$mo {d^m{OV H$aZo H$m f‹S>¶§Ì h¡&do dU© ì¶dñWm ~ZmH$a h‘| {d^m{OV H$aVo h¢

{’$a dU© ì¶dñWm H$m {dI§S>Z hmoH$a Om{V ì¶dñWm~ZVr h¡& g‘mO Mma Qw>H$‹S>m| ‘|o {d^m{OV hmoZo H$s~Om¶ Mma hOma Qw>H$‹S>m| ‘| {d^m{OV hmo OmVm h¡Am¡a h‘mao {OVZo Qw>H$‹S>o hmoVo h¢ CVZo hr à^mdembr‹T>§J go à{VH$ma H$aZo H$s h‘mar Omo j‘Vm h¡, dhH$‘Omoa hmoVr h¡& Xþí‘Z h‘| Jwbm‘ ~ZmZm MmhVm h¡,X~mZm MmhVm h¡& Xw{Z¶m ‘| àË¶oH$ {H«$¶m H$s à{V{H«$¶mhmoVr h¡& ¶h EH$ d¡km{ZH$ {Z¶‘ h¡ ‘Ja emgH$Om{V Ho$ bmoJm| Zo ¶moOZm ~Zm¶r {H$ h‘ {H«$¶m VmoH$a|Jo {H$ÝVw bmoJm| H$mo à{V{H«$¶m H$aZo bm¶H$ ZhtN>mo‹S>|Jo&

Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo h‘| hmOmam| Om{V Ho$ Qw>H$‹S>m| ‘|{d^m{OV H$a, Om{V H$s CnOm{V¶m§ ~ZmH$a h‘|à{VH$ma{dhrZ ~Zm {X¶m& O~ CnOm{V ~ZmH$aà{VH$ma {dhrZ ~Zm¶m OmVm h¡ V~ H$moB© ^r g‘yhAnZo Cna Wmonr Om ahr Jwbm‘r H$m à{VH$maH$aZobm¶H$ Zht ahVm& V~ Wmonr JB© Jwbm‘r ‘mZZoHo$ Abmdm CgHo$ nmg Xÿgam H$moB© ^r {dH$ën eofZht ahVm&

M[aÌ H$m {dH¥${VH$aUM[aÌ H$m {dH¥${VH$aUM[aÌ H$m {dH¥${VH$aUM[aÌ H$m {dH¥${VH$aUM[aÌ H$m {dH¥${VH$aU¶{X AmnHo$ Ûmam Mbm¶o Om aho AmÝXmobZ H$mo

Vmo‹S>Zm-‘amo‹S>Zm g§ d Zht hþAm Vmo h‘mao hr Hw$N>bmoJm| H$mo bmbM {XImH$a, CÝh| PyR>r à{VîR>m XoH$aCZH$s ‘hËdH$m§jmAm| H$mo bmbM ~VmH$a CÝh| AnZm

àMmaH$ ~ZmZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m OmVm h¡& O~ ¶hKQ>rV hmoVm h¡ V~ ñdm^m{dH$ én go B{Vhmg H$m{dH¥${VH$aU hmoVm h¡& dmñV{dH$ B{Vhmg bmoJm| Ho$gÝ‘yI aIZo Ho$ ~OmE PyR>m B{Vhmg bmoJm| Ho$ gÝ‘yIaIm OmVm h¡& ¶h gd©{d{XV h¡ {H$ ~«m÷Ur ì¶dñWmH$m VWmJV ~wÕ ~hþV Á¶mXm {damoY H$aVo Wo ‘Ja~wÕ H$mo PwH$m nmZm ~«m÷Um| Ho$ {bE AmgmZ Zht Wm,CÝh| Vmo‹S>m OmZm AmgmZ Zht Wm Bg{bE ~wÕ H$mo^JdmZ {dîUw H$m AdVma ~VmH$a {ZJbZo H$s H$mo{eeH$s JB©& CZH$m ~«m÷UrH$aU H$aZo H$m à¶mg hþAm&

AmO g§V VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| bmoJm|Ho$ gm‘Zo Omo M[aÌ {MÌU àñVwV {H$¶m OmVm h¡Cg‘| VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO Zo AnZm eyÐËd Im‘moer go‘mÝ¶ {H$¶m Wm, CÝhm|Zo ~«m÷Ur ì¶dñWm Ho$ {Ibmμ’$H$moB© g§Kf© Zht {H$¶m, CZHo$ {hñgo ‘| Omo Am¶m dhtCÝhm|Zo ‘mÝ¶ {H$¶m, Bg Vah H$s ~mV| bmoJm| Ho$gm‘Zo aIr OmVr h¡& g§V VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO Ûmamì¶dñWm Ho$ {damoY ‘| {H$¶m J¶m {dÐmoh bmoJm| H$monVm Z Mb nm¶|, ¶h BgHo$ nrN>o CÔoí¶ h¡&

VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO H$m ~«m÷UrH$aU {H$¶m hþAmén ¶{X bmoJm| Ho$ gm‘Zo aIm OmE Vmo My§{H$ bmoJm| H$moVwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO Ho$ à{V AmXa hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CZH$m~Xbm hþAm {dH¥$V én bmoJm| H$mo g‘P ‘| ZhtAmEJm Am¡a CÝh| ‘mZZodmbo bmoJ {dH¥$V ñdén H$mohr gƒmB© ‘mZ H$a ~«m÷Um| Ho$ Omb ‘| ’±$g H$a~«m÷Ur {hVg§~§Ym| H$s ajm H$aZo Ho$ {bE OmZ H$s~mOr bJmZo Ho$ {bE ^r V¡¶ma hm|Jo& Bg VarHo$ goVwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO Ho$ M[aÌ H$mo ~hþOZ g‘mO Ho$gm‘Zo àñVwV {H$¶m J¶m&

~«m÷Ur H$‘©H$m§S> Ed§ ‘wë¶m| H$m {damoY~«m÷Ur H$‘©H$m§S> Ed§ ‘wë¶m| H$m {damoY~«m÷Ur H$‘©H$m§S> Ed§ ‘wë¶m| H$m {damoY~«m÷Ur H$‘©H$m§S> Ed§ ‘wë¶m| H$m {damoY~«m÷Ur H$‘©H$m§S> Ed§ ‘wë¶m| H$m {damoYdmñV{dH$ B{Vhmg XoIm OmE Vmo h‘| {XIm¶r

XoJm {H$ VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO Zo ~«m÷Ur ì¶dñWm H$mEH$ ^r ‘yë¶ {M{H$Ëgm {H$¶o ~J¡a "O¡go Wo' pñdH$maZht {H$¶m& àË¶oH$ ~«m÷Ur ‘yë¶ na CÝhm|Zo AmKmV


{H$¶m& H$‘©H$m§S> ‘| ’±°$gm hþAm, doXàm‘mÝ¶ ‘| ’±$gmhþAm, ZB© {M{H$Ëgm H$aZo H$m {damoY H$aZo dbm, Z¶m{dMma J«hU H$aZo H$s AZw‘{V Z XoZodmbm, emofU Ho${Ibmμ’$ ~mobZo H$m {damoY H$aZodmbm Y‘© VwH$mam‘‘hmamO Zo nyar Vah go ZH$mam Wm& "H$m¶ ~m H$[aergmodio-Amodio' Eogm gdmb VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO nyN>Voh¢& {OÝh| doX nR>Z H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma h¡, {OZH$mOZoD±$ g§ñH$ma hþAm h¡, Omo EH$ D±$Mo dU© ‘| OÝ‘m h¡dh ewÕ Am¡a AÝ¶ g^r AewÕ, An{dÌ, CgH$mñne© hmoZo go ì¶p³V An{dÌ hmoJm, Bg àH$ma H$s OmoYmaUm Y‘© H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a {Z‘m©U H$s JB© h¡ CgoVwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO Zo ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr Xr h¡&

Hw$N> bmoJ H$hVo h¢ {H$ VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO Zo ¶moJgmYZm go AnZm eara {dK{Q>V {H$¶m hmoJm Bg{bECZH$s ‘¥Ë¶w hþB©& "H$moU Am‘À¶m ¶moJ Vno H$é OmUmdo'AWm©V ¶moJ Am¡a VníM¶m© H$aZm h‘mao {nVm H$mo ^rnVm Wm ³¶m? Eogm gdmb d| I‹S>m H$aVo h¡& "dU©A{^‘mZmZo H$moU Pmbo nmdZ, Eogm Úm gm§JyZ ‘Onmer', AWm©V dU© H$m Jd© H$aZo go H$m¡Z nmdZhþAm, Eogm gdmb nyN> H$a CÝhm|Zo dU© ì¶dñWm nahr AmKmV {H$¶m h¡&

{dÐmohr g§V H$m ~«m÷UrH$aU{dÐmohr g§V H$m ~«m÷UrH$aU{dÐmohr g§V H$m ~«m÷UrH$aU{dÐmohr g§V H$m ~«m÷UrH$aU{dÐmohr g§V H$m ~«m÷UrH$aUg§V VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO Ho$ OrdZ M[aÌ H$m, CZHo$

CÔoí¶ H$m, CZHo$ B{Vhmg H$m ~«m÷UrH$aÊm VWm XÿgarVa’$ CZHo$ gm{hË¶ H$m, A §Jm| H$m, JmWmAm| H$m~«m÷UrH$aU H$aZm, ¶h Xmo ~mV| ~«m÷UrH$aU H$aZoH$s {Xem ‘| H$s JB©& g§V VwH$mam‘ Ed§ CZHo$ A §Jm|H$m ~«m÷UrH$aU H$aZo Ho$ {b¶o CZH$s JmWmAm| H$moSw>~mZo H$m AmXoe {X¶m J¶m Am¡a Sw>~mZo Ho$ níMmV~«m÷Um| Zo ¶h gm|Mm {H$ JmWmE± Sw>~mZo Ho$ H$maU bmoJ‘yb JmWmE± Am¡a PyR>r JmWmAm| ‘| ’$H©$ Zht H$agH$Vo& ¶hr go A §Jm| ‘| PyR>r ~mV| KwgmZo H$s à{H«$¶màma§ hþB© hmoJr& g§V VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO Ûmam a{MVA §J à~moYZ Ho$ h{W¶ma h¢& à~moYZ go g‘mO ‘|

OmJ¥{V hmoVr h¡&g‘mO ‘| XmoñV Am¡a Xþí‘Z H$s nhMmZ hmoVr h¡&

f‹S>¶§ÌH$m[a¶m| H$m nVm MbVm h¡& VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamOH$m ~«m÷UrH$aU H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$hm J¶m {H$ VwH$mam‘‘hmamO gXoh d¡Hw§$R> H$mo J¶o& "d¡Hw§$R>' ¶h ‘moj BgeãX H$m d¡H$pënH$ eãX h¡& qH$Vw VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamOAnZo A §Jm| ‘| ‘moj H$mo {damoY H$aVo hþE {XIm¶rXoVo h¢& Omo AmX‘r ñd¶§ ‘moj H$mo bmV ‘maVm hmo, dhd¡Hw§$R> H$mo H¡$go Om gH$Vm h¡?

‘moj ³¶m h¡? OÝ‘-‘¥Ë¶w Ho$ MH«$ go ‘w³V hmoZoH$s g§H$ënZm hr ‘moj h¡& ‘Ja VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamOH$hVo h¢ ‘¢ ~ma-~ma OÝ‘ boZm MmhVm hÿ§°& BgH$m‘Vb~ do d¡Hw§$R> ¶m ‘moj O¡gr {H$gr r g§H$ënZm gogh‘V Zht h¡& d¡Hw§$R> ¶h ^r ~«m÷Ur g§H$ënZm h¡&

Bg g§H$ënZm Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go dmaH$ar gåàXm¶ ‘|Eogm àMma {H$¶m J¶m {H$ VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO Zo d¡Hw§$R>‘| OmH$a ‘moj H$s g§H$ënZm H$mo ‘mÝ¶Vm Xr h¡& BgVah H$m g§Xoe XoH$a VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO H$m ~«m÷UrH$aUCZH$s ñdoÀN>m go hþAm, Bg àH$ma H$m àMma hmoVmhþAm {XIm¶r XoVm h¡& CZHo$ A §J ‘| "nm¶arZo dmJm'Bg àH$ma H$m eãX à¶moJ {‘bVm h¡, dh ewÕ én goà{já h¡& "nm¶arZo dmJm' ¶h eãX H«$[‘H$ Ag‘mZVmH$mo gy{MV H$aVm h¡& qH$Vw VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO ~«m÷Um|Ho$ {H$gr r ‘yë¶ VWm dU© ì¶dñWm H$mo ‘mÝ¶Vm XoZoHo$ {bE V¡¶ma Zht h¢& {’$a dh AmX‘r "AmnUnm¶arZ§ dmJb§ nm{hOo' (h‘| AnZr gr‘m ‘| ahZmMm{hE) Bg àH$ma H$m A §J H¡$go {bI gH$Vm h¡?AWm©V ¶h à{já A §J h¡&

~m¡{ÕH$ B©‘mZXmar {H$go H$hVo h¢? Omo-Omo ~w{ÕH$mo Rr>H$ bJVm h¡, VH©$ Am¡a X{bb H$s H$gm¡Q>r naIam CVaVm h¡, VH©$ Ho$ AmYma na {Q>H$Zodmbr ~mVh¡ dh ~m¡{ÕH$ B‘mZXmar h¡& ¶h ~m¡{ÕH$ B©‘mZXmarVwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO Ho$ A §Jm| ‘| {XIm¶r XoVr h¡&

¶h na§nam ‘ybV… VWmJV ~wÕ H$s h¡& Omo-Omo


VH©$ Ho$ AmYma na {Q>H$ nmEJm dhr ‘mÝ¶ H$aZm, OmoZht nQ>oJm Cgo A‘mÝ¶ H$aZm, ¶h na§nam VWmJV~wÕ Zo Mbm¶r, g§V VwH$mam‘ Zo Mbm¶r& ~hþVm§eg§Vm| H$m OÝ‘ eyÐ Om{V ‘| hr hþAm h¡& BZ g§Vm| Zo OmoAmÝXmobZ Mbm¶m, Cgo ~«m÷U "^p³V AmÝXmobZ'Zm‘ XoVo h¢& g§Vm| Ho$ AmÝXmobZ H$mo ¶{X Amn ^p³VAmÝXmobZ H$hmoJo Vmo Amn ~«m÷Um| Ho$ Omb ‘| ’±$gOmAmoJo&

^p³V Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| ~m~mgmh~ S>m. Aå~oS>H$aH$hVo h¢ {H$ "^p³V Ho$ AmdaU go BÝgmZr¶V gm{~VZht hmoVr& ³¶m|{H$ BÝgmZr¶V ¶h ñd¶§{gÕ ‘yë¶h¡&' ‘yb{Zdmgr g§Vm| Ûmam Mbm¶o J¶o g^r AmÝXmobZ¶hm± H$s ~«m÷Ur ì¶dñWm Ho$ {Ibm’$ {H$¶m J¶m{dÐmoh h¡& BZ AmÝXmobZm| H$mo {ZJbZo Ho$ {bE BÝh|^p³V H$m ñdén àXmZ {H$¶m J¶m& ^p³V H$amoJo VmoAmn H$mo ‘wp³V {‘boJr, Eogm ~VmH$a ~«m÷Um| Zo g§VVwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO H$s Q>mb Hw±$Q>Zodmbr à{V‘m ‘hmamîQ´>‘| {Z‘m©U H$s& ~«m÷UrH$aU H$s à{H«$¶m H$m EH$~hþV ~‹S>m {hñgm h¡ M‘ËH$ma&

M‘ËH$ma H$s H$WmE±, X¡ddmX H$s H$WmE±, [aÕr-{gÕr H$s H$WmE± ~«m÷Um| Ûmam ~Vm¶r OmVr h¡& ~«m÷UH$hVo h¢ {H$ VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO H$mo [aÕr-{gÕr Ho$g§~§Y ‘| H$hVo h¢ {H$ [aÕr-{gÕr hm{gb H$aZodmbmì¶p³V ZH©$ ‘| OmVm h¡& VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO [aÕr-{gÕr àmá H$aZodmbo ì¶p³V Wo Bg àH$ma H$s g‘P

~hþOZm| Ho$ dmaH$ar g‘wXm¶ Ho$ bmoJm| ‘| Ñ‹T> h¡& Bgg‘P H$s dOh go hr VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO H$m ¶moOZm~ÕVarHo$ go BñVo‘mb hmoVm hþAm h‘| {XIm¶r XoVm h¡&

Omo VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO ¶h H$hVo h¢ {H$ ‘oam {H$gr^r M‘ËH$ma na {dídmg Zht h¡, ‘¢ H$moB© ^ y{V ZhtXoVm, CZH$m M[aÌ M‘ËH$ma ‘| aMm J¶m& ¶h M‘ËH$maH$Wm-H$rV©Zm| Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go bmoJm| H$mo ~Vm¶o J¶o&AmO g‘agVm, gm‘§Oñ¶, g‘Ýd¶, gd©OZdmX,Am{X àH$ma H$s g§H$ënZmE± aIr Om ahr h¡, dhg‘Ýd¶ H$m ~waIm AmÝXmobZ H$mo Vmo‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE{b¶m Om ahm h¡& yVH$mb ‘| ~«m÷Ur ì¶dñWm Ho${Ibm’$ hþE g§Kf© H$mo X~mH$a aIZm, {OZ H$maUm| gog§Kf© {H$¶m J¶m CgHo$ H$maUm| H$mo X~mH$a aIZo H$mà¶mg ~«m÷Um| Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go hmo ahm h¡&

g§V VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO Ho$ M[aÌ H$m, CZHo$ B{VhmgH$m Omo {dH¥${VH$aU AWm©V ~«m÷UrH$aU {H$¶m J¶mh¡ Cggo ‘yb{Zdmgr ~hþOZm| H$m ~«m÷UrH$aU H$aZm~«m÷Um| H$mo AmgmZ hþAm h¡& g‘mO ‘| ‘mÝ¶Vm àmábmoJm| H$m ¶{X ~«m÷UrH$aU {H$¶m OmE Vmo CÝh|‘mZZodmbo bmoJm| H$m ~«m÷UrH$aU H$aZm ~hþV AmgmZhmoVm h¡& ~«m÷Um| H$mo erf© ñWmZ na aIH$a AÝ¶bmoJm| H$m AnZr amOZr{V Ho$ {bE BñVo‘mb {H$¶mOmVm h¡& AnZr H$mbr H$aVyV| nyar H$aZo Ho$ {bE~«m÷Um| Zo g§V VwH$mam‘ ‘hmamO H$m ~«m÷UrH$aU{H$¶m h¡&


Y‘mªVaU H$s KmofUm-amdgmho~ H$g~oamdgmho~ H$g~oamdgmho~ H$g~oamdgmho~ H$g~oamdgmho~ H$g~o

(AZw.Cfm d¡amJH$a AmR>bo)

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S>m°. ~m~mgmh~ Aå~oS>H$a Zo 13 A³Vy~a,S>m°. ~m~mgmh~ Aå~oS>H$a Zo 13 A³Vy~a,S>m°. ~m~mgmh~ Aå~oS>H$a Zo 13 A³Vy~a,S>m°. ~m~mgmh~ Aå~oS>H$a Zo 13 A³Vy~a,S>m°. ~m~mgmh~ Aå~oS>H$a Zo 13 A³Vy~a,

1935 H$mo Zm{gH$ {Obo Ho$ ¶odbm Jm§d ‘| Am¶mo{OV1935 H$mo Zm{gH$ {Obo Ho$ ¶odbm Jm§d ‘| Am¶mo{OV1935 H$mo Zm{gH$ {Obo Ho$ ¶odbm Jm§d ‘| Am¶mo{OV1935 H$mo Zm{gH$ {Obo Ho$ ¶odbm Jm§d ‘| Am¶mo{OV1935 H$mo Zm{gH$ {Obo Ho$ ¶odbm Jm§d ‘| Am¶mo{OV

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eyÐ ñÌr ‘| ~«m÷U nwéf go CËnÞ Om{V-nmaed

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d¡í¶ ñÌr ‘| ~«m÷U nwéf go CËnÞ Om{V-Hw$åhma

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S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a Bg CËn{Îm {dYmZ H$mo ñ‘¥{VH$mam|H$m nmJbnZ ‘mZVo h¢& do AnZo M{M©V J«§W "[a{S>ëgAm°’$ qhXÿBÁ‘' ‘|o {bIVo h¢- ""‘Zw Zo H$hm h¡ {H$Mm§S>mb Om{V ~«m÷U ñÌr Am¡a eyÐ nwéf Ho$ ~rMAd¡Y g§ moJ H$m n[aUm‘ h¡& ³¶m ¶h gM hmo gH$Vmh¡? BgH$m AW© Vmo ¶h hþAm {H$ ~«m÷U pñÌ¶m| H$mM[aÌ ~hþV «îQ> ahm hmoJm& em¶X BgH$m AW© eyÐm|go g§ moJ H$aZo H$mo CZHo$ ‘Z ‘| {deof AmH$f©U hmo&³¶m Bg na {dídmg {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡?''3 do AmJo


{bIVo h¢, ""Mm§S>mbm| H$s OZg§»¶m BVZr A{YH$ h¡{H$ ¶{X àË¶oH$ ~«m÷U ñÌr ^r EH$ eyÐ H$s aI¡bahr hmoJr, Vmo r g‘mO ‘| Mm§S>mb BVZo A{YH$ n¡XmZ hmoVo {OVZr {H$ Mm§S>mbm| H$s g§»¶m h¡&''4

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a Zo g§H$a Om{V¶m| H$s CËn{Îm Ho${df¶ ‘| ‘Zw Am{X ñ‘¥{VH$mam| H$s ì¶m»¶mAm| H$mI§S>Z H$aVo hþE CÝh| Eo{Vhm{gH$ én go AgË¶ H$hmh¡& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE, ‘Zw H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ Am^raOm{V ~«m÷U nwéf Am¡a A§~îQ> ñÌr H$s Om¶O g§VmZh¡& na, Bg g§~§Y ‘| B{Vhmg ¶h ~VmVm h¡ {H$Am^ma, {OgH$m An «§e Ahra h¡, EH$ MadmhmOZOm{V Wr, Omo qgY H$ho OmZo dmbo {ZMbo CÎma-npíM‘r {Obm| ‘| {dMaVr Wr& CZHo$ AZwgma, dhEH$ ñdV§Ì emgH$ OZOm{V Wr, {OgZo H$B© dfm] VH$‘JY na emgZ {H$¶m Wm&

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S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a BZ CXmhaUm| Ho$ AmYma na {bIVoh¢ {H$ ‘Zw Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo «îQ> H$a S>mbm Am¡aAË¶ÝV gå‘m{ZV VWm ep³Vembr OZOm{V¶m| H$moOmaO Kmo{fV H$a {X¶m& CgZo {OZ Om{V¶m| H$mo OmaOH$hm h¡, CZ‘| go H$B© Om{V¶m| H$s CËn{Îm ñdV§Ì h¡,{’$a ^r ‘Zw Am¡a AÝ¶ ñ‘¥{VH$ma CÝh| OmaO ~VmVoh¢& S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a gdmb nyN>Vo h¢ {H$ CZHo$ à{V EogmnmJbnZ ³¶m|? ³¶m CZHo$ nmJbnZ H$s H$moB© nÕ{Vh¡?''

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a H$s ÑpîQ> ‘| ¶h EH$ nhobr h¡ {H$‘Zw Zo g§H$a Om{V¶m| H$m àíZ ³¶m| I‹S>m {H$¶m?CZHo$ AZwgma Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$ ‘Zw H$mo ¶h ~mVg‘P ‘| Am JB© Wr {H$ MmVwd©U© ì¶dñWm H$m T>m§MmMa‘am ahm h¡ Am¡a CZ Om{V¶m| H$s ~‹S>r CnpñW{V,Omo ~«m÷U, j{Ì¶, d¡í¶ AWdm eyÐ H$s n[a{K ‘|Zht AmVr Wr, MmVwd©U© Ho$ {d’$b hmo OmZo H$m CÎm‘à‘mU Wm& Bg{bE, Cgo MmVwd©U© Ho$ {Z¶‘m| H$moAZXoIm H$aHo$ MmVwd©U© go ~mha H$s Om{V¶m| Ho$ApñVËd Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| àH$me S>mbZo Ho$ {bE {dde


hmoZm n‹S>m& na, S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a {bIVo h¢ {H$ ‘Zw ZoAnZo Bg {dYmZ go ñÌr Om{V H$mo H$b§{H$V H$aZo H$mH$m‘ {H$¶m h¡, ³¶m|{H$ Jwá g§~§Y B³H$m-Xþ³H$m ahohm|Jo, do BVZo ~‹S>o ñVana Zht hmo gH$Vo Wo&

AV… ñnîQ> én go ¶h ‘mZ boZm hmoJm {H$ qhXÿñ‘¥{VH$mam| H$s Om{V-CËn{Îm H$mo ì¶m»¶mE§ ‘yI©VmnyU©h¢& CÝhm|Zo dU©-g§H$a (OmaO) Om{V¶m| H$s ‘ZJT>§VH$ënZmE§ Bg{bE H$s, ³¶m|{H$ MmVwd©U© H$s Vah Om{Vì¶dñWm H$mo ^r do OÝ‘Zm ñdrH$ma H$amZm MmhVo Wo&JwU-H$‘© CZHo$ {bE ‘hÎdnyU© Zht Wm& My§{H$, maVHo$ {bE g‘mOemñÌ EH$ Z¶m qMVZ-{df¶ Wm,Bg{bE nmíMmË¶ {dÛmZm| Ho$ {gdm, ^maVr¶g‘mempñÌ¶m| Zo Om{V¶m| H$s CËn{Îm Ho$ gdmb naH$moB© d¡km{ZH$ H$m‘ Zht {H$¶m& X{bV Om{V¶m| Ho$B{Vhmg-~moY na Img Vm¡a go ANy>VnZ H$s CËn{ÎmHo$gm‘m{OH$ H$maUm| na ^maVr¶ {dÛmZm| Zo ¶m VmoqH$dX§{V¶m| AWdm OZl¥{V¶m| H$m ghmam {b¶m h¡ ¶mnmíMmË¶ {dÛmZm| H$s ì¶m»¶mAm| H$m AmYma ~Zm¶mh¡&

X{bV Om{V¶m| Ho$ B{Vhmg-~moY na ¶o XmoZm| hrnÕ{V¶m§ Ý¶m¶g§JV Zht h¢& ^maVr¶ g‘mOempñÌ¶m|Zo BZ VrZm| Om{V¶m| H$s CËn{Îm Am¡a CZHo$ B{VhmgH$s «m‘H$ ì¶m»¶mE§ H$s h¢& ^maVr¶ H$WmE§ M‘maH$mo ‘Nw>Amam Om{V Ho$ ì¶p³V Ûmam Mm§S>mb Am¡aV goCËnÞ ‘mZVr h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm, Cgo ‘ëbmh Am¡aMm§S>mb H$m nwÌ ^r H$hm OmVm h¡& qH$Vw O¡gm {H$Or.S>ãë¶y.{~«½g H$m ^r ‘V h¡, ¶WmW© ‘| BZ‘| go{H$gr ^r na§nam H$m M‘mam| H$s CËn{Îm go H$moB© g§~§YZht h¡&

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Jm¶ H$mo hmW bJmZo H$mo V¡¶ma Zhr§ hþAm, Vmo VrZm|^mB¶m| Zo {‘bH$a ¶h ’¡$gbm {H$¶m {H$ CZH$m N>moQ>m^mB© Cg ‘ar hþB© Jm¶ H$mo Ka Ho$ ~mha bo OmEJm Am¡aCgHo$ ~mX dh ñZmZ H$aHo$ nyd© H$s Vah ewÕ hmoOmEJm& Bg na N>moQ>m ^mB© V¡¶ma hmo J¶m& na, O~dh Jm¶ H$s bme H$mo ItMH$a O§Jb ‘| ’|$H$H$admng Am¶m, Vmo ñZmZ Ho$ ~mX ^r CgHo$ ^mB¶m| ZoCgH$mo AnZmZo go BZH$ma H$a {X¶m& CÝhm|Zo CggoH$hm {H$ A~ dh M‘ma hmo J¶m h¡ Am¡a M‘ma H$mH$m‘ hr H$aoJm&

Xÿgar H$Wm h¡ {H$ EH$ amOm H$s Xmo ~o{Q>¶m§ Wr-Mm‘y Am¡a ~m‘y& XmoZm| Ho$ Xmo nwÌ Wo, Omo ~hþV ~{bîR>Wo& EH$ {XZ amOm Ho$ ~m‹S>o ‘| EH$ hmWr ‘a J¶m&amOm Zo bmoJm|o go nyN>m- "³¶m H$moB© BVZm ~{bîR>ì¶p³V h¡, Omo Bg ‘¥V hmWr H$mo ~mha bo OmH$aX’$Zm gHo$?' Mm‘y Ho$ ~oQ>o Zo ¶h H$m‘ H$a {X¶m& Bgna ~m‘y Ho$ ~oQ>o Zo CgH$mo Om{V-~mhç Kmo{fV H$a{X¶m& dh M‘ma hmo J¶m&

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BZ H$WmAm| go ¶h ñnîQ> hmoVm h¡ {H$ M‘ma CgoH$hm J¶m, {OgZo ‘¥VH$ newAm| H$mo CR>mH$a ’|$H$m&¶h M‘ma H$s CËn{Îm H$m d¡km{ZH$ Am¡a VH©$g§JVH$maU {~ëHw$b ^r Zht h¡, ³¶m|{H$ dh ì¶dgm¶ H$moVmo Xem©Vm h¡, Om{V H$mo Zht& ¶{X ì¶dgm¶ hr Om{VH$m AmYma hmoVm, Vmo AmO M‘mam| ‘| ha Vah H$mì¶dgm¶ H$aZo dmbo bmoJ h¢, do S>m°³Q>a, B§Or{Z¶a,AÜ¶mnH$, R>oHo$Xma, dH$sb, boIH$, ì¶mnmar,àemgH$, amOZr{Vk Am¡a g¡{ZH$ h¢& CZ‘| H$moB© ^r‘¥VH$ newAm| H$mo CR>mZo H$m H$m‘ Zht H$aVm h¡& {’$a


^r OmVr¶ AmYma na do M‘ma ³¶m| ‘mZo OmVo h¢?h‘mao nmg ¶h OmZZo H$m H$moB© AmYma Zht h¡ {H$

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H$mo ANy>VnZ H$m ‘yb H$maU H$^r Zht ‘mZm OmH$mo ANy>VnZ H$m ‘yb H$maU H$^r Zht ‘mZm OmH$mo ANy>VnZ H$m ‘yb H$maU H$^r Zht ‘mZm OmH$mo ANy>VnZ H$m ‘yb H$maU H$^r Zht ‘mZm OmH$mo ANy>VnZ H$m ‘yb H$maU H$^r Zht ‘mZm Om

gH$Vm&gH$Vm&gH$Vm&gH$Vm&gH$Vm& IoX ho {H$ qhXÿ {dÛmZm| Zo emñÌm| Am¡aOZl¥{V¶m| go ~mha {ZH$bH$a ^maVr¶ g‘mO Am¡aB{Vhmg H$mo XoIZo H$s H$mo{eg Zht H$s& ¶{X CÝhm|ZoEogr H$mo{eg H$s hmoVr, Vmo CÝh| ‘mby‘ hmoVm {H$^maVr¶ g‘mO ‘| ha Vah H$m H$m‘ H$aZo dmbo bmoJWo& dh EH$ dJu¶ g‘mO Wm&

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a Zo ZmaX ñ‘¥{V Ho$ hdmbo go {bImh¡ {H$ Am¶m} H$mo J§Xo noeo H$aZo ‘| {H$gr àH$ma H$mH$moB© EoVamO Zht Wm& CgHo$ AZwgma noeo Xmo àH$ma Ho$hmoVo h¢-ewÕ Am¡a J§Xo AWdm n{dÌ Am¡a An{dÌ&J§Xo noeo Xmg H$aVo h¢ Am¡a ewÕ noeo H$mo H$‘©H$maAWm©V² eyÐ H$aVo h¢& J§Xo H$m‘ H$m¡Z go h¢? ZmaXñ‘¥{V H$hVr h¡-XadmOo, em¡Mmb¶, g‹S>H$ gm’$ H$aZmHy$‹S>m ’|$H$Zm, CpÀN>îQ> moOZ VWm ‘b-‘yÌ H$mo CR>mH$a’|$H$Zm J§Xo H$m‘ h¡& S>m°. Am§~S>H$a {bIVo h¢ {H$Bggo ¶h ñnîQ> h¡ {H$ J§Xm H$m‘ H$aZo dmbo Xmg WoAm¡a PmSy> bJmZm J§Xo H$m‘ ‘| em{‘b Wm& Am¶m] ‘|Xmg àWm Wr& EH$ Am¶© Xÿgao Am¶© H$m Xmg hmo

gH$Vm Wm& ZmaX ñ‘¥{V Ho$ AZwgma, MmVwd©U© ‘| XmgàWm AZwbmo‘ H«$‘ go Wr, à{Vbmo‘ H«$‘ go Zht&‘Vb~ ¶h h¡ {H$ EH$ ~«m÷U, EH$ j{Ì¶, EH$ d¡í¶Am¡a EH$ eyÐ, ~«m÷U H$m Xmg hmo gH$Vm Wm& qH$VweyÐ H$m Xmg Ho$db eyÐ hr hmo gH$Vm Wm& S>m°.Am§~oS>H$a BgH$s ì¶m»¶m H$aVo hþE {bIVo h¢, ""¶{XEH$ ~«m÷U Xmg ~Zo, EH$ j{Ì¶ Xmg ~Zo, EH$ d¡í¶Xmg ~Zo AWdm EH$ eyÐ Xmg ~Zo, Vmo Cgo PmSy>bJmZo H$m H$m‘ H$aZm hr hmoJm& hm§, EH$ ~«m÷U Xmg{H$gr j{Ì¶, d¡í¶ ¶m eyÐ Ho$ Ka ‘§o PmSy> ZhtbJmEJm& qH$Vw dh ~«m÷U Ho$ Ka §Jr H$m H$m‘H$aoJm& Bg{bE ¶h ñnîQ> h¡ {H$ ~«m÷U, j{Ì¶ Am¡ad¡í¶, Omo {ZpíMV én go Am¶© h¢, J§Xo go J§Xm §JrH$m H$m‘ H$aVo h¢& ¶{X §Jr H$m H$m‘ EH$ Am¶© Ho${bE K¥{UV H$m¶© Zht Wm, Vmo ¶h H¡$go H$hm OmgH$Vm h¡ {H$ J§Xo noem§o H$mo H$aZm Nw>AmNy>V H$m H$mamh¡?''

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a Zo EH$ AÝ¶ àíZ ^r CR>m¶m h¡Am¡a dh h¡ {H$ 1935 ‘| ^maV gaH$ma Zo ANy>VOm{V¶m| H$s EH$ gyMr Omar H$s Wr, Omo Am°S>©a BZH$m¢{gb (Amkm-nÌ) ‘| XO© h¡& Bg‘| 429 Om{V¶m§gpå‘{bV h¡& qH$Vw qhXÿ ñ‘¥{V¶m| ‘| Xr JB© (ANy>V)Om{V¶m| H$s A{YH$ go A{YH$ g§»¶m Ho$db 12 h¡&H$m¢{gb AmXoím ‘| Cpëb{IV 429 Om{V¶m| ‘| goHo$db VrZ H$m ñ‘¥{V¶m| ‘| dU©Z {‘bVm h¡& Eogr ^rOm{V¶m§ h¢, {OZHo$ Zm‘ ñ‘¥{V¶m| ‘| h¢, qH$Vw Am°S>©aBZ H$m¢{gb H$s gyMr ‘| Zht h¡& Ho$db EH$ Om{V h¡,{OgH$m Zm‘ XmoZm| ‘| h¡ Am¡a dh Om{V h¡ M‘ma&Am§~oS>H$a H$m ‘V h¡ {H$ ¶o XmoZm| gy{M¶m§ XmoZmo§ ‘| h¡Am¡a dh ANy>V Om{V¶m| H$s h¡& An{dÌm| H$s gyMr ‘|go Hw$N> ANy>Vm| H$s gyMr ‘| ^r h¢& BgH$m H$maU ¶hrh¡ {H$ Omo EH$ g‘¶ An{dÌ Wo, do hr ~mX ‘| ANy>Vhmo JE& M‘ma {H$gr g‘¶ An{dÌ Wm, na ~mX ‘|ANy>V ~Z J¶m& Bg{bE CgH$m Zm‘ XmoZm| gy{M¶m| ‘|


em{‘b H$aZm n‹S>m& BgH$m H$maU S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a Zo¶h ~Vm¶m h¡ {H$ {Og g‘¶ Jm¶ H$mo n{dÌVm H$mXOm© {‘bm Am¡a Jm¶ H$m ‘m§g ImZm nmn ~Z J¶m,Cg g‘¶ An{dÌ bmoJm| ‘| Omo ‘m§gmhmar Wo, Ho$dbdo hr ANy>V ~Zo& M‘ma H$m Zm‘ Bg{bE XmoZm| gy{M¶m|‘| AmVm h¡, ³¶m|{H$ dhr EH$ ‘mÌ Jm¡ ‘m§gmhmar Om{Vh¡&

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