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ISWA Beacon Conference: “THE GLOBALCHALLENGE: OPTIMISING THE C CYCLE”

Biological treatment of biowaste22-23 May 2008

Session 5 – a toolkit: strategies and practice in Session 5 – a toolkit: strategies and practice in Separate Collection

Defining strategies, implementing and optimising separate collection: the case of Catalunya

Francesc Giró i FontanalsDepartament de Gestió de Matèria Orgànica

Agència de Residus de Catalunya

1. Some basic data on Catalunya

2

Population (Inhabitants)

Surface (Km 2)

Population Density (inhabitants/Km 2)

Municipalities (number)

MAB 3.150.380 636 4.955,0 36 Catalonia 7.210.508 32.106 224,6 946 Spain 45.200.737 504.645 89,6 8.111 EU-25 459.500.000 10.530.751 43,6 ∼100.000

MAB: Metropolitan Area of Barcelona

Final destination of Municipal Wastes Separate collection of Municipal Wastes [2005]

Thousand of tonnes

Organic matter

Green wastes

Other wastes collectedin Tipping Points

1,63 kg /inhab · day

2. Some general data on Municipal Waste in Catalunya [2005]

3

Landfill Incineration Separate collection

Glass

Paper & Cardboard

Voluminous wastes

Packaging wastes

5. Biowaste: Food Waste (FORM) and Yard waste (FV).

FOOD WASTE + YARD WASTE

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FOOD WASTE + YARD WASTE

5. Biowaste: Different definitions and the problem of impurities

“FORM”, “FORSU” “VFG”, “GFT” Bioäbfall

5

Residual WasteFORM with very low% of impurities

FORM with high% of impurities

5. Generation of Biodegradable waste in Catalunya

Generation of Municipal Waste (2005) �� 4.200.000 T / year

18 % Paper-Cardboard

7 % Glass

12 % Light Packaging

27 % Other

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• Generation of Biodegradable Waste in Catalunya �� POTENTIAL (100%)

– FORM+FV About 1.512.000 T / year– Paper-Cardboard About 714.000 T / year– TOTAL Biodegradable Waste About 2.226.000 T / ye ar

36 % Biowaste(FORM+FV)

18 % Paper-CardboardBiodegradable

Waste53 %

18 % Paper

7 % Glass

12 % Light Packaging

27 % Other• Separate collection of:

– Glass– Paper-cardboard– Light packaging– Biowaste (FORM + FV)

• Biological Treatment [BT] thorough Composting [C] and/or

5. Municipal Waste: Composition & Management Options

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36 % Biowaste thorough Composting [C] and/or Anaerobic Digestion [AD]

• Collection of RESIDUAL WASTE:– Mechanical-Biological Treatments [MBT]

• Grey Composting. • Stabilisation before landfilling• Bio-drying before incineration

• How to get an optimised approach for separate collection of Biowaste ?– TARGETS– MANDATES– ECONOMIC PRESSURE– A MIX OF ALL THEM

6. Tools & strategies for the implementation & optimisation of

Biowaste separate collection

8

– A MIX OF ALL THEM

• High captures of biowaste• High quality of biowaste (low % impurities)• To avoid the increase of waste generation• Contention of costs• Fulfil diversion targets of biodegradable

waste of the Landfill Directive

What does mean OPTIMISATION?



• Law 6/93 on waste– Separate collection of Municipal waste (Art.47)

• In order to make possible the valorisation of municipal waste, municipalities with more than 5.000 thousand inhabitants must implement the separate collection in the collection service of municipal w aste . (Art. 47.1)

• The separate collection of municipal waste must be compulsory implemented, as for the deliver of organic waste to the collection service . (Art. 47.2)

• Law 15/2003, which modifies Law 6/93 on waste

1993

2003

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• Law 15/2003, which modifies Law 6/93 on waste– General review of law 6/93 on waste, due to legal changes in European &

Spanish laws on waste matter – Introduction of difference between domestic waste and commercial waste.

• Draft of Law, which modifies Law 6/1993 on waste . – Separate collection of biowaste will be compulsory for all Catalan

municipalities– local authorities must compulsory assign in their municipal budget the

needed items to make it possible.– Residual waste (waste which are not separate collected) must be treated

before its disposal.

2003

2008

• Law 16/2003, on funding of the waste treatment infr astructures and of the tax on landfilling

– Tax 10 € / Tonne (landfilled) [∼ 30 Millones €uros]

– Guide for local authorities about Law 16/2003 on funding of the waste treatment infrastructures and of the tax on landfilling (annually reviewed), which includes the Tax refund criteria:

• Biowaste Treatment [33,5 € / T]• Biowaste Collection [12,0 € / T] x f1 x f2• Qualitative factor (f1)



2003

10

• Population factor (f2)

2008 • Draft on Law, on funding of the waste treatment inf rastructures and of the taxes on waste disposal

– Two new taxes will be created: Tax on incineration of municipal waste (5 € / T) and Tax on debris disposal (3 € / T).

– At the other hand, it will be considered the option of increasing the taxes on municipal waste disposal, in case of municipalities without biowaste separate collection:

• Tax on waste landfilling. 10 € / T -> 20 € / T• Tax on waste incineration. 5 € / T -> 15 € / T

TARGETS PGRMC 1995-2000

PROGREMIC 2001-2006

PROGREMIC 2007-2012

Separate Collection/ Valorisation of Biowaste (% in weight)

10 % (1996-1997)50 % (1998-2000)

40 % (2003)55 % (2006)

55 %With < 15 % impurities

Infrastructure construction (investment)

46 composting plants

(138 M€)

+ 15 composting or AD plants

(210 M€)

+ 9 composting or AD plants + 30 MBT

(707 M€)



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(investment) (138 M€) (210 M€) (707 M€)

Biowaste collection system

Road Container Road container, Door to Door, etc.

Road container, Door to Door, etc.

Other specific targets

- Diversion of OM from landfill & fulfil Law 6/93-Improve the operation of composting plants-Establish a quality framework for compost

-Revision of Law 6/93 and of Law 16/2003-Reduction of Biowaste generation-Home composting promotion-Separate collection in all municipalities



• PROGREMIC 2007-2012• Sub-programme for the management of biodegradable fractions

– Promotion of Backyard composting (at home / in community)– Promotion of measures for the reduction of food squandering– Promotion of prevention on organic waste generation thorough

the use of food surplus in order to fight against hunger (Food banks ).

– Extension of separate collection of biowaste in all municipalities.

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– Extension of separate collection of biowaste in all municipalities.

– Consolidation of biowaste separate collection .– Promotion of biodegradable bag .– Promotion of aerated buckets (jointly with biodegradable bag);

it can produce an overall reduction of 5-10 % of we ight.– Promotion of more efficient separate collection systems , which

allow to get bigger captures of biowaste and best quality.– Implementation of biowaste separate collection for large

biowaste producers .



13

170.000 persons were feeded with 7.500 Tonnes of food



14



• Subsidies to local authorities for promote Biowaste Separate Collection (9 M€/year) [40 M€ since 2004]– Technical project– Promotion & campaign– Containers, Buckets, Compostable bags– Collection vehicles– Home composting

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– Home composting– Transfer points



• Treatment fees -linked to quality of biowaste-

Composting Plant < 5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-50 > 50Plant 1Plant 2Plant 3

Treatment Fee in relation to % of impurities

58,50 €/T 94,90 €/T50,00 €/T

50,00 €/T 75,00 €/T50,25 €/T

75,00 €/T

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Plant 3Plant 4 62,06 €/T 70,45 €/T 81,37 €/TPlant 5 36,72 €/T 42,98 €/T 53,39 €/TPlant 6 67,72 €/T 71,07 €/T 74,43 €/T 77,79 €/T 81,16 €/T 84,52 €/TPlant 7 31,18 €/TPlant 8 19,96 €/T 52,91 €/TPlant 9 57,70 €/T 60,90 €/T 64,20 €/T 70,90 €/TPlant 10 58,05 €/T 60,06 €/T 62,07 €/T 64,08 €/TPlant 11Plant 12Plant 13 25,33 €/T 28,00 €/T 28,00 €/T 30,68 €/TPlant 14Plant 15 45,00 €/T 49,50 €/T 54,00 €/T 58,50 €/T 70,50 €/T 82,50 €/T 94,50 €/T 99,00 €/TPlant 16 36,93 €/T 42,18 €/T 47,41 €/T 52,67 €/T 57,91 €/T 66,30 €/T 100,91 €/T 136,57 €/T

78,00 €/T

95,87 €/T

NOT ACCEPTED50,00 €/T

26,18 €/T

56,03 €/T NOT ACCEPTED

25,16 €/T 26,16 €/T 32,70 €/T

52,97 €/T

67,68 €/T

75,00 €/T

36,18 €/T

30,95 €/T NOT ACCEPTED

55,40 €/T

58,13 €/T

36,38 €/T33,17 €/T 50,83 €/T33,17 €/T 36,38 €/T

NOT ACCEPTED

AVERAGE % IMPURITIES 10,3 % (2007)

• TRANSPARENCY & PUBLIC INFORMATION– Implementation of Biowaste Separate Collection

• http://www.arc-cat.net/webarc/jsp/formimpl/ca/cercarmunicipis.jsf



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• TRANSPARENCY & PUBLIC INFORMATION– Characterisation of Biowaste

• https://sdr.arc-cat.net/sdr/GetLogin.do



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Characterisation Bulletin Reports on evolution of biowaste quality

7. Separate collection of Biowaste: implementation, Quantity, Quality

• Implementation of biowaste separate collection

291

385

454

300

350

400

450

500

19

212 13 12

30 27 3212

55

96 94

69

214

2739

69

96

128140

195

0

50

100

150

200

250

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Número de municipios con implantación de Recogida Selectiva de FORM Total acumulado de municipios con implantación de Recogida Selectiva de FORM

80

100

120 Effect of Tax on Landfilling + Tax refund + Subsidies


Compulsory(Law 6/93)come into

End of the extension period for Biowaste separate collection

• Evolution of the number of municipalities with biow aste separate collection. 1996-2007


20

1 513 12

2818 21

1121

28

1571

70 0

2

911

1

34

68

79

62

0

20

40

60

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

> 5000 inhab. < 5000 inhab.

come into force

collection (Law 6/93)

Total: 458 / 946 (48,4%)

Collection by means:– Road Container (RC) : 379– Door to Door (DtD / PAP) : 61

• Municipalities with biowaste separate collection im plemented (data on 18 May 2008)


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– Door to Door (DtD / PAP) : 61– RC + Doorstep Collection (PAP) : 7– only Large Producers: 11

– Population with service : About 3.900.000 inhab.

– Participation level : 30-35 %

• Municipalities with biowaste separate collection im plemented (data on 18 May 2008)


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< 5.000 inhab.: 277 / 749 (37,0 %)

> 5.000 inhab.: 181 / 197 (91,9 %)

Partial: 67 / 458 (14,6 %)

Total: 391 / 458 (85,4%)

Effects of different schemes of separate collection on the overall separate collection rates in Catalunya

Glass , Paper-Cardboard , Packagingcollected by means of ROAD CONTAINERS

20 %


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Glass , Paper-Cardboard , Packaging

& BIOWASTE (at least BIOWASTEand mixed MSW collectedDOOR TO DOOR )

Glass , Paper-Cardboard , Packaging

& BIOWASTE collected by means of ROAD CONTAINERS

35 %

70 %

Biowaste Separate Collection Quantitative Ratio in relation to population size and collection system [183 municipa lities; year 2004]

300

400

500

600

g B

iow

ast /

inh

ab d

ay

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

kg B

iow

ast /

inh

ab w

eek

100

120

140

160

180

200

kg B

iow

ast /

inh

ab y

ear


24

0

100

200

300

0 25000 50000 75000 100000 125000

Inhabitants

g B

iow

ast /

inh

ab d

ay

Door to Door Road Container

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

kg B

iow

ast /

inh

ab w

eek

0

20

40

60

80

100

kg B

iow

ast /

inh

ab y

ear

Biowaste Separate Collection Qualitative Ratio in r elation to population size and collection system [183 municipa lities; year 2004]

85,00

90,00

95,00

100,00

% P

urity


25

70,00

75,00

80,00

85,00

0 25000 50000 75000 100000 125000 150000

Inhabitants

% P

urity

Door to Door Road Container

Overall separate collection (in %) before and after the implementation of Door to Door (PORTA A PORTA) collection


26

BEFOREAFTER


Efficiency linked to collection system

High quality

High captureReduce collection

frequency of Residual Waste; avoids cost

increase

DtD

27

DtD

RC

RC

RC

RC

RC

DtD: Door to Door Collection RC: Road Container

Fulfilment of biodegradable waste reduction targets in Landfill Directive

1.000.000

1.200.000

1.400.000

1.600.000

1.800.000

2.000.000

Tonn

es B

iow

aste

2009 (50%)

2016 (65%)


28

0

200.000

400.000

600.000

800.000

1.000.000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Tonn

es B

iow

aste

BIOWASTE Collection PAPER+CARDBOARD CollectionBiodegradable Waste Generation

2006 (25%)

2009 (50%)

• Biological Treatment of Biowaste

– Composting Facilities : 18– Anaerobic Digestion Facilities: 2– Rural small composting plants: 2

– Overall Capacity Treatment of Biowaste:• Composting 240.000 T

8. Biological treatment of Biowaste: Infrastructures & Treatment capacity

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• Composting 240.000 T• Anaerobic Digestion 135.000 T

– Treatment Capacity range: 3.000-35.000 T/year

– Biowaste treated in 2007: 300.000 T– Green waste treated in 2005: 50.000 T– Compost traded in 2005: 35.000 T

• A study carried out in 86 composting facilities ana lyzed features of compost from different sources (biowaste, mixed MSW, sewage sludge, manure, vegetable waste) and determined the fulfilment with the new Spanish legislation [Decree 824/2005 o n fertilizers].

• Compost of separate collection Biowaste presents si gnificant lower content of heavy metals than mixed MSW compos t.

Mixed MSW Compost Biowa ste Compost

9. Compost Quality: The influence of INPUT materials on compost quality

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Mixed MSW Compost Biowa ste Compost

Average value

Class A RD 824/2005 Class C RD 824/2005

Class B RD 824/2005

9. Compost Quality: The influence of INPUT materials on compost quality

Biowaste compost

Mixed MSW compost

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Classe A

Classe B

Classe C

Zn 200 500 1.000 Mn ----- ----- ----- Cu 70 300 400 Ni 25 90 100 Cr 70 250 300 Pb 45 150 200 Cd 0,7 2 3

Use following Agricultural Good Practices Code

Limitation of use: up to 5 T dm / Ha year

• According to the experience of Catalunya it can be assumed that:– The adoption of specific legislation on biowaste separate collection and Tax

on landfilling has been essential for developing Biowaste recycli ng– Separate collection of Biowaste can be seen as a co mfortable & friendly task

when compostable bags and small ventilated buckets are used– Separate collection of Biowaste should be implemented thorough an

integrated way to optimize sorting schemes and avoid the increase of collection costs

– The continuous evaluation of biowaste separate collection performance is an important tool to improve the system

Conclusions

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– The continuous evaluation of biowaste separate collection performance is an important tool to improve the system

– Both the tax refund criteria and the treatment fees -linked to quality of biowaste- , have contributed to improve biowaste quality

– The implementation of biowaste separate collection in Catalunya will allow the fulfilment of the biodegradable reducing target s of Landfill Directive

– Separate collection of Biowaste allows for a significant increase the overall separate collection rates of paper, glass, packaging, etc. Door to Door collection has shown to be the most efficient system

– Compost from separate collection of Biowaste presen ts significantly lower content of heavy metals than mixed MSW compost or Residual waste

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Grazie tante per l’attenzione !!!

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