it’s the fluids that count - colorado school of mines...it’s the fluids that count fall 2010 m....
TRANSCRIPT
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It’s The Fluids
That Count
Fall 2010
M. BatzleSEG Honorary Lecture
The Great Wave off Kanagawa by the Japanese artist Hokusai
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Acknowledgements
� Society of Exploration Geophysicists� Shell Sponsorship
� Center for Rock AbuseColorado School of Mines
� De-hua Han Univ. Houston
IF IT AIN’T BROKE …We’ll Break It
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•WATER and BRINE(BRINE = H2O + Salt)
•HYDROCARBONSOilGas
TYPES of PORE FLUIDS
GasMixtures
•DRILLING MUD
•PRODUCTION FLUIDSMiscible Injectants(CO2, Enriched Gas)
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From Ivar Brevik, STATOIL
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SANDSTONE VELOCITY
VE
LOC
ITY
(k
m/s
)4
3
VpV
ELO
CIT
Y
(km
/s)
2
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MPa)
0 25 50
Vs
from Han, 1986.
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Vp = K + 4/3 G
ρρρρ( ) 1/2
Vs = Gρρρρ( )
1/2
One description of the influence of pore fluids on seismic velocity can be found in Gassmann’s Equations. The fluid effect is seen in the red ellipse.
GASSMANN’S EQUATION
Velocity & Modulus:
Ksat = Kdry +K0
-2(K0 – Kdry)2
K0-2(K0 – Kdry) + φ φ φ φ (1/Kf - 1/K0)
Kf = Fluid modulus Kdry = Dry bulk modulusKsat = Saturated bulk modulusKo = Mineral bulk modulusG = Shear modulus (sometimes ‘µµµµ’)Vp = Compressional velocityVs = Shear velocityφφφφ = Porosityρρρρ = Density
ρρρρsat = ρρρρ0 (1- φφφφ) + φρφρφρφρf
Density:
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•WATER and BRINE(BRINE = H2O + Salt)
•HYDROCARBONSOilGas
TYPES of PORE FLUIDS
GasMixtures
•DRILLING MUD
•PRODUCTION FLUIDSMiscible Injectants(CO2, Enriched Gas)
Steam
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BRINE COMPOSITION versus DEPTH
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O
H H
WATER a.k.a. H 2O
2.7 A
Hinch, 1980
δ+
δ-
2.7 A
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Water + Ions(usually NaCl)
ClNa
Dickerson et al., 1970
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HeavyOil
Water Wet
silicaSilicaHeavyOil
Oil WetM. Schmutz et al., 2010
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SP , Resistivity &Thermal Profile
Mt. PrincetonGeothermal AreaColorado
Revil et al., 2010
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BRINE DENSITY versus PRESSRE, TEMPERATURE, & SALINI TY
Brine density as a function of temperature pressure and salinity (ppm = parts per million NaCl). Solid circles are from Zarembo and Fedorov (1975).
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BULK MODULUS versus PRESSRE, TEMPERATURE, & SALINIT Y
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PR
ES
SU
RE
CRITICALPOINT
LIQUID
GENERAL PHASE BEHAVIOR: Water
Tcp = 647 K, 374 CPcp = 22.067 MPa
TEMPERATURE
PR
ES
SU
RE
GASSOLID
T.P.
Schematic phase behavior for a simple pure substance
Ttp = 273 K, 0 C Ptp = 611.73 Pa
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Density of water & steam
DE
NS
ITY
(g/
cm3 ) 0.1 MPa
10
40
70
Vapor Point
DE
NS
ITY
(g/
cm3 )
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.0
Sun et al., 2007
4000 600200 800
TEMPERATURE (C)
DE
NS
ITY
(g/
cm
0
0.2
0.4
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CT SCANS SandpackCoarse Sand w/o THF-Hydrates Coarse Sand w/ THF-Hydrates
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Guest Molecules
Gas Hydrate Crystal Structures
STRUCTURE I
Water Molecules STRUCTURE I
STRUCTURE II
STRUCTURE H
O = C = OC HH
H
H
C
H
H
C HH
H
H
Guest Molecules:
Methane Carbon DioxideEthane IMF - GEOMAR
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•WATER and BRINE(BRINE = H2O + Salt)
•HYDROCARBONSOilGas
TYPES of PORE FLUIDS
GasMixtures
•DRILLING MUD
•PRODUCTION FLUIDSMiscible Injectants(CO2, Enriched Gas)
Steam
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Gas
Hydrocarbons come in many flavors, each with specific properties. In addition, complex mixtures of thes components will change composition under differing conditions.
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PR
ES
SU
RE
CRITICALPOINT
LIQUID
GENERAL PHASE BEHAVIOR: PURE COMPOUND
Water CO
TEMPERATURE
PR
ES
SU
RE
GASSOLID
T.P.
Water
Butane
CO2
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Fluid – Density
800
1000
1200Fluid Density [kg/m
3] Brine
CO2
0 2 4 6 8 100
200
400
600
Fluid Pressure [MPa]
Fluid Density [kg/m
Butane
CO2
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Fluid – Modulus
2000
2500
3000Fluid Modulus [MPa] Brine
0 2 4 6 8 100
500
1000
1500
Fluid Pressure [MPa]
Fluid Modulus [MPa]
Butane
CO2
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GENERAL PHASE BEHAVIOR: MIXTURE
PR
ES
SU
RE
CRITICALPOINT
TEMPERATURE
PR
ES
SU
RE
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PR
ES
SU
RE
Liquid-LikeBehavior CRITICAL POINT
BLACK OIL
VOLATILEOIL
RETROGRADECONDENSATE
DRY GAS
GENERAL PHASE BEHAVIOR
PR
ES
SU
RE
TEMPERATURE
Gas-LikeBehavior
Two PhaseRegion
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VELOCITY of LIGHT OIL as a FUNCTION of DENSITY
VE
LOC
ITY
(m
/s)
141.5ρρρρ(SG)
- 131.5API =
50 40 30 20 10Oil API
DENSITY (g/cm 3) [of dead oil at STP]
VE
LOC
ITY
(m
/s)
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PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE
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HC Fluid Velocity vs. Pressure
1000
1500
Vel
ocity
(m
/s)
LIQUID
0
500
0 2 4 6 8 10
Pressure (Mpa)
Vel
ocity
(m
/s)
GAS
Calculation from FLAG program. Bubbles start to exsolve from this fluid when pressure drops below bubble point (about 3.8 MPa)
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PR
ES
SU
RE
Liquid-LikeBehavior CRITICAL POINT
BLACK OIL
VOLATILEOIL
RETROGRADECONDENSATE
DRY GAS
GENERAL PHASE BEHAVIOR
PR
ES
SU
RE
TEMPERATURE
Gas-LikeBehavior
Two PhaseRegion
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600
800
Vel
ocity
(m
/s)
28
35
41 MPa
HEAVY GAS COMPRESSIONAL VELOCITY
400
10 30 50 70 90 110
Temperature (c)
Vel
ocity
(m
/s)
15
20
Near the critical point, a heavy gas can act like either a liquid or a gas.
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PROPERTIES and BEHAVIOR of
HEAVY OILS
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SMITH, 1926
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DESTRUCTION of SODOM and GOMORRAH
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Heavy oils are an enormous resource. T. Appenzeller, (2004)
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Biodegradation
Hunt, 1996
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1 0
1 2
1 4
1 6
1 8
2 0
North Sea
California
0
2
4
6
8
0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5
TIME
Alaska Heavy
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SARA fractionation
• S- Saturates: Straight or branched alkanes (paraffins)
• A- Aromatics: Contain at least one benzene ring
• R- Resins: propane-insoluble, pentane-soluble fraction
• A- Asphaltenes: soluble in carbon disulfide but soluble in carbon disulfide but
insoluble in petroleum ether or ninsoluble in petroleum ether or n--pentanepentane (Huh?)
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Molecular Structure of Asphaltene Proposed for 510C Residue of Venezuelan
Crude by Carbognani [INTEVEP S.A. Tech. Rept., 1992]
3D Picture of Carbognani's Model of Venezuelan Crude Asphaltene Molecule
(Courtesy of Prof. J. Murgich)
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Michael Jardine
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Chemical Controls on Viscosity
Rel
ativ
e V
isco
sity
ASPHALTENES
Henaut 2001
Weight Fraction of Asphaltenes
Rel
ativ
e V
isco
sity
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Viscosity versus temperature for oils from several sources
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The heavy oil or ‘pitch’ drop experiment described by Edgeworth et al. (1984)
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VE
LOC
ITY Liquid
Glass
Quasi-Solid
TEMPERATURE
VE
LOC
ITY Liquid
Glass P. Liquid P.
Han et al., 2008
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Calculated “Fluid” shear velocity dependence on viscosity
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HEAVY OIL
CARBONATEGRAIN
HEAVY OIL
Scanning electron microscope image of the Uvalde carbonate saturated with heavy oil.
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3
4
Velocity [km/s]
25C
60C
40C
25C
VP
1
2
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Frequency [Hz]
25C
60C
40C
VS
Frequency dependence of the Uvalde heavy oil-saturated sample. As expected, velocity decreases with increasing temperature. Also, dispersion becomes significant within the seismic band as temperature increases.
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A similar amount of dispersion was detected by Doug Schmitt (1999) when comparing a sonic log to a VSP.
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DURI FIELD STEAM FLOOD, SEISMIC TIME LAPSE
Jenkins et al. (1997)
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DURI FIELD STEAM FLOOD, SEISMIC TIME LAPSE
Jenkins et al. (1997)
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PR
ES
SU
RE Liquid-Like
Behavior
CRITICAL POINT
BLACK OIL
VOLATILEOIL
RETROGRADECONDENSATE
DRY GAS
GENERAL PHASE BEHAVIOR
HEAVYOIL
PR
ES
SU
RE
TEMPERATURE
Gas-LikeBehavior
Two PhaseRegion
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Calculated Fluid Modulus versus PressureOil API = 7, GOR = 2 L/L, T = 20 C
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500B
ulk
Mod
ulus
(M
pa)
.
Bulk modulus MPa
Mix Mod. Mpa
Gas Mod. Mpa 0MIXTURE
0
500
1000
1500
0 5 10 15 20
Pressure (Mpa)
Bul
k M
odul
us (
Mpa
) .
Gas Mod. Mpa 0
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Calc. Fluid Modulus versus TemperatureOil API = 7, GOR = 2 L/L, P = 2 MPa
1500
2000
2500
3000
Mod
ulus
(M
pa)
.
Bulk modulus MPa
Mix Mod. Mpa
Gas Mod. Mpa
0
500
1000
0 50 100 150 200 250
Temperature (C)
Mod
ulus
(M
pa)
.
Gas Mod. Mpa1.827
MIXTURE
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FLUIDS:
- Our main exploration and monitoring targets
HEAVY OIL:
-Properties complex but systematic:compositional & phase changes
- Can have a strong geophysical signature
- Properties strongly temperature dependent
- Seismic properties strongly frequency dependentUltrasonic = sonic Log = Seismic
- Can act like a solid: Propagates a shear wave (viscoelastic)
- Small GOR has large effect
- Enormous resourceHEAVY OIL:
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Live
Oil
Vis
cosi
ty (
cp)
100
1000
10000
141.5ρ - 131.5API =
API Gravity
Live
Oil
Vis
cosi
ty (
cp)
0.1
1.0
10
(Al-Mamaari, et al., 2006)
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SHEAR MODULUS and QUALITY FACTORin UVALDE HEAVY OIL & ROCK @ 12.6 Hz
SH
EA
R M
OD
ULU
S
Log
10(G
)
ROCK G
(From Jyoti Behura)
Log 1
0S
HE
AR
MO
DU
LUS
L
og
TEMPERATURE (oC)
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CO2 Velocity – Near Critical Point
Davies and Wallace, 1992
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Phase behavior for a condensate gas showing a possible P-T path during production. If the fluid crosses the dew point line in the formation, liquids will be left behind.