it 7 - neuroanatomy 1 - erb

7/18/2019 IT 7 - Neuroanatomy 1 - ERB

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NEUROANATOMY OF MENTALAND NEUROBEHAVIOR

DISORDERSErial Bahar

2013


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Learning Obe!"i#e$

1% De$!ribe "he $"r&!"&re$ in#'l#e( in )$*!hia"ri! an(ne&r'beha#i'ral (i$'r(er$

2% De$!ribe an( (iagra+ "he ba$i! +'r)h'l'g* ', "he$"r&!"&re$ !'+)ri$ing "he li+bi! $*$"e+

3% De$!ribe an( (iagra+ "he in)&"-'&")&"rela"i'n$hi)$ ', li+bi! n&!lei

.% /hara!"erie "he ,&n!"i'n$ ', li+bi! brain$"r&!"&re$ an( "heir &n(erl*ing +e!hani$+$ heren'n4

5% De#el') an &n(er$"an(ing ', "he $"r&!"&ral an(,&n!"i'nal ba$e$ ,'r !lini!al an( beha#i'ral(i$'r(er$ a$$'!ia"e( i"h (*$,&n!"i'n$ ', "he li+bi!$*$"e+


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S"r&!"&re$ In#'l#e( in6$*!hia"ri! an(

Ne&r'beha#i'ral Di$'r(er1% Hi))'!a+)al ,'r+a"i'n2% A+*g(ala3% Orbi"',r'n"al !'r"e7.% /ing&la"e g*r&$

5% H*)'"hala+&$

8% Ma++ilar* b'(ie$9% An"eri'r "hala+i! n&!le&$:% Me(ial ('r$al "hala+i$ n&!le&$

;% Ven"ral $"ria"&+10% Fr'n"al l'be

11% Rhinen!e)hal'n12% Me$en!e)hal'n

1% S&b$"an"ia Nigra2% Ven"ral "eg+en"al area VTA43% F'r+a"i' re"i!&lari$

Limbic system


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OVERVIEW OF THE

FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY

OF THE BRAIN


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HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

A. Central Nervous

System1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

B. Peripheral Nervous

System1. Somatic

2. Autonomic

1. Sympathetic2. Parasympathetic


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Functional Areas ofCerebral Cortex

There are "hree "*)e$ ', ,&n!"i'nal area$ ', !erebral!'r"e7 "he

?#e $)e!ial $en$e$> an( $'+e a$)e!"$ ',)r')ri'!e)"i'n h'e#er> li""le #i$!eral $en$'r*in,'r+a"i'n i$ r'&"e( "' "he !'r"e74>

2%A$$'!ia"i'n area$ hi!h in"egra"e $en$'r*

in,'r+a"i'n i"h e+'"i'nal $"a"e$> +e+'rie$> learningan( ra"i'nal "h'&gh" )r'!e$$e$%

3%M'"'r area$ hi!h genera"e i+)&l$e$ hi!hinner#a"e #'l&n"ar* $ele"al +&$!le$%


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FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF CEREBRAL CORTEX

1. Sensory areas

2. Motor area

3. Association area


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SENSORY AREAS

S)e!i?! area$ ', "he !erebral !'r"e7 hi!hre!ei#e an( in"er)re" $'+a"i! $en$'r*i+)&l$e$> e%g%>

! 'l,a!"i'n in "he ,r'n"al l'be>! !&"ane'&$ $en$a"i'n$ in "he )arie"al l'be>

! #i$&al $en$a"i'n$ in "he '!!i)i"al l'be>

! "a$"e> hearing> an( e@&ilibri&+ in "he "e+)'ral

l'be! #i$!eral $en$'r* i+)&l$e$ are re!ei#e( an(

in"er)re"e( in "he (ien!e)hal'n> !erebell&+> an(brain $"e+%


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Brain F&n!"i'n< Sen$'r*In,'r+a"i'n

6ri+ar* $'+a"i! $en$'r* !'r"e7

!Ter+ina"i'n )'in" ', )a"ha*$ ,r'+ $in>+&$!&l'$ele"al $*$"e+> an( #i$!era

! S'+a"'$en$'r* )a"ha*$

T'&!h

Te+)era"&re

6ain I"!h

B'(* )'$i"i'n


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Brain F&n!"i'n< Sen$'r*In,'r+a"i'n

S)e!ial $en$e$ ha#e (e#'"e( regi'n$

! Vi$&al !'r"e7

! A&(i"'r* !'r"e7

! Ol,a!"'r* !'r"e7

! &$"a"'r* !'r"e7

6r'!e$$e( in"' )er!e)"i'n


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MOTOR AREAS

S)e!i?! area$ ', "he !erebral !'r"e7>(ien!e)hal'n> !erebell&+> brain $"e+an( $)inal !'r( hi!h genera"e i+)&l$e$

hi!h inner#a"e all eCe!"'r$ in "he b'(*>e%g%>

! #'l&n"ar* $ele"al +&$!le$>

! in#'l&n"ar* +&$!le$>

! glan($>

En('!rine

E7'!rine%


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Brain F&n!"i'n< M'"'rS*$"e+

Three +a'r "*)e$! Sele"al +&$!le +'#e+en"

S'+a"i! +'"'r (i#i$i'n

! Ne&r'en('!rine $ignal$ H*)'"hala+&$ an( a(renal +e(&lla

! Vi$!eral re$)'n$e$ A&"'n'+i! (i#i$i'n

V'l&n"ar* +'#e+en"! 6ri+ar* +'"'r !'r"e7 an( +'"'r

a$$'!ia"i'n area$


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ASSOCIATION AREAS

S)e!i?! area$ ', "he !erebral !'r"e7hi!h in"egra"e $en$'r* in,'r+a"i'ni"h

! e+'"i'nal $"a"e$

! +e+'rie$

! Learning

! ra"i'nal "h'&gh" )r'!e$$e$


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Brain F&n!"i'n< Beha#i'ralS"a"e

M'(&la"'r ', $en$'r* an( !'gni"i#e)r'!e$$e$

Ne&r'n$ !'lle!"i#el* n'n a$

diuse modulatory systems

! Origina"e in re"i!&lar ,'r+a"i'n in brain$"e+


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Brain F&n!"i'n< Beha#i'ralS"a"e

F'&r (iC&$e +'(&la"'r* $*$"e+$

! N'ra(renergi!

! Ser'"'nergi!

! D')a+inergi!

! /h'linergi!


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Brain F&n!"i'n! M'"i#a"e( an( g'al-'rien"e( beha#i'r$! S&r#i#al ', "he in(i#i(&al! S&r#i#al ', "he $)e!ie$! Learning an( +e+'r*


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S"&!"&re$ ', "he Li+bi!S*$"e+

1% H*)'"hala+&$

2% A+*g(ala

3% Se)"al area.% Hi))'!a+)al ,'r+a"i'n

5% /ing&la"e g*r&$


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L/MB/C L0B C/N&LA4 &5(S


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Schea!"c #$a%"&' () !he a*($ a&a!("cal +!$,c!,$e+ () !he l"b"c ++!e.

N(!e: The c"&',la!e# a /a$ah"//(ca/al '$" )($ !he l"b"c l(be0 a $"

() !"++,e l(ca!e# al(&' !he *,&c!"(& () !he #"e&ce/hal(&+ a !he ce$eb$al

he"+/he$e+. &0 &,cle,+.


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Re,< /lini!al Ne&r'ana"'+*%)(,


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LIMBIC SYSTEM


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Re,< /lini!al Ne&r'ana"'+*%)(,


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Schematic illustration o$ the location o$ the limbic system

bet6een the diencephalon and the neocortical hemispheres


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Schea!"c "ll,+!$a!"(& () !he c(&ce&!$"c a"& c(/(&e&!+ () !he l"b"c +!e.


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Schematic illustration )le$t obli7ue vie6* o$ the position o$ the hippocampal

$ormation 6ithin the le$t hemisphere


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Scematic so!in" some of te ma#or limbic structures

and $at!ays%


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The li+bi! $*$"e+ re!ei#e$in)&"$ ,r'+ $en$'r* $*$"e+$>

in!l&(ing "he !erebral !'r"e7>an( +'n'a+ine ne&r'nalgr'&)$ ', "he brain$"e+re"i!&lar ,'r+a"i'n%

6ri+ar* '&")&"$ ', "he li+bi!$*$"e+ are (ire!"e( "' "he

h*)'"hala+&$% Thi$arrange+en" all'$ "he li+bi!$*$"e+ "' al"er "he a!"i#i"* ',"he h*)'"hala+&$ in re$)'n$e"' $en$'r* in)&"%

Be!a&$e "he h*)'"hala+&$)r'#i(e$ "he in"egra"ing

+e!hani$+ ,'r (iCeren" ,'r+$', e+'"i'nal beha#i'r$ a$ ella$ ,'r '"her #i$!eral an(a&"'n'+i! re$)'n$e$> "heli+bi! $*$"e+ $er#e$ a$ a e*+'(&la"ing regi'n ', "he$e)r'!e$$e$ b* #ir"&e ', i"$ in)&"$in"' "he h*)'"hala+&$%

Information %o! to andfrom te limbic system


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HI11OCAM1AL

FORMATION

S" " "i" " "h


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S"r&!"&re$ !'n$"i"&"e "heHi))'!a+)al F'r+a"i'n

1% S&bi!&l&+

2% Den"a"e g*r&$

3% Hi))'!a+)&$ )r')er


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&i$$ocam$alformation in relationto oter limbicstructures'

A( amy"dala)AC( anteriorcommissure) AN(anterior nucleus ofte talamus)*+F( basofrontal

re"ion)CC( cor$us callosum,b( body) "( "enu) s(s$lenium-)C.( cin"ulate "yrus)E+RC( entorinal

cortex)F( fornix)Fm( /mbria)&F( i$$ocam$alformation)I.( indusium"riseum)


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0ia"ram illustrates te istolo"ical a$$earance of te celllayers !itin te i$$ocam$us and loci of te i$$ocam$al/elds( dentate "yrus( and subicular cortex' CA1+CA2 denote

te four sectors of te i$$ocam$us


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Semiscematic dia"ram illustrates3 ,1- in$uts from te entorinalre"ion( !ic include te $erforant and al4ear $at!ays) ,5-internal circuitry( !ic includes te connections of te mossy

/bers and Scaer collaterals) and ,6- eerent $ro#ections of tei$$ocam$al formation trou" te /mbria+fornix system of


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Ma#or $ro#ection tar"ets of te i$$ocam$al formation' Te $rimary out$utis trou" te fornix to dience$alon ,i'e'( medial y$otalamus(mammillary bodies( and anterior talamic nucleus- 4ia te $ostcommissuralfornix and to te se$tal area 4ia te $recommissural fornix' Oterconnections so!n include eerent /bers tat syna$se in entorinal


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HI66O/AM6AL FIBERS )r'e!" "' "he MAMMILLARY BODIES> hi!h> in"&rn> )r'e!" "hr'&gh "he MAMMILLOTHALAMI/ TRA/T "' "he ANTERIORNU/LEUS% The an"eri'r "hala+i! n&!le&$ "hen )r'e!"$ "' "he

/INULATE YRUS> an( "he a7'n$ ', "he !ing&la"e g*r&$ "hen )r'e!"

7a$e8circuit


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OFC( orbitofrontal cortexFAC( Frontal associationcortex7MC( $remotor cortexAAC(auditory association

cortexSAC(somatosensoryassociation cortexS79 ( su$erior $arietal lobuleI79( inferior $arietal lobuleTAC( tem$oral associationcortex(

:AC( 4isual associationcortex


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*FC( basal frontal cortexOFC( orbitofrontal cortexFAC( Frontal associationcortex7MC( $remotor cortexC.( cin"ulate "yrusCC( cor$us callosum

7AC( $arietal associationcortexSAC(somatosensoryassociation cortexTAC( tem$oral associationcortex(:AC( 4isual association

cortexA( amy"dala&( i$$ocam$usE( entorinal cortex


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&I77OCAM7A9AFFERENTS

&I77OCAM7A9EFFERENTS

9"F( lon"itudinal/ssure7CS( $recentralsulcusCS( central sulcus9F( lateral /ssureSTS( su$eriortem$oral sulcusMTS( middletem$oral sulcusITS( inferior tem$oral

sulcusCoS( collateral sulcus


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HY1OTHALAMUS

A% The a))r'7i+a"e b'&n(arie$


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A% The a))r'7i+a"e b'&n(arie$', "he an"eri'r> +i((le> an()'$"eri'r (i#i$i'n$ ', "heH*)'"hala+&$

B% The +e(ial an( la"eral 'ne$

', "he h*)'"hala+&$$ha(e(4%H*)'"hala+i! !ell$ a(a!en" "'"he "hir( #en"ri!le i$)ara#en"ri!&lar 'ne%

Abbre#ia"i'n$ a+*g(alaA/> an"eri'r !'++i$$&re

A!N> a!!&+ben$ n&!le&$/N> !a&(a"e n&!le&$/6> !erebral )e(&n!le$F!> !'l&+n$ ', "he ,'rni7F!r&$> !r&$ ', ,'rni7In,> in,&n(ib&l&+

MB> +a++illar* b'(*O/> ')"i! !hia$+ON> ')"i! ner#eOT> ')"i! "ra!"6> )&"a+en6i"> )i"&i"ar* glan(S> $e)"al n&!lei

SN> $&b$"an"ia nigraS&bT $&b"hala+&$

&Y7OT&A9AMIC;7IT


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CONNECTIONS'

The $osterior $ortion of te$ituitary ,neuroy$o$ysis- i$inner#a"e( b* h*)'"hala+i!

ne&r'n$ "ha" "ran$)'r" "heh*)'"hala+i! h'r+'ne$ '7*"'!inan( #a$')re$$in4 ('n "heir a7'n$"' be relea$e( in"' !a)illar* be($', "he )'$"eri'r )i"&i"ar* ,r'+here "he* en"er "he general

!ir!&la"i'n% B* !'n"ra$"> "he!a)illar* be($ ', "he anterior$ituitary ,adenoy$o$ysis-are $&))lie( i"h h*)'"hala+i!h'r+'ne$ ei"her relea$ing 'rinhibi"'r* ,a!"'r$4 #ia a bl''(

)'r"al $*$"e+ ,r'+ !a)illar* be($in "he h*)'"hala+&$ i"$el,% On!erelea$e( in"' "hea(en'h*)')h*$i$> "he$eh*)'"hala+i! h'r+'ne$ "hen$"i+&la"e )i"&i"ar* !ell$ "'$*n"he$ie an( $e!re"e "heir 'n


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SE7TA9 AREA


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To$o"ra$ically or"ani8ed $ro#ections from tei$$ocam$al formation to te se$tal area ,left side- andto$o"ra$ically arran"ed eerent $ro#ections from tedia"onal band of *roca to te i$$ocam$al formation

,ri"t side-'


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0ia"ram illustrates oter $ro#ections from te se$talarea to te medial y$otalamus( mammillarybodies( medial talamus( $refrontal cortex( and

anterior cin"ulate "yrus'


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AMY.0A9A


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te or"ani8ation of te nuclei of te amy"dala


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Te ma#or eerent $ro#ections of te amy"dala' One $rinci$al out$utincludes te stria terminalis( !ic $ro#ects to te bed nucleus of testria terminalis and to te rostro+caudal extent of te medialy$otalamus' Fibers from te bed nucleus also su$$ly similar re"ions

it 7 - neuroanatomy 1 - erb

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