The The Kingdom of Kingdom of

Italy was Italy was ruled by ruled by

Napoleon, Napoleon, Naples by Naples by

his his brother-in-brother-in-

law and law and Rome by Rome by the Popethe Pope

The Congress of Vienna restored

the states

and old monarchi

es in 1815

Nationalism began to rise Nationalism began to rise with groups like the with groups like the

secretsecret Carbonari Carbonari

Three Three ideas for ideas for

unificationunification emerged:emerged: Republic, Republic,

Monarchy, Monarchy, The PopeThe Pope

Giuseppe Giuseppe Mazzini Mazzini formed formed

the Young the Young Italy Italy

movement movement in 1831 to in 1831 to drive out drive out foreign foreign rule and rule and create a create a Republic Republic of Italyof Italy

King Victor Emmanuel I

The Kingdom of Sardinia became

the hope of monarchists

The ‘Neo-Guelphs’ favored unification under

the Pope

Vincenzo GiobertiVincenzo Gioberti Pope Pius IXPope Pius IX

1848: Italian Nationalists rose in revolt against state governments

Mazzini and Garibaldi Mazzini and Garibaldi declared the Republic of declared the Republic of

Italy in Rome, 1848Italy in Rome, 1848

The The RevolutioRevolutio

ns of ns of 1848-49 1848-49 failed: failed:

The The French French

restored restored Pope Pius Pope Pius

IX; IX; Austria Austria

regained regained Lombardy Lombardy

and and VenetiaVenetia

Count Count Camilo di Camilo di Cavour, Cavour, Prime Prime

Minister of Minister of Sardinia, Sardinia,

became the became the leader of leader of

the the pragmatic pragmatic movement movement

to unite to unite ItalyItaly

Cavour’s goal: Unite Italy under the Constitutional Monarchy of

Sardinia

CavourCavour and Sardinia allied with and Sardinia allied with Napoleon IIINapoleon III and France to drive and France to drive

Austria out of ItalyAustria out of Italy

1859: 1859: France France

and and SardiniSardinia drove a drove Austria Austria out of out of

LombarLombardydy

Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was crowned King

of Italy, March 1861

Garibaldi and his Red Garibaldi and his Red Shirts conquered Sicily Shirts conquered Sicily

and Naplesand Naples

Garibaldi Garibaldi met met

Victor Victor EmmanuEmmanu

el II; el II; Naples Naples

was was annexed annexed to Italyto Italy

British cartoon

showing the roles of

Garibaldi and King

Victor Emmanuel II

in uniting Italy

Right foot in the boot this time.

After the

Seven Weeks’

War, 1866, Italy

gained Venetia as the ally of

victorious

Prussia

The French army remained in Italy until France

declared war on Prussia, July 1870

When the French

withdrew, the Papal

States were annexed to

the Kingdom of

Italy, September

1870

Pope Pius IX refused

to recognize

the annexation of the Papal

States. He considered himself to be the ‘Prisoner

of the Vatican’. “I must surrender the sword,

my son, but I keep the keys!”

Italy and the Vatican settled their differences in the Lateran Pact of 1929..

Cavour: “The Head”

Garibaldi: “The Sword”

Mazzini:“The Soul”

Victor Emmanuel II:

“The Sovereign”

Summary of Italian UnificationSummary of Italian Unification• Nationalism was set in motion by Napoleonic

Wars• Congress of Vienna re-established separate

states; Austria became the dominant power• Piedmont-Sardinia emerged as the state to lead

Italian unification• Giuseppe Mazzini was the inspiring leader of

Italian Nationalism• Giuseppe Garibaldi was the untiring, dedicated

creator of the force that created Italy• Camilo Benso di Cavour was the practitioner of

realpolitik who made the practical moves necessary for unification; Constitutional monarchy was the compromise

• Uprisings, revolutions and wars in 1820, 1830, 1848, 1859-60, 1866, 1870 and 1915-18 created the nation

• Not until 1929 were Italy and the Catholic Church reconciled

The Italian peninsula in 1859

Italy in 1870