istoriuli samurzayano

soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

kaxa kvaSilava

istoriuli samurzayano

(XVII-XVIIIss. mijna – 1840w.)

sakvalifikacio naSromi istoriis doqtoris /Ph.D/

akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

samecniero xelmZRvaneli:

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

sruli profesori

zurab papasqiri

T b i l i s i _ 2 0 0 9

S i n a a r s i

S e s a v a l i ...................................................................................................................................................... 3

T a v i I. samurzayanos warmoqmnis sakiTxisaTvis .................................................. 15

§1. afxazTa eqspansia engurisaken XVIIs. ukanasknel meoTxedSi ................ 15

§2. yvapu SarvaSiZe – samurzayanos pirveli mmarTveli ................................. 41

T a v i II. samurzayano 1703-1805 wlebSi. samegrelo-afxazeTis

`kondominiumi~ .............................................................................................................................. 59

§1. politikuri procesebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi XVIIIs. I naxe-

varSi da samurzayano. murzayan SarvaSiZis moRvaweoba ............................ 59

§2. samurzayano levan SarvaSiZis mmarTvelobis periodSi ....................... 92

§3. ruseTis `mfarvelobis~ miReba ...................................................................................... 114

T a v i III. samurzayano 1805-1840 wlebSi ............................................................................ 124

§1. samurzayanos mflobelobidan samurzayanos mouravobamde

(1805-1813 wlebi) .............................................................................................................................. 124

§2. samurzayano levan V dadianis uSualo mmarTvelobis qveS

(1813-1840 wlebi) .............................................................................................................................. 153

T a v i IV. istoriuli samurzayanos socialuri da eTno-

kulturuli ier-saxe .............................................................................................................. 177

§1. socialuri viTareba ................................................................................................................. 177

§2. samurzayanos eTno-kulturuli ier-saxe ................................................................ 186

d a s k v n a ......................................................................................................................................................... 196

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura ............................................................................ 200

3

S e s a v a l i

saqarTvelos ZirZveli kuTxis, afxazeTis mkvidri xalxebis, qarT-

velTa da afxazTa mravalsaukunovani istoriuli Tanacxovreba XXs. mi-

wuruls seriozuli gamocdis winaSe dadga. ruseTis federaciis mier

mxardaWerilma separatistebma afxazeTis danarCeni saqarTvelosgan gamo-

yofis TiTqmis naxevarsaukunovani brZola warmatebiT `daagvirgvines~ da

es ZirZveli kuTxe droebiT mowyvites deda-samSoblos.

1992-1993 wlebSi, afxazeTSi konfliqtis dasrulebis Semdeg, es mxare

TiTqmis mTlianad daicala qarTuli mosaxleobisgan. afxazeTis qarTve-

loba absoluturi umravlesobiT gansakuTrebiT galis raionSi iyo war-

modgenili, sadac 1989w. mosaxleobis sakavSiro aRweris monacemebiT, ad-

gilobrivi mcxovrebidan 74 712 (93,8%) qarTveli iyo, xolo afxazi – mxo-

lod 627 (0,8%) [460].1

galis raioni, ZiriTadad, istoriuli samurzayanos teritorias moi-

cavs. samurzayano ki, rogorc calke feodaluri samflobelo, romelsac

saTaveSi afxazeTis samTavro saxlis gverdiTi Stos warmomadgenlebi

edgnen, warmoiqmna XVII-XVIII saukuneebis mijnaze. es saxeli ewoda ro-

gorc istoriul-eTnografiul provincias, aseve kolxeTis dablobis

Crdilo-dasavleT nawils, romelic gacilebiT vrcel teritorias – ke-

lasur-enguris SuamdinareTs – moicavs [263.37]. XIXs. II naxevarSi istori-

uli samurzayanos sazRvrebi ramdenadme Semcirda, vinaidan masSi Semava-

li calkeuli soflebi afxazeTisa (ilori, oxurei, reka, agubedia)2 da

samegrelos samTavroebs (faxulani, Wale, ganarjias muxuri)3 gadasces.

1993w. Semdeg afxazeTis separatistulma xelisuflebam kidev ufro Seam-

cira galis raionis teritoria oCamCirisa da tyvarCelis raionebis4 gaz-

rdis xarjze. kerZod, oCamCires sofeli SeSeleTi, sofel refisa da gin-

1 es monacemebi, bunebrivia, exeba sabWoTa periodis administraciul sazRvrebSi arsebul

galis raions. masSi Sedis 1 saqalaqo (gali) da 24 sasoflo sabWo 90 sofliT [182.6-7].

2 amJamad oCamCiris raionis farglebSia.

3 Tanamdrove zugdidisa da walenjixis raionebis farglebSia.

4 tyvarCelis raioni afxazi separatistebis mier Seqmnili administraciul-teritoriu-

li erTeulia. sabWoTa periodSi q. tyvarCeli respublikuri daqvemdebarebis qalaqi iyo.

4

Zeeweris nawilebi gadaeca, tyvarCels ki – galis r-nis Crdilo-dasavleT

mxaris dasaxlebuli punqtebi [182.6].

galis raionis teritoriis Semcireba afxaz separatistTa mizanmimar-

Tuli politikis Sedegi iyo da miznad isaxavda iZulebiT gadaadgile-

bulTa raodenobisa da, Sesabamisad, qarTuli `anklavis~ xelovnurad Se-

mcirebas. `strategiul kvlevebis centris~ (soxumi) warmomadgeneli v. Ci-

rikba stambulSi gamarTul erT-erT Sexvedraze (14-15 ivnisi, 2007w.) miuTi-

Tebda separatistTa xelisuflebisaTvis galis raionSi dabrunebul qarT-

velTa mxridan momavali safrTxis Sesaxeb, radgan isini saqarTvelos sa-

xelmwifos mxardamWerebi arian [449.103]. separatistebis emisris Sefaseba

gadaWarbebulia Tundac imitom, rom afxazuri mxaris mtkiceba, TiTqos ga-

lis raionSi 60 000 qarTveli dabrunebuliyos [346.22],1 aSkarad ar Seesaba-

meba sinamdviles, rasac adastureben kidec saerTaSoriso organizaciebi.2

am ukanasknel xans separatistuli xelisuflebisTvis `sasicocxlo~

mniSvneloba SeiZina galis raionis `avtoqtonuri~ mosaxleobis dadgenis

sakiTxma. rogorc afxazi istorikosi T. aCugba aRniSnavs, es problema

`xelovnuradaa Seqmnili~ [460]. ra Tqma unda, am daskvnaSi mas savsebiT

daveTanxmebodiT, rom ara misi erTmniSvnelovnad `garkveuli~ pasuxi af-

xazTa sasargeblod. bunebrivia, isic afxazeTisa da qarTul-afxazur ur-

TierTobaTa istoriuli simarTlis gayalbebas isaxavs miznad. aRsaniSna-

via, rom Cven erebs Soris mravalsaukunovan urTierTobaTa am tragediam-

de miyvana, aseve, ganapiroba afxazuri separatizmis ideologiis samsa-

xurSi Camdgarma istorikosTa nawilma. maT SesaSuri mondomebiT gaagrZe-

les jer kidev 1907w. vinme n. voronovis cnobili broSuriT «Абхазия не

Грузия» `gakvaluli~ bilikebiT svla, romlis kursic `naSromis~ saTaur-

Sive iyo naTlad gacxadebuli.3

rogorc cnobili qarTveli eTnologi s. baxia-oqruaSvili samarT-

lianad miuTiTebs, T. aCugbas mier sakiTxis amgvari dasmisken ubiZga af-

1 `humanitarul programaTa centris~ (soxumi) warmomadgenlis a. inal-ifas gamosvla

[449.164]; zogadad, ki afxazeTSi qarTuli mosaxleobis srulad dabrunebis sakiTxi adgi-

lobrivi separatistebis mier arc ganixileba [346.22].

2 amis Sesaxeb ix.: `saerTaSoriso krizisebis jgufis~ (briuseli, belgia) warmomadgen-

lis m. friCovas gamosvla [449.139].

3 afxazuri separatistuli istoriografiis kritika ix.: [236.76-101; 238.169-177; 427.224-246; 428.3-7].

5

xazeTis separatistuli xelisuflebisa da misi mfarveli ruseTis SiSma

– ar moxdes qarTvelTa mier afxazeTis `am mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da

samxedro-strategiuli regionis aneqsia~ [129.56, T. aCugbas sityvebia].

1993w. seqtembris cnobili movlenebis Semdeg, galis raionis mosax-

leoba araerTxel gaxda sakuTar saxl-karidan ayrisa da gamoZevebis obi-

eqti. es, rasakvirvelia, afxaz separatistTa mier am kuTxis qarTvelebis-

gan gawmendis mcdelobaa. 2008 wlis 26 agvistos ruseTis federaciis mi-

er saerTaSoriso samarTlis uxeSi darRveviT afxazeTis e.w. `damoukideb-

lobis~ aRiarebam, saqarTvelos mxridan `mosalodneli agresiis~ preven-

ciisa da md. engurze `saxelmwifo sazRvris~ dacvis uzrunvelsayofad

galis raionSi ruseTis regularuli armiis nawilebis ganTavsebam da ad-

gilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobis iZulebam `afxazeTis moqalaqeobis~ mi-

saRebad, rac, perspeqtivaSi, am kuTxis qarTuli mosaxleobis srul dena-

cionalizacias niSnavs, safrTxe Seuqmna saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

erTianobis aRdgenas. es, bunebrivia, kidev erTxel, mwvaved ayenebs saqar-

Tvelos am istoriuli mxaris warsulis obieqturad Seswavlis aucileb-

lobas, rasac miznad isaxavs warmodgenili naSromi.

Cveni kvlevis qronologiuri CarCoebi moicavs periods samurzayanos

feodaluri samflobelos Camoyalibebidan (XVII-XVIII saukuneebis mijna)

vidre 1840 wlamde, roca am mxareze dawesda ruseTis imperiis saokupa-

cio-kolonialuri reJimis pirdapiri da uSualo mmarTveloba samurzaya-

nos saboqaulos saxiT. es iyo SarvaSiZeTa samTavro-sagvareulos gverdi-

Ti Stos pirvelobis xana samurzayanoSi, romelic gagrZelda 1812 wlis

Semodgomamde, ris Semdegac 1840 wlamde am mxareze uSualod samegre-

los mTavris levan V dadianis xelisufleba vrceldeboda.

istoriuli samurzayanos warsuli politikuri da socialuri viTa-

reba sagangebo monografiuli Seswavlis sagani aqamde ar yofila. marTa-

lia, 2004 wels i. kvaSilavam daicva sakandidato disertacia samurzaya-

noze [196], magram is qronologiurad mxolod XIX-XX saukuneebs Seexeba

da sakiTxis dasmis kuTxiTac (mkvlevari kuTxis eTnografiuli kvleviT

ifargleba) ara aqvs samurzayanos yovlismomcveli istoriis Seswavlis

pretenzia. masSi mxolod zogadadaa ganxiluli istoriuli samurzayanos

socialur-politikuri istoriis sakvanZo sakiTxebi. winamdebare naSromi

6

ki swored am xarvezis Sevsebis erTgvar mcdelobas warmoadgens. is efuZ-

neba sxvadasxva saxis werilobiTi wyaroebis, toponimikuri, folkloru-

li da eTnografiuli masalebis monacemebs da problemis irgvliv arse-

bul istoriografiul memkvidreobas.

samurzayanos istoriis amsaxveli dokumenturi masalebi metad mwi-

ria. pirvel rigSi es exeba XVII-XVIII saukuneebs. XIX saukuneSi am mxriv

SedarebiT ukeTesi mdgomareobaa. rad Rirs, Tundac, `kavkasiis arqeolo-

giuri komisiis aqtebi~, romlebSic ara erTi CvenTvis saintereso doku-

mentia daculi [83; 84; 85; 86; 87; 88; 89; 90; 91]. saqarTvelos arqivebSi Tav-

moyrili masalebi nawilobriv gamoqveynebulia sxvadasxva krebulebSi [23;

25; 26; 27; 49; 61; 65]. zogierTi sabuTi Cvens mier pirveladaa Semotanili mi-

moqcevaSi samurzayano-afxazeTis istoriis kuTxiT. esaa magaliTad, S.

burjanaZis mier gamoqveynebuli `wyalobis wigni solomon mefisa mariam

jafariZis qals~ [49.113-114], romelSic, Cvenis azriT, dafiqsirebulia af-

xazeTis samTavro saxlis mxridan samurzayanos dadianTa gavlenidan ga-

moyvanis mcdeloba. CvenTvis saintereso saarqivo masalebis nawili gamoye-

nebulia b. xoravas [290], T. qadarias [267], n. TakalanZis [183; 184], j. gamaxa-

riasa [151; 328] da b. gogias SromebSi [69]. aqve sagangebod gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom

zugdidis saxelmwifo-eTnografiuli muzeumis arqivSi muSaobisas, Cven wa-

vawydiT zogierT, jer kidev gamouqveynebel sabuTs [1; 2; 3; 4].

sakvlevi problemis SeswavlaSi arsebuli saarqivo dokumentebis sim-

wire nawilobriv Seavso CvenTvis saintereso periodis mogzaurTa da TviT-

mxilvelTa Txzulebebma, romelTa Sorisaa, agreTve, rusuli saokupacio-

koloniuri armiis oficerTa memuarebic. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sainte-

resoa Jan Sardenis [59], Jak fransua gambas [14], frederik diubua de mon-

peres [70], eduard aixvaldisa [47] da f. tornaus [82] mogonebebi.

naSromSi saguldagulodaa gaanalizebuli es masala da SesaZleb-

lobisamebr dazustebulia zogierTi maTganis calkeuli cnobis Sinaar-

si. am TvalsazrisiT yuradReba gavamaxvileT Jan Sardenis `mogzaurobis~

erT adgilis m. mgalobliSviliseul gagebaze [59.137]. kerZod, Cven dagva-

eWva Sardeniseuli les Abcas-is m. mgalobliSviliseuli Targmanis siswo-

rem. iseve, rogorc misma winamorbedebma – v. barnovma, s. v. baxutovam, d.

p. nosoviCma [19.10; 108.45] – m. mgalobliSvilmac is Targmna rogorc `afxa-

7

zeTi~. amasTan, arc erT mTargmnels ratomRac yuradReba ar miuqcevia mi-

si meore mniSvnelobisTvisac – `afxazebi~. Sesabamisad, mTargmnelTa ver-

siiT, gamodioda, rom XVIIs. II naxevarSi biWvinTa afxazeTis samTavros sa-

zRvrebs gareT iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvarma Targmanma SecdomaSi Seiy-

vana istorikosi j. gamaxaria, romelmac dauSva dasaxelebul periodSi

odiSis mniSvnelovani teritoriuli gafarToeba Crdilo-dasavleTi mi-

marTulebiT [151.250]. Sesabamisi saistorio wyaroebis monacemebisa da J.

Sardenis Txzulebis originalSi [112] gacnobis Sedegad, Cven SevecadeT

dagvesabuTebina zemodasaxelebul mTargmnelTa mier am adgilis Targm-

nis simcdare da warmogvedgina aRniSnuli fragmentis swori varianti,

romlis mixedviTac XVIIs. II naxevarSi biWvinTaSi, romelic afxazeTis sam-

Tavros SemadgenlobaSi imyofeboda, jer kidev cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi

[197.162-171]. garda amisa, Cvens mier samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semotanili iq-

na erTi saintereso dauTariRebeli afxazuri xalxuri leqsi [317.204-205].

istoriuli retrospeqtivis gaTvaliswinebiT da leqsis Sinaarsis Seswav-

liT, vfiqrobT, masSi gadmocemuli unda iyos XVIIs. II naxevris ambebi,

roca xdeboda afxazTa eqspansia kodori-enguris SuamdinareTSi.

samurzayanos istoriis kvlevisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba

cnobili politikuri moRvawisa da swavlulis niko dadianis Txzulebas

[17]. am wyaros mniSvnelobas udavod zrdis is garemoeba, rom avtori aR-

werili movlenebis Tanamedrove da, rig SemTxvevaSi, monawilecaa (vgu-

lisxmobT XIXs. I meoTxedis ambebs). rasakvirvelia, yovelive es sulac

ar aTavisuflebs mkvlevars kritikulad midgomisagan. am SemTxvevaSi ga-

saTvaliswinebelia is, rom n. dadiani odiSis samTavro saxlis wevri iyo

da avtorma `qarTvelT cxovreba~ dawera im periodSi, roca SarvaSiZeebi-

sa da dadianebis samTavro saxlebs Soris urTierToba engur-RaliZgas

SuamdinareTis gamo ukiduresad daZabuli iyo. levan V dadianma am dros

araerTxel SeZlo mieRwia imisaTvis, rom afxazeTis mTavar giorgi (se-

fer-bei) SarvaSiZes samurzayanoze odiSis mTavris siuzereniteti ecno.

Sesabamisad, n. dadianic daJinebiT cdilobda xazi gaesva am mxaris odi-

Sisadmi kuTvnilebisaTvis. amasTan, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom rig SemTxve-

vebSi n. dadianis Txzuleba gacilebiT ufro zustia da met konkretikas

Seicavs, vidre vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobili naSromi [8], romelsac Cve-

8

ni odiSari mematiane TiTqmis zustad misdevs vidre XVIIIs. II naxevramde.

samurzayanos istoriis Semswavleli verc erTi mkvlevari gverds

ver auvlis Teimuraz WiWinaZis mier mopovebul saistorio masalebs [41;

42]. `sigeli~ xelnaweri dokumentia, romelic misTvis samurzayanoel Sar-

vaSiZeTa saxlis warmomadgenels gadaucia 1897w. bediaSi. samwuxarod, am

sabuTis Sedgenis TariRis garkveva ver xerxdeba. pirveli mcdeloba, am

mxriv, Tavad wyaros mompovebel T. WiWinaZes hqonda, romelsac igi mefis-

nacval mixeil voroncovisadmi dawerilad miiCnevda [41.393]. rogorc cno-

bilia, m. voroncovis, kavkasiis pirveli mefisnacvlis, mmarTvelobis xa-

naa 1844-1854 wlebi. ir. anTelava ki am dokuments 1813 wlamde periodiT aTari-

Rebda da argumentad mohqonda is, rom manuCar SarvaSiZe, romelzec sau-

baria dokumentSi, cocxlad miiCneva. Mmecnieri ki manuCaris mkvlelobas

1813 wliT aTariRebda [336.42] (sinamdvileSi igi 1812 wels daiRupa – k.k.).

vfiqrobT, rom ir. anTelavas es argumenti aramyaria, vinaidan wyaro-

Si naTqvamia: `manuCar ukanaskneli mflobeli samurzayanoisa~ [41.394]. Se-

sabamisad, Tuki mkvlevars vendobiT, maSin dokumentis avtoris `winaswar-

metyveluri~ niWis aRiareba mogviwevs, vinaidan mxolod winaswarmetyvels

Tu ecodineboda, rom samurzayanos ukanaskneli mflobeli manuCar so-

lomonis Ze iqneboda. Tuki CavTvliT mainc, rom es sabuTi manuCaris si-

cocxleSivea Sedgenili, maSin, albaT, teqsti ase unda daweriliyo: `ma-

nuCar mflobeli samurzayanoisa~ an `manuCar amJamindeli/awindeli mflo-

beli samurzayanoisa~. amitom, marTebulad migvaCnia T. WiWinaZiseuli da-

TariReba, vinaidan m. voroncovis periodSi gaimarTa sakmaod mwvave teri-

toriuli dava samurzayanoel SarvaSiZeebsa da samegrelos mTavars Soris

[280.98-101]. am konfliqtis mogvarebaSi, bunebrivia, kavkasiis mefisnacvalic

iyo CarTuli. dokumentSic aSkarad igrZnoba, rom saubaria samurzayanoze

yvapu SarvaSiZis memkvidreTa uflebebze, rac sarwmunos xdis T. WiWinaZis

mosazrebas wyaros savaraudo daTariRebasTan dakavSirebiT. amrigad vfiq-

robT, rom is unda Sedgeniliyo 1844-1848 wlebs Soris, vinaidan 1849w. 4

ianvars es dava, faqtobrivad, dadianebis sasargeblod dasrulda [280.101].

samurzayanos miwaTmflobelobisa da socialur urTierTobaTa Ses-

wavlisTvis mniSvnelovani masalebi moipoveba p. Waraiasa [40] da s. esaZis

[448] publikaciebSi. sainteresoa p. Waraias daskvenebi, rom samurzayanoe-

9

lebi eTnikurad megrelebi arian, Tumca samiwaTmoqmedo sistema afxaze-

bis msgavsi hqoniaT.

istoriografiaSi samurzayanos istoriis sakiTxebi umTavresad odiS-

afxazeTis urTierTobaTa an sakuTriv afxazeTis Tu dasavleT saqarTve-

los istoriis Sesabamisi periodis Seswavlis WrilSia ganxiluli. mok-

led mimovixiloT es masala. ase magaliTad, m. dumbaZis sakandidato di-

sertaciaSi, romelSic Seswavlilia samegrelos istoria XIXs. I naxevar-

Si, Sesabamisad, ganxilulia am periodis samurzayanos cxovrebac, rome-

lic naSromis VI TavSia mocemuli da sul 5 gverdi (74-79) uWiravs. miuxe-

davad imisa, rom sakiTxi zogadadaa warmoCenili, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es

aris am mimarTulebiT gaweuli pirveli kvleva qarTul istoriografiaSi

[169]. mogvianebiT, mkvlevari isev miubrunda am sakiTxs, magram sakandida-

to naSromSi miRebuli daskvnebi aqac ucvlelad datova [171]. Tumca, iqve

m. dumbaZem warmoadgina samurzayanos socialuri mdgomareobis analizic

XIXs. I naxevarSi.

aseve, nawilobriv exeba samurzayanos istorias, gansakuTrebiT yvapu

SarvaSiZis mmarTvelobis periods, z. anCabaZis sakandidato disertacia

[339]. avtori, ZiriTadad, marTebulad SeniSnavs, rom odiSar-imerTa wina-

aRmdegobam aRkveTa yvapus mxridan enguris marcxena sanapiros eqspansiis

mcdeloba. aseve zogadad exeba samurzayanos istorias z. anCabaZe sxva na-

SromebSic [340; 341].

manuCar SarvaSiZis moRvaweobis Sesaswavlad saintereso cnobebi da

mosazrebebi aqvs warmodgenili ir. anTelavas [336]. sakiTxis Seswavlisas,

mkvlevris mier gamoTqmul zogierT mosazrebis mimarT, garkveuli eWvi

gagviCnda da SevecadeT Cveni xedvis dasabuTebas.

XIXs. I naxevris samurzayanos cxovreba SedarebiT vrclad da sain-

tereso saarqivo dokumentebis moSveliebiT Seswavlili aqvT n. Takalan-

Zesa da T. qadarias. Tumca, am mkvlevarTaTvis es sakiTxi ar yofila kvle-

vis mTavari obiqti da igi ganxilulia zogadad afxazeTisa da odiSis samTav-

roebis istoriis WrilSi [183; 184; 267]. samurzayanos istoriis rig sakiTxeb-

Tan dakavSirebiT saintereso Tvalsazrisebi aqvs gamoTqmuli T. beraZes

[133; 134; 137.216-147; 139; 356], b. xoravas [290; 291; 294; 295; 296; 297; 298], z. papas-

qirs [240; 428], j. gamaxarias [69; 151]. samurzayanos istoriis mokle mimoxil-

10

va mocemulia b. qavSbaiasa [269] da T. mibCuanis [218; 219] statiebSi.

samurzayano-afxazeTis eTnografiisa, anTroponimiis, onomastikisa da

toponimikis sakiTxebis kvleva-Ziebebis uaxloesi Sedegebi warmodgenilia

s. baxia-oqruaSvilis [348], p. cxadaias [283; 284; 285; 286; 287], T. gvancela-

Zis [156; 157; 158], k. okujavas [226; 227; 228], n. abakeliasa [329] da i. kvaSi-

lavas [194; 195; 196] naSromebSi. samurzayanos toponimikis Seswavlis sakiT-

xSi yuradRebas imsaxureben T. mibCuanisa [217] da n. Sonias [271; 272] dakvirvebe-

bic. Tumca, am TvalsazrisiT gamorCeul yuradRebas ipyrobs eTnograf s.

baxia-oqruaSvilis erT-erTi uaxlesi publikacia, romelSic kompleqsu-

rad da istoriografiuli memkvidreobis gamowvlilviTi analizis fonze

warmodgenilia am kuTxis eTnografia [129].

engur-RaliZgis SuamdinareTis X-XVII saukuneebis qarTuli epigrafi-

kuli Zeglebi saTanadod Seswavlilia l. axalaZis monografiaSi, sadac

CvenTvis saintereso mxaris masalebi mocemulia I nawilis pirvel (`bedi-

is taZris epigrafika~) da meore (`istoriuli samurzayanos warwerebi~)

TavebSi [127; 128]. galis r-nis da, Sesabamisad, samurzayanos mxareTmcod-

neobiTi xasiaTis naSromebi da statiebi gamoqveynebuli aqvs v. zuxbaias

[176; 177; 178; 179; 180; 181; 182].

XIXs. Suaxanebidan, roca samurzayanoze ruseTis pirdapiri mmarTve-

loba dawesda da samegrelos mTavari am mxares mainc ver Tmobda, kolo-

niurma xelisuflebam xelovnurad wamoayena samurzayanoelTa eTnikuri

kuTvnilebis sakiTxi. kvlevis mizani iyo `daemtkicebinaT~ am mxaris mosaxle-

obis araqarTuli warmomavloba. am `saxelmwifo SekveTis~ pirveli `pro-

duqtis~ avtoria m. seleznevi, romelmac samurzayanoelebi afxazebad ga-

moacxada [432]. msgavsi ideebia gatarebuli a. berJes [357], s. duxovskis

[71], g. filipsonsisa [93] da n. albovis [334] mier.

carizmis mecnierTa kvals daadga qarTveli renegati k. maWavarianic,

romelic Tavisi `mosazrebebis~ tiraJirebas Savrazmuli gazeTis «Черно-

морский вестник» furclebze axdenda [400; 401; 402; 403; 397; 399; 404].

1892w. gamoqveynda rus i. pantiuxovis kvlevac, romlis anTropologi-

urma `Ziebebma~ Turme gamoaCina mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi samurzayanoe-

lebsa da megrelebs Soris [421; 422].

samurzayanos eTnografiis sakiTxebSi garkveuli gamokvlevebi Cau-

11

tarebia rus mkvlevars l. soloviovas, romlis marTebuli dakvirvebiT

am mxareSi afxazebi gvian Sua saukuneebSi gamoCndnen. Tumca, Semdgomi

daskvnebiT man axali eTnikuri subieqtis – `samurzayanoelis~ – Camoya-

libeba dauSva [436; 437; 129].

istoriuli samurzayanos warsuli, bunebrivia, ar darCenila afxaz

istorikosTa yuradRebis miRma. afxazeTis gasabWoebis Semdeg, axali Za-

liT ganaxlda samurzayanoelTa eTnikuri warmoSobis `Seswavla~. am pe-

riodis mkvlevari s. basaria maT megrul warmomavlobis sakiTxis dasaS-

vebadac ki ar miiCnevda [347].

XXs. 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi x. bRaJbam toponimikis moSveliebiT sca-

da samurzayanoelTa eTnikuri vinaobis dadgena. mecnieris mtkicebiT, galis

raionis toponimikaSi afxazuri Sre adgils ùTmobs~ megruls [351; 353]. ro-

gorc savsebiT sworad miuTiTebs p. cxadaia, x. bRaJbam ubralod miCqmala

am regionSi qarTveluri toponimikuri Sris pirveladoba [285.203-205].

samurzayanos socialur-politikuri istoriis calkeuli sakiTxebi

gaSuqebuli hqonda gamoCenil afxaz istorikoss, saqarTvelos mecniereba-

Ta akademiis wevr-korespondents, prof. g. ZiZarias [369; 369; 371].

cnobili afxazi eTnografi da istorikosi S. inal-ifa Tavdapirve-

lad savsebiT samarTlianad acxadebda, rom afxazebma, megrelebTan feo-

daluri Sinaomebis pirobebSi, daikaves kodori-enguris SuamdinareTi

[381]. Tumca, mogvianebiT man radikalurad Secvala es mosazreba da samurza-

yanos avtoqton mosaxleobad mxolod afxazebi miiCnia [382; 383; 384; 385].

ukanasknel periodSi àfxazuri istoriografia~ `warmatebiT~ agrZe-

lebs samurzayanos istoriuli warsulis sruliad uceremonio gayalbe-

bas. am saqmeSi gansakuTrebiT gamoiCina Tavi zemoTnaxsenebma T. aCugbam,

romelmac specialuri naSromi miuZRvna istoriuli samurzayanos mkvidr-

Ta èrovnuli TviTSegnebis~ problemebs [460]. masSi avtori yovelnairad

cdilobs samurzayanoelTa afxazuri warmomavloba daamtkicos, Tumca

saamisod warmodgenil saistorio sabuTebs Soris yvelaze ùZvelesi~

mxolod 1788 wliT TariRdeba da mkvlevari ratomRac ar dainteresebu-

la, Tu ra xdeboda XVIIIs. miwurulamde am mxareSi.

samurzayanos istoriis sakiTxebi mTlianad Tavdayiraa dayenebuli

o. bRaJbasa da s. lakobas afxazeTis istoriis `saxelmZRvaneloSi~, sadac

12

samurzayano miCneulia mxolod afxazTa sacxovris teritoriad [349; 350].

Tumca, am mxareSi (da es saTanadod iqneba naCvenebi warmodgenili naSro-

mis Sesabamis nawilSi) XVIIIs. damdegamde afxazTa gansaxlebis araviTari

nakvalevi ar Cans da aq maTi dafuZneba moxda mas Semdeg, rac is odiSis

mTavrebs waarTves SarvaSiZeebma XVIIs. miwuruls. 1805 wlis 9 ivliss

sof. banZaSi levan V dadiani samegrelos mTavrad damtkicebis ceremoni-

alSi monawileobdnen samurzayanos mmarTveli sagvareulos warmomadgen-

lebi levan da manuCar SarvaSiZeebic, romlebmac, oficialurad daadas-

tures ra, rom odiTganve iyvnen `samegrelos TviTmpyrobelis Tavadis da-

dianis~ kuTvnileba [84.527] da aseve daifices ruseTis imperatoris erT-

gulebaze. es niSnavda samurzayanos, rogorc samegrelos nawilis, Sesv-

las ruseTis imperiis qveSevrdomobaSi.

o. bRaJba da s. lakoba yovelive amas arafrad agdeben da am faqtis

warmoCenas imgvarad cdiloben, rom samurzayanom damoukideblad miiRo

ruseTis `mfarveloba~, samegrelos mTavari ki mxolod Suamavlis rols

asrulebda. dasaxelebuli afxazi istorikosebi cruoben ubralod cruo-

ben, roca 1840w. samurzayanos rusul administraciul erTeulad _ sabo-

qaulod gadaqcevas am kuTxeze mixeil SarvaSiZis uflebebis dadasture-

bad acxadeben [349.245]. am mtkicebas aranairi safuZveli ar aqvs. rusebma,

rogorc amas Cveni sakvalifikacio naSromis III TavSi vaCvenebT, aseTi ga-

dawyvetileba miiRes ara afxazeTis mTvaris pretenziebis dasakmayofileb-

lad, aramed sakuTari saokupacio-koloniuri reJimis poziciebis gasamya-

reblad Crdilo-aRmosavleT Savi zRvis sanapiroze, romelic perspeqtiva-

Si iTvaliswinebda afxazeTisa da samegrelos samTavroebis avtonomiuri

arsebobis mospobas. es rom asea, dasturdeba imiTac, rom 1840 wlamde ru-

seTis adgilobrivi xelisufleba samurzayanos kategoriulad mxolod sa-

megrelos kuTvnilebad ganixilavda.1

1 o. bRaJbasa da s. lakobas `saxelmZRvanelos~ propagandistuli daniSnuleba sruliad

aSkaraa. SemTxveviTi araa, rom es wigni farTod vrceldeba dasavleTel mecnierebSi, po-

litologebSi, JurnalistebSi, risi TviTmxilveli da mowmec am striqonebis avtoric iyo

aSS-Si yofnis dros 2007 wels. rogorc Cans, am `Sedevris~ erTaderTi amocana mxolod o.

bRaJbasa da s. lakobas `TvalebiT~ laJvardovan ferebSi danaxuli afxazeTis `heroiku-

li~ istoriis warmoCenaa. am mizans brmad adevnebuli avtorebi am gziT isev da isev saku-

13

amrigad, rogorc am mokle istoriografiuli mimoxilvidan Cans, da-

bejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom istoriuli samurzayanos warsuli,

mTlianobaSi, namdvilad ar aris jerovnad Seswavlili. da es im fonze,

rodesac separatistebi Zal-Rones ar iSureben am ZirZveli qarTuli kuT-

xis eTno-kulturuli da politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi istoriis mrude

sarkeSi warmosaCenad, da misi, iseve rogorc mTeli amJamindeli afxaze-

Tis, saerTo-qarTuli istoriuli procesidan mosawyvetad. swored amito-

maa saSuri samurzayanos istoriis monografiuli damuSaveba, romlis pir-

vel cdasac warmoadgens winamdebare sadisertacio naSromi.

garda sakuTriv monografiuli Seswavlisa, Cven pirvelad wamovwieT,

axleburad gaviazreT da davazusteT sakvlev problemasTan dakavSirebu-

li calkeuli sakiTxebi, kerZod:

1. samurzayanos statusTan dakavSirebiT, naSromSi pirveladaa ga-

moyenebuli `kondominiumis~ formula;

2. uaryofilia am bolo dros istoriografiaSi gamoTqmuli mo-

sazreba yvapu SarvaSiZis moRvaweobis separatizmad Sefasebis

Taobaze;

3. pirveladaa met-naklebi sisruliT gaSuqebuli samurzayanos mf-

lobelebis levan da manuCar SarvaSiZeebis moRvaweoba, dazus-

tebulia am liderTa politikur moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebu-

li zogierTi faqtis qronologia;

4. pirveladaa yuradReba gamaxvilebuli manuCar SarvaSiZis mniSv-

nelovan iniciativaze gaeTavisuflebinaT baTumi osmalTagan

XIXs. 10-iani wlebis miwuruls da am saqmeSi afxazeTis samTav-

ro saxlis wevrebis monawileobis sakiTxze, romelic istorio-

grafiaSi aqamde erTgvarad miCumaTebuli iyo.

5. istoriografiaSi damkvidrebuli TvalsazrisiT, samurzayano

ruseTma dadianisgan gamoisyida. Tumca, sinamdvileSi, samurza-

yanos CamoSoreba samegrelosgan da dadianisTvis Tanxis gadax-

da, qronologiurad Tanadrouli movlenebi ar iyo. amasTan, dadi-

anisTvis gadacemuli Tanxa iyo ara gamosyidvis safasuri, ara-

Tari eris istorias amaxinjeben da mkiTxvelic SecdomaSi SehyavT. o. bRaJbasa da s. la-

kobas `saxelmZRvanelos~ amomwuravi kritika mocemulia z. papasqiris gamoZaxilSi [244].

14

med kompensacia samurzayanos dakargviT gamowveuli ekonomiku-

ri zaralisTvis.

6. kritikulad gaanalizebuli da uaryofilia mosazreba samurza-

yanoze afxazeTis mTavris qeleS-beis sruli kontrolis dawe-

sebisa da am kuTxis dadianis gavlenis sferodan gasvlis Ta-

obaze.

15

T a v i I. samurzayanos warmoqmnis sakiTxisaTvis

§1. afxazTa eqspansia engurisaken XVIIs.

ukanasknel meoTxedSi

XVII saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi gansakuTrebiT garTulda odi-

Sis samTavros mdgomareoba. levan III (Samadavle) dadiani (1661-1681),1 qar-

Tul istoriul wyaroebSi `sruliad odiSisa da afxazeTi mpyrobel-mqo-

nebelis~ tituliT moxseniebuli [319.9], ver gamodga saxelovani biZis le-

van II didis (1611-1657), romlis saxelic gamTavrebisTanave dairqva, Rirse-

uli memkvidre. 1672w. seqtemberSi [290.108] igi axalcixis faSam ixmo quTa-

isSi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi gamwvavebuli SinaaSlilobiT gamefebuli

anarqiis wyalobiT da feodalTa xelSewyobiT 1669 wlidan quTaisSi ukve

osmalTa jari idga.2 `CxeiZe sexniam ara ineba mefoba bagratisa3 da aRi-

Ro moparviT da zakÂT quTaTisis cixe da misca osmalTa da mieriT upy-

ravT dRemde~ [8.839]. varaudoben, rom osmalebs levan III-is nacvlad axal-

1 levan III-is gardacvalebis TariRad qarTul istoriografiaSi damkvidrebulia vaxuS-

tis monacemebi: 1680w. [8.844]. b. xoravam yuradReba miaqcia odiSSi moRvawe kaTolike misi-

oneris gaetano turkos 1681w. 12 oqtombriT daTariRebul erT werils, sadac is dadia-

nis gardacvalebis TariRad `gasul Tveebs~ asaxelebs [20.208]. aqedan gamomdinare, is mi-

iCnevs, rom odiSis mTavari 1681w. zafxulSi unda gardacvliliyo [290.108]. vfiqrobT,

mkvlevris mosazreba sinamdvilesTan axlos unda iyos, vinaidan odiSSi imxanad myof g.

turkos am faqtTan dakavSirebiT ufro zusti monacemebi eqneboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom b.

xoravas varaudis marTebulobas aseve unda adasturebdes niko dadianic, romelic wer-

da: `Semdgomad mciredisa xanisa mokvda dadiani leon wels qristesiT 1681~ [17.164]. Tum-

ca, n. dadianis Txzulebis gamomcemelma S. burjanaZem es TariRi Secdomad miiCnia da

vaxuStiseul daTariRebas dauWira mxari [17.236, Sen.386]. marTalia, n. dadiani Tavisi na-

Sromis did nawilSi, faqtobrivad, vaxuSti batoniSvils mihyveba da imeorebs, magram, am

SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebuli TariRi miuTiTa, rac namdvilad ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi.

etyoba mas saamiso safuZveli gaaCnda. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, upirateso-

ba n. dadianiseul qronologias unda mieniWos.

2 is, rom qarTvel feodalTa am ugunur aqts dasavleT saqarTvelos gamahmadianeba ar

mohyolia samcxe-saaTabagos msgavsad, n. berZeniSvili osmalTa imperiis dasusteba-dace-

mis procesis dawyebad miiCnevda [144.274]. 3 bagrat IV, romelsac oTxjer eWira imereTis samefos taxti: 1660w., 1663-1668ww., 1669-

1678ww. da 1679-1681ww. [250.498].

16

cixis faSis karze aRzrdili levan II dadianis SviliSvilis gamTavreba

surdaT [290.108]. dadiani miuxvda am `mipatiJebis~ realur arss da winaaR-

mdegobis gasawevad moemzada. samegrelos mTavarma daxmarebisaTvis afxa-

zebs uxmo. 19 seqtembers SarvaSiZe Tavisi mxedrobiT Sevida odiSSi, Tum-

ca, dadians damxmare Zalis nacvlad, erT-erT amwiokeblad moevlina [112.336-

337; 108.104; 59.207]. mkvlevarTa varaudiT, es unda yofiliyo kaTolike misi-

onerTa werilebSi `sustar saraziad~ moxseniebuli [20.208] saustan (bag-

rat) SarvaSiZe [290.108; 240.102].1 afxazebma TiTqmis mTeli samegrelo moar-

bies [237.47]. isini sakmaod didxans awiokebdnen odiSs (TiTqmis 13 oqtomb-

ramde), romlis Sedegad maT `wauyvaniaT aTas orasi kaci, bevri pirutyvi

da didi nadavli wauRiaT; daurbeviaT erTi TeaTinelis saxli, saidanac

sami tyve wauyvaniaT~ [112.350-351; 108.110-111; 59.215-216].2

rogorc Cans, am movlenebs unda exmaurebodes erTi afxazuri xalxu-

ri leqsi, sadac yuradRebas iqcevs is, rom dediserTa saTbei mihyavT oCamCire-

Si [317.204-205]. konteqstidan gamomdinare, unda vigulisxmoT, rom is mi-

hyavT saomrad metad saSiS mxareSi, rasac ar malaven saTbei da dedamisi.

amasTave, SeimCneva, rom oCamCires mxareSi saomari konfliqti permanen-

tul xasiaTs atarebs. finalSi ki vigebT, rom saTbeim `jgerdas Temis~ `xal-

xisaTvis gawira Tavi~ da brZolac im midamoebSi momxdara. nawarmoebSi

ar aris dakonkretebuli, Tu vis ebrZvian afxazebi oCamCireSi da arc is-

toriuli epoqaa gansazRvruli. SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom mahmadiani

saTbei (yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi Turquli warmomavlobis saxeli am sar-

wmunoebaze migviTiTebs) gagzavnilia oCamCireSi odiSarTa winaaRmdeg sa-

omrad. nawarmoebis gmiris sarwmunoeba da brZolis geografia gvafiqre-

binebs, rom saubaria XVIIs. II naxevris movlenebze, roca afxazTa samTav-

ro warmatebiT axdenda odiSis Crdilo-dasavleTi miwebis dauflebas.

Tumca es brZolebi arc ise ioli iyo afxazTaTvis da iq saomrad wasvla

maTTvis didi saSiSroebas warmoadgenda. Cans, im mxareSi meomarTa gagzavna

1 mis dros gansakuTrebiT gaxSirda afxazTa marbieli Tavdasxmebi samegreloze da, ro-

gorc z. anCabaZe aRniSnavda, afxazebi ukve mudmiv sacxovrebladac rCebodnen kodori-

RaliZgas SuamdinareTSi [339.142].

2 erTi Tvis Semdeg ki odiSis mosaxleoba axali gansacdelis winaSe dadga. amjerad sa-

mTavroSi osmalebi SeiWrnen, romlebmac saSinlad daawiokes samegrelo [290.108-109].

17

ufro iZulebis xasiaTs atarebda. savaraudoa, rom leqsSi asaxuli mov-

lenis dros, afxazeT-odiSis sazRvari jgerdasa da oCamCires Soris ga-

dioda, radgan rogorc vnaxeT, saTbeim Tavi gawira jgerdas Temis mosax-

leobisTvis anu, es xalxi misTvis mSobliuri iyo.

aRsaniSnavia, rom 1672w. movlenebi k. okujavas safuZvels aZlevs af-

xazeTis samTavros saboloo Camoyalibeba XVIIs. 70-iani wlebiT daaTari-

Ros, radgan am samxedro aqtiT `SarvaSiZeebma sabolood moiSores samTavro

valdebulebebi da siuzerenis yovelgvari damokidebulebisagan ganTavi-

sufldnen~ [228.24,26].1 vfiqrobT, rom SarvaSiZis am `veragul moqmedebebs~

[112.350-351; 108.110-111; 59.215-216] safuZvlad sul sxva ram edo:

XVIIs. dasawyisSi afxazeTSi Zlierdeba osmaleTis gavlena iseve, ro-

gorc dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebul sxva politikur erTeulebSi. Turqe-

bi iq, gansakuTrebiT soxumSi damkvidrebasac cdiloben. iwyeba afxazi dide-

bulebis mier islamis miReba, rac, TavisTavad, niSnavda stambolis poli-

tikuri kursis aRiarebas. ukve imave aswleulis 30-iani wlebisaTvis wya-

roebi afiqsireben erT-erT SarvaSiZes, romelic aSkarad Turquli warmo-

Sobis saxels – yara-bei (Carabey) – atarebs [340.273,289; 151.196]. afxazeTi

osmaleTis moxarke xdeba [340.273; 248.94]. etyoba, 1672w. ambebis win osmalo

diplomatebma kargad imuSaves afxazeTis mTavarTan da uzrunvelyves mi-

si mxridan garantia imisa, rom afxazebi odiSarT, am SemTxvevaSi, daxma-

rebas ar gauwevdnen. albaT, SeuZlebelic iyo, rom axalcixis faSas es

samxedro operacia wamoewyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi potenciuri mokav-

Siris Ziebis gareSe. SarvaSiZis agresia dadianis winaaRmdeg ki mowmobs

imas, rom is ukve ar eloda osmalTa Semosevas sakuTar samTavroSi.

rac Seexeba afxazeTis samTavroze dadianis xelisuflebis dakargvas,

rogorc Cans, aqtiur fazaSi es procesi levan II dadianis gardacvalebis

(1657w.) Semdeg unda Sesuliyo. es Zlevamosili xelisufali TiTqmis mTeli

Tavisi mTavrobis manZilze odiSze afxazTa Setevebis SekavebiT iyo daka-

vebuli. marTalia, misi mecadineoba am mimarTulebiT, SedarebiT, warmate-

buli aRmoCnda,2 Tumca, mxolod droebiT, radgan mis memkvidreebs ukve nak-

1 zogadad, es sakiTxi jer kidev samecniero davis sagania da am problemis garSemo

sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs [314.120-142].

2 rogorc cnobilia, Tavisi mmarTvelobis gariJraJze, levan II seteman SarvaSiZis (lam-

18

lebad SeswevdaT unari odiSis Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvrebis SenarCunebi-

sa. 1661w. solomon SarvaSiZem uari SeuTvala vamey dadianis meuRles ele-

ne guriels, odiSarebTan erTad SebrZoleboda qarTlis mefes vaxtang V

Sahnavazs (1658-1675) [290.103]. vameyis damarcxebis Semdeg, Sahnavazi zugdidSi

Cavida, dadianoba Samadavle iosebis Ze (zemoxsenebuli levan III) uboZa da

solomon SarvaSiZesac, romelic mas zugdidSi eaxla [8.849-850,836], odiSis

axali mTavris morCileba (vasaloba) daubara [240.100-101].

rogorc Cans, swored aman ganapiroba levan III-is zemoTxsenebuli

titulatura. sxva aranairi istoriuli sabuTi ar arsebobs imisa, rom ga-

vigoT, Tu rogor gaxda is àfxazeTis mpyrobel-mqonebeli~. etyoba, afxa-

zebs garkveuli Zalebis mokreba sWirdebodaT odiSze Setevebis dasawye-

bad da amitom damorCilda solomon SarvaSiZe Sahnavazs. savaraudoa, rom

sakuTriv afxazeTis samTavroSi mimdinare Sida socialur-politikuri

procesebi – urTierTobebi sakuTriv SarvaSiZeTa saxlis wevrebs Soris,

sxva adgilobriv didgvarovnebTan – ar iZleoda SesaZleblobas odiSis

winaaRmdeg, engurs gamoRma mainc saomari operaciebis gansaxorcieleb-

lad. marTlac, sul mokle xanSi, afxazebma ganaaxles marbieli Setevebi

samegreloze: isini Tavs dasxmian caiSis taZars, walenjixis monasters

[23.188,222; 290.110].1 is, rom afxazTa laSqrobebi afxazeT-odiSis sazRvrebi-

berti mas `SaraSiad~ moixseniebs [28.23]) qaliSvilze daqorwinda [27.90]. il. anTelavas

varaudiT, qorwinebas 1614-1615ww. unda momxdariyo [114.55]. misive marTebuli SeniSvniT, am

SeuRlebis safuZveli savsebiT pragmatuli iyo: axalgazrda mTavari afxazeTze kontro-

lis dawesebas isaxavda miznad [114.55]. amiT dadians, Cans, afxazTa mxridan momavali saf-

rTxis ganeitraleba surda. z. anCabaZis azriT ki, afxazeTis damokidebuleba odiSisadmi

levan II dadianis mmarTvelobis periodSi nominaluri iyo [340.264-265]. mecnierma es daskvna

lambertis erT cnobaze aago, sadac italieli misioneri wers, rom levanma afxazebs

`xarkad daadva ramdenime mwevar-meZebari da mimino~ [28.28]. is, rom z. anCabaZis daskvna, am

SemTxvevaSi, mTlad damajerebeli araa, sakuTriv lambertis monaTxrobidanac irkveva. ka-

Tolike sasuliero piri werda, rom afxazebisagan sxva saxis xarkis miReba SeuZlebeli

iyo, radgan ès xalxi moqalaqeobas da vaWrobas moklebulia, da arc fuli gaaCnia, arc

saqoneli~ [28.28]. afxazebi rom fuls ar xmarobdnen, amas jovani da luka [38.170] da evlia

Celebic [48.103] adastureben. XIXs. 20-ian wlebSi igives aRniSnavda J. fransua gamba: àfxa-

zebs... warmodgenac ki ara aqvT oqrosa da vercxlis monetebis Rirsebebze, romelTac isi-

ni mravlad pouloben TavianT mxareSi da Cveulebriv gadaadnoben xolme~ [14.88].

1 `JamebTa amaT Sina iyo kirTeba odiSs afxazTagan~, aRniSnavs vaxuSti am wlebis mov-

19

dan esoden moSorebul teritoriebze ganxorcielda, albaT, SarvaSiZeTa

urCobas miuTiTebs. miT ufro, es cxadi xdeba Jan Sardenis erTi cnobis

mixedviT, sadac naTqvamia, rom levan III-is mier dasaxmareblad `mowveul~

SarvaSiZes odiSis mTavrisaTvis àRTqma da fici~ miucia, rom osmalTa

winaaRmdeg daxmarebas aRmouCenda [112.35-351; 108.110-111; 59.215-216]. rogorc

Cans, Tu ara aseTi garantiebi, dadiani, albaT, arc daukavSirdeboda Sar-

vaSiZes. marTalia, àRTqma da fici~ Cveulebrivi movlenaa siuzerenisa da

vasalis urTierTobebSi, magram is winaviTareba, rac am konkretul SemTx-

vevas uZRoda, migvaniSnebs, rom Tavad levan III àfxazeTis mpyrobel-mqo-

nebeli~ mxolod am titulaturiT Tu iyo.1

sabolood, vasalobis nominaluri valdebulebis CamoSoreba Sarva-

SiZeebma, etyoba, levan III gardacvalebis Semdeg odiSSi amtydari Sina-

aSlilobis dros moaxerxes. ganTavisuflebuli odiSis taxtisaTvis umw-

vavesi brZola gaCaRda. taxtis erTaderTi memkvidre manuCari giorgi III

gurielma (1664-1684) mokla, romelsac Tavad mounda am `vakansiis~ dakave-

ba [8.844]. am areulobiT isargebla zemoxsenebuli saustan SarvaSiZis Svil-

ma sorexma (savarexma), laTin misionerTa relaciebis `sarek saraziam~ (Sarrech

Sarrasia) [20.208],2 romelmac gailaSqra odiSSi da Tavi mTavrad gamoacxada,

radgan kaTolike misioneris, gaetano rasponis cnobiT, ìmas daepyro iqa-

uroba~ [20.208]. sorexi sakmaod Zlieri da gavleniani piri yofila, ara mar-

to sakuTriv afxazebsa Tu odiSarebSi, aramed CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxov-

reb alanebSic (Alani). rogorc kaTolike misioneri rasponi romSi gagzav-

nil werilSi iuwyeba, osebTan mimaval rasponisaTvis sorexs sakmaod di-

di amala gauyolebia da alanTa mTavars buslaysac (Buslak) is didi pati-

viT miuRia, rogorc sorexis warmomadgeneli [339.143]. b. xoravas varau-

lenebze saubrisas [8.842].

1 d. musxeliSvilis mixedviT, es titulatura miuTiTebs imaze, rom, levan III dadianis

drosac ki, afxazeTi `qarTul politikur-kulturuli samyaros~ nawilad iTvleboda

[415.140]. viziarebT ra, rom afxazeTi qarTuli samyaros nawilad rCeboda momdevno sau-

kuneebSic ki, CvenTvis gaugebari rCeba, Tu ratom daakavSira mecnierma es daskvna levan

III-s titulaturasTan.

2 saustan da sorex SarvaSiZeebi moxseniebuli arian biWvinTis saxarebis erT-erTi mina-

werSi [66.74; 290.111-112; 240.102].

20

diT, sorexis deda odiSis samTavro saxlidan iyo da es aZlevda mas le-

gitimur uflebas samegrelos mTavris taxtze pretenzia ganecxadebina

[290.114]. Tumca, misi mTavroba odiSarTaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda. sabolo-

od, sorexma Tavisi xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba mxolod md. enguris marj-

vena sanapiroze SeZlo, danarCeni odiSis dadianoba, osmaleTis sulTnis

xeldasmiT, 1683w. axalcixeSi myofma levan III dadianis ukanono Svilma –

levan IV-m – miiRo [239.103; 290.114].1 rogorc irkveva, sorex SarvaSiZem xangr-

Zlivad ver SeZlo am teritoriebis floba da am mxares zegnay SarvaSiZe

daeufla [290.114; 240.102-103].

1689w. masTan zufus (lixnis) rezidenciaSi `Jamraodenme~ stumrobda

arCil Sahnavazis Ze, romelic im periodSi igi imereTis taxtze morig asv-

las cdilobda. mas `moegeba SarvaSiZe, istumra pativiT, viTarca mefe~ [8.851;

17.166]. rogorc Cans, afxazeTis mTavari ukve aRiarebuli moTamaSe iyo saqarT-

velos politikuri `Wadrakis dafaze~ da igi imereTis mefis uzenaesobas

aRiarebda [230.159]. wyaroebi ukve arafers amboben mis vasalur damokide-

bulebaze dadianis winaSe anu arCils ar miuTiTebia SarvaSiZisaTvis da-

morCileboda odiSis mTavars. amitom, vfiqrobT, n. jiqia marTebulad aTari-

Rebs afxazeTis samTavros mier odiSisagan de-iure damoukideblobis mo-

povebas XVIIs. 80-iani wlebiT [314.140]. amave periodiT aTariRebda am mov-

lenas afxazi istorikosi Salva inal-ifac [381.142].

afxazeTis samTavros saboloo Camoyalibebis sakiTxis garkvevasTan

dakavSirebiT yuradReba gvinda mivaqcioT Semdeg garemoebebs. kerZod, mi-

gvaCnia, rom SarvaSiZec, rogorc sxva amave socialur-politikuri sta-

tusis mqone qarTveli feodali, miiswrafvoda sakuTari Zalauflebis ga-

Zliereba-ganmtkicebisken da saerTo qarTul politikur asparezze saku-

Tari adgilis dakavebas. es procesi, sul cota XIVs. miwurulidan mainc

unda dawyebuliyo. magaliTad, gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom vamey I dadianis

(1474-1482) jiqeTSi laSqrobis erT-erTi motivs (garda Crdilo-dasavle-

Tis sazRvrebis ganmtkicebisa) SarvaSiZis damorCileba warmoadgenda, ro-

1 miuxedavad levan IV-s gamTavrebisa, realuri Zalauflebis matarebeli da faqtobrivi

mmarTveli iyo giorgi lipartiani, romlis mamam – kacia Ciqvanma – Wyondideli episko-

posis gabrielis (Tavisive Zmis) meSveobiT didi gavlena moipova levan III-s karze. dadi-

anma mas salipartiano da veziroba uboZa.

21

melic, Cans, `ukve iwyebda brZolas dadianis vasaluri damokidebulebisa-

gan Tavis dasaxsnelad~ [233.153; 213.49]. k. okujava miiCnevs, rom `Tavisi uf-

lebrivi mdgomareobiT XVIIs. 60-in wlebamde SarvaSiZe Tavadis doneze

idga~ [228.21]. rogorc Cans, SarvaSiZe iyo mTavari, magram igi ar iyo `to-

li~ arc gurielisa da, miT ufro, arc – dadianisa, magram is, rangiT,

ufro maRali statusis matarebeli iyo, vidre romelime mefis Tu mTav-

ris Tavadi. SarvaSiZeTa `sruli~ gamTavreba afxazeTis ruseTis `mfarve-

lobis~ qveS Sesvlis Semdeg unda momxdariyo, rodesac mTavris Zalauf-

leba ruseTis mxardaWeram gaaZliera.

ratom ver moxda maTi `sruli~ gamTavreba manamde? amis mizezi saZie-

belia Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze gviandeli Sua saukuneebis pe-

riodSi mimdinare eTno-socialuri xasiaTis cvlilebebSi, rodesac kavka-

siidan Camosul xalxebs `Tan mohyva~ maTi socialur-ekonomikuri viTare-

ba, romelmac aq manamde arsebuli maRalganviTarebul socialur-ekonomi-

kur urTierTobaTa degradacia-daqveiTeba gamoiwvia [147.614-616]. amis gamo,

SarvaSiZe SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc `pirveli TanasworTa Soris~,

kerZod – marSaniebTan, aCbebTan, emxvarebTan mimarTebaSi.

magram movubrundeT XVIIs. miwurulis movlenebs, romelTa fonze,

afxazeT-odiSis sazRvrad mdinare enguri dadginda da afxazeTic Taname-

drove sazRvrebSi gaformda [336.40-41; 239.103]. kodor-enguris Suamdinare-

Tis mosaxleobas urTulesi mdgomareoba Seeqmna: `mosaxleobis mniSvne-

lovani nawili ganadgurda – daiRupa, gaixizna, an monad gaiyida. daiwyo

dacarielebuli teritoriis aTviseba afxazebis mier, romlebic Camodian

kodoris gaRmidan... rac Seexeba ufro samxreTiT – RaliZgasa1 da engurs

Soris mdebare teritorias, misi istoria amgvarad warimarTa: es terito-

ria daipyres afxazebma~ [118.226]. profesori g. anCabaZe marTebulad afa-

sebs viTarebas, roca aRniSnavs, rom moxda am teritoriis dapyroba (xaz-

gasma Cvenia – k.k.) afxazTa mier.

am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc Cans, is imeorebs da eTanxmeba z. anCabaZise-

ul analogiur Sefasebas: «абхазские феодалы... в начале 80-х гг. XVII в. вторглись

на территорию Мегрельского княжества и захватили его северные районы вплоть до р.

1 Zveli qarTuli matianeebiseuli egriswyali [340.7; 222.112; 176.11-12].

22

Ингури» [340.270, xazgasma Cvenia – k.k.]. Tumca aqve ar SeiZleba gverdi avua-

roT z. anCabaZis erT saeWvo daskvnas, romelsac imeorebs g. anCabaZec

[118.226]. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs mecnieris mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb TiTqos Sar-

vaSiZeebi mudam cdilobdnen samxreT afxazeTze sakuTari mflobelobis

aRdgenas (xazgasma Cvenia – k.k.) [340.237-238,241-241]. z. anCabaZis es daskvna

damyarebuli iyo Tamar mefis anonimi mematianis erTi cnobaze. kerZod, iq

CamoTvlil erisTavTa siaze [51.33-34]. am siaSi cxumis erisTav oTaRo Sar-

vaSis-Zesa da odiSis erisTav bedians Soris naxsenebia amanelis-Ze. mis

sagamgeblo regionze iq araferia naTqvami. k. kekeliZem miiCnia, rom eris-

Tavis sagamgeblo teritoria unda yofiliyo argveTi [50.79], rac Semdeg s.

yauxCiSvilmac gaiziara [51.34].

amis safuZvelze z. anCabaZem CaTvala, rom Tamaris dros Tanamedrove

afxazeTis teritoriaze adgili unda hqonoda cvlilebebs qveynis teri-

toriul-administraciul dayofaSi, rac gamoixata afxazeTisa da cxumis

saerisTavoebis teritoriebis gaerTianebaSi cxumis saerisTaos fargleb-

Si. es cvlileba ki, Turme, ganapiroba eTnikurma faqtorma, kerZod iman,

rom orive saerisTavos teritoriaze saxlobdnen eTnikurad erTgvarova-

ni afxazuri (afsuuri) tomebi [340.177-178]. magram Tamaris istorikosis qroni-

kis Semdgomi teqstologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad karga xania Setanilia

savsebiT dasabuTebuli koreqtivi `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis~

CvenTvis saintereso fragmentis k. kekeliZe – s. yauxCiSviliseul wakiTx-

vaSi [281.222-227; 115.13-14],1 ris safuZvelzec gamoiricxa cxumisa da afxazeTis

saerisTaoebis gaerTianeba ServaSiZeTa mesveurobiT [163.12-14; 130.245-247;

426.179, Sen.13]. es mosazreba erTgvarad gaiziara m. lorTqifaniZemac [208.419,

Sen.4]. am sakiTxze msjelobisas ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar miiqcios eris-

TavTa siis vaxuSti batoniSviliseulma variantma: `daRaTo SarvaSisZe

afxazTa; amunelisZe cxomisa; bedieli odiSisa~ (xazgasma Cvenia _ k.k.)

[8.172]. savaraudoa, rom mas hqonda `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis~

1 il. anTelavas Setanili aqvs Sesabamisi konieqtura Tamaris istorikosis Txzulebis

teqstSi, mis mierve ganxorcielebul `qarTlis cxovrebis~ gamocemaSi [64.327]. aqve, sagan-

gebod unda aRvniSnoT, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ uaxles gamocemaSi g. cqitiSvili-il.

anTelavas konieqtura ratomRac ignorirebulia da datovebulia am fragmentis tradi-

ciuli (k. kekeliZe-s. yauxCiSviliseuli) wakiTxva [52.408].

23

gadamwerTa mier daumaxinjebeli xelnaweri, sadac amanelis-Zis saeris-

Tao aucileblad aRniSnuli iqneboda. wyaroebSi misi mouxseniebloba

mxolod gadamwerTa mier daSvebuli SecdomiT Tu aixsneba. aqve davama-

tebT imasac, rom cxum-afxazeTis gaerTianebas sxva mematianeTa cnobebic

gamoricxaven. kerZod, JamTaaRmwereli wers, rom laSa-giorgi `nadirob-

dis cxums da afxazeTs, da ganagnis saqmeni mandaurni~ [57.156; 58.526]. mkvlevar-

Ta dakvirvebiT, es cnoba pirdapiri mowmobaa imisa, rom aRniSnuli saerisTa-

oTa gaerTianebas adgili ar hqonia [426.185].

administraciul-teritoriul cvlilebebs am mxareSi adgili mxolod

dasavleT saqarTvelos mefis daviT rusudanis Ze narinis (1247-1293) garda-

cvalebis Semdgom periodSi unda hqonoda, roca mis memkvidres konstantines

Zma miqaeli aujanyda: `da aqundaT dReTa maTTa maradis brZola-Sliloba

da SfoTi da Ãdoma urTierTTa da iyo oPreba queynisa~ [8.801]. amiT isar-

gebles didebulebma da `dadianma giorgim... miitaca saerisTo cxomisaca

da daipyra TÂT sruliad odiSi anakofiamde. egreTve SarvaSiZem afxazeTi~

[8.801] da a. S. ramdenime wlis Semdeg giorgi V brwyinvalem, faqtobrivad,

aRiara Seqmnili viTareba: `misca cxomis saerisTo bediels, viTarca pir-

vel cxomisa iyo~ [8.258]. amis safuZvelze z. papasqiri askvnis, rom SarvaSi-

Zis saganmgeblo teritorias cxumi ar warmoadgenda [426.186-187].

zurab da giorgi anCabaZeebisgan gansxvavebuli mosazrebaa ganviTare‐

buli o. bRaJbasa da s. lakobas mier gamocemul afxazeTis istoriis gan-

mazogadebel wignSi. maTi gancxadebiT: «В результате всех этих событий этни-

ческая граница между абхазами и картвелами, проходившая до начала II тыс. н. э.

по р. Ингур, была восстановлена. Она приобрела одновременно и государственный

политический статус, сохраняющийся уже более 300 лет» (xazgasma o. bRaJbasa da

s. lakobasia – k.k.) [349.168].1 cnobili afxazi mxareTmcodne v. faCulia Ta-

1 wignis avtorebi, TavianTi `naSromis~ am da sxva adgilebSi, cdiloben gaataron mosaz-

reba imis Taobaze, rom qarTvelebi da megrelebi sxvadasxva eTnosebi arian. sxvaTa So-

ris, analogiuri `sibrZnes~ am bolo dros uxvad `afrqvevs~ cnobili britaneli qarTve-

lologi j. hiuitic. JurnalSi «Гражданское общество» is wers: «Я никогда не считал мегрелов и

сванов грузинами, и они только с 1930 официально стали относиться в этой категории» [450.28-29]. meore-

gan avtori aramegrelebsa da arasvanebs `egreT wodebul gruzinebad~ («так называемые

грузины» [450.27]) moixseniebs da amiT, rogorc Cans, axali `cneba~ Semoaqvs qarTvelolo-

24

namedrove galis raionis teritorias ùxsovari~ («с незапямятных времен»)

droidan afxazeTis istoriul nawilad acxadebda [429.301].

imisTvis, rom gaverkvioT, Tu ra moxda sinamdvileSi – teritoriebis

dapyroba Tu afxazebsa da qarTvelebs Soris èTnikuri sazRvris~ aRdge-

na, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, mokled mimovixiloT Tanamedrove afxaze-

Tis teritoriaze ax. w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisisaTvis arsebuli eTni-

kuri viTareba da qarTul-afxazuri eTnikuri sazRvris mdgomareoba.

Tanamedrove àfxazuri istoriografiis~ mesveurebi CvenTvis sainte-

reso teritorias mxolod afxazur eTnosis sacxovrisad moiazreben. am

`Rrmad akademiuri swavlebis~ afxazuri separatizmis erT-erTi aqtiuri

propagandisti iyo awgansvenebuli i. voronovi, romelmac gasuli sauku-

nis 80-90-ian wlebSi saxeli `gaiTqva~ saqarTvelo-afxazeTis istoriuli

warsulis uxeSi gayalbebiT. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia 1992w.

gamocemuli morigi `Sedevri~ saxelwodebiT «Абхазы – кто они?» [361], rome-

lic erTi wlis (1993w.) Semdeg ucvlelad Seitana profesor p. v. floren-

skisa da Jurnalist-politolog t. a. SutovasTan erToblivad gamocemul

wignSi «Белая книга Абхазии» [463].1

giaSi. j. hiuiti mkiTxvels Tavis am `daskvnebs~ yovelgvari komentaris gareSe awvdis.

Tumca, sxva adgilas imasac aRniSnavs, rom «менгрельский язык является родственным грузинско-

му» [450.26]. is, rom qarTuli, kolxuri (megrul-zanuri) da svanuri enebi erTi fuZe-eni-

dan gamomdinareoben lingvistikaSi karga xania aRiarebulia. `qarTvelur enaTa arsebo-

ba araviTar safuZvels ar iZleva am enebze molaparakeTa Soris erovnuli gansxvavebis

mtkicebisaTvis. am mxriv moZme enebze molaparake tomebi iseve ar gansxvavdebian erTime-

orisagan, rogorc sxvadasxva dialeqtze molaparake tomebi. maT ZiriTadad SeinarCunes

erTianobis SegrZneba da erTnairi uflebiT Sevidnen qarTveli eris SemadgenlobaSi~,

aRniSnavs prof. z. WumburiZe [321.16] megrelebi, svanebi da j. hiutiseuli è. w. gruzine-

bi~, rom qarTvelebi arian, amas arc Tanamedrove rusi mecnierebi uaryofen [464.75]. Tum-

ca, a. gadlo Tavis saxelmZRvaneloSi amtkicebs, rom qarTveli xalxis erovnuli konso-

lidacia mxolod ruseTTan SeerTebis (e. i. XIXs.) Semdeg daiwyo da «завершился только в

течение XXв.» [464.75]. amasTan, samarTlianoba moiTxovs, aRiniSnos, rom a. gadlo marTebu-

lad SeniSnavs qarTvelTa da afxazTa mravalsaukunovan mWidro istoriul da kultu-

rul erTobas: «С историей и культурой грузинского народа тесно связана и культура абхазов» [464.85],

rasac ver an ar xedaven Tanamedrove afxazi istorikosebi.

1 am 30-gverdianma broSuram imTaviTve gamoiwvia specialistTa mxridan damsaxurebuli

kritika. z. papasqiri werda: ès aris avtoris mouridebeli swrafva, Tavdayira daayenos

25

i. voronoviseul `gakvalul~ gzas `Rirseulad~ mihyvebian o. bRaJba

da s. lakoba, romelnic Tanamedrove qarTvelTa winaprebs arc ki moiaz-

reben dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriaze. ufro metic, Zv. w. V saukunem-

de isini qarTvelur tomebs kolxeTSic ki ar xedaven da sacxovriss Ta-

namedrove TurqeTSi, md. yizil-irmakis (ist. – halisi) midamoebSi `gvibo-

Zeben~ [350.61]. ise, am epoqaSi qarTvelur tomTa, gansakuTrebiT mesxTa, ga-

vrcelebis arealis erT-erT nawils marTlac warmoadgenda md. halisis

mimdebare midamoebi [380.67]. afxaz istorikosTa mtkicebiT, Tanamedrove

das. saqarTvelos mTeli teritoria afxazeTis CaTvliT, Turme, mxolod

afxazTa winaprebiTa (romelTa Soris avtorebi henioxebs, koraqsebsa da

sxvebs asaxeleben) da berZeni kolonistebiT yofila dasaxlebuli [364.71;

350.61]. amasTan dakavSirebiT, savsebiT samarTlianad SeniSnavs m. inaZe, af-

xazi da proafxazurad ganwyobili mkvlevrebi yovelgvari safuZvlisa da

arsebul monacemTa saTanado wyaroTmcodneobiTi analizis gareSe afxa-

zeTis teritoriaze berZen-romael da bizantiel avtorTa mier dasaxele-

bul tomebs afxazur-adiRur samyaros miakuTvneben [380.61]. aqve davama-

tebT imasac, rom afxazuri separatizmis zogierTi ideologi (mag., igive

i. voronovi) ki iqamdisac midioda, rom afxazebs Cveni planetis yvela

eris naTesavebad acxadebda [361.457].1

istoriografiaSi arsebuli werilobiTi da arqeologiuri wyaroebi

aRniSnul periodSi am teritoriaze sakmaod Wrel eTnikur suraTs war-

mogvidgenen, romelic, rogorc fiqroben, jer kidev brinjaos epoqidan

unda momdinareobdes, roca xdeboda paleokavkasiuri eTno-kulturuli

erTobis moSla [367.13]. berZnul matianeebSi jer kidev elinistur periodSi

dafiqsirebuli tomebi – henioxebi,2 kolxebi, kolebi, koraqsebi,1 mosxebi

mTeli msoflios istoriac ki, oRondac ar warmoaCinos realuri simarTle afxazTa da

qarTvelTa istoriuli Tanacxovrebis Sesaxeb~ [236.78; 427.226]. amis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve n.

lomouris publikacia [391].

1 i. voronovis falsifikatoruli naRvawis kritika ix.: [235.56-75; 236.76-101; 391; 443.17,23].

2 mkvlevarTa umravlesoba maT qarTvelur (megrul-Wanur, svanur) eTnikur samyaros mia-

kuTvnebs [417.200,208; 396.327; 190.135; 215.63-68; 409.183; 160.115-124; 188.17-18; 217.56-64; 153.212; 240.25-26].

gansxvavebuli mosazreba aqvs n. lomours, romelic kategoriulad uaryofs henioxTa

mosaxleobas kolxeTSi da Sesabamisad ar iziarebs heniox-sanigTa identifikacias

[393.93]. z. anCabaZis da S. inal-ifas mosazrebiT, henioxebSi afxazur fesvebi unda davina-

26

[380.66-67]2 – qarTveluri samyaros warmomadgenlebi arian, rac saTanado

werilobiTi, arqeologiuri, toponimikuri da lingvisturi monacemebiTa

da kvlevebiT dasturdeba.

Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriis zemoaRniSnuli eTnikuri suraTi

Cv.w. I saukuneSi cvlilebas ganicdis. regionSi (Zveli welTaRricxvis mi-

wurulidan momdinare: kolxeTisa da pontos samefoebis gaqroba, mezobe-

li iberiis dasusteba, `miTridates omebi~ da romis imperiis Semosvla)

ganviTarebulma rTulma samxedro-politikurma kataklizmebma `xel-fexi

gauxsna mezobel mTielebs baris raionebze warmatebuli SetevisaTvis~

[216.538; 410.325]. es procesi imdenad damangreveli yofila, rom wyaroebi

(straboni, plinius ufrosi), sxva faqtebTan erTad, biWvinTis gaZarcvasa

da dioskuriis dacarielebas gvamcnoben [216.539; 410.326]. Sedegad xdeba is,

rom antikuri wyaroebi (plinius ufrosi da flavius ariane) aq ukve,

Zvel anu adreve mobinadre tomebTan erTad, axlebsac – sanigebs,3 afsi-

xoT [341.136-137,173-176; 382.188]. igives imeoreben o. bRaJba da s. lakoba, Tumca aranairi ar-

gumentebiT am varaudebs ar amagreben [350.57,61-67]. rogorc z. papasqiri aRniSnavs, 1991w.

gamocemul afxazeTis istoriis damxmare saxelmZRvaneloSi, o. bRaJbasa da s. lakobas

odnav gansxvavebuli mosazreba hqondaT dafiqsirebuli, rodesac gamokveTilad ar mi-

uTiTebdnen henioxTa kavSirze afxazur-adiRur samyarosTan [240.251, Sen.10].

1 o. bRaJba da s. lakoba koraqsebs `uZveles afxazur tomebad~ moixsenieben [350.61]. iv. ja-

vaxiSvili am eTnonimis warmoSobas qarTuli enis Tvisebebze (`r~-s gadasvla `l~-Si) dayr-

dnobiTa da hidronimikis (md. mtkvaris berZnul-romauli varianti `kir-os~, `kor-os~, `kur-

os~) da toponimikis (`kola~ – samxreT saqarTvelos istoriuli provincia, sadac md. mtkvari

saTaves iRebs) moSveliebiT cdilobda da maT kolxebTan aigivebda [299.396-397; 380.62].

2 fsevdo-skilaqsi Tavis `periplusSi~ moixseniebs, agreTve, melanxlenebsac, romelTac

kolebsa da kolxebs Soris ganaTavsebs. am tomis eTnikuri identificirebis sakiTxi is-

toriografiaSi jer sabolood gadawyvetili araa [415.115]. m. inaZe fiqrobs, rom melanq-

lenebis moxsenieba dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze Tavad avtoriseuli Secdomaa

[380.65], Tumca masve sayuradRebod miaCnia g. qavTaraZis mier 1985 w. gamoTqmuli mosazre-

ba, melanqlenebisa da mosx/mesxebis identurobis Sesaxeb [268.82-84; 380.66].

3 sanigebi pirvelad Cndebian Zveli berZeni istorikosis memnon heraklielis naSromSi.

avtori maT asaxelebs pontos mefe miTridate VI evpatorTan (Zv. w. 121-63 ww.) romis II

omis (Zv. w. 83-81ww.) ambebis aRwerisas da aRniSnavs, rom `pontos ukidures aRmosavleTis

mxareebSi... saxlobdnen sanegebi (Σάνηγας) da lazebi (Λαζούς)~ [44.46,160]. aqve unda SevexoT

memnonis cxovrebis daTariRebis sakiTxsac. aRsaniSnavia, rom, rogorc T. yauxCiSvili

miuTiTebs istoriografiaSi amis Sesaxeb arsebobs ori gansxvavebuli mosazreba: 1)

27

lebsa da abazgebs – afiqsireben [216.539; 410.326; 443.51; 415.121; 240.27]. amave

periodSi, afsil-abazgTa gverdiT, antikuri istoriuli wyaroebi asaxe-

leben sanigebsac, romlebic pirvelad memnonTan (Zv. w. Is.) saxeldebian.

safiqrebelia, rom isini garkveul tomTa gaerTianebebs, e. w. `samefo-

ebs~ warmoadgendnen1 da maTi beladebi (`mefeebi~), rogorc amas ariane

Tavis `periplusSi~ gvidasturebs, romis imperatorisadmi daqvemdebarebu-

li xelisuflebi iyvnen: iuliane afsilels `mefoba~ imperator traianes-

gan (98-117 ww.) miuRia, xolo rismag abazgiels ki – keisar adrianesagan

frangi arqeologi Teodore reinaki (Theodore Reinach, 1860-1928) miiCnevda, rom memnoni, ro-

melic Tavis naSromSi asaxelebda sanigebsa da lazebs, strabonze umcrosi unda yo-

filiyo, radgan es ukanaskneli zemoaRniSnul tomebs ar icnobda. T. reinaki amitom fiq-

robda, rom memnoni flaviusebis an pirveli antoniebis Tanamedrove iyo da aqedan gamo-

mdinare askvnida, rom dasaxelebul berZen istorikos ax. w. I-IIss. unda ecxovra; 2) lake-

ri (Laquer) ki yuradRebas aqcevda memnonis naSromSi arsebul avtoriseul subieqtur da-

mokidebulebas movlenebis aRwerisadmi da amitom miiCnevda, rom mas iulius keisris

epoqaSi unda ecxovra (Zv. w. Is.). T. yauxCiSvilma am mosazrebebSi lakeris mxare daiWira

[44.11-13]. Tumca ki, qarTul istoriografiaSi orive TariRia miRebuli. ase, magaliTad, rei-

nakiseuli daTariReba mxardaWerilia: [408.16; 380.70]. lakeris TariRs ki vpoulobT Sem-

deg naSromebSi (garda T. yauxCiSvilis naSromebisa): [415.119; 241.26; 428.18-19]. afxazi isto-

rikosebi z. anCabaZe [343.35], o. bRaJba da s. lakobac lakeriseul daTariRebas uWeren

mxars [350.91]. miuxedavad imisa, rom memnonis moRvaweobis TariRis dadgena Wirs, albaT,

mainc gasaTvaliswinebelia lakeris mosazreba. Tumca, sanigebis istoriul asparezze

gamoCenis daTariRebas memnonis cxovrebis wlebis dadgena didad ar unda uSlides

xels, vinaidan avtori maT, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, konkretul istoriul faqtTan akav-

Sirebs da Tan maTTan mimarTebaSi xmarobs zmnis warsul formas – `saxlobdnen~. es ki

aSkarad miuTiTebs, rom memnoni, qronologiurad, SedarebiT moSorebuli iyo aRwerili

movlenebidan da im periodSic cxovrobdnen sanigebi da lazebi. uTiTebda ra am garemo-

ebas avtori, albaT, mkiTxvels aniSnebda, rom sinopedan ltolvilebi mokavSireTa tomeb-

Tan gaemarTnen. sxva SemTxvevasTan rom gvqonoda saqme, albaT, memnoni Cveulebriv mxo-

lod maTi marSrutis geografiiT dakmayofildeboda – `pontos ukidures aRmosavleTis

mxareebSi~ – da aq morCeboda saubars.

1 afsil-abazgTa `samefoebs~ g. meliqiSvili miiCnevda saxelmwifoebriobis Zlieri Cana-

saxebis mqone tomTa kavSirebad, xolo maT `mefeebs~ ki – am tomTa beladebad [406.375;

216.539; 410.335]. amave azrisaa n. lomouric [202.25]. am Sexedulebas ar iziarebda z. anCaba-

Ze, romelic Tvlida, rom dasaxelebul politikur erTeulebSi adremonaTmflobeluri

urTierTobebi iyo gabatonebuli [340.203,204].

28

(117-138ww.) [301.213; 320.48; 216.544; 410.332; 415.121].1 zogadad, qarTul istorio-

grafiaSi miRebulia Sexeduleba dasaxelebul tomTa gamoCena dRevande-

1 arianes am cnobas sityva-sityviT imeorebs Vs. anonimi istorikosi Tavis traqtatSi

`mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo~ (“Periplus Ponti Euxini”) [44.8]. aRniSnuli politikuri er-

Teulebis warmoqmnis daTariRebas pirvelad s. janaSia Seexo, romelmac yuradReba miaq-

cia flavius arianes am cnobas da miiCnia, rom es samefoebi unda Seqmniliyo, yovel SemT-

xvevaSi, ara ugvianes ax.w. Is. II naxevrisa [306.210; 202.10-11]; am warmonaqmnTa qronologiis

dazustebis Semdgomi mcdeloba g. meliqiSvilis ekuTvnis, romelic, Tavis mxriv, saku-

Tar mosazrebas arianes cnobaSi dacul `mefeTa~ saxelebze agebda da miiCnevda, rom af-

siliis xelisufalTa damtkiceba romaeli keisrebisagan SedarebiT adrindeli unda

iyos, gansxvavebiT sanigebisa da abazgebisa, vinaidan afsilTa `mefis~ saxeli – iuliane

– aSkarad romauli warmoSobisaa, gansxvavebiT misi mezobeli liderebisa, romelTa sa-

xelebi adgilobrivi ieris matarebeli unda iyos [406.372; 202.11]. gaiziara ra aRniSnuli

mosazreba, n. lomourma yuradReba miapyro kornelius tacitusis cnobas ax. w. 70-ian

wlebSi pontoSi momxdari aniketis ajanyebis Taobaze. kerZod ki im epizods, sadac sau-

baria sedoxezebis mefis (Sedochezorum regis) mier Semweobaze md. xobs, romlis lokaliza-

ciis sakiTxi davis sagans warmoadgens (mecnierTa nawili _ s. janaSia, a. boltunova _

sakuTriv dRevandel md. xobs miiCnevs; meore nawili _ m. ivaSCenko, l. elnicki _ fiq-

robs, rom saubari unda iyos md. enguris Sesaxeb [216.542; 410.332]) Sefarebuli meamboxes-

Tvis. istorikosi eTanxmeba samecniero literaturaSi miRebul Sexedulebas, rom aRniS-

nul amonaridSi realur-istoriulad saubaria lazebis mefeze da, Sesabamisad, tacitu-

si SecdomiT gadmoscems am tomis saxels an kidev SeiZleba, rom `sedoxezebi¬ erT-erTi

lazuri tomi iyos~ [307.190; 164.131-152; 359.59]. aqedan gamomdinare n. lomouri askvnis:

`aseT viTarebaSi gamodis, rom ukve ax.w. Is. 70-ian wlebSi lazebs Tavisi mefe hyavT da

amdenad SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom am samefos warmoqmna qronologiurad traianes xanas-

Tan ki ar aris dakavSirebuli, aramed ufro adreul epoqasTan, SesaZloa Is. Sua wleb-

Tan... sruliad dasaSvebia, rom CamoTvlil mefeTa winamorbedebsac Tavisi xelisufleba

ufro adre, sxva imperatoTagan mieRoT. yovel SemTxvevaSi, erTi ram aSkaraa, rom am sa-

mefoTa warmoqmnis post quem non TariRad unda miviCnioT Is. dasasruli~ [202.11-12]. iv. java-

xiSvili miiCnevda, rom aRniSnul politikur warmonaqmnebsa da lazeTs Soris uflebri-

vi gansxvaveba ar unda yofiliyo da Tu iyo raime gansxvaveba, albaT, is maT regionSi

samxedro-politikur mniSvnelobaze unda yofiliyo damyarebuli [301.213]. am ukanasknel

xanebSi gansxvavebuli mosazreba ganaviTara k. fifiam, romelmac eWvis qveS daayena ze-

moT dasaxelebul `mefeTa~ mier romis imperatorebisagan xelisuflebis (`mefobis~) mi-

Reba traianes periodamde [265.31-32]. Tumca, is mxars uWers n. lomouris mosazrebas imis

Taobaze, rom arianes mier dasaxelebuli eTno-politikur gaerTianebaTa `basilevsebi~

arsebiTad romis imperiis administratorebi iyvnen da regionSi romauli administaciis

interesebs atarebdnen [205.33; 391.27; 266.117-118; 265.33-34].

29

li afxazeTis teritoriaze ax.w. I-II saukuneebSi, Tumca odnav gansxvavebu-

li mosazrebas afiqsirebs profesori n. lomouri, romelic dasaSvebad

miiCnevs varauds imis Taobaze, rom sanig-afsil-abazgebi, SesaZloa, am te-

ritoriaze manamdec saxlobdnen, Tumca, albaT, SedarebiT adreul wya-

roebSi ar figurirebdnen, vinaidan `kolxi~ da `kolxida~ aRniSnavda ara

marto sakuTriv kolxebis eTnonims, aramed mas wyaroebSi sxvadasxva tom-

Ta gaerTianebis (kavSiris) anu politikuri datvirTvac eniWeboda [202.16-

17; 393.94].1 am tomebis gansaxlebis arealad RaliZga-kelasuris Suamdina-

reTi miiCneva, kerZod, flavius arianes cnobis mixedviT: sanigebi diosku-

ria-sebastopolisidan Tanamedrove soWi-tuafses midamoebamde iyvnen gan-

fenilni [393.95], maT samxreTiT abazgebi da amaT Semdeg kidev ufro samx-

reTiT – afSilebi mosaxleobdnen [216.540; 410.326]. Tumca, qarTul istorio-

grafiaSi garkveuli uTanxmoebaa gansaxlebis konkretikasTan dakavSire-

biT: s. janaSia, g. meliqiSvili da n. lomouri miiCneven, rom afsilebi da

abazgebi zRvispira zolSi iyvnen gansaxlebulni [415.122]. p. ingoroyva fiq-

robda, rom afsilebi saxlobdnen md. kelasuris zemo welSi [190.135-136]. m.

inaZec gamoricxavs maT mosaxleobas Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi da miiC-

nevs, rom afsilebi da abazgebi CrdiloeT kolxeTis mTiswina da mTian

zolSi cxovrobdnen [380.73,79]. z. anCabaZe afsilTa aRmosavleT sazRvars

md. RaliZgaze (egriswyali) avlebda [340.7]. am mosazrebas iziarebs g. gas-

vianic [154.143].

d. musxeliSvili, eTanxmeba ra s. janaSias, g. meliqiSvilsa da n. lo-

mours da, Tavis mxriv, cdilobs daazustos am tomebis gansaxlebis area-

1 S. inal-ifa ar iziarebs Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, `kolxi~ Zvel qarTul tomTa

krebsiT saxels warmoadgens [382.200-201]. sainteresoa, rom mas am daskvnis gasamyareblad

`saintereso~ argumentebi Semoaqvs: 1952w. ivnisSi vinme 70 wlis daxaira xibasagan eSera-

Si Cauweria legenda, romlis Tanaxmad, kavkasiis SavizRvispireTs `kalxa~ erqva. am qvey-

nis mosaxleoba afxazur enaze saubrobda, xolo sakuTriv qveynis sazRvrebi Zalian

Sors vrceldeboda samxreTiT da CrdiloeTiT. kalxas mefes Zlevamosili armia hyolia

da 360 cixe-simagres flobda [382.202]. S. inal-ifa eTanxmeba a. a. gleies, romelic kolx-

Ta enas axasiaTebda, rogorc afxazTa da maT monaTesave tomTa (ubixebi, Cerqezuli to-

mebi) winareenad, xolo sakuTriv afxazebs kolxidelTa pirdapir STamomavlebad miiCnev-

da [363.49-50; 382.202]. da bolos, S. inal-ifa g. turCaninovsac iSveliebs, romelic, agreT-

ve, kolxebs Zvel afxazebad miiCnevda [440.6-26; 382.202]. amis Sesaxeb dawvril. ix.: [443.6-34].

30

li. mecnieris varaudiT, afsilebi kelasur-gumisTis SuamdinareTSi cxov-

robdnen, xolo abazgebi ki – md. gumisTasa da md. fsous Soris, anu im

olqebSi, sadac maT vpoulobT V da VI saukuneebSi [415.123]. amis mtkice-

bis safuZvels mas aZlevs plinius ufrosisa da flavius arianes naSro-

mebSi arsebuli erTgvari uTanxmoeba sebastopolis kuTvnilebis Taobaze.

d. musxeliSvilis TqmiT, rom pliniusi jer asaxelebs toms, Semdeg ki

dasaxlebul punqts maT samosaxloSi. aqedan gamomdinare, mkvlevari af-

silTa teritoriaze moiazrebs sebastopoliss [415.121]. magram, ariane

naTlad aRniSnavs, rom sebastopolisi sanigTa miwaze mdebareobs [7.43].1

d. musxeliSvili miiCnevs, rom arianes SemTxvevaSi saqme unda gvqondes an

Tavad dasaxelebuli romaeli Cinosanis an am naSromis Semdgom gadamwer-

Ta mxridan daSvebul SecdomasTan [415.123]. Tumca, sakuTriv pliniusic ki

sebastopoliss afsilebsa da sanikebs (sanigebs) Soris aTavsebs [415.121].

amitom, bunebrivia, d. musxeliSvilis mosazreba Semdgom dakonkretebas

moiTxovs. aRsaniSnavia, rom z. anCabaZe afsilTa gansaxlebis samxreT saz-

Rvars md. RaliZgaze varaudobda [340.7]. e. w. `afxazuri istoriografia~

(o. bRaJba, s. lakoba) afsilTa gansaxlebis areals kidev ufro `avrce-

lebs~: «В I-IIвв. они заселяли значительную часть Колхиды к северу от Фасиса до Се-

бастополиса» [350.82]. bunebrivia, maT am mosazrebas ar gaaCnia aranairi mtkice-

buleba istoriul wyaroebSi, Tumca, rogorc mTeli maTi `naSromidan~

Cans, es maTTvis mTavari maincdamainc ar unda iyos. rac Seexeba abazgTa

gansaxlebis areals I-II saukuneebSi, aq maT raimes Tqma uWirT, ukve pir-

dapir VI saukuneze gadadian da acxadeben, rom isini cxovrobdnen md. gu-

misTasa da antikuri wyaroebis md. abaskoss (romelsac xaSupsesTan an

bzifTan aigiveben) Soris [350.87].

samecniero literaturaSi dResac grZeldeba kamaTi sanigebisa da

afsil/afSil-abazgebis eTnikuri identifikaciis Taobaze. mokled Sevexe-

biT am problemasac. qarTul istoriografiaSi (i. orbeli, n. mari, s. jana-

Sia, iv. javaxiSvili, p. ingoroyva, g. meliqiSvili, b. gigineiSvili, m. ina-

Ze, n. lomouri, T. mibCuani, g. gasviani, e. xoStaria-brose, z. papasqiri da

1 amasve imeorebs Cvens mier zemoT naxsenebi anonimi avtoric [44.8]. Tumca ukve saqarTve-

loSi murvan-yrus Semosevis droisaTvis (735w.) is ukve afsil-afSilTa samosaxlo teri-

toriaze mdebareobda: `qalaqi afSileTisa cxumi~ [67.235; 68.235-236].

31

sxv.) miRebulia Sexeduleba, rom sanigebi qarTveluri eTnikuri samyaros

warmomadgenlebi arian [417.200-208; 396.327; 308.11-15; 190.135; 215.67; 189.46;

380.69-70; 205.30-34; 217.84-89; 153.200; 443.49; 240.26]. amasTan, mkvlevarTa nawili

sanigebs svanur tomebad miiCnevs, meore nawili ki maTi megrul-Wanuri

(zanuri) warmomavlobisken ixreba. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT sayu-

radReboa n. lomouris xedva, romelic fiqrobs, rom maT saxelwodebaSi

aSkarad gamoiyofa `san-zan~ Ziri [205.33; 393.95]. gansxvavebuli mosazrebaa

afxazur istoriografiaSi (z. anCabaZe, S. inal-ifa, o. bRaJba da s. lako-

ba, e. endolceva da sxv.), sadac sanigebi afxazur-adiRuri warmoSobis sa-

Zebis winaprebad arian miCneulni [343.36; 381.90; 447.92,104,129; 350.91-93; 378.50].

Tumca am Sexedulebas aqvs erTi seriozuli xarvezi, romelzedac savse-

biT marTebulad miuTiTa m. inaZem. `eTnonim `sanigebis~ amdagvari inter-

pretaciis momxreni ar aqceven yuradRebas im garemoebas, rom wyaroebis

mixedviT saZebi zemoaRniSnul teritoriaze Cndebian mxolod gviani Sua

saukuneebidan – XVIIs. [380.71]. 1

rac Seexeba afsil/afSil-abazgebis identifikaciis problemas, isto-

riografiaSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi sruliad ueWvelad iyo aRiarebuli

daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom afsil-afSilebi da abazg-afxazebi Tanamedrove

afxazTa winaprebi iyvnen [240.28]. Tumca XXs. 50-ian wlebSi iyo mcdeloba

am sakiTxis reviziisa. kerZod, cnobilma mecnierma-filologma p. ingoro-

yvam Tavis naSromSi `giorgi merCule~ gamoTqva mosazreba zemodasaxele-

buli tomebis qarTvelur warmoSobaze [190.118-189]. magram am Sexedulebam

ver hpova dasayrdeni qarTul saistorio mecnierebaSi da mkvlevarTa di-

di nawili kvlav mxars uWers abazg-afsilTa afxazur-adiReuri warmomav-

lobas. Tumca, dava am sakiTxis irgvliv amJamadac aqtiurad mimdinareobs.

vinaidan aRniSnuli problematika cildeba Cveni naSromis qronolo-

giur CarCoebs da Cveni kvlevis mizansac ar warmoadgens, misi ufro

vrceli ganxilvisagan Tavs SevikavebT.2 Tumca ar SeiZleba gverdi avuar-

oT specialur literaturaSi am bolo dros gamoTqmul erT Tvalsaz-

1 l. liulies cnobiT, saZenebad iwodeboda afxaz-azegTa erT-erT tomi, romelic md. xa-

miSidan gagramde cxovrobda [394.181].

2 dainteresebul mkiTxvels SeuZlia mimarTos specialur literaturas: [240.28-29; 290.24-

27]. orivegan ixileT miTiTebebi sxva naSromebzec am sakiTxis irgvliv.

32

riss afsilebTan dakavSirebiT. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs d. musxeliSvilis

mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom àfsua~ àfsilis~ eqvivalenti araa da es uka-

nasknelni ara afxazur-adiRur, aramed – qarTvelur eTnikur samyaros

unda mivakuTvnoT [415.123-125].1 sxva argumentebTan erTad am mosazrebis

ganmtkicebas mecnieri cdilobs wyaroebSi dafiqsirebuli toponimiT `zi-

xaxoreos~-`jixaxora~ (Ζιχαχωρεως’; a praedio Zichachorio), romelic afsilTa

miwaze mdebareobda da romelSic `lazTa qveynnis WeSmaritad qristesmo-

yvare patrikiosisa da magistrosis grigolis pirveli saxli~ mdebareob-

da [15.50].2 g. meliqiSvilis samarTliani SeniSvniT, aRniSnuli toponimi axsnas

hpovebs megrul enaSi, sadac `jixa~ – cixesimagrea, `xora~ – saxli [406.99].3

d. musxeliSvilis mosazrebiT, àfsili~ ar aris Sedgenili termini,

aramed igi martiv, ganuyofel fuZes unda aRniSnavdes, romelic gansazRv-

rul eTnoss, toms unda warmodgendes, rac erTmniSvnelovnad unda mtkic-

debodes ZvelqarTuli qoronimiT àfSileTi~ (afSilTa qveyana), sadac

1 analogiur mosazrebas afiqsirebs b. xoravac [290.26].

2 miuxedavad imisa, rom ZvelberZnuli da bizantiuri saistorio wyaroebi aqtiurad afiqsi-

reben afsil-abazg tomebs amJamindeli afxazeTis teritoriaze, T. gvancelaZe fiqrobs,

rom àfxazTa winaprebs pirdapiri da umeSveo kontaqtebi ar unda hqonodaT arc antiku-

ri periodis ZvelberZnul da arc Suasaukunovan bizantiur samyarosTan~ [156.27; 158.51-66],

radgan avtoris TqmiT, berZnuli qristianuli terminebi da sxva dargis berZnuli leq-

sikac afxazurSi Sesuli unda iyos `qarTulisagan, anda kolxuri enis megruli dialeq-

tisagan~ [156.162]. viziarebT ra am daskvnas, vfiqrobT, rom kategoriuli uaryofa afxaz-

Ta winaprebis uSualo kontaqtebisa ZvelberZnul da bizantiur samyarosTan, albaT, Se-

uZlebelia, miT ufro mxolod leqsikografiul kvlevebze dayrdnobiT. qarTulma enam,

qristianobis damkvidrebis Semdeg, berZnulis meSveobiT ara erTi ebrauli warmoSobis

sityva SeiTvisa. bunebrivia, es ar gvaZlevs safuZvels vamtkicoT, rom manamde ar arse-

bula uSualo qarTul-ebrauli urTierTobebi. piriqiT, rogorc qarTuli saistorio

wyaroebi mowmoben (`qarTlis cxovreba~, `moqcevaÁO qarTlisaÁ~), aseTi urTierTobebi

arsebobda jer kidev Zv. w. II saukunidan da qarTlis ara erT qalaqSi (maT Soris deda-

qalaq mcxeTaSic) arsebobdnen ebrauli koloniebi [407.374; 411.286-287]. vinaidan afxazTaT-

vis saeklesio da samwerlobo enad, yovel SemTxvevaSi IX saukunidan mainc, roca dasav-

leT saqarTvelos eklesia gamoeyo konstantinopolis patriarqis saydars da mcxeTis

sakaTalikosos SeuerTda [208.422-423; 241.201-212] qarTuli iyo, Sesabamisad, sruliad bunebri-

via, rom qristianuli saeklesio terminebi am enidan Sesuliyo afxazur metyvelebaSi.

3 migvaCnia, rom, marTalia, aRniSnuli toponimi aSkarad megruli warmoSobisaa, is mainc

ar gamodgeba afsilTa qarTvelobis damadasturebel argumentad.

33

èT~ geografiuli determinativia, analogiurad `rus-eT-i~ (rusTa qveya-

na). `Tuki afSils `meoradi warmoebis~ eTnikur saxelad CavTvliT, ro-

gorc es, magaliTad, p. ingoroyvas hgonia `kaxelis~ mimarT (eTn. `ka-

xi~→geogr. `kaxeTi~→eTn. `kaxeli~) [190.139], maSin am SemTxvevaSic Sesaba-

misad unda gvqonoda àfSeTi~ da ara àfSileTi~, rac ar dasturdeba

iseve, rogorc ar dasturdeba àfsneli~ da àfsari~ [223.21].

vfiqrobT, eTnonimi àfSili~ namdvilad Sedgenili unda iyos, vinai-

dan qarTul enaSi gvaqvs, aseve, eTnonimi `megreli~, romelic egrisis

mkvidrisagan (egrisi→egris-el-i→m-egris-el-i→m-egr-el-i) aris warmoebu-

li [132.142]. `megrelTa qveyana~ qarTul enaSi, gansxvavebiT, magaliTad

igive kaxel-kaxeTisagan, `samegrelod~ iwodeba: sa-m-egr-el-o. ese igi, am

SemTxvevaSi, qoronimi `samegrelo~ zustad eTnonim `megrelisagan~ aris –

warmoebuli. Sesabamisad, àfsil~-àfSileTis~ SemTxvevaSi analogiur

movlenasTan unda gvqondes saqme. Tumca sxva adgilas d. musxeliSvili

aRiarebs àfs-ar~-àfs-ua~-àbazas~ identurobas [415.132].1

1 avtori aRniSnavs, rom afxazTa TviTsaxelwodeba àfsua~ iSleba rogorc àfs+ua~, sa-

dac ùa~ –aris adamianis gamomxataveli fuZe (sufiqsad qceuli) [415.123]. anu, gamodis

àfs-ua~ identuria àfs~-adamianisa. Tumca, sruliad gaugebari xdeba, ratom ar unda niSnav-

des analogiurs àfsili~, maSin, roca igive warmomavlobis aRmniSvneli sufiqsiT (ìl~)

sxva eTnomebi mravlad gvaqvs qarTul enaSi: kaxeli, raWveli, qarTleli da a. S. rac Se-

exeba àfsars~ (àfsarTa eniTa~ [51.58]; fsevdo-skilaqis /Zv. w. IVs./ mier dafiqsirebuli

mdinare afsarosi).¬savaraudoa, rom es aris àfsilis~ megrul-zanuri forma [380.72],

radgan, magaliTad, megrulSi `qarTleli~¬da `Tbiliseli~ gamoixateba formiT `qarTa-

li~ da, Sesabamisad, aq saqme unda gvqondes mxolod sufiqsebSi – àr~-àl~ – fonetikur

cvlilebasTan. Tumca, d. musxeliSvilma iqve yuradReba miaqcia, agreTve, im garemoebasac,

rom yubanisiqiTa abazinelTa enaSi, romlebic im mxareSi Savi zRvis sanapiroebidan

XIV_XVIss. gadasaxldnen [390.169-170; 415.131] arsebobs ZvelqarTulidan nasesxebi sityva

àr~, rac `mxedrobas~ niSnavs [415.131]. afsil-abazgTa periodis, anu adreuli Sua saukune-

ebis ZvelqarTul enaSi èri~ marTlac analogiuri mniSvnelobisa iyo [366.359; 406.352]. aqe-

dan gamomdinarec ki, àfsari~ àfs~-uri warmoSobis adamians/adamianebs unda niSnavdes.

qarTul matianeSi dafiqsirebuli es eTnonimi afxazTa satomo saxelad miaCnda s. janaSi-

asac da mas afsil-afSilis identurad aRiarebda [310.245]. odnav frTxili damokidebule-

ba aqvs am sakiTxisadmi g. amiCbas, romelic wers: «Этноним «апсар» является вероятно, синонимом

«апсуа» (самоназвание абхазов)» [109.51, Sen.7]. zogadad, mainc mkvlevarTa umravlesoba (m. jana-

Svili, s. janaSia, z. anCabaZe, x. bRaJba, m. inaZe, g. wulaia, T. gvancelaZe, z. papasqiri, da

sxv.) aRiarebs àfsil~-àfsar~-àfsua~ identurobas (dawvr. ix.: [425.185,200; 380.73,76,84].

34

istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT irkveva, rom qarTul-afxazuri eTni-

kuri sazRvari, romelic yovelTvis ar gulisxmobda politikur anu saxel-

mwifoebriv sazRvars, umTavresad, RaliZga-kelasuris SuamdinareTis te-

ritoriaze `moZraobda~. ase magaliTad, leonti mrovelis cnobiT, farna-

vazis samefos teritoria mdinare egriswylamde vrceldeboda: `xolo eg-

ris wyals quemoT darCa berZenTa, rameTu mkBdrTa mis adgilisaTa ara

inebes gandgoma berZenTa~ [29.24; 30.43]. amgvari viTareba rCeba vaxtang gor-

gaslis periodamde.

ax.w. III saukuneeSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi Zlierdeba lazikis-egrisis

samefo, romelic IVs. dasasrulisaTvis ierTebs afsilias, abazgiasa da sa-

nigias [203.161]. Tumca, Vs. II naxevarSi vaxtang gorgasalisa da bizantiis

keisars Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebiT, sazRvari bizantiasa da qarTls So-

ris md. kelasurze daido: `da gamoikiTxa keisarman sazRvari saberZneTisa,

queyana zRBs pirisa, romel ars afxazeTi, da rqua esreT: `egris wyliTgan

vidre mdinaremde mcirisa xazareTisa – ese sazRvari ars saberZneTisa

aleqsandrobiTgan, romeli aq Sen migiRia mklaviTa Cuengan. aw igi ukue

moguec, da odes wariyvanebde colsa Sensa, asulsa Cemsa, maSin mogce mis-

gan queyana~. da dauwera egris wyalsa da klisuras Sua queyana ziTvad, da

sxua afxazeTi ukusca vaxtang berZenTa~ [67.177,203-205,235,242; 68.192,220,222].

mkvlevarTa (p. ingoroyva, d. musxeliSvili) varaudiT, am amonaridSi

naxsenebi `Sua qveyana~, romelic moicavs RaliZga-kelasuris Suamdina-

reTs, igivea, rac XVIIs. miwurulSi warmoqmnili afxazuri toponimi `ab-

Jua~ [17.209; 41.394; 309.44], romelic qarTulad `Sua sofels~ niSnavs [190.128;

222.112]. d. musxeliSvilis mosazrebiT, am toponimis warmoqmna swored vax-

tang gorgaslis epoqaSi unda momxdariyo, xolo is, rom wyaroSi gvaqvs

`queyana~ nacvlad `soflisa~, amis mizezs mkvlevari gviandeli xanis ga-

damweris an redaqtoris CasworebaSi xedavs [222.113].

VII saukuneSi sazRvarma isev egriswyalze gadainacvla: `xolo Semd-

gomad stefanoz bagrationis Jamsa miuRo erekleos keisarman1 kualad eg-

risis mdinaris iqiTi da dasues berZenTa erisTavi TBsi anakofias da

uwodes afxazTa erisTavad, iyvnen aqa erisTavni cvlilebiTa~ [8.795]. Tum-

1 igulisxmeba bizantiis imperatori herakle I (610-641).

35

ca, am problemasTan dakavSirebiT, odnav gansxvavebul cnobas vxvdebiT ano-

nimi somexi geografosis TxzulebaSi (savaraudo daTariRebaa VIIs. dasasru-

li – VIIIs. damdegi [77.22]): «Между Болгарами1 и Понтийским морем живут наро-

ды: Гарши, Куты и Сваны2 до города Питиунта (Pitius) на морском берегу страны Ава-

зов (Abasgi), где живут Апшилы и Абхазы до приморскаго своего города Севастополиса

(Dioscurias), и далее до реки Дракона, ...отделяюшей Абхазию от страны Егерь» [77.29;

69.191]. dRemde davas iwvevs md. drakonis identifikaciis sakiTxi. z. anCa-

baZem igi md. kodorTan gaagigiva, Tumca ar moutania saamiso argumentebi

da, rogorc Cans, daskvna am dasaxelebul hidronimTan msgavs bgerobriv

JReradobaze aago [339.65]. d. musxeliSvilic am mosazrebas emxroba [222.98-

99,120-120] da is, am hidronimis lokalizaciisaTvis iSveliebs Teodosi gan-

grelis naSromSi dasaxelebul afSileTis cixes `skotori~ [15.42, Sen.4],

romelic sadRac kodoris xeobaSi unda yofiliyo [222.119]. vfiqrobT, rom

am mosazrebas unda amagrebdes Teodosi gangrelis qarTul TargmanSi

`skotoris~ naclad `kotoris~ xmareba: `...Seayenes cixesa afxazeTisasa,

romelsa ewodebis kotori~ (xazgasma s. yauxCiSvilisaa – k.k.) [15.43, Sen.4].

rogorc Cans, mTargmnelma erTgvarad Seaswora Teodosi gangrelis mier

daSvebuli Secdoma adgilobrivi toponimis gadmocemisas. drakon-kodo-

ris identurobas, TiTqos, z. papasqiric iziarebs [242.430-431]. Tuki, dra-

kons kodorTan gavaigivebT da gaviziarebT somexi anonimis am cnobasac,

maSin is aSkara winaaRmdegobaSi mova vaxuStisTan. am niuanss, Tavis

droze, yuradReba miaqcia d. leTodianma, romelic, Sesabamisad, Seecada

es ori cnoba erTmaneTisaTvis miesadagebina. aqedan gamomdinare, mkvlevaris

varaudiT, md. drakonSi egriswyali unda ivaraudebodes [200.15-16,179,182].

miuxedavad imisa, rom somexi anonimis geografiam, Cvenamde Zalian

damaxinjebuli saxiT moaRwia da saWiroa Semdgomi kvleva-Ziebis warmoe-

ba am teqstis arqetipis aRsadgenad [77.23], vfiqrobT, is mainc unda warmo-

adgendes qarTul-afxazuri eTnikuri sazRvris fiqsacias vaxuStiseul

cnobasa da juanSeris erT cnobas Soris arsebul periodSi. kerZod, aR-

wers ra cnobili arabi sardlis murvan ibn-muhamedis (murvan-yru) laSq-

1 savaraudod, eseni Tanamedrove balyarelebi arian.

2 z. anCabaZe, d. musxeliSvili, d. leTodiani anonimiseul `svanebs~ sanigebTan aigiveben

[339.65; 222.98-99; 200.82].

36

robas dasavleT saqarTveloSi,1 is wers: `da viTarca Sevlo yruman kli-

sura, romeli mas Jamsa iyo sazRvari saberZneTisasa da saqarTvelosa, da

Semusra qalaqi afSileTisa cxumi, da moadga cixesa anakofisasa~ (xazgasma

Cvenia – k.k.) [67.235]. vaxuStis cnoba TariRdeba VIIs. I naxevriT (herakle ke-

isris zeobis qronologiidan gamomdinare), juanSerisa ki – VIIIs. 30-iani

wlebis II naxevriT (murvan-yrus laSqroba saqarTveloSi). Tu Cveni mosaz-

reba sworia, maSin, am periodSi, daaxl. 641-730ww. adgili hqonia qarTul-

afxazuri sazRvris garkveul cvlilebas kidev ufro Crdilo-dasavle-

TiT – egriswylidan kodoris mimarTulebiT, Tumca es faqti ar asaxula

qarTul matianeebSi. vfiqrobT, vaxuStiseuli egriswylidan juanSerise-

ul klisuramde sazRvris gadawevis logikaSi unda jdebodes Cveni mosa-

zrebac. Tumca am varaudis sabolood dasamtkiceblad, aucilebelia anonimi

somexi geografosis teqstis dasazusteblad Semdgomi kvlevis warmoeba.

Semdgom saukuneebSi (afxazeTis saerisTao, afxazeTis samefo da er-

Tiani saqarTvelos samefo) sazRvari isev egriswyalze fiqsirdeba (sazR-

vari cxomisa da bediis saerisTaoebs Soris) [8.796]. es viTareba ZalaSi

rCeba vidre XIIIs. dasasrulamde, razec ukve zemoT visaubreT.

qarTul-afxazuri eTno-politikuri sazRvris axal revizias ukve

XVIIs. dasawyisidan vxedavT. XVIIs. I meoTxedisaTvis CrdiloeT kavkasi-

idan gadmosuli tomebisa da osmaleTis imperiis mxardaWeriT zurggamag-

rebuli afxazeTis samTavro, romlis aRmosavleTi sazRvari anakofiasTan

(amJamind. axali aToni) gadioda [8.776,783],2 sargeblobs odiSSi ganviTare-

buli SinaareulobiT da iwyebs permanentul da warmatebul eqspansias

samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT – samegrelo-odiSis samTavros siRr-

meSi [237.47; 240.97; 290.75-76]. am procesis SeCereba, miuxedavad odiSarTa

calkeuli samxedro da politikuri warmatebebisa [28.28; 237.14], faqtobri-

vad, SeuZlebelic xdeba. saqmes ver uSvela levan II dadianis (1611-1657ww.)

mier `afxazTa gamousvlelobisaTvis~ [8.782]3 agebulma e. w. `kelasuris ke-

1 amis Sesaxeb: [234.111-114 (iqve, miTiTebebi sxva literaturazec); 243.166-167; 428.38-40].

2 vaxuStis am cnobas n. dadianic imeorebs, Tumca mis dros es ukve anaqronizmi iyo [17.150,151].

3 am safortifikacio nagebobis daniSnuleba rom afxazTa Semosevebisagan odiSis dacva

iyo, amas ucxoeli avtorebic mowmoben: a. laberti [28.152], J. Sardeni [112.149-150; 107.21;

59.107]; T. beraZe miiCnevs, rom 1611-1615 wlebisTvis afxazeT-odiSis sazRvari md. kelasur-

37

delmac~. sxvadasxva wyaroebis, pirvel rigSi ki, ucxoel avtorTa monace-

mebis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli xdeba regionis saerTo politikuri da

eTnikuri viTarebis zogadi suraTis warmodgena.

italieli misioneri jovani da luka afxazeT-samegrelos sazRvars

1630w. md. aus1/abseze2 afiqsirebda: `21 maisisas movediT Zvel qalaq skisor-

numSi (Schissornum), saca mdinare ausi hyofs afxazeTs samegrelosagan~

[20.144; 38.157]. aRniSnul dasaxlebul punqts i. tabaRua q. soxumTan aigi-

vebs [38.157]. am varauds b. xoravac emxroba [290.94]. Tumca, p. ingoroyvas

mosazrebiT, aq saubari unda iyos anakofiaze [190.134], rac saeWvod miiCnia

n. berZeniSvilma [147.618].

jovani da lukas cnobiT, drandis eklesia odiSis SemadgenlobaSia:

wm. andrias saxelobis eklesia `axloa afxazebTan, romlebTanac qarTve-

lebs Zriel cota megobroba aqvsT~ [20.149]. Tumca, am xalxebs Soris rom

gamwvavebuli urTierToba iyo, man samegreloSi misvlamde ukve icoda.

skisornumSi adgilobrivma Tavadma3 putom mas uTxra, rom `aq axlos me-

zoblad qarTvelebi4 arian, magram maTTan bevri urTierToba ara maqvso~

[20.145]. samegrelos pirvel dasaxlebul punqtad dominikaneli misioneri

skurCas (Scourcia, Scorua) [20.145] asaxelebs, romelic md. kodorTan mdebare-

obs. rogorc Cans, odiSarni sul ufro aRmosavleTiT ixevdnen momxdur

afxazTa Semotevebis gamo. Tumca, megruli mosaxleobis garkveuli rao-

denobis da, Sesabamisad, dasaxlebuli punqtis arseboba drandaSic unda

vivaraudoT, radgan jer kidev funqcionirebs adgilobrivi monasteri, rome-

lic drandeli arqiepiskoposis (Driandelli) [20.146] sakaTedro taZaricaa.5

Semdgomi 20 wlis manZilze afxazeT-samegrelos sazRvari kidev uf-

ro aRmosavleTiT iwevs: 1639-1640ww. odiSSi myofma rusma elCebma f. elCin-

ze gadioda [356.208].

1 asea m. TamaraSvilTan [20.144; 38.157].

2 b. xoravas mosazrebiT, saubaria md. besleTze da ara md. kodorze, rogorc amas i. ta-

baRua miiCnevs [290.94; 38.160].

3 ase aqvs m. TamaraSvils [20.145].

4 marTalia, konteqstis mixedviT, aq sasuliero pirebzea saubari, magram, am SemTxvevaSi,

amas principuli mniSvneloba ar aqvs.

5 T. beraZe eWviT uyurebs italiel misionerTa am cnobebs, radgan drandis monasteri,

am SemTxvevaSi, odiSis sazRvris gareT Cans [356.210].

38

ma da p. zaxarievma drandis monasteric («Дандреанскай монастырь») moina-

xules 1640w. 6 Tebervals [101.269; 151.197-198; 290.93], Tumca am periodis os-

malo avtoris qaTib Celebis rukaze sazRvari md. kelasurTanaa dafiqsi-

rebuli [63.56; 151.197-198; 290.93]. sul ramdenime weliwadSi sazRvarma or

samTavros Soris md. kodorze gadainacvla [28.11-12].1 XVIIs. 50-iani wlebis

dasawyisisaTvis Camoyalibebuli viTareba SedarebiT stabiluri aRmoCnda

(saukunis miwurulamde). marTalia, afxazTa permanentuli Tavdasxmebi sa-

megreloze mainc grZeldeboda [112.336-337,350-351; 108.104,110-111; 59.207,215-216],2

magram sazRvris cvlilebas es ar iwvevda.

Tumca qarTuli mosaxleoba sakuTriv afxazeTis saerisTaos da sam-

Tavros teritoriazec cxovrobda. biWvinTaSi XVIIs. 40-50 wlebSi, roca

afxazeT-odiSis sazRvari ukve md. kodorze gadioda, jer kidev cxovrob-

dnen qarTvelebi da ara – afxazebi [197.164]. mkvlevarTa nawils (b. lomi-

naZe, k. okujava, z. papasqiri) miaCnia, rom XVIIs. SuaxanebSi biWvinTasa da

kodors Soris megrelebi da afxazebi jer kidev Tanamosaxleobdnen

[201.222,224-225; 228.54; 240.104-105]. rogorc Cans, am periodSi afxaz/afsuebis

mxridan aqtiurad ar xdeboda odiSarTa miwebis dakaveba. maTi Camosaxle-

ba samegrelos mitacebul teritoriaze erTbaSad ar mimdinareobda. Sar-

denic mowmobs, rom afxazTa Semosevebs ufro marbieli xasiaTi hqonda:

afxazebi `arbeven da swvaven yvelafers, itaceben xalxs da pirutyvs~ [112.336-

337,350-351; 108.104,110-111; 59.207,215-216]. megrelTa ayra gumisTa-enguris Suamdi-

nareTidan swored am pirobebSi xdeboda. SinaaSlilobebiT, mezobel sa-

mefo-samTavroebTan omebiTa da osmalebis Tavdasxmebis mogeriebiT daka-

vebul odiSs ukve Zala ar Seswevda sakuTari mosaxleobis dasacavad [197.165].

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Semdeg, vfiqrobT, sruliad aSkaraa, rom

1 rogorc m. mgalobliSvili SeniSnavs, a. lamberti odiSidan 1649w. gaemgzavra [59.15];

imave periodis meore osmalo avtori evlia Celebi wers: mdinare faSa `pirdapir samxre-

Tisaken miedineba da samegrelosa da abazas qveynis Sua zRvas erTvis... mTlianad Savi

zRvis Crdilo sanapiroze mdebare abazas qveynis dasawyisia mdinare faSa da sazRvris

dasasrulia dasavleTiT ormocdaori dRis savalze kafas vilaieTis mflobelobaSi

myofi tamanis naxevrkunZulis axlos mdebare anapis cixis navsadguri~ [48.96,97]. mkvle-

varTa (g. anCabaZe, b. xorava) mosazrebiT md. faSaSi md. kodori igulisxmeba [117.77; 290.92].

2 afxazebi marto samegreloTi ar kmayofildebodnen: giorgi gurielma (samTavros saTaveSia

1669 wlidan) `mosrna mekobred mosrulni afxazni gurias mravalgzis~ [8.840; 340.268-269; 240.102].

39

araviTari safuZveli araa RaliZga-enguris SuamdinareTi maincdamainc

afxazi eTnosis istoriul sacxovrisad miviCnioT. ase rom z. anCabaZis mi-

er sityvebis `dapyroba~-«захватить»1 gamoyeneba SarvaSiZeTa mier odiSis

samTavros teritoriis nawilis _ Semdgomi samurzayanos teritoriis da-

kavebasTan dakavSirebiT sruliad marTebulia.

magram davubrundeT e.w. enguris gaswvriv àfxazeT-saqarTvelos~ is-

toriuli sazRvris mwvave Temas. am bolo dros am `Tvalsazriss~, ro-

gorc ukve aRvniSneT, kidev erTi mxardamWeri afxazi istorikosi _ T.

aCugba gamouCnda. isic yovelnairad cdilobs `daamtkicos~, rom `warsu-

li saukuneebis~ werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT, èTnikuri sazRvari~ af-

xazeTis samxreT-aRmosavleTSi md. engurze gadioda [460]. Tumca, yvelaze

ùZvelesi~ wyaro, romelic mkvlevarma am Tezisis dasabuTebisaTvis war-

moadgina 1788 wliT TariRdeba [104.3]. erTi sityviT, miuxedavad am da sxva

msgavsi mcdelobebisa, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom XVII sauku-

nemde afxazur tomTa gansaxlebis ukiduresi aRmosavleTi sazRvari md.

RaliZgas ar gascdenia. sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT, amaze pirdapir unda

miuTiTebdes adgilobrivi hidronimebic, kerZod, RaliZga _ megrulad: Re-

le kidisa, mdinare sazRvrisa, mijnis wyali. swored RaliZga unda yofi-

liyo erTi periodi mainc e.w. èTnikuri sazRvari~ afxazebsa da megre-

lebs Soris.2 amasTanave, Cveni kvlevisTvis saintereso regioni, mkvlevar-

Ta SeniSvniT, mdidaria qarTuli epigrafikuli ZeglebiT, romelTa qro-

nologia X-XVII saukuneebs moicavs [128.75].

amrigad, afxaz istorikosTa mier md. enguris gamocxadeba `saqarTve-

1 aRsaniSnavia, rom sityvebs: `dapyroba~-«захватить» qarTulsa da rusul enebSi erTi ga-

geba aqvT: esaa sxvisi miwa-wylis Zalismieri gziT mitaceba `dapyroba saxeli daipyrobs

zmnis moqmedebisa~ [326.404], `daipyrobs ZaliT (omiT...) aiRebs, xelSi Caigdebs, daimorCi-

lebs (qveyanas, xalxs)~ [326.378]; «Захватить,… 2. кого-что. Силой овладеть кем-чем-н. 3. чужую тер-

риторию. 3. пленных» [469].

2 amasTan dakavSirebiT, ver gaviziarebT demografiis specialistis m. gejuas mtkicebas,

rom àfxazeTis mosaxleoba gvian Sua saukuneebamde eTnikurad ZiriTadad erTgvarovani

iyo. mis teritoriaze qarTveli tomebi cxovrobdnen. me-16, me-17 saukuneebidan afxazeTis mo-

saxleobis raodenoba da eTnikuri Semadgenloba afsuebis Camosaxlebis Sedegad sagrZ-

nob cvlilebas ganicdis~ [155.42]. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, wyaroebi namdvilad ar amtkice-

ben afxazeTis teritoriis monoeTnikurobas.

40

lo-afxazeTis istoriul sazRvrad~ mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT sruliad

ususuria da, Sesabamisad, elementarul kritikas ver uZlebs. mas mxolod

propagandistuli daniSnuleba gaaCnia, romlis mizani mxolod da mxo-

lod separatistTa qmedebebisaTvis istoriografiul-ideologiuri safuZv-

lebis Seqmna da gamarTlebaa.

sorex SarvaSiZis mier odiSis samTavros nawilis (md. enguris marj-

vena sanapiro) dapyrobis Semdeg, intensiuri saxe miiRo am teritoriaze

afxazTa gadmosaxlebam. gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi am etapisTvis

kodor-RaliZgis SuamdinareTi imyofeboda,1 vinaidan es mxare, Tavisi geo-

grafiuli mdebareobiT, faqtobrivad, odiS-afxazeTis dapirispirebis fron-

tispira xazs warmoadgenda. Sesabamisad, mTavari dartymac swored masze

modioda. am procesis gamomwvev mizezad, z. anCabaZe XVIIs. SuaxanebisTvis

afxazeTis ZiriTad raionebSi mosaxleobis siWarbes miiCnevda [339.143]. avto-

ri ar aRniSnavda imas, Tu ra faqtorma gamoiwvia iq mosaxleobis siWarbe,

Tumca imas ki samarTlianad miuTiTebda, rom warmoebis dabal dones un-

da aeZulebina afxazebi axal miwebze gadasaxlebuliyvnen [339.143].

eqstensiuri meurneoba dabali socialuri ganviTarebis pirobebSi

myofi mTis mosaxleobisTvisaa damaxiasiaTebeli. amasTan dakavSirebiT,

ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT akad. n. berZeniSvilis SeniSvnas: `sruliad

SeuZlebelia, rom afxazeTSi intensiuri feodaluri meurneoba eqstensi-

ur mTis meurneobiT Sevcliliyo, dawinaurebuli feodaluri kultura

mTis yofiT Secvliliyo~ [147.615]. amis gamomwvev mizezad mecnieri afxazeT-

Si CrdiloeT kavkasiidan mosaxleobis (`mTieli afxazebi~) axali nakadis

Camowolas asaxelebda [147.616].

i. kvaSilavas miiCnevs, rom afxazeT-odiSis brZola gansxvavdeboda

dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva politikur erTeulebs Soris mimdinare Sina-

omebisgan, vinaidan afxazi warCinebulebis eqspansia mimarTuli iyo kodor-

sa da engurs Soris mdebare teritoriis mitacebisaken da Tavisi arsiT `qarT-

velobis~, qarTuli socialur-politikuri sistemis winaaRmdeg brZolas

warmoadgenda [194.24]. viziarebT ra debulebas, rom afxazeT-odiSis dapi-

1 `iyo Wiri didi odiSsa, viTarca aRvswereT, da umetes afxazTagan, rameTu movidodian

navebiTa da ÃmeliTa da styuevnidian, daipyres vidre egrisis mdinaredmde, da arRara

iyo drandas da moqus episkoposni~ [8.845; ix. agreTve: 17.165; 212.106].

41

rispireba ramdenadme gansxvavdeboda dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare

sxva Sinaomebisagan, mkvlevars ver daveTanxmebiT, rom es `gansxvaveba~

mxolod teritoriul eqspansiaSi da qarTuli socialur-politikuri siste-

mis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi gamoixateboda. teritoriuli SenaZenebi sxva Si-

naomebsac Tan sdevda, xolo qarTuli socialur-politikuri sistemis

moSla iyo am brZolis Sedegi da ara – mizani. amgvari Sedegi mohyva ko-

dor-enguris SuamdinareTSi ayrili qarTvelebis adgilze mosul axal

mosaxleobas, razec zemoT n. berZeniSvili SeniSnavda. swored am axali,

dabal socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi myofi mosaxleobis mosvla

da adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobis ayra iyo am brZolebis damaxasi-

aTebeli niSani. am procesebis Sedegad, T. beraZis mosazrebiT, kelasuri-

RaliZgis monakveTze Zveli qarTuli mosaxleobidan adgilze mxolod 10-

20% darCa, romelic TandaTan axlad Camosaxlebul afxazebSi gaiTqvifa

da dRevandeli gulrifSis, oCamCirisa da tyvarCelis raionebis megruli

gvarsaxelis matarebeli afxazebi maTi STamomavlebi arian [139.242].

afxazebis winsvla amaze ar SeCerebula. isini SesaniSnavad sargeb-

lobdnen odiSSi dawyebuli SinaaSlilobiT da RaliZga-enguris Suamdi-

nareTisaken miiwevdnen. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, XVIIs. miwurulamde ar iva-

raudeba RaliZgis marcxena sanapiroze afxaz tomTa gansaxleba. swored

am droidan Cndeba afxazuri eTnosi RaliZga-enguris SuamdinareTSi. s.

makalaTia, yovelgvari mtkicebis gareSe, am movlenas XVIIIs. 10-iani wle-

bis SuaxanebiT aTariRebs da mas giorgi lipartiansa da mis Svilebs So-

ris amtydari konfliqtis Sedegad dawyebul areulobebs ukavSirebs

[212.124]. amgvar daTariRebas mtkice safuZveli ar moeZebneba aqvs. Tundac

1702w. afxazeTSi imerel-odiSarTa laSqrobis aRweridan Cans, rom am

drois RaliZga-enguris SuamdinareTi ukve afxazTa xelSia [8.862-863].

§2. yvapu SarvaSiZe – samurzayanos pirveli mmarTveli

RaliZga-enguris SuamdinareTis daufleba afxazTa mier gansakuTre-

biT intensiurad zegnay SarvaSiZis Svilis – yvapus (Quappo Sarrasia) [20.209]

– dros mimdinareobda. T. WiWinaZis mier mopovebul `sigelSi~ daculi

42

cnobis Tanaxmad, zegnay SarvaSiZem afxazeTi Tavis Svilebs Soris daana-

wila: ufrosma rostomma miiRo CrdiloeTi nawili – teritoria md. bzif-

sa da md. kodors Soris (XVIII saukuneSi am teritoriaze axali samkvid-

ro – guma – gamoiyo, romelic moicavda gumisTa-kodoris SuamdinareTs)

[41.394; 343.71]; SuaTana jiqeSias ergo kodor-RaliZgas SuamdinareTi, romel-

sac `abJua~ ewoda; xolo umcrosis vaJis, yvapus, samflobelo RaliZga-en-

guris SuamdinareTi gamxdara. rogorc g. anCabaZe aRniSnavs, rostomiseu-

li wili samTavro domeni iyo, xolo danarCeni ori ki saufliswuloebs

warmoadgenda, romlebsac ahifebi (mTavris Svilebi) ganagebdnen [118.226].

T. WiWinaZis mier mikvleul dokumentSi warmodgenili cnobisagan

gansxvavebul variants warmoadgens k. maWavariani: «Первым абхазским владете-

лем из фамилии «Шервашидзе» был Квап Шервашидзе, ничем особенно не проявивший

себя кроме тихаго и кроткаго нрава. От него произошли три сына: Росто, Леван и Мурза-

кан. По смерти Квапа владение Абхазией принял старшии сын его Росто и, по принятии

им на себя правления абхазским народом, он наделил уделами братьев своих, т. е. Левана

и Мурзакана – первому предоставил Абживский округ, а последнему – Самурзакан, поче-

му и самая местность названа «Самурзаканью», а так как в это время и в Самурзакани бы-

ло самое ничтожное население, то для увеличения онаго было взято из Бзыбскаго округа,

нынешняго Гудаутскаго участка, по 1 и по 2 семейства княжеских и дворянскихъ фамилий

с их подвластными, которыя и по настоящее время существуют там. Владетель Абхазии

Росто постоянное место жительство имел в Соук-Су, нынешнее селение Лыхны, близь м.

Гудауты. Летняя резиденция у него была в Очемчирах. Леван Шервашидзе, правитель Аб-

живскаго округа, скоро умер бездетным, а владетель Росто после смерти своей оставилъ 7

сыновей: Хутуниа, Элкан, Торкан, Джигешия, Шерван-бей, Сулейман-бей и Зураб»

[404.244]. rogorc Cans, k. maWavariani am ambebis aRwerisas romeliRac xal-

xur gadmocemas unda eyrdnobodes, romelSic erTmaneTSi aSkarad aRreu-

lia sxvadasxva drois movlenebi. am `istorias~ Semoklebulad imeorebda

s. basariac [347.98]. amasTanave, istoriuli wyaroebiT ar dasturdeba yvapu

SarvaSiZis `mSvidi xasiaTi~ da aq araa dasaxelebuli misi Svili avTan-

dili [25.88; 151.279-280], romelic qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi Cans. ami-

tom, bunebrivia, upiratesoba eniWeba T. WiWinaZiseul dokuments, romelic

samurzayanoel SarvaSiZeTa karzea Sedgenili.

43

yvapus samflobelo, areulobebis gamo, mniSvnelovnad gaukacriele-

bula. rogorc Cans, afxazTa mowolis gamo, adgilobrivi qarTuli mosax-

leoba iZulebuli xdeboda daetovebina mSobliuri kera da enguris marjvena

sanapiros afarebda Tavs. saistorio wyaroebi miuTiTeben adgilobrivTa

mimarT afxazTa sisastikeze [112.35-351; 108.110-111; 59.215-16; 8.845]. marTalia,

es monacemebi ufro kodori-RaliZgis SuamdinareTs exeba, magram savsebiT

gamarTlebulia misi gadmotana RaliZga-enguris SuamdinareTSic. adgili

hqonda qarTuli mosaxleobis rogorc ayras, aseve – maTi monebad gayid-

vas osmaloebze.1 TurqTa agresiam tyveTa syidvas kidev ufro meti gaqane-

ba SesZina [381.143; 333.52; 458]. ucxoeTSi tyveTa gadinebis centri iyo isgau-

ri (skurCa) [103.346; 333.55]. im periodSi msgavsi `statusi~ SeiZines sxva qa-

laqebmac: axalcixem, baTomma, soxumma da quTaismac [144.274]. qristeforo

kasteli dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebsac asaxelebs: qobuleTi,

gonio, ganakopia [27.171]. Cans, es igive anakofia unda iyos, Tumca toponim

`anakofias~ kasteli uSecdomod organ xmarobs [27.82,195]. XVIIs. tyvis syid-

vam dasavleT saqarTveloSi katastrofuli xasiaTi miiRo: yovelwliu-

rad osmaleTSi iyidebda mTeli mosaxleobis bunebrivi namati [144.274].

tyve-monebis momxmarebeli osmaleTi maT miRebas ori gziT axerxeb-

da: xarki da pirveladi moTxovnilebis sagnebis (marili, rkina) sanacv-

lod [171.25]. tyveTa syidviT dakavebuli iyvnen ara marto mTavrebi da Ta-

vadaznaurobis warmomadgenlebi, aramed sakuTriv glexTa wridan gamosu-

1 afxazebSi gavrcelebul tyveTa syidvas lambertic adasturebs. Tumca es problema af-

xazeTisaTvis aqtualuri problema XIXs-is dasawyisSic iyo: «Среболюбие есть отличитель-

ная черта харатктера сих народов – недостаток промышленности и торговли, могущих некоторым обра-

зом удовлетворить оной, заставляет их часто прибегать к способам весьма предосудительным: в особен-

ности абазинец, будучи руковедствуем сильным желанием удовлетворить оной, достигает до своей цели

самыми гнусными поступками. Страсть сия и до сих пор поджигает оного к продаже туркам не только

своих пленников, но и ближных соседей и даже родственников своих. Гнусный торг сей и доныне имеет

свое действие в Абхазии, – удобностям оного способствует столь везде рассыпанные проповедники корана,

как и приходящие с разных мест Турции купеческие суда» (Краткое обозрение Имеретии, Гурии, Мингрелии

и Абхазии, сочиненное Его И. В. по квартирмейстерской части кап. Энсгольмом, 1819г. [335.53]. ensgolmis

marTebuli SeniSvniT, dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebuli sxva samefo-samTavroebisTvi-

sac ucxo ar iyo es problema, romelmac gansakuTrebiT mZime saxe XVII saukunidan mi-

iRo [248.110].

44

li mekobreebic [144.274; 171.25]. adamianebiT vaWrobas afxazeTSi imdenad ma-

sobrivi saxe miuRia, rom misi aRkveTis saqmeSi afxazeTis kaTalikosi Ca-

reula. aSkaraa, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos sulieri lideris ridi hqon-

daT. aRsaniSnavia, rom eklesia mkacrad ilaSqrebda tyvis msyidvelTa wi-

naaRmdeg da maT SeCveneba-gankveTiT damuqrebia [199.142]. Tumca, im miwebi-

dan, romelic sakaTalikoso soflebsac (naJanevi/naJaneuli, xoiri/oxu-

rei) [151.279]1 moicavda, mosaxleobis ayra-ganadgurebas Tu tyved gayidvas

ziani mohqonda sakuTriv eklesiisa da misi ekonomikuri mdgomareobisaT-

visac. magaliTad, sofel naJanevSi mxolod `eqvsi mosaxle kaci~ darCeni-

liyo [65.647-648; 290.118], radgan `samoci mosaxle kaci~ `afxazs aeyara~ [65.670;

290.118]. gamodis, rom sofeli mosaxleobisagan daaxloebiT 90%-iT daclila.

afxazeTis kaTalikosma daviT nemsaZem yvapu ServaSiZesa da misi oja-

xis wevrebs kategoriulad mosTxova darCenili mosaxleobis xelSeuxeb-

loba, garda amisa, SeiZleba, apirebda darCenilebis gadayvanas samegre-

los Sida raionebSi. man Tavis droze moaxerxa sorex SarvaSiZis tyveo-

bidan daexsna bibia bolquaZe ojaxiT, romelic Semdeg nojixevSi daasax-

la [65.677; 240.107]. dasavleT saqarTvelos sulieri lideris moTxovna rom

principuli da kategoriuli yofila Cans iqidan, rom SarvaSiZeebma mas

ara ubralod piroba, aramed ficis wigni misces: `mtkice, utyuari fici,

piri da wigni dagiwereT da mogarTviT Cven ServaSiZeman batonman yvapu da

Cemman Zmaman qereqim Tquen Crdiloisa da afxazeTisa kaTalikozsa daviTs

asre da ama pirsa zeda, romel naJnareuli da xoaruli kacebi, romelic

axal iyos, is Seucodeblad da Tquenda ukiTxavad aRarc gavyidoT, da

Tqvenis sityvisa da brZanebis morCilis kacisagan kargad SemouaroT, arc

Tqveni xleba da samsaxuri dauSaloT da arc Tqveni begara da sargo, romeli-

ca emarTos, ...rodesac mobrZandeT, rogoraTac sxvas Zvels kaTalikozebs emsa-

xurebinos da exmaros, Tqvenc asre gemsaxuroT da gergebodes~ [24.35-36].

kaTalikosi, etyoba, daakmayofila SarvaSiZeTa mier micemulma fic-

ma da, rogorc momdevno kaTalikosi grigol lorTqifaniZe wers, es xal-

xi `nefsaZe kaTalikozs yvapu SarvaSiZisaTvis miebarebina~ [65.670; 290.118].

aRsaniSnavia, rom am windadebam SecdomaSi Seiyvana akademikosi m. lorT- 1 naJaneuli, savaraudod, Tanamedrove sof. otobaiaa, xolo xoiri ki amJamindeli sof.

oxurei unda iyos [230.164].

45

qifaniZe, romelic aseT daskvnas akeTebs: ès dokumenti erT saintereso

garemoebazec mianiSnebs, momxdur afxazTagan darbeul qarTvel glexebs

kaTalikosi ServaSiZes miabarebs, is momxduri afxazebi sxvebi arian da

ServaSiZe sxvaa, isic cdilobs am momxdurTagan Tavis dacvas~ [209.23]. ro-

gorc qveviT davinaxavT, yvapu SarvaSiZesa da `momxdur afxazTa~ Soris

aranairi sxvaoba ar SeimCneva. arc is Cans, rom yvapu `momxdur afxazTa-

gan~ Tavs icavdes, rogorc amas m. lorTqifaniZe miiCnevs. ra Tqma unda,

SesaZlebelia imis aRiareba, rom is `kulturul-politikuri qarTvelia~

[147.608], monawileobs saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaSi, qarTuli ek-

lesiis wevria, metyvelebs da wers qarTulad, magram, mocemul SemTxveva-

Si, misi da `momxdur afxazTa~ interesebi dadianis samTavros Crdilo-

dasavleT nawilSi mosaxle qarTvelebis mimarT, erTmaneTs emTxveva. Sesa-

bamisad, yvapu iyo qarTuli mosaxleobis mimarT afxazTa agresiuli po-

litikis gamgrZelebeli da lideri.

yvapu SarvaSiZe namdvilad ar cdilobda `momxdurTagan Tavis dacvas~.

piriqiT, mas arc ufiqria sakuTari ficis pirobebis srulad Sesruleba.

savaraudoa, rom mezobel odiSTan ukiduresad daZabuli urTierTobebis

fonze, is erTgvarad ufrTxildeboda àfxazeTis~ kaTalikosTan kavSirs.

vinaidan am sasuliero ierarqis iurisdiqcia mTels dasavleT saqarTvelos

moicavda da mas garkveuli gavlena hqonda adgilobriv samefo-samTavroebis

karze, amitom, bunebrivia, masTan kavSiris gawyveta SarvaSiZisaTvis mi-

zanSewonili namdvilad ar iyo.1 lambertic adasturebs afxazeTis kaTali-

kosis, òdiSis patriarqis~, mniSvnelovan gavlenas dadianis karze [28.105].

sabolood, kaTalikoss daviT nemsaZes mainc araferi gamosvlia yvapu

SarvaSiZesTan. aseTive uSedego yofila am mTavarTan momdevno kaTalikos

grigol lorTqifaniZis mcdelobanic: ìs kaTalikosic (d. nemsaZe – k.k.)

bevrs edava (yvapu SarvaSiZes – k.k.) da Cuenc, magram arc mas da arc Cuen

pasuxi moguca~ [65.647-648; 290.118].

miuxedavad imisa, rom yvapusagan ficis wigni am kaTalikossac hqonia

miRebuli: èse saficari fici da wigni mogeciT Cven SarvaSiZeman yvapu da

Cvenma Svilma avTandil Tqven qaTalikozs batons grigols ase da ama

1 m. lorTqifaniZis aRniSnuli mosazreba Semdeg b. xoravamac gaiziara [290.118].

46

pirsa zedan rome JamTa viTarebiT qveyana amowyda da saqaTalikozo naJane-

uri da xoiruli kacebi zogierTi Cven movarCineT. ...romelic naJaneuri da

xoiruli kacebi Cven gvyavs, Tavs xatisTvis... TqvenTvis sasamsaxuroT mo-

mirTmevia, Tavs erTi mosaxle kaci babadiSi kondaria, meore mosaxle xucesi

Rrubelaia, mesame mosaxle kaka eliSia, meoTxe mosaxle zumalei kodia,

mexuTe mosaxle jimadiSi uCaZe, meeqvse mosaxle mamakoCi subuqia, meSvide

mosaxle xuxuta jguburia, merve mosaxle oboli cicoria, mojalabe baZ-

Ralei markozia, amas gareT erTi mosaxle saxoiro mamia bigvava. es aTi mo-

saxle kaci mojalabianad rogorc sxva kaTalikozs saxurebda, agre gamsaxu-

roT da Tqveni samsaxuri ar dauSaloT da arc Cvengan am kacebs arc ayriT da

arc gayidviT ara uSavdes ra~ [25.88; 151.279-280].

am dokumentSi yuradRebas iqcevs, yvapus gancxadeba: `JamTa viTaro-

biT qveyana amowyda da... zogierTi Cven movarCineT~. z. papasqiris SeniSv-

niT, es SarvaSiZeebis mxridan danaSaulis dafarvis mcdelobaa, Tumca

mkvlevars namdvilad ver daveTanxmebiT imaSi, rom yvapusa da avTandils

sindisi qejnidaT [240.106]. yvapu mTlad marTlmorwmune da RvTismoSiSi

qristiani ar Cans. ufro piriqiT, wyaroebidan is Cans, rom man wmida ste-

fanes Zvirfasi TvlebiT Semkuli vercxlis qandakebis moparvis bralde-

biT asze meti marTlmadidebeli mRvdeli moakvlevina [20.209; 151.265]. is,

rom yvapu, am periodis SarvaSiZeTa saxlis sxva wevrebic namdvilad ar

yofilan mtkice qristianebi, Cans dokumentebidan. etyoba, am periodSi Za-

lian moisustebda afxazeTis mTavris ojaxSi qristianuli ganaTlebis

done. SarvaSiZeTa zogierTi warmomadgeneli im periodSi ukve islamis mimde-

varic xdeba. rogorc Cans, maTTvis ukve didi mniSvneloba ar hqonda dog-

matikur gansxvavebebs or qristianul denominacias Soris. magaliTad, so-

rex SarvaSiZe yoveldRe eswreboda laTin misionerTa mesebs [20.209]. afxa-

zeTis `udides mTavars~ bezalus Carasinos (Besalus Ciarasino), romelsac

`antones uwodeben~, kristoforo kastelisa da laTini misionerebisaTvis

gadaucia biWvinTis RvTismSoblis taZari da axali misonerebis gamogzav-

nac uTxovia [27.177,395].

aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom profesori j. gamaxaria mas beslako Sarva-

SiZesTan aigivebs [151.202], romelsac aseve moixseniebs Tavis naSromSi kr.

kasteli. vfiqrobT, rom bezalus Carasino da beslako SarvaSiZe, miuxeda-

47

vad saxelebis msgavsebisa, erTi da igive pirovneba ar unda iyos. vinaidan

pirvels, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, kastelisaTvis taZari gadaucia. savarau-

doa, rom isini erTmaneTTan Senaxvedric ki iyvnen. amitom vfiqrobT, SeuZ-

lebeli unda iyos, rom avtors am pirovnebis dasaxelebaSi aseTi Secdo-

ma daeSva. Tumca, j. gamaxarias veTanxmebiT imaSi, rom `Carasino~ namdvi-

lad `SarvaSiZis~ kasteliseuli variaciaa. j. gamaxariaseul daskvnis mi-

marT Cvens eWvs iwvevs is garemoebac, rom iqve, gagrZelebaSi, kasteli

asaxelebs beslako SaraSias (Cirvasia) /Beslacus Ciruasia/. rogorc vxedavT,

kr. kasteli bazalusis tituls aRmatebiT xarisxSi moixseniebs ùdidesi

mTavari~, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom afxazeTSi, mis garda, sxva mTavari an

mTavrebic unda yofiliyvnen, vinaidan bezalusi viRacis mimarT unda yo-

filiyo ùdidesi~. odnav qvemoT vpoulobT kastelis minawers suraTis-

Tvis `sami Zma~. avtori werda: ès aris afxazeTis mTavris sami Zmis sura-

Ti: ufross hqvia don baslakusi, meores – salamoni, mesames da ukanask-

nels setemani~ [27.194,411]. rogorc vxedavT, `mTavari~, am SemTxvevaSi, cal-

ke dgas, xolo `sami Zma~ kidev calke. gamodis, rom isini oTxi Zmani yo-

filan. ase rom ar iyos, kasteli, albaT, maSin ase ityoda, rom es aris

afxazeTis mTavrisa da misi Zmebis an ori Zmis suraTio, magram, rogorc

vnaxeT, sul sxva teqsti gvaqvs. Tan beslakosTan mimarTebaSi avtori ar

aRniSnavs, rom mas antones uwodebeno. Sesabamisad, dasavleT saqarTve-

loSi kastelis moRvaweobis periodSi (1627-1654ww.), afxazeTis samTavroSi

uflobda oTxi Zma: bezalusi, igive antone, beslako/baslakusi/baslako,

salamoni da setemani. daaxloebiT igive situaciaa afxazeTSi 1780w. ru-

xis omis dros, roca dadianis winaaRmdeg daiZra zurab, qeleS-bei, beqir-

beisa da levan samurzayanoelis erToblivi laSqari. marTalia, isini Zme-

bi ar iyvnen, magram am oTxSi umaRlesi rangis xelisufali iyo zurab

SarvaSiZe – afxazeTis mTavari.

bezalusis Zmasac, beslakos, romelic Tavis samTavroSi maspinZlobda

odiSis samTavroSi moRvawe cnobil sasuliero pirs, imxanad arqimandritis

xarisxSi myof nikolo irbaxs (nikoloz irubaqiZe-ColoyaSvili) [27.171,178,

Sen.40], agreTve, gadaucia taZari kaTolike misionerebisaTvis [27.178]. yoveli-

ve amis miuxedavad, kr. kasteli mainc SeniSnavda, rom àfxazeTis mTavari

mTeli ojaxiT ufro mahmadiania, vidre sxva sarwmunoebis~ [27.171].

48

Tumca, kastelis Tanamedrove afxazebi arc islamis mtkice mimdevre-

bi yofilan. evlia Celebis cnobiT, abazas xalxs `rom qafiri uwodon,

kacs moklaven, muslimi rom uwodon, gaexardebaT. eseni yurans ar icno-

ben da arc raime sarwmunoeba aqvT. qafiri ar uyvarT da muslims ki

suls miscemen~ [48.106]. maT msgavsad, arTebis tomSic ar scodniaT islami

da yurani [48.101]. CaCebSi yvela erTi sarwmunoebis ar yofila [48.100]. ro-

gorc a. lamberti SeniSnavda, afxazebi mxolod sityviT iyvnen qristiane-

bi [28.12]. mas eTanxmeba jovani da lukac: afxazebi `sarwmunoebiT qristia-

nebi arian, magram qristianul ritualebs ar asruleben~ [38.170]. analogi-

uri monacemebia patriarq makariosTan [379.43; 228.127; 6.110-111; 151.251], pavle

alepoelTan [124.75; 228.127],1 nikolai vitsenTan [102.268]. aRniSnul avtorTa

am cnobebis erTgvar dadasturebas vawydebiT vaxuStisTanac, romelic am-

bobs: afxazebi `sarwmunoebiT arian qristeaneni, aramed arRara risa mec-

nierni da iricxÂan, viTarca kerpni, vinaÁTgan ara dahflven mkudarTa

TÂsTa, aramed misiTave samkaul-iaraRiTa da SesamosliTa STasdeben ku-

boTa Sina da Sesdgmen xeTa zeda, da ukueTu Stvens mkudari igi eSmakisa

mier, swamT gansuenebulada mermesa mas~ [8.786].2 Tumca, rogorc vaxuSti

batoniSvili adasturebs, afxazebs garkveuli kavSiri SeunarCunebiaT

qristianobasTan, radgan `uwyian naTesaoba, coli erTi, marxua, aquT sa-

soeba mRudelTa friad. ara iqmnebian maT Soris siZva, mruSeba~ [8.786].

rogorc vxedavT, am periodSi, rogorc afxazuri sazogadoeba, ise –

mTavris ojaxSi, qristianobisadmi garkveuli gaucxoeba namdvilad SeimC-

neoda, Tumca garkveuli ridi mainc arsebobda. j. gamaxarias samarTliani

SeniSvniT, aseTi gaorebuli sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareobis `axsna istori-

uli realobiTaa SesaZlebeli – erTis mxriv, Rrma tradiciuli kavSiriT

qristianul samyarosTan, genetikuri maxsovrobiT; meores mxriv, mTis da,

nawilobriv osmaleTis zegavleniT, romelmac Zlier daasusta, magram bo-

lomde ver waleka qristianoba~ [151.205]. rac Seexeba laTin misionerebTan

keTilganwyobil urTierTobebs, rogorc Cans, amas ganapirobebda is, rom

kaTolikeebi rogorc afxazeTSi, ise, zogadad, im periodis saqarTveloSi,

moiazrebodnen ara marto rogorc sasuliero pirebad, aramed – evropis

1 gviandeli Sua saukuneebis afxazebis religias ikvlevs eTnologi k. okujava [228.125-137; 229].

2 amasve adasturebs evlia Celebic [48.104].

49

diplomatebad. amitom ufro cdilobdnen maTTan kargi da megobruli ur-

TierTobebis damyarebas qarTveli politikosebi, maT Soris SarvaSiZeebi.

sasuliero ierarqTa dava-Widili yvapu SarvaSiZesTan mxolod am uka-

nasknelis gardacvalebis gamo dasrulebula. 1706 wels kaTalikosi gri-

goli biWvinTis RvTismSoblisadmi Sewirulobis wignSi werda: `rom Sarva-

SiZe mokuda, mivediT Cuen da niSanic marTebuli aviReT da equsi mosaxle

kacis meti aRar iyo da is wamoviyvaneT misis yovlisferiTa: Rrubelaia

amxsneli da misi saxlikaci eliSia xutala da misi Zmebi kidev eliSia xu-

xa da misi Zmebi zumala, kodia da misi Svilebi. kidev jguburia subuqia da big-

vaa; kidev erTi mosaxle kaci jRerias naymevi papa xucobava da misi Zma

SarvaSiZisagan sadeo kaci iyo. Cueni da imaSed wamoviyvaneT da xobs dava-

saxleT. armania yvapseuli kaci magierSid amoviyvaneT da xibulas davasax-

leT. kidev eliSaxu nanaisSvili egeris gaRmidan wamoviyvaneT da magier-

Sid da xibulas davasaxleT~ [65.647-648]. `niSani~ iyo erTdrouli gadasaxa-

di: gardacvlilis piradi iaraRi, Sekazmuli cxeni, yma-mamuli, romelic

marTebda micvalebulis patrons [290.122]. safiqrebelia, rom `niSanSi~ kaTa-

likosma swored wyaroSi CamoTvlili xalxi moiTxova. aq yuradRebas iq-

cevs pirvel winadadebaSi gamoyenebuli nacvalsaxeli ìs~. savaraudoa, es

nacvalsaxeli miuTiTebs, rom èqusi mosaxle kaci~ da `niSani marTebuli~

erTi meoris pirobaa da, aqedan gamomdinare, erTmaneTTan logikur kavSirSi

imyofebian. sxva SemTxvevaSi, albaT, marTebuli forma iqneboda ìsic~.

6 wlis Semdeg, 1712w., igives, cotaodeni gansxvavebiT, grigol kaTa-

likosi imeorebs biWvinTis RvTismSoblisadmi Sewirulobis wignSi: `Sar-

vaSiZe ruxs mokvda, wavediT da uwireT, niSanic marTebuli aviReT. meti

aRar iyo, Svidi mosaxle kaci wamoviyvane maTis yovlisferiTa: Rrubela-

ia amxsneli da misi saxlikaci eliSia xuxa da misi Zmebi kodia, zumala,

jguburia, subuqia, bigvava da uCaia da erTi mojalabe. sxva kidev eliSi-

xu nanaisSvili, narmania da xucobava papa enguridaRmi yvela fasiT amo-

viyvane. zogi xibulas davasaxle, zogi xobs~ [65.670; 290.118]. am sabuTSi

yuradRebas iqcevs is faqti, rom zogierTi datyvevebulis gamoxsnisaTvis

afxazebi gamosasyids iTxovdnen da kaTalikosi iZulebuli xdeboda maTi

es moTxovna daekmayofilebina.

sorex da yvapu SarvaSiZeebi aqtiurad uwyobdnen xels qarTuli mo-

50

saxleobisagan RaliZga-SuamdinareTis daclas. am periodSi jiqTubanSi

gadasaxlebula Tavadi merab jaiani, romelic sofel Walas (Wlou)

mflobeli yofila: `Cveni qveyana TaTris xelad Seiqmna~ [25.149-150; 151.283].

es sofeli jer kidev levan II dadians biWvinTis RvTismSoblisaTvis Se-

uwiravs [178.11]. rogorc cnobilia, sityvas `TaTari~ qarTul enaSi zoga-

dad muslimTa mimarT xmaroben. rogorc Cans, momxdur afxazebSi sakmaod

yofilan mahmadianebic. savaraudoa, rom maTSi istoriuli jiqeTis mosax-

leoba vigulisxmoT. rogorc z. anCabaZe varaudobs, islamis swrafi gavr-

celeba swored maTSi momxdara [343.74]. v. zuxbaias cnobiT, sof. WlouSi

(Wala) dResac aris ubani `najaiane~ [178.11].

sanacvlod, yvapum ufrosi Zmis samflobelodan Camoasaxla afxaz

didebulTa ramodenime gvari: anCabaZe (aCba), emuxvari (emxa), inaliSvili

(inal-ifa), marRania1 (maan)2, lakirbaia, zvanbaia (zvanba),3 aqirTava [41.394;

118.227; 290.117]. savaraudod, aqirTavebi Tavdapirvelad qarTvelebi unda yofi-

liyvnen, vinaidan Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs am gvaris Ziri – aqirT, radgan

sityva àqirTua~ (Ақырҭуа) afxazur enaSi `qarTvels~ niSnavs [159.154]. àqir-

Tua~-Si aSkarad ikiTxeba misi megruli Ziri, rac megruli sityvidan `qorTu~

– `qarTveli~ momdinareobs. Sesabamisad, àqirTava~ `qorTuas~, `qarTveli-

Svilis~ analogiuria [291.46]. rogorc Cans, amis analogiur SemTxvevasTan

unda gvqondes saqme samurzayanoSi dafiqsirebul meore afxazur gvarTan

dakavSirebiT: qirTbaia [285.211; 182.73]. araa gamoricxuli, rom `qirTbaia~

da àqirTava~ erTmaneTis variaciebi iyos.4 savaraudod, odnav mogviane-

biT, samurzayanoSi dasaxlebulan afxazeTis samTavros erT-erTi gavle-

niani sagvareulos ZiafS-ifaTa warmomadgenlebic. aq ukve isini ZapSiSvi-

1 `-ia~ daboloeba am gvarebis megrelizaciaze miuTiTebs.

2 maanebi erT-erT osmalur firmanSi maaniZebad arian moxseniebuli [171.73].

3 v. zuxbaias SeniSvniT, zvanbaia-zvanbas-Jvanbas megrul gvarTan (Jvania) akavSireben [181.7].

4 msgavsi viTarebaa zogierT sxva afxazur gvarTan dakavSirebiTac, romelnic aSkarad

qarTul samyarosTan kavSirs avlenen: àgrba~ momdinareobs sityvidan àgirua~ (Агыруа –

megreli), anu agrbaTa winapari warmoSobiT megreli yofila; `Wanba~ – Wani, `lazba~ –

lazi [291.46]. eTnonim `Wan~-idan `Wanba~-s warmomavlobis sakiTxi SeiZleba, garkveul wi-

lad, sadaoc iyos, radgan e. Celebi afxazeTis teritoriaze dasaxelebuli hyavs Cande-

bis tomi [48.100-101]. dasaSvebia, rom es eTnonimi JRerda rogorc `Wandi~.

51

lebad qceulan [445; 171.72‐73].1

samurzayanoSi mcxovreb maT STamomavlebs ar daviwyniaT, rom iq Camo-

sulebi arian. sof. zemo RumuriSSi mcxovrebi 71 wlis iason zuxbaiasgan 1974w.

p. cxadaias Cauweria: `Cerqezebi varT da ara afxazebi. jinjixati `Sagnoxa~

yaraCaSi gvaqvs. Cveni winaprebis aq gadmosvla ase momxdara: RaliZgasa da

engurs Sua qveyanas patroni ara hyolia, nar-ekliTa da maRali balaxiT

yofila dafaruli, xalxi aqa-iq Tu esaxla. murzayan SaraSia da dadiani

ecilebodnen Turme erTmaneTs am adgilebs. SeTanxmebulan, falavnebi vabr-

ZoloTo. SaraSias erTi emxvari upovia, didi Zal-RoniT ganTqmuli. Wida-

oba gamarTula gaumarapitaSi, koxoris qvemoT, sadac dRes `Sose~ gadis.

emxvars wauqcevia dadianis falavani da misTvis menjis Zvalic amougdia.

darCenia mTeli es teritoria murzayan SaraSias. mas ki emxvarisaTvis ubo-

Zebia reCxi, RumuriSi, CxorToli. am emxvars deda Cerqezi hyolia, wasula

da Camouyvania dedis ZmisSvilebi... RumuriSeli zuxbaiebi maTi STamomavlebi

varT. Cvenze uwin axlomaxlo mxolod qvaCaxia da meliava saxlebulan~

[285.211]. rogorc vxedavT, aq legendis saxiTaa gadmocemuli gviandeli Sua-

saukuneebis epoqaSi Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare socialur-

politikuri procesebi: Crdilokavkasiidan, CerqezeTidan mosaxleobis

gadmosaxleba, afxazTa mier RaliZga-enguris seqtoris dapyroba.

bunebrivia, zemodasaxelebuli afxazi didgvarovanebi sakuTar gle-

xobasac wamoiyvandnen. rogorc p. cxadaia aRniSnavs, xituS muxurSi mcxovreb

kakaliebs axsovT, rom maTi winaprebi `yaraCidan~ iyvnen; bzifis mxridan

Camosula ezugbaia, nayofia, qacbaia da qvacba (winapari qecba yofila),

yolbaia,2 gvagvalia, akiSbaia, xutkubia, doCia,3 buTbaia, abuxbaia, gerzma-

va, konjaria, zvambaia, cobexia (winapari – cveiba) [285.211-214]; fsxudan –

1 erT-erT dokumentSi ZiafS-ifebi dafiqsirebuli arian zabSibaZeebad, romlebic bediis

maxloblad sof. qobaTSi/«Кобати» cxovrobdnen [83.872, dok.##1795,1796; 171.72-73].

2 am gvaris samurzayanoSi bzifis afxazeTidan CamosaxlebasTan (XVIIIs. miwuruls) dakav-

SirebiT afxazuri literaturis fuZemdebeli d. gulia aRniSnavda, rom `yolbaia~ aris

samurzayanouli varianti `afxazeTSi farToda gavrcelebuli gvarisa~ `Колхи-yolRi~

[364.81]. d. gulias mosazrebiT, es yolRebi unda yofiliyvnen Zveli kolxebis STamoma-

valni, Tumca am ukanasknelT is Tanamedrove afxazTa winaprebad miiCnevda [364.71,81].

3 es sami gvari erTad Camosula gudavaSi, erTmaneTisaTvis Zmoba SeuficavT da amitom

maT Soris qorwineba akrZaluli yofila [285.211-214].

52

Tarba, gvaramia, arSba, qiSmaria, Tania, faCulia, xaSba, jinjolia [285.211-

214]; lixnidan – miqelbaia, qirTbaia, Saria, eSba [285.211-214]. v. zuxbaias na-

SromSic gvxdeba, agreTve, mermindel samurzayanoSi Camosaxlebul afxaz-

Ta gvarebis CamonaTvali: zuxbaia, kakubava, yolbaia, akiSbaia, buTbaia,

qecbaia, ezugbaia, waraRbaia, wunbaia, cxucxubaia, Tarbaia, ivanbaia, xinT-

baia, qvacabaia, qirTbaia [182.73].

g. anCabaZis ganmartebiT, afxazuri warmoSobisaa `baia~-ze damTavre-

buli gvarebi: zuxbaia, ezugbaia, qecbaia, Tarbaia dasxv., sadac afxazur

daboloebas `-ba~, romelic afxazurad `Ze~-s niSnavs, daerTo megruli

daboloeba `-ia~ [118.230]. mkvlevarTa nawili (i. gamsaxurdia, i. kvaSilava)

ki dasaxelebul gvarTa (zuxbaia, qecbaia, lakerbaia da sxv.) afxazur

warmoSobas uaryofs da miiCneven, rom am gvarebis Camoyalibebuli forma

aris zanuridan zogad qarTulisaken mimavali gza, vinaidan Wanur-zanurSi

da Semdgom ki megrulSi gamoiyofa gvarebis eqvsi ZiriTadi sufiqsi: sqiri,

ua, Si, Turi, ia, ba (va), xolo es ukanaskneli ki WanurSi niSnavs `Zes~ da

amave dialeqtSi `b~ yovelTvis mamakacze miemarTeba [152.16; 195.124].

ra Tqma unda, es migracia droSi gawelili procesi iyo, romelic

momdevno saukuneebSic grZeldeboda. Tumca, saeWvoa, p. cxadaias mier Ca-

moTvlili am gvarebis warmoamdgenlebi yvelani imTaviTve afxazebi yofi-

liyvnen. magaliTad, afxazeTis sakaTalikozo gamosavali mosakreblebis

davTarSi (1621w.) CamoTvlil glexebSi dafiqsirebulia vinme `guaguala

Sarinava~ sofel TiliTidan [65.419-435; 290.149]. rogorc vxedavT, am saxe-

lis matarebeli eTnikuri qarTvelia. amitom vfiqrobT, rom p. cxadaias

mier dasaxelebuli `gvagvalia~ JamTa viTarebiT gaafxazebuli qarTveli

iyos. aSkarad, qarTuli sawyisebi unda hqondes, yovel SemTxvevaSi, kaka-

lias, nayofias, doCias, gvaramias. am xalxis CamoyvaniT yvapu SarvaSiZe,

anu misi mxardamWerebis momravlebiT, sakuTar mdgomareobas imyarebda

samflobeloSi. es misTvis aqtualuri sakiTxi iyo, vinaidan odiSis

mflobeli, bunebrivia, dakarguli teritoriebis dabrunebas Seecdeboda.1

ra Tqma unda, Tavad masac hqonda survili, im xanad samegreloSi awewi-

1 bunebrivia, iyo demografiuli mdgomareobis gamosworebis faqtoric, vinaidan is pir-

dapir kavSirSia ekonomikuri viTarebis gaumjobesebasTanac, rac aseve feodal yvapu

SarvaSiZisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisa iyo.

53

li politikuri viTarebiT esargebla da enguris marcxena sanapirozec

gadasuliyo [339.144].

enguris marcxena sanapiroze ki am dros marTlac urTulesi viTare-

ba iyo. iqaurobas giorgi lipartiani ganagebda. levan IV-s dadianoba

mxolod fiqtiuri iyo. man daxmarebis miReba TurqTagan gadawyvita da

1691w. stambolSi Cavida, Tumca misi mecadineoba am mxriv uSedego aRmoCn-

da [290.120].1 Cans, aqac lipartianis intrigebis xeli eria, romelsac Ta-

vad undoda dadianis taxtze asvla, magram arsebul viTarebaSi es misT-

vis yovlad SeuZlebeli iyo. sadadianoSi isev gaCenili mniSvnelovani

`vakansia~ did xans ar darCenila Riad: osmaleTis sulTanma dadianoba

mamia III guriels (1689-1711) misca. Tumca, samegreloSi xelisuflebis mi-

Reba manac ver moaxerxa, vinaidan `dadianoba guriels mamias darCa da

Tavoba giorgi lipartians~ [25.101; 290.120].

im xanebSi areuloba iyo imereTSic, sadac Sahnavazis Ze arCili kvlav

uSedegod lamobda taxtis daWeras.2 sabolood, taxtisaTvis brZola das-

rulda imiT, rom taxtze aRmoCnda imdroindeli imereTis, saerTod, dasav-

leT saqarTvelos erT-erTi Zlieri da gavleniani Tavadi giorgi abaSiZe,3

romlis siZec iyo giorgi lipartiani.4 abaSiZis siZeobam kidev ufro

ganamtkica lipartianis Zalaufleba samegreloSi. 1701w. wayroebSi fiq-

sirdeba misi axali titulatura – `dadian-lipartiani~ [25.86; 290.121]. b.

xoravas samarTliani SeniSvniT, giorgi lipartiani (giorgi IV dadiani)

mainc aSkarad ver bedavda dadianis titulis miRebas [290.121].

1 `aramed ganZlierda lipartiani giorgi kvliTa da tyÂsa yidviTa. arRara ineba levan

dadiani, ganaZo igi da warvida qarTls arCil mefisa Tana. Semdgomad warvida stambols

da mokuda mun, da daipyra odiSi lipartianman da ara iwodeboda dadianad, aramed li-

partianadve~ [8.856].

2 saerTo jamSi, arCili 5-jer gamefda imereTSi: I – 1661-1663ww; II – 1678w; III – 1690-1691ww;

IV – 1695-1696ww; V – 1698w. [250.498]. aRsaniSnavia, rom am uiRblo monarqs umaRles Sefase-

bas aZlevda mari brose: `arCili Seudareblad maRla idga yvela imaTzed, romelTac...

edaveboda gvrigvins kaxeTidam wamosvlis Semdeg [148.215; 250.145].

3 mefobda 1702-1707ww. m. brose mis gvirgvinosnobas 1701-1706ww. aTariRebs; Tumca, vaxuSti

wers, rom giorgi `mTavrobdao~ [8.862], ese igi, misi mefed kurTxeva ar momxdara.

4 misi meuRle Tamar abaSiZe manamde imereTis ori mefis – aleqsandre IV-sa (1683-1690 da

1691-1695) giorgi IV `goCias~ (1996-1698) – meuRlec iyo.

54

dadian-lipartianma giorgim, simamris daxmarebiT, enguris marjvena

sanapirodan afxazTa gandevna gadawyvita. 1702w. zamTarSi1 èvedra lipar-

tiani abaSiZes, raTa Seewios afxazTa zeda, rameTu mieRoT afxazTa egri-

sis mdinaremde da aoÃrebdnen odiSs klviTa da tyueobiTa~ [8.862-863]. aq

yuradRebas iqcevs `mieRoT afxazTa egrisis mdinaremde~ (xazgasma Cvenia

– k.k). giorgi lipartians, rogorc Cans, ègrisis mdinaris~ gaRma terito-

riaze ukve pretenzia aRar hqonia. n. dadiani ki am ambebis gadmocemisas

mokled aRniSnavs, rom `Jamsa amas awuxebdnen didaT afxazni odiSsa

tyvis yidviTa da kacis klviTa~ [17.169].

odiSar-imerelTa mxedrobam dalaSqra afxazeTi. maT am etapze warma-

tebas miaRwies. SarvaSiZem ver gabeda winaaRmdegobis gaweva [8.863]. ro-

gorc Cans, man ver moaxerxa odiSar-imerelTa aliansisaTvis sakuTar mxar-

damWerTa dapirispireba. sakuTriv afxazeTis samTavro, romelic, im dros

yvapus samflobelosac moicavda, ar iyo erTiani konsolidirebuli saxel-

mwifoebrivi warmonaqmni. bzifis olqs, romelic samTavro domeni iyo, da-

narCeni ori saufliswulo nominalurad emorCileboda da maT Sorisac

xSiri iyo feodaluri Sinaomebi [343.71-72]. giorgi abaSiZem da lipartian-

ma daikaves yvapus samflobelo [17.169]. vaxuSti werda, rom maT `mostyuev-

nes afxazeTi~ [8.863], rac samarTlianad gadaWarbebul Sefasebad miaCnia T.

beraZesac [356.211]. is, rom saubaria ara mTlianad afxazeTis samTavros da-

morCilebaze, aramed igulisxmeba mxolod yvapus samflobelo, amas n. da-

diani akonkretebs: `daipyra liparitianma odiSis sazRvris afxazeTi~

[17.169]. rogorc Cans, gamarjvebulebs mainc mouxdaT iq xelisuflad yvapu

SarvaSiZis datoveba, Tumca man lipartianis uzenaesoba aRiara [356.211]: li-

partianma `gairiga SarvaSiZe~ [17.169].2 gamarjvebulebi mainc ar endvnen yva-

pu SarvaSiZis sityvas da giorgi abaSiZem mas mZevlebi CamoarTva [8.863].3

mokle xanSi yvapum isev daarRvia abaSiZe-lipartianisaTvis micemuli

sityva da kvlav odiSs Seutia. Tumca, es misi ukanaskneli da xanmokle ga-

marjveba iyo odiSTan mimarTebaSi. yvapu SarvaSiZem isargebla 1703w. agvis-

toSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi osmalTa morigi SemoseviT. z. anCabaZis sav-

1 rogorc vaxuStisTan Cans konteqstiT, 1702 wlis miwuruli igulisxmeba [8.862].

2 amgvar konkretikasac isev n. dadiani iZleva.

3 imereTis mmarTvelma, mZevlebTan erTad, àRiRo alafi didi~ [8.863].

55

sebiT marTebuli SefasebiT, 1702w. odiSar-imerelTa samxedro operaciam im

etapze wertili dausva afxazTa eqspansias odiSis mimarTulebiT [339.144], mag-

ram maT myarad SeZles kodor-enguris seqtorSi damkvidreba [340.271].

sul cota xanSi, 1704 wlis miwuruls, is ruxSi gardaicvala. `yvapu

gardacvalebula ra, daSTenila Ze misi murzayan, romelsac sazRvari ese

mcxovreblebiTa aRuyvavilebia adgili da uwodnia murzayanisave saxelsa

qveSe samurzayano da uuflnia samurzayanoSi~ [41.394]. rogorc aq Cans, is sak-

maod warmatebuli mmarTveli yofila, romelsac Tavis samflobeloSi mSvi-

dobianoba daumyarebia, rasac Sedegad am mxaris ayvavileba-aRSeneba moh-

yolia [290.122]. rogorc zemoT grigol kaTalikosisadmi yvapu SarvaSiZis

mier micemul ficis wignSi vnaxeT, yvapu SarvaSiZe fics Tavis vaJiSvil

avTandilTan erTad debda. savaraudoa, rom is yvapus ZiriTadi memkvidre

iyo, vinaidan ficis wignSi isaa moxseniebuli da, Sesabamisad, isic iReb-

da pasuxismgeblobasa da valdebulebas kaTalikosis winaSe. amis Semdeg

avTandili saistorio wyaroebSi ar moixsenieba. Cans, yvapu SarvaSiZis

ojaxSi raRac momxdara iseTi, ramac pirveloba murzayans mianiWa: albaT,

avTandili mamaze adre daiRupa.

arsebuli masalebis mixedviT ver xerxdeba murzayan SarvaSiZis zeo-

bis TariRis dadgena, Tumca, SesaZlebelia miaxloebiT gansazRvra. dasaw-

yisi misi mmarTvelobisa, bunebrivia, aris 1704 wlis miwuruli. Semdgomi

samurzayanoeli SarvaSiZe, romelic wyaroebSi moixsenieba, aris xutunia,

romelic monawileobda xresilis brZolaSi (1757w.) [17.178; 249.62]. termini

`samurzayano~ ucnobia vaxuStisaTvis, romelmac Tavisi Txzuleba `aRwe-

ra samefosa saqarTvelosa~ daamTavra 1745 wlis 20 oqtombers [8.014,12;

22.67-72] da iq mas es toponimi ar uxmaria, Tumca XVIIIs. 20-iani wlebis

Suaxanebamde vaxuSti saqarTveloSi cxovrobda. amitom, T. beraZis mosaz-

rebiT, igi XVIIIs. 50-ian wlebamde ar unda warmoSobiliyo [134.3]. Cven vfiq-

robT, rom dasaxelebuli toponimi daaxloebiT murzayanis zeobis ukanask-

neli periodisTvis mainc unda yofiliyo warmoqmnili, radgan, bunebri-

via, murzayanis mmarTvelobiT kmayofil mosaxleobas, missave sicocxle-

Si, am mxarisaTvis `samurzayano~ ewodebina.1 amgvar mosazrebas aviTarebs

1 erTi saarqivo cnobis mixedviT, murzayani ar emorCileboda afxazeTis mTavars. mas Tavi

samegrelos mTavrad miaCnda da sakuTar samflobelos TviTon uwoda `samurzayano~ [129.63].

56

s. baxia-oqruaSvilic, romelic am toponimis Seqmnas varaudobs XVIIIs. 40-ian

wlebSi, xolo z. anCabaZe ki XVIIIs. I naxevars asaxelebs [129.63; 343.68]. ese

igi, RaliZga-enguris SuamdinareTisaTvis `samurzayanos~ wodeba ivarau-

deba XVIIIs. 20-ian wlebis dasasrulidan an odnav mogvianebiT. aqedan ga-

momdinare, vfiqrobT, rom murzayan SarvaSiZis moRvaweobis qronologia

daaxloebiT XVIIIs. I mesamediT Semoifarglos.

toponimi `samurzayano~ istoriul matianeebSi pirvelad n. dadianis

`qarTvelT cxovrebaSi~ gvxvdeba [17.180]. rusul specialuri literatura-

sa Tu wyaroebSi am toponimis ramdenime, faqtobrivad, umniSvnelod gansx-

vavebul an igive variants vpoulobT: Самурзакано, Самурзакань [421; 422.1], Са-

мурзакан. samive variants iyeneben o. bRaJba da s. lakoba, Tumca, isini Tavs

arideben, mkiTxvels auxsnan am toponimis etimologia [350.176-177]. msgavsi

survili Tavis droze arc s. basarias gasCenia, romelic samurzayanoe-

lebs erTmniSnad afxazebad acxadebda [347.98-99]. maT, etyoba, gauZneldaT

aSkarad qarTuli warmoSobis toponimisTvis raime `gonivruli~ da

`mtkice~ argumentis moZieba. varianti Самурзакан dafiqsirebulia, agreTve,

Cvens mier dadianebis muzeumis xelnawerTa fondSi moZiebul erT-erT

dokumentSi, romelic 1839w. 26 apriliTaa daTariRebuli [1]. TiTqmis msgav-

si variantia afxazur enaSic: Самырзакан [290.116, Sen.98]. sayuradReboa, rom

samurzayanoel SarvaSiZeTa mier 1805w. 9 ivliss ruseTis imperatorisadmi

dadebul ficis teqstSi msgavsi variantia mocemuli `samirzayano~ [83.526-

527, dok. #1031]. es aris oficialur dokumentebSi am toponimis pirveli

fiqsacia. aRsaniSnavia, rom b. xoravam es varianti Tavis naSromSi gaumarT-

leblad Secvala `samurzayano~-Ti [290.171-172]. rac Seexeba `samurzayano~-

`samirzayanos~, es erTi da igive toponimis ori ubralo variaciaa. ro-

gorc aRvniSneT, `samurzayano~ warmodgeba mamakacis saxelisgan – murza-

yan. x. bRaJbas mtkicebiT, es anTroponimi adiReuri warmoSobisa iyo da sit-

yva-sityviT `murzas Svils~ niSnavs [352.238]. aris sxva mosazrebac, rome-

lic ufro damajereblad gveCveneba. kerZod, z. WumburiZis SeniSvniT, `mur-

zayan~ igivea, rac `mirzaxan/mirzayan~ [289.132]. amasTanave, am saxelis orive

variacia gavrcelebulia saqarTveloSi [289.132]. naTelia, rom rusulSi arse-

buli variaciebi qarTuli enidanaa Sesuli. rac Seexeba afxazur variants,

masac aSkarad etyoba, rom qarTulidanaa Sesuli. Cans, rom samurzayanoSi

57

mosaxleobis saurTierTobo ena qarTuli yofila, vinaidan aRniSnuli to-

ponimi am enazea Sedgenili.

ukanasknel xans vinme n. baRafSma toponim `samurzayanos~ etimologi-

is axali àxsna~ warmoadgina. man 2004w. moskovSi gamosca wigni «Этно-поли-

тический конфликт в Абхазии»,1 sadac is wers: «Абхазское название этой территории

«Самырзайан» происходит от имени владетеля Мурзакана (абх. Мырзайан) Чачба... Пре-

фикс «са-» в абхазском языке указывает на принадлежность к местоимению первого лица

единственного числа (от «сара» - «я»)» [462]. n. baRafSis es ètimologiuri Ziebe-

bi~ sruli absurdia, radgan afxazur enaSi arasdros ar arsebula topo-

nimi `samirzaian~.2 rogorc Cans, TviT afxaz mkvlevrebs saeWvod miaCniaT

baRafSis es àRmoCena~, risi mimaniSneblia is, rom aRniSnuli Tezisi ar

aisaxa mogvianebiT (2007w.) gamocemul iseT propagandistuli datvirTvis

naSromSi, rogoric aris o. bRaJbasa da s. lakobas «История Абхазии». al-

baT, am absurdze arc gavamaxvilebdiT yuradRebas, rom ar xdebodes misi

aqtiuri propaganda da gavrceleba sxvadasxva saitebisa da internet-foru-

mebis meSveobiT, rac, bunebrivia, Cvens sainformacio-teqnologiur epoqaSi

xels uwyobs qarTul-afxazur mravasaukunovan urTierTobaTa istoriis

ar- an naklebad mcodne sazogadoebisaTvis damaxinjebiT miwodebas.

samurzayanoel SarvaSiZeebs ramdenime rezidencia hqoniaT: bediaSi,

faxulanSi, barbaloSi (koki) [41.394], saberiosa da nabakevSi [285.149]. Ziri-

Tadi rezidencia da, Sesabamisad, samurzayanos centri 1840 wlamde sofe-

li bedia iyo [285.145]. samflobelos bunebriv sazRvrad mdinareebi – RaliZ-

ga da enguri – dadginda. rogorc ZirZveli samurzayanoelebi ixsenebdnen

(1975w.), maTi kuTxe `mdebareobs engursa da RaliZgas Sua. engurs iqiT aris

samargalo, xolo RaliZgas iqiT – abJua~ [285.144-145].

amrigad, XVII-XVIIIss. mijnaze RaliZga-enguris SuamdinareTSi, odiSis-

gan mitacebul teritoriaze, afxazeTis samTavros farglebSi Camoyalibda

saufliswulo samflobelo _ samurzayano, romelsac SarvaSiZeTa gverdiTi

Sto Caudga saTaveSi. rogorc kvlevam gviCvena, absoluturad usafuZvloa

1 Cven mas internetSi gavecaniT: [462].

2 n. baRafSi araTu toponimis etimologias ver xsnis, man am saxelis etimologiac ki ar

icis. murzayan/mirzayan/mirzaxan sparsul-arabuli warmomavlobisaa da niSnavs `mTavris

(amiras) Svils~ [289.131-132].

58

separatistulad ganwyobil istorikosTa (i. voronovi, o. bRaJba da s. la-

koba, T. aCugba da sxv.) mtkiceba, TiTqos XVIIs. miwuruls afxazeTis `is-

toriuli~ sazRvrebis aRdgena moxda. ar arsebobs istoriuli sabuTi, ro-

melic RaliZga-enguris SuamdinareTSi afxazi xalxis winaparTa mosaxleo-

bas daadasturebda XVIIs. II naxevramde. swored am droidan iwyeba maTi Ca-

mosaxleba aq, rac dasturdeba rogorc istoriuli wyaroebiT, aseve samur-

zayanos mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebuli zepiri gadmocemebiT, romlebSic sa-

ubaria mosaxleobis nawilis iq mosvlaze rogorc bzifis afxazeTidan, ase-

ve – CrdiloeT kavkasiidan, CerqezeTidan. ganxilulma movlenebma cxadyo,

rom sorex da yvapu SarvaSiZeebi, iyvnen ra `kulturul-politikuri qarT-

velebi~ anu qarTuli kulturul-politikuri samyaros organuli nawili.

yvapu SarvaSiZis erT-erTi vaJi avTandilis saxels atarebda. aqedan Cans, rom

SarvaSiZeebis saxlis umTavres literaturul saganZurs SoTa rusTavelis

ukvdavi poema `vefxistyaosani~ warmoadgenda da maT ar gamouCeniaT am sam-

yaros datovebis survili [240.109], magram RaliZga-enguris seqtoris qar-

Tuli mosaxleobis mimarT garkveul agresiulobas mainc amJRavnebdnen. am

agresiis mizani ki adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ayra da gamoTavisuflebul

miwebze afxazeTis samTavroSi (kerZod, mis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi)

CrdilokavkasielTa Camosaxlebis Sedegad gaCenili Warbi mosaxleobis sa-

cxovreblad ganTavseba iyo. aman, bunebrivia, ramdenadme Secvala regionis

eTno-demografiuli saxe [240.104]. miuxedavad amisa, es agresia zogadad ma-

inc feodaluri Sinaomebis bunebaSi Tavsdeboda da gulisxmobda, mezobe-

li feodalis, dadianis samflobelos nawilis mitacebiT sakuTari sam-

flobelo teritoriis gazrdas.

59

T a v i II. samurzayano XVIII saukuneSi 1703-1805 wlebSi.

samegrelo-afxazeTis `kondominiumi~

§1. politikuri procesebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi XVIIIs. I naxevarSi

da samurzayano. murzayan SarvaSiZis moRvaweoba.

XVIIIs. dasawyisi amierkavkasiaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebiT aRiniS-

na. regionSi am erTgvari siaxlis Semomtani energiuli petre I didis

(1672-1725) mier aRorZinebuli ruseTi iyo. axalgazrda monarqs ambiciuri

gegma hqonda dasaxuli: ruseTi imdroindeli msoflios angariSgasawev

Zalad eqcia. petre ara marto SvedeTTan apirebda `urTierTobebis~ gark-

vevas, aramed sparseTTan da osmaleTTanac. am ukanasknelis winaaRmdeg ki

ruseTi 1686 wlidan saomar moqmedebaSi imyofeboda evropel mokavSireeb-

Tan – avstria, reC pospolita, veneciasTan erTad antiosmalur samxedro

blokSi – `saRvTo ligaSi~ iyo gaerTianebuli. ukve 1701 wlisaTvis pet-

res mzad hyavda Sav zRvaze gasasvlelad gaTvaliswinebuli 100 didi da

mcire gemisagan Semdgari floti [274.456-457; 250.149]. 1696w. ki ruseTis me-

fem mniSvnelovani samxedro da strategiuli warmateba moipova: 18 ivliss

Turqebs azovis cixe waarTva [416.40; 358.22; 414.62; 453.7]. ruseTi Sav zRvaze

gasasvlel karibWes miuaxlovda.1 Tumca, saboloo mizani jer miRweuli

mainc ar iyo. petres mokavSireebi sWirdeboda kavkasiis qeds gamoRma. amas

ki sakuTar Tavze iRebda masTan myofi imereTidan devnili mefe arCili,

magram amisaTvis jer saWiro iyo misTvis taxtis dabruneba. rusTa xelmwi-

fem devnili qarTvel monarqs am saqmeSi daxmareba aRuTqva [250.148].

ruseTis xelisuflebis es interesi kavkasiisadmi ar iyo axali. mos-

kovis dainteresebam regioniT jer kidev XVIs. Sua wlebidan iCina Tavi,

roca man volgis auzSi gabatoneba SeZlo da ruseTis sazRvrebi kavkasi-

as miuaxlovda [435.696]. 1556w. astraxanis aRebiT ivane IV mrisxanem (1530-

1584) kaspiis zRvaze gasasvleli da mniSvnelovan savaWro-sanaosno arte-

riaze kontroli moipova [125.46]. XVI saukuneSi moskovis samefo centra-

lizebul saxelmwifod Camoyalibda da, Tavisi socialur-ekonomikuri

1 mogvianebiT petre I igonebda, rom bavSvobisas wakiTxuli hqonda nestoris matiane, sadac

moTxrobili iyo kievis mTavar olegis laSqroba cargradze (konstantinopolze) [414.57].

60

ganviTarebiT, im drois osmaleTze da iranze win idga [250.76]. bunebrivia,

ruseTis mefis es interesi kavkasiis mimarT pirdapir daupirispirda os-

maleTis sulTnisa da sparseTis Sahis analogiur interesebs am region-

Si, romelTac 1555w. amasiis zaviT amierkavkasia Suaze gaiyves [166.113]. Tu-

ki maTTvis rusTa gamoCena kavkasiaSi SeSfoTebis mizezi iyo, adgilobri-

vi qristiani mosaxleobisTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki qarTvelebisaTvis, axali

imedis momcemi gaxda [206.34]. mas Semdeg, rac 1453w. 29 maiss konstantinepo-

lis wmida sofias taZarSi cxenze amxedrebuli osmaleTis sulTani meh-

med II (1432-1481) Sevida, xolo ambionidan ki molam islamuri mrwamsi war-

moTqva da yvelasaTvis cxadi Seiqmna bizantiis aTaswlovani arsebobis

dasasruli [457.337]. saqarTvelo qristianuli samyarosgan, anu evropisgan

sruliad mowyvetili aRmoCnda.1

ukve erTi wlis Semdeg Turqebma pirveli Tavdasxma moawyves afxazeT-

ze. maT `aRaoÃrnes da moswyÂdes cxomi da afxazeTi~ [8.284]. mefe giorgi

VIII-m,2 rogorc ki gaigo Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb, maSinve wamoemarTa afxazeTis-

ken, Tumca mters ver miuswro. sabolood, mxolod is SeZlo, rom `mkÂdr-

nive dasxna da uqmna simagreni da ganagna muneburni~ [8.284]. vaxuSti am mov-

lenas 1451 wliT aTariRebs da mas sulTan murad II-s (1401-1451) saxels

ukavSirebs [8.284]. am TariRs iziarebs S. inal-ifac [381.142]. Tumca, irkveva,

rom am Tavdasxmas adgili hqonia 1454w. momdevno sulTnis (mehmed II) dros. am

azrs mxars uWeren z. anCabaZe, g. Samba, r. agrba, Turqi istorikosi f. yirzioR-

lu, m. svaniZe, b. xorava, z. papasqiri, z. wurwumia [340.252; 447.94; 459 (iqve

miTiTebebi m. yirzioRlus naSromzec); 251.111-113; 290.47-48; 240.82-83; 288.123].

erTi saukunis Semdeg, 1578 wels Turqebma cxumi daikaves da aq sabeglar-

bego Seqmnes. Tumca, Turqebma im xanad am kuTxis daWera didi xniT ver SeZles

1 n. berZeniSvilis SefasebiT, `das. evropa aseTi miznebisaTvis aRar gamodgeboda. mTavar pa-

rtniorebs (burJuaziul urTierTobaSi gardamaval saxelmwifoebs) iq ukve osmaleTTan po-

litikuri morigebis kursi aeRoT~ [141.128]. iv. javaxiSvilis ganmartebiT, `osmaleTis

gaZliereba maTTvis iseTs cxadad sagrZnobsa da dasanaxs safrTxes ar warmoadgenda,

rogorc mTeli Tavisi arsebiT SeiZleba egrZnoT da daenaxaT qarTvelebs. maTTvis es

ganyenebuli da Soreuli gegma iyo~ ([300.74]; xazgasma iv. javaxiSvilisa – k.k.). am sakiTxis

Sesaxeb, agreTve, ix.: [198.108-110; 206.26].

2 erTiani saqarTvelos mefe iyo 1446-1466 wlebSi. Semdgomi 10 weli (1466-1476ww) mxolod

kaxeTSi mefobda.

61

da es osmaluri teritoriul-administraciuli erTeuli or weliwadSi ga-

uqmda [139.241].

antiosmaluri koaliciis Camoyalibebis warumatebeli mcdelobis Sem-

deg, qarTuli samefo-samTavroebisaTvis potenciurad Zlieri mokavSire

ruseTi Canda [206.31; 207.16; 431.7]. XVI saukunidan qarTuli politikuri sam-

yaros osmaleTisa da sefeviduri iranis mxridan didi safrTxe Seeqmna.

saqarTvelos upirispirdebodnen dabali kulturisa da eqstensiuri meur-

neobis mqone tomebi. `qarTvelobisTvis~ es iyo brZola ufro mowinave socia-

lur-ekonomikuri wyobis SenarCuneba-ganviTarebisaTvis, qarTuli TviTmyo-

fadobisa da kulturis dacvisaTvis [125.50].

aRniSnuli dapirispireba sarwmunoebriv xasiaTsac atarebda, vinaidan

qristianul saqarTvelos gadaSenebiT emuqrebodnen mahmadianuri osmale-

Ti da sparseTi. am fonze ki ruseTis gamoCena masTan dakavSirebis kidev

erT damatebiT motivs hqmnida. kerZod, moskovis saxelmwifo iseve, ro-

gorc saqarTvelo marTlmadidebluri qristianobis aRmsarebeli iyo. es

metad mniSvnelovani iyo, radgan evropasTan urTierTobebs xSirad reli-

giuri momenti gansazRvravda. kaTolikuri dasavleTi aRmosavleli qris-

tianebisgan sarwmunoebriv sakiTxebSi kompromisebsa da romis papis upi-

ratesobis aRiarebas moiTxovda [37.217-219, dok. #21]. swored amitom 1439w.

6 ivliss ferara-florenciis saeklesio krebis aqti, romelic kaToliku-

ri da marTlmadidebluri eklesiebis gaerTianebas, unias adgenda, miuRe-

beli aRmoCnda krebis muSaobaSi monawile qarTuli samRvdeloebis war-

momadgenlebisTvis.1 am dokuments xeli moawera kievisa da sruliad ru-

seTis mitropolitma isidorem (1437-1442) [472]. Tumca, ruseTis berZeni

erovnebis mwyemsmTavari marto aRmoCnda uniisadmi erTgulebaSi: mrevlma

igi ar miiRo. romis saydari, romelic sargeblobda osmalTa garemocva-

Si myofi adgilobrivi marTlmadidebluri eklesiebis mZime mdgomareob-

iT, aqtiur prozelitur politikas axorcielebda aRmosavluri qristia-

nobis aRmsareblobis xalxebSi. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi aq-

tiurad moRvaweoben kaTolike misionrebi, romlebic axerxeben rogorc

warCinebulTa, ise sasuliero ierarqTa (sulxan-saba orbeliani da sxv.)

da mdabioTa gadabirebas kaTolicizmSi. rogorc Cans, osmalebi da spar- 1 dawvril. ix.: [247.5-71; 37.214-215, dok. #19; 125.46; 9.350; 96.37].

62

selebi romis papis mrevlis raodenobis gazrdas amierkavkasiaSi nakleb

saSiSroebad aRiqvamdnen, vidre marTlmadideblobas, romelic aSkarad

gzas uxsnida ruseTis eqspansias amierkavkasiaSi [262.406].

swored amitom erTmorwmuneobis faqtori ruseTis mesveurebma SesaniSna-

vad gamoiyenes amierkavkasiaSi Semosasvlelad. am mimarTulebiT saqarTve-

lo-ruseTis urTierTobaSi pirveli mniSvnelovani aqti gaxda kaxeTis mefe

aleqsandre II (1574-1605) mier 1587w. 28 seqtembers `ficis wignis~ miReba, rom-

liTac kaxeTi ruseTis proteqtoratis qveS Sedioda [354.32-33; 143.209;

246.145]. ori wlis Tavze mas gadasces moskovis didi mTavrisa da sruliad

ruseTis mefis Teodore I (1584-1598) `wyalobis sigeli~,1 romliTac rusma

monarqma daamtkica `ficis wignis~ pirobebi [354.87-89; 246.159-160; 168.145].

marTalia, es mniSvnelovani aqti iyo, magram imdroindeli moskovis

saxelmwifos rTuli saSinao mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, `ficis wigni~,

mxolod formalur aqtad darCa. moskovis samefos is mizeruli samxedro

aqciebi kavkasiaSi 1594 da 1605 wlebSi, romelsac igi aRniSnuli xelSekru-

lebis pirobebis Tanaxmad asrulebda da, romlebic, faqtobrivad, marcxiT

dasrulda, ar iyo sakmarisi regionSi Seqmnili rTuli situaciis odnav

mainc gasaumjobeseblad [143.209-211; 125.59-62; 465]. ruseT-kaxeTis am politi-

kur kavSirs is Sedegebi ar mohyva, rasac mokavSireebi moelodnen. mosko-

vis samefos Zala ar Sewevda, rom kavkasiis asparezidan osmaleTi da ira-

ni gaedevna [143.210]. magram, sakuTriv Teodore ivanes ZisTvis amas xeli ar

SeuSlia sakuTar titulaturaSi Caematebina `iveriis qveynisa da qarTveli

mefeebis xelmwife~,2 romelic amieridan mudam darCeba ruseTis mefeTa Tu

imperatorTa titulaturaSi. magram kaxeTis mefeTa ruseTisken mzeram qve-

yanas mZime Sedegi moutana. XVIIs. I meoTxedSi kaxeTs Tavsdamtydari tra-

gediis mizezebs mkvlevarebi swored am politikur orientaciaSi xedaven

1 g. JuJunaSvili miiCnevs, rom «Жалованная грамота» unda iTargmnos ara rogorc `wyalo-

bis sigeli~, romelic, ZiriTadad, ruseTis saSinao urTierTobaTa mogvarebisaTvis iyo

SemuSavebuli, aramed rogorc `oqrobeWedi~, vinaidan, am SemTxvevaSi, ruseTi am doku-

ments ucxo saxelmwifosTan urTierTobisaTvis gamoiyenebda. es termini, romelic bizan-

tiuri analogiis `xruizovulo~ pirdapiri Targmania, gamoiyeneboda bizantiuri oqros-

beWdiani sigelebis aRsaniSnavad [246.142].

2 «И Государя Иверския земли, Карталинских и Грузинских Царей» [95.252].

63

[262.406]. rogorc rusi istorikosi s. soloviovi werda: «Россия, призываемая

на помощь христианским народонаселением, не могла позволить усилиться здесь магоме-

танскому влиянию, особенно турецкому» [435.696, xazgasma Cvenia – k.k.]. avtori, mar-

Talia, cdilobs ruseTis saxelmwifos politikis samxreTuli mimarTule-

ba sarwmunoebriv-ideologiurad gaamyaros, magram petre I-s ufro Sorsga-

miznuli da ambiciuri, Tanac misi qveynisTvis mniSvnelovani mizani hqonda,

vidre erTmorwmune qarTvelebze zrunva: es iyo aRmosavleTSi SeRweva

[111.12]. Tuki evropa azias zRviTa da Tanac Soreuli gzebiT ukavSirdebo-

da, ruseTi misken pirdapir xmeleTiT da kaspiis zRviT gadioda. es gza ki

gacilebiT usafrTxo da iafi iyo, vidre – sazRvao kavSirebi. niSandobli-

via, rom ruseTis am SesaZleblobebiT daintereseba ingliselebma jer ki-

dev XVIs. II naxevarSi gamoavlines [454.432-433]. amitom petrem miznad daisa-

xa misi samefo aRmosavleT-dasavleTis savaWro-ekonomikur urTierTobebSi

satranzito saxelmwifod eqcia [390.651; 442.21; 302.71-72].1

XVI-XVIIss. irani da indoeTi mdidari iyvnen mravalferovani adgilob-

rivi warmoebis Tu CineTidan importirebuli saqonliT. es mimzidveli ba-

zari imdroindeli evropis wamyvani saxelmwifoebis yuradRebasac ipyrob-

da [175.209]. `evropa-indoeTis~ savaWro gzis mimarTuleba uZvelesi droidan

ekonomikuri, politikuri Tu teqnikuri mizezebis gamo bevrjer Secvlila,

magram aqtualuroba da interesi arasdros daukargavs, miT ufro, bizan-

tiis imperiis dacemis Semdeg [145.301]. safrangeTi da inglisi aqtiurad cdi-

lobdnen sparseTSi sakuTari vaWrebisaTvis proteqcionistuli mdgomareo-

ba SeeqmnaT da erTmaneTs xels uSlidnen ispahanTan urTierTobebis mowesri-

gebaSi [60.77]. qarTvel politikur moRvaweebsac (vaxtang V Sahnavazi, gior-

gi XI, vaxtang VI, sulxan-saba orbeliani) kargad esmodaT am savaWro-eko-

nomikuri gzis didi politikuri mniSvneloba da evropasTan urTierToba-

Si cdilobdnen, saqarTvelos mimarT maTi daintereseba am argumentebiT

ganemtkicebinaT [145.301]. sakuTriv evropelebic naTlad xedavdnen saqarTve-

los xelsayrel geografiul mdebareobas aRmosavleTisa (sparseTi, indoe-

Ti) da evropis savaWro-ekonomikur urTierTobebisaTvis [60.216, dok. #39].

1 petre winamorbed monarqTa politikas agrZelebda. XVIs. 90-iani wlebSi moskovis mefeebsa

da iranis Sahebs Soris diplomatiuri molaparakebis sagani iyo baqo-darubandi [145.302].

64

bunebrivia, ruseTis amgvari xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareoba gazr-

dida rogorc mis politikur wonadobas, aseve is xels Seuwyobda qveynis

ekonomikurad gaZlierebasac.1 Tumca, es petres didi gegmis mxolod nawili

iyo. ruseTisaTvis kavkasias erT-erTi mniSvnelovani rolis unda Seesrule-

bina Sav zRvaze gavlenis mosapoveblad da yirimis saxanos dasaqvemdebareb-

lad, romelic misTvis mudmiv `Tavis tkivils~ warmoadgenda, vinaidan ukve

XVs. bolodan yirimeli TaTrebi permanentul marbiel Tavdasxmebs awyobd-

nen rusul miwebze da maT did ziansac ayenebdnen [125.50; 167.121]. amasTanave,

ruseTs sWirdeboda Savi zRva imisTvisac, rom Semdeg, sruteebis gavliT,

xmelTaSuazRvis mdidar bazarSi Sesuliyo [453.8; 451.166]. amitom, vidre Savi

zRva da yirimi osmaleTis sulTnis kontrolqveS iqneboda, yovelgvar

azrs kargavda ruseTis samxreTisken ltolvis ambiciebi. aqedan gamomdina-

re, mTlianad kavkasias mniSvnelovani placdarmis roli eniWeboda ruseTis

am geopolitikur strategiaSi [206.40]. aRsaniSnavia, rom warmoSobiT yabardo-

eli rusi Tavadi da diplomati aleqsandre bekoviC-Cerkaski (marTlmadideb-

lurad monaTvlamde – devleT-girei bekmurzini [76.150]) 1714w. petre pirvels

mouwodebda saswrafod emoqmeda kavkasiel xalxebis misamxrobad, rac Semdeg

warmatebiT imoqmedebda osmaleTsa da sparseTze [435.697; 390.653].

`brwyinvale portas~ mdgomareoba am droisaTvis arc ise brwyinvaled

da saxarbielod gamoiyureboda: `saRvTo ligasTan~ gancdilma marcxma se-

riozulad Searyia misi saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba.2 magram mustafa II

(1664-1703) namdvilad ar apirebda kavkasiis dakargvas da TviTonac Seudga

samxedro flotis gaZlierebas Sav zRvaze da poziciebis gamyarebas dasav-

leT saqarTveloSi [274.457]; ispahanic ki am droisaTvis ukve mniSvnelovnad

dasustebuliyo, rasac ruseTis xelmwifes auwyebda iranidan elCi artemi

volinski (1689-1740) [435.700]. amgvari realoba Seiqmna amierkavkasiaSi XVIIIs.

dasawyisisTvis: axlo da Sua aRmosavleTis ori didi imperiis ukve daRma-

1 ruseTis amgvari faqtori sakuTriv evropelebsa (gansakuTrebiT, am mimarTulebiT, ingli-

selTa aqtiuroba SeiniSneboda) da sparselebsac hqondaT ukve SemCneuli. swored amitom

orive mxare aqtiur diplomatiur moRvaweobas eweoda moskovTan dasaaxloveblad [245.284].

2 karlovicis zaviT (1699w. 26 ianvari), osmaleTma mokavSireTa sasargeblod evropis

kontinentze mniSvnelovani teritoriuli danakargebi ganicada; xolo konstantinepolis

zaviT (1700w. 3 ivlisi) ki ruseTma azovi da mimdebare teritoriebi miiRo.

65

vali didebis fonze kavkasiaSi aqtiurad iwyebda Semosvlas ruseTis aRmav-

lobis gzaze Semdgari imperia, romelsac bedad ewera adgilobrivi qveyne-

bisa da mosaxleobis bedis gansazRvra Semdgomi saukuneebis manZilze.

saqarTveloSi mouTmenlad elodnen CrdiloeTidan momaval xsnas da

qarTvelebma ruseTisTvis daxmarebis gawevis pirobac ki misces stambol-

Si ruseTis elC petre tolstois (1761-1844) [250.149]. rogorc Cans, CvenSi

gardametebuli warmodgena hqondaT CrdiloeTSi mimdinare procesebze da

moskov-stambolis oms umokles xanebSi elodnen, raTa TurqTa uRlisagan

gaTavisuflebuliyvnen. dasavleT saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebs sulTani

amtkicebda, Tumca is maTgan islamis miRebas ar moiTxovda. osmaleTis xeli-

sufleba revanSisaTvis emzadeboda magram `saRvTo kavSirTan~ gancdili

marcxis Semdgom qveyanaSi ekonomikuri krizisi iyo, jamagirs ver uxdid-

nen ianiCarebs, romlebic TavianT ukmayofilebas permanentuli amboxebebiT

gamoxatavdnen [274.457]. antiTurquli ajanyebebisaTvis emzadeboda balkane-

Tis mosaxleobac [250.149].

am viTarebaSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi miiCnies, rom TurqeTis sawina-

aRmdegod gamosvla SesaZlebeli iyo. 1703w. giorgi abaSiZem stambols Se-

uwyvita yovelwliuri gamosaRebi – sauri, romelsac saqarTveloSi

`qrTams~ eZaxdnen [250.148]: `viTar gandidna abaSiZe da arRara egoden mor-

Cilebda faSasa da arcaRa aqunda qrTamni egodenni imereTisagan~ [8.863]. me-

fe-mTavrebi `qrTamiT~ axalcixis faSas ugzavnidnen `tyveebs~ (axalgazrda

qal-vaJebi) da sxva misarTmevelebs (Zvirfasi nivTebi, tilo, qor-Sevardne-

bi da sxv.), romelic yovelive amas Semdeg sulTans miarTmevda. `yovel-

wliuri `qrTamis~ gagzavnaze uaris Tqma TurqeTis vasalobidan gamosvlas

niSnavda~ [274.472]. abaSiZis aqts mxari dauWires giorgi lipartian-dadianma

da mamia gurielma [8.863; 274.458]. osmalTa morCilebidan gamovidnen afxaze-

bic, romlebic Turq vaWrebs ayaCaRebdnen [274.458].

omSi damarcxebuli sulTanisaTvis qarTvelTa es daumorCilebloba

namdvili gamowveva iyo, romelic saswrafo zomebis miRebas saWiroebda.

Turqebma saWirod CaTvales gandgomil qarTvelTa dasja da dasavleT

saqarTveloSi osmaleTis kontrolis gaZliereba, raTa iq ruseTs dasayr-

deni ar epova [151.294]. stambolSi varaudobdnen, rom petre I-s, pirvel rig-

Si, adgilobrivi navsadgurebi daainteresebda [274.457]. ruseTis mefes stam-

66

bolSi mivlinebuli diplomat p. tolstoisagan ukve 1702w. hqonda cno-

bebi Savi zRvis portebis Sesaxeb (`Savi zRvis aRweriloba~) [250.149]. ro-

gorc Cans, quTaissa da soxumSi dislocirebul osmalur garnizonTa Se-

saZleblobebs aRemateboda gandgomilTa dasja da mustafa II-m (`ganrisx-

na xonTqari mustafa~) [8.863] arzrumis beglarbeg qosa xalil faSas mTa-

varsardlobiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi 80 aTasiani armia daZra. vaxuSti

ar asaxelebs Semosul osmaloTa armiis raodenobas mxolod ambobs zo-

gadad – `spiTa didiTa~ [8.863]. aq motanil cifrs mxars uWers m. rexvia-

Svili, romelic eyrdnoba d. baqraZis mier moZiebul e. w. `vrceli Jamn-

gulanis aswliani kvinklosis~ cnobas, sadac saubaria xonTqris mier ga-

mogzavnil `xali-faSaze~, romelic `p (80 – k.k.) aTasi~ kaciT Semosula

[10.177]. marTalia, dokumentiT, es movlenebi XVIIIs. 20-iani wlebis II naxev-

riT fiqsirdeba, magram, rogorc Tavad d. baqraZe SeniSnavda, am TariRiT

msgavsi faqtebi matianeebiT ar dasturdeba [10.177]. amitom, vfiqrobT, rom

m. rexviaSvilis mier am wyaroSi motanili cifris dakavSireba 1703w. Tur-

qTa agresiasTan istoriul realobasTan axlos unda iyos.

1703w. zafxulSi Turqebi Semovidnen `spiTa didiTa zRÂT da ÃmeliT,

raTa dahyon weli SÂdi imereTs da moaoÂron sruliad cixeebiTurT~

[8.863]. osmalTa es Semoseva imdenad saSineli yofila, rom, rodesac maT

moulodnel ukan gabrunebaze saubrobs, vaxuSti wers: `Seiwyala RmerT-

man kualad queyana ese~ [8.864].

mteri qveyanaSi sami mxridan Semovida: sakuTriv seraskirma xalil-fa-

Sam Woroxi gadalaxa da baTomi daikava, xolo misi moadgile (qehaia), axal-

cixis faSa isayTan erTad, imereTSi SeiWra; mesame nawili zRviT samegre-

loSi Sevida [274.458], sadac aiRes ruxis cixe,1 romelSic SeiaraRebuli

razmi datoves da anakliaSi ki axali cixe aaSenes [17.169; 355.221]. aRsaniS-

navia, rom ruxis aRebaSi yvapu SarvaSiZec monawileobda. savaraudod, ama-

ze unda iyos saubari `vrceli Jamn-gulanis aswlian kvinklosSi~, sadac

1 aRsaniSnavia, rom vaxuSti wers, osmalebma `Semusres cixe ruxi~ [8.864]. n. dadiani ki

gvamcnobs, mterma `aRiRo ruxis cixe~ [17.169]. am gansxvaveba, Tavis droze, yuradReba mi-

aqcia S. burjanaZem da samarTlianad miuTiTa, rom vaxuSti, am SemTxvevaSi, cdeboda,

`vinaidan Tavis geografiul TxzulebaSi igi garkveviT aRniSnavs, rom ruxis cixe, age-

buli 1647 wels, Turqebma daangries mxolod 1725 welso~ [17.238, Sen.404].

67

naTqvamia, rom `Terosani afxazma maSin agvarTva~ [10.176].1 qarTuli samya-

rosTvis am sayovelTao samxedro-politikuri krizisis periodSi afxazebs

sakmaod moSorebiT, Tanamedrove qobuleTis raionSi, mdebare eklesiac ga-

uZarcvavT.2 rogorc wina TavSi aRvniSneT, man isargebla osmalTa am laSq-

robiT da 1702w. gancdili marcxis gamo gadawyvita Suri eZia dadianze.

yvapu eaxla samegreloSi Semosul Turqebs da maT daxmareba SesTavaza.

rogorc Cans, misi es gadawyvetileba SarvaSiZeTa saxlis politikas ewina-

aRmdegeboda, vinaidan isini im periodSi, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, aSkara an-

tiosmalur moqmedebebs axorcielebdnen, ris gamoc dasavleT saqarTvelo-

Si Semosul osmalTa flotis nawili afxazTa winaaRmdegobis Casaqrobad

gaugzavniaT [36.63; 290.123]. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom m. rexviaSvili sargeb-

lobs terminiT àfxazeTis mTavari ServaSiZe~ [250.150-151]. vfiqrobT, rom aq

swored yvapu SarvaSiZeze unda iyos saubari, romelic erTi wliT adre

imerel-odiSarTa mier iqna damarcxebuli. Cvens varauds, rom es namdvilad

yvapu SarvaSiZe iyo, amagrebs movlenaTa Semdgomi ganviTarebis analizi.

kerZod, 1703w. ivnisSi stambolSi ianiCarTa ajanyeba daiwyo kuTvnili

jamagiris moTxovniT [274.459].3 rogorc vaxuSti aRniSnavs, ìqmna SfoTi

didi stambols~ [8.864-865]. analogiuri moTxovniT ki osmaleTSi ianiCar-

Ta amboxebebi gaxSirda swored mustafa II-s zeobis dros. aRsaniSnavia,

rom am ajanyebis moTaveni swored im samxedro nawilebSi yofilan, romel-

sac fadiSahi mustafa dasavleT saqarTveloSi damatebiT Zalebad agzav-

nida [250.151]. rogorc Cans, amboxeba imdenad masStaburi iyo, rom sulTans

damxmare Zala dasWirda. amitom man dasaxmareblad, etyoba, arzrumis beg-

larbeg xalil faSas uxmo. vaxuSti ambobs, àmisTÂis mouweres saraskir-

sa, raTa ukun-iqces~ [8.865].

marTalia, ufliswuli istorikosi amas wers mas mere, rac gvamcnobs,

rom stambolSi sulTnad ahmadi dajdao [8.864]. magram, savaraudoa, rom

1 `TeTrosani – yvelaze saxelganTqmuli eklesia Curuq-suSi, amJamad dangreulia~ [10.176].

2 taZari mdebareobs qobuleTis r-nis sof. xucubanSi [252.108-109; 257.130].

3 ajanyeba dasrulda 1703 wlis 22 agvistos, roca mustafa II-m taxti misi Zmis ahmadis

sasargeblod `daTmo~. ahmad III-m (1703-1730) jars ramdenime wlis manZilze gaucemeli kuTv-

nili jamagiri dauriga [290.123]. ajanyebulebma osmaleTis imperiis didvezirad ki gurji

ahmed faSa dasves [274.459].

68

vaxuSti batoniSvils ubralod movlenaTa gadmocemaSi qronologia ae-

ria. vfiqrobT, rom osmalTa Zalian swrafi gabruneba samSobloSi, swo-

red amaze unda mianiSnebdes. sxva mxriv, saeWvoa, rom axal xelisufals

gaeuqmebina misi winamorbedis es samxedro kampania, romelic jer-jero-

biT osmalTaTvis warmatebiT viTardeboda da, bunebrivia, rom mas arc

imis survili eqneboda, rom qveyanaSi damatebiTi SeiaraRebuli Zalebi

hyoloda, miT ufro, rom saWiro gaxdeboda sulTnis xazinidan damatebiT

xarjebis gaweva jamagiriT maT dasakmayofileblad. osmalo ianiCrebi ki

am maT am materialur-finansur `zarals~ erTgvarad ikmayofilebdnen da-

savleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ZarcviT. Cans, TurqTa sardlobisaTvis

imdenad moulodneli iyo stambolSi ganviTarebuli ambebi, rom saswra-

fod aibargnen da maleve datoves dasavleT saqarTvelo. Tumca, rig mniS-

vnelovan (foTi, anaklia, ruxi) cixeebSi osmalTa SeiraRebuli razmebi

darCnen [274.459; 290.124]. ukan gabrunebamde, xalil faSas brZanebiT, qehaia

daezava giorgi abaSiZes, romlisaTvis es zavi1 Seqmnili viTarebidan ga-

mosvlis saukeTeso gza iyo, miT ufro, rom osmalTa SemosvlisTanave er-

Ti mokavSire maleve dakarga. kerZod, mtris mxares gadavida mamia III gu-

rieli (1689-1711) [8.865]. Tumca, qehaiasa da giorgi abaSiZis `megobrobas~

didi xani ar ewera bedad, maleve qarTvelebisTvis cnobili gaxda osmal-

Ta gabrunebis mizezi.

giorgi abaSiZem mtris ganadgurebis brZaneba gasca: `xolo imerTa

brZanebiTa abaSiZisaTa Sehkres mTa fersaTi da mosrviden mravalTa osmal-

Ta. kualad ewivnen imerni, mokles kolis faSa da dakodes Ãelsa Sina isay

axalcixis faSa, aotnes osmalni da aRiRes alafni uricxuni, cxeni, jorni

da aqlemni kidebulni da movidnen winaSe abaSiZisa~ [8.865]. mterma Zlivs gaaR-

wia samSvidobos. rogorc Cans, am movlenebs unda exebodes erTi cnoba

hetman ivane mazepas (1687-1709) werilSi graf Tevdore golovinisadmi

(1650-1706), sadac aRniSnulia, rom saqarTveloSi TurqTa jari gaanadgu-

res da qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg axali armia da erTi faSa miavlineso.2 Tu

1 osmalebma moiTxoves simon mefis Zmis giorgi VI aleqsandres Zis gamefeba, romlis meur-

ved Tavad giorgi abaSiZe daniSnes; imereTis mmarTvelis mier Sesrulda sxva moTxovnebic:

Sorapnis cixe daangria, mZevlebi misca da `qrTamis~ gadaxda aRdgenac ivaldebula [8.865].

2 «В земли Грузинской гораздо побито войска Турского; и один паша и новые Турские войска туда посланы

69

gaviTvaliswinebT XVIIIs. dasawyisSi informaciis gavrcelebis siswrafes

da stambolidan ukrainamde manZils, savaraudoa, rom is ivlisis Sua pe-

riodis (yvelaze gvian vadebad es TariRi rom miviCnioT) ambebs unda

asaxavdes.

rogorc Cans, yvapum, amis Semdeg ivarauda, rom odiSis mTavari mas

mainc ar SeeSveboda. Tan giorgi lipartian-dadianis Zalaufleba kidev uf-

ro ganamtkica simamris aRniSnulma samxedro warmatebam osmalebze. amitom,

savaraudoa, yvapum gadawyvita, daeswro movlenebis misTvis arasasurveli

mimarTulebiT ganviTarebisaTvis da pirvelma gadadga nabiji da axla uk-

ve dadians SesTavaza daxmareba TurqTa winaaRmdeg. rogorc Cans, SarvaSi-

Zis am winadadebaze odiSis mmarTvels uari ar uTqvams. 1704w. zafxulSi

odiSarebma da afxazebma Seuties ruxis Turq mecixovneebs da male cixec

gaaTavisufles. quTaisis yadis elhaj omeris 1704w. 1 seqtembriT daTariRe-

bul werilSi aRniSnulia, rom `quTaisis kazasadmi daqvemdebarebuli odi-

Sisa da samegrelos vilaieTSi dadianis saxelwodebis qafirebi da afxazi

qafirebi, formalurad morCilni rom iyvnen, morCilebidan gamovidnen~

[55.21; 355.222]. yvapu aqve gardaicvala: grigol kaTalikosis 1712w. biWvinTis

RvTismSoblisadmi Sewirulobis wignSi aRniSnulia, rom yvapu `SarvaSiZe

ruxs mokvda~ [65.670; 290.118; 428.90]. ruxTan erTad, anakliac dakarges Tur-

qebma [55.21].1 rogorc zemoaRniSnuli osmaluri wyarodan irkveva, am cixeze

Seteva ori mimarTulebidan momxdara: dadianis xalxi xmeleTidan miadga,

xolo zRvidan Setevaze afxazebi gadasulan [55.21].2 aq ar konkretdeba af-

xazTa vinaoba, magram, savaradoa, es isev yvapu SarvaSiZis xalxi iyo, vina-

idan orive samxedro kampania erTsa da imave periodSi xdeba.

unda aRniSnos, rom dadianTa mimarT SarvaSiZeTa saxlis politika, anu

odiSis samTavrosgan damoukideblobis mopoveba, ar SeiZleba Sefasdes, ro-

gorc zogadad qarTuli samyarosagan politikuri separatizmis mcdeloba

msgavsad imisa, rogorc amas Cvens Tanamedrove epoqaSi aqvs adgili. mkvlevari

j. gamaxaria, am SemTxvevaSi, SarvaSiZeTa qmedebebs `politikur separatiz-

против Грузинцов» [105.576].

1 Tumca, maleve osmaleTis xelisuflebam dakarguli cixeebis dasabruneblad zomebi

miiRo da 1706 wlisaTvis ukve orive maTgans akontrolebda [55.21; 290.124].

2 rogorc vaxuSti miuTiTebs, afxazebi `zRuasa Sina magarni da Zlierni~ yofilan [8.786].

70

mad~ afasebs [151.278]. Tumca, marTebulad gveCveneba z. papasqiriseuli Sefa-

seba: `maTi mTavari mizani (iseve, rogorc odiSel dadianTa da guriis mTa-

var gurielTa) iyo, dawinaurebuliyvnen swored rom SidaqarTul politikur

arenaze da daekavebinaT wamyvani poziciebi saerToqarTul saxelmwifobriv-

politikur sivrceSi~ [240.109]. swored amitomac arc hqoniaT SarvaSiZeebs

qarTuli eklesiisagan gamoyofis mcdeloba, rogorc amas samarTlianad

SeniSnavs j. gamaxaria [151.278]. amitom, yvapu SarvaSiZis moqmedebebSi, rome-

lic, marTalia, mis mier dadebuli ficebisadmi erTgulebiT maincdamainc di-

dad ar gamoirCeoda, analogiuri tendenciebi unda davinaxoT.

rogorc ukve zemoT aRiniSna, yvapus adgili misma Zem murzayanma da-

ikava. murzayanma moaxerxa SedarebiTi simSvidisa da wesrigis damyareba

da `aRuyvavilebia adgili~ (anu RaliZga-enguris SuamdinareTi) [41.394].

mas aukrZalavs tyveTa syidva, riTac `ganTqmuli~ iyo mamamisi. yvapus mem-

kvidres naTlad hqonda Segnebuli, rom mamamisis politikuri kursi auci-

leblad garkveul cvlilebas saWiroebda: odiSTan daZabuli urTierTo-

ba da tyveTa syidvis waxaliseba misi qveynisaTvis mxolod gaCangebis mom-

tani iyo. amitom tyveTa syidvis akrZalvam da dadianTan mSvidobianma da-

mokidebulebam samurzayanoSi mosaxleobis xelaxal modinebas Seuwyo xe-

li. savaraudod, rom es procesi gansakuTrebuli aqtivobiT swored mur-

zayanis zeobaSi unda momxdariyo. T. beraZis mosazrebiT, RaliZga-enguris

SuamdinareTis ZirZveli mosaxleoba yvapus mmarTvelobis periodSic, Zi-

riTadad, adgilze iyo darCenili [139.243]. Tumca, soflebis raRac nawili

mniSvnelovnad dacarielebuli unda yofiliyo. bunebrivia, rom gadatani-

li kataklizmebisa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ayris, damonebisa Tu

ucxoelebze monebad gayidvis Semdeg engur-RaliZgas SuamdinareTSi Camo-

saxlebuli afxazebis raodenoba mainc ver iqneboda imdenad sakmarisi,

rom murzayans damatebiTi mosaxleobis mozidva aRar dasWirveboda adgi-

lobrivi ekonomikuri da sameurneo cxovrebis gasamarTavad. qarTvele-

bi/megrelebi adgilobrivi meurneobis wamyvan Zalas warmoadgendnen, ris

gamoc samurzayanoSi Casaxlebuli afxazi didgavrovnebi sagangebod uw-

yobdnen xels samegrelodan glexobis mozidvas. aRsaniSnavia, rom maT-

71

Tvis sityva àgrua~-`margali~ (megreli) `miwis muSas~ niSnavda.1

megruli mosaxleoba, ZiriTadad, samurzayanos dabal socialur fe-

nasa da sasuliero ierarqias warmoadgenda. bunebrivia, rom aseTi viTare-

ba, xels uwyobda samurzayanoSi, afxazurTan erTad, megruli da qarTu-

li enebis kidev ufro ganmtkicebas [118.227]. marTalia, vaxuStis cnobis

mixedviT, afxazebs èna sakuTari TÂsi aqusT, aramed uwyian warCinebulTa

qarTuli~ [8.786], vinaidan maTTvis qarTuli ena kulturisa da RvTismsa-

xurebis enis rols asrulebda [339.145; 118.227]. rogorc s. janaSia aRniS-

navda, afxazeTis samTavroSi `qarTuli ena kulturis mTavari enaa~ (xaz-

gasma s. janaSiasi – k.k.) [309.33]. SarvaSiZeTa karze qarTuli yofila ofi-

cialuri saqmeTwarmoebis enac [309.34]. T. WiWinaZiseuli dokumentic Sed-

genilia qarTul enaze mxedruli asoebiT [41.393]. Tumca, savaraudoa, rom

qarTuli ena ara marto afxazma warCinebulebma icodnen.

kunZul maltaze evropidan mobrunebulma sulxan-saba orbelianma

(1658-1725) naxa tyve afxazi, romelic qarTulad saubrobda: àfxazma ra-

tom icoda, is gamikvirda, qarTuli~ [31.272]. am cnobaze dayrdnobiT, s. ja-

naSia askvnida, rom im xanebSi periferias ufro hqonda kulturuli kav-

Siri centrTan SenarCunebuli, vidre – piriqiT [309.27]. j. gamaxaria ki mi-

iCnevs, rom `sulxan-sabam afxazi istoriul-politikuri TvalsazrisiT qar-

Tvelad CaTvala, magram isic icoda, rom misi Tanamedrove warmarTi af-

suebi, ...qarTvelebi ar iyvnen; afxazeTi, misi warmodgeniT, soxums iqiT

mdebare teritoriaa. amitomac gaukvirda, `ratom icoda~ qarTuli, Tumca aq

gasakviri araferia. 1714 wlisaTvis Crdilo-dasavleTi samegrelo afsuaTa

mier 25-30 wlis okupirebulia; iq darCenil qarTul mosaxleobas ena da

sarwmunoeba SenarCunebuli hqonda. tyveebadac swored qarTvel afxazebs

yididnen2 da ara afsuebs. erTi sityviT, sulxan-saba maltaSi, savarau-

dod, qarTvel afxazs Sexvda~ [151.301].

savsebiT veTanxmebiT mkvlevars imaSi, rom s.-s. orbelianma afxazi, is-

1 es cnoba mogvawoda istoriis doqtorma jambul anCabaZem, romelic Tavadaa samurzaya-

noel anCabaZeTa warmomadgeneli (sof. otobaia); rogorc g. jamburia aRniSnavda, gvian-

del xanaSi `margali~ TviT samegreloSic glexis sinonimad ixmareboda [304.200].

2 aq SeiZleba ver daveTanxmoT j. gamaxarias, vinaidan, rogorc wina TavSi vnaxeT, wayro-

ebSi dadasturebulia afxazTa mier TanamoZmeTa tyved gayidvis faqtebic.

72

toriul-politikuri TvalsazrisiT, qarTvelad CaTvala: `qarTvelnic vnaxe

– zogi afxazi, zogi imereli, guruli, megreli~ [31.272]. magram zemoT moyva-

nil amonaridSi TvalnaTliv Cans, rom afxazs, s.-s. orbelianis warmodge-

niT, qarTuli, albaT, ar unda scodnoda. Tuki amas SevusabamebT, vaxuStise-

ul cnobas, maSin is afxazi, romelic s.-s. orbelianma maltaSi naxa, mdabi-

oTa wridan unda yofiliyo, romelsac, bunebrivia, ar eqneboda ganaTlebis

miRebis SesaZlebloba da, Sesabamisad, qarTulic ar ecodineboda. miT uf-

ro, rom im periodSi qarTuli enis codna savalalo mdgomareobaSi yofila

sakuTriv odiSSic, rasac a. lamberti mowmobs [28.150]. marTalia, s. janaSias

samarTliani SeniSvniT, laTini misioneris es cnoba didad gazviadebuli

Cans [309.37], magram, garkveul realobas is ueWvelad asaxavs. bunebrivia, es

naTqvami SeiZleba ganvavrcoT samurzayanoel SarvaSiZeebze da samurza-

yanozec. miT ufro, rom maT samflobeloSi, rogorc zemoT vTqviT, SesaZlebe-

lia qarTuli eTnosis garkveulad maRali wilis varaudi.

swored am viTarebas unda ganepirobebina toponim `samurzayanos~ qar-

Tulenovani, da ara afxazuri, warmomavloba. Tuki am kuTxeSi megruli warmo-

Sobis mosaxleobis simravles miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, savaraudoa, rom igi uf-

ro megruli warmoSobisa iyos, vinaidan am enasac axasiaTebs toponimis war-

moqmna `sa-o~ prefiqs-sufiqsebiT: samegreloSi – sa-Ciqoba-o, sa-gvaza-o, sa-

xoWola-o, sa-guguna-o, sa-cxvita-o, sa-miqa-o, sa-RvamiCa-o, sa-tyebuCa-o, sa-

bokuCa-o, sa-jija-o, sa-eliav-o, sa-berulav-o, sa-beWvai-o, sa-adani-o, sa-Sur-

Rai-o, sa-naWyebi-o, sa-buki-o, sa-beseli-o, sa-grigoli-o, sa-WurRuli-o, sa-

adani-o – sa-faCuli-o, sa-adami-o, sa-gvarami-o, zeda sa-lomi-o, sa-kvikvini-o,

sa-kilasoni-o, bia – sa-Soni-o, sa-guni-o, sa-odiSari-o, sa-gabeskiri-o, sa-wu-

leiskiri-o, sa-qiri-o, sa-qorq-io, sa-gviCi-o, sa-mesxi-o, sa-lxin-o [126.145-

149,154]; afxazeTSi (galis r-ni) – sa-buTbai-o, sa-melai-o, sa-xaxubi-o, sa-Sa-

mugi-o, sa-beri-o, sa-buliskeri-o, sa-marqval-o, sa-lxin-o [126.148-150,154].

murzayan SarvaSiZis politikuri moRvaweoba SarvaSiZeebsa da dadia-

nebs Soris mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas isaxavda miznad. yovel SemTxvevaSi,

Cvens xelT arsebuli istoriuli wyaroebSi raime dapirispireba ar Cans.

savaraudoa, rom yvapu SarvaSiZis winaaRmdeg 1702w. laSqrobis Semdeg,

73

garkveuli `kondominiumi~1 dawesda samurzayanoze, romelic am ukanaskne-

lis mxridan odiSis mimarT ymadnaficobas gulisxmobda. kerZod, gamarj-

vebulma mxarem ar moaxdina iq xelisuflebis Secvla da im kuTxis gam-

gebloba isev SarvaSiZeTa saxlis umcross Stos dautova, romelic, ro-

gorc Cans, amis sanacvlod, iZulebuli gamxdara dadianis uzenaesoba

eRiarebina.

is, rom XVIII saukuneSi samurzayanoeli SarvaSiZeebi dadianis vasa-

lebi arian, Cans ramdenime faqtiTac. kerZod, es aris 1703 wels TurqTa

wasvlis Semdeg yvapu SarvaSiZis kvlav dadianisken mibruneba da masTan

erTad anakliisa da ruxis cixis gaTavisufleba osmalTagan, razec ukve

zemoT visaubreT; 1757 wlis 14 dekembris xresilis brZolaSi imereTis axal-

gazrda mefis solomon I-is (1752-1784) gverdiT ibrZoda misi colisZma ka-

cia, otia dadianis Svili, romelic sabrZolvelad gamocxadda `spiTa

odiS-leCxum-afxazTa~ [17.178]. afxazTa razms xelmZRvanelobda samurzaya-

nos mflobeli xutunia SarvaSiZe, romelic gmirulad daiRupa brZolaSi.

rogorc Cans, odiSar-leCxumel-afxazTa gaerTianebuli laSqris sar-

dali dadianis ojaxis wevria anu samurzayanos razmi calke subieqtad

ar monawileobs da xutuniac kacias emorCileba. saeWvoa, rom es sagange-

bod Seqmnili samxedro `bloki~ yofiliyo. is asaxavs im periodis odiS-

samurzayanos urTierTobaTa formas – anu, samurzayanoeli SarvaSiZe

emorCileba dadians. rogorc Cans, amgvari urTierTobebi misaRebi iyo

rogorc SarvaSiZeTa, ise dadianis saxlisaTvis: samurzayanoeli SarvaSi-

Zeebi ar mowyvetilan ZiriTad ojaxs, magram dadianis morCilebaSi imyo-

febodnen. samurzayano am periodSi warmoadgenda garkveul `buferul

zonas~, romelzedac orive samTavro saxlis (SarvaSiZe, dadiani) `kondo-

miniumi~ vrceldeboda. Sesabamisad, samurzayanoel SarvaSiZeebi damouki-

debeli mmarTvelebi ar yofilan [118.227]. Tumca am `TanammarTvelobaSi~

odiSi aSkarad upiratesobiT sargeblobda, rac, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

mis mimarT samurzayanos ymadnaficobiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

am viTarebis gamomxatveli unda yofiliyo dadianTa titulatura aR-

niSnul periodSi: caiSis gulanis minawerSi (1709w.) aRniSnulia, rom is

`daiwera da gakeTda... patronisa Sina dadianis kaciasiTa da Tanamecxed- 1 kondominium-i [laT. condominium] – saerTaSoriso samarTalSi: erTi da imave teritori-

is marTva ori an ramdenime saxelmwifos mier [323.246].

74

risa maTisa... odiSTaÁ, suanTaÁ da afÃazeTTa mflobelisaÁ, batonis da-

dianis Zed mosaTvlelisaÁ da axlad odiSis dadianis Zed ganmaaxlebli-

saÁ, dadianis asulis batonis dedoflis mariamis brZanebiTa~ [290.126].

otia dadianis (1728-1758) mier xelmoweril dokumentSi, kerZod Sewirulo-

bis wignSi garesjasadmi, aseve, analogiuri titulaturaa naxsenebi: `di-

dis odiSis, svan-Takverisa mpyrobel-mqonebeli~ (1748w. 11 ivlisi) [49.154,

dok. #159]. rogorc Cans, aq `didi odiSis~ formulirebiT, dadianebma Zve-

li odiSis anu im samTavros, romelic enguris marjvena sanapiroze mde-

bare arsebul teritoriebs flobda, aRdgenis pretenzia gamoxates. swo-

red amitom daerTo odiSs msazRvreli `didi~. aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT va-

xuStiseuli formulirebac – `sruliad odiSi~, romliTac is gansazRv-

ravs dadianis samflobelo – odiSis teritorias, romlis sazRvari ana-

kofiamde uwevda.1 otia dadianis titulaturaSi dafiqsirebuli `didi odi-

Si~ vaxuStiseuli `sruliad odiSis~ sinonimad unda ganvixiloT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom 1745w. sanqt-peterburgSi saimperatoro mecniereba-

Ta akademiis mier gamocemul `ruseTis imperiis atlasis~ Semdgenel rus

kartografTa yuradRebis centrSi moxvda aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi

[92. ruqa №11]. am ruqaze CvenTvis saintereso mxare odiSis Semadgenloba-

Si SemadgenlobaSi Sedis, xolo afxazeTi, romelic qarTuli formiTaa

gadmocemuli «Апказеби» md. gumisTis gadaRmaa mocemuli centriT zufuSi

– «Зупу». aSkaraa, rom 1745 wlisaTvis amgvari politikuri geografia ukve

anaqronizmia. samwuxarod, ver xerxdeba `atlasis~ avtorTa xelT ar-

sebuli wyaroebis da maTi avtorebis vinaobis dadgena. Tumca, #11 ruqas-

Tan dakavSirebiT aRniSnulia, rom ruqebis Sedgenisas gamouyenebiaT `ge-

ografiul departamentSi arsebuli gansakuTrebuli cnobebi~ [92.8]. sava-

raudoa, rom avtorebs, garkveulwilad, unda esargeblaT imereTis mefe

aleqsandre aleqsandre V-is2 despanis, quTaTeli mitropolitis, timoTe

gabaSvilis mier mier 1737w. Sedgenil da ruseTis imperatrica ana ioanes

asulisadmi (1730-1740) gadacemuli lixT-imereTis samefos rukiT [149.177-

198; 211.29-35; 151.293] da, agreTve, konsultaciebi unda hqonodaT im period-

1 aRwers ra XIVs. 20-iani wlebis das. saqarTvelos istorias, vaxuSti wers: `dadianman gi-

orgim... miitaca saerisTo cxomisaca da daipyra TÂT sruliad odiSi anakofiadmde~ [8.801].

2 taxtze samjer ijda: I – 1720-1741ww., II – 1741-1746; III – 1749-1752ww. [250.499].

75

Si ruseTSi myof vaxuSti batoniSvilTanac. miuxedavad amisa, vfiqrobT,

rom aRniSnuli suraTi garkveul wilad unda asaxavdes odiSsa da samur-

zayanos Soris arsebul politikur viTarebas. Tumca, bunebrivia, amgvari

viTareba droebiTi iyo. is gadaWras moiTxovda.

imereT-guria-odiSis mesveurebi ki am dros kvlav ZmaTamkvleli ome-

biT iyvnen dakavebulni. qveyanaSi isev anarqia batonobda. mTavrebi da Ta-

vadebi imereTis taxts maTTvis sasurvel kandidats `uboZebdnen~ an same-

fos erTmaneTSi inawilebdnen samarTavad. osmalTa mier imereTis mefed

datovebuli giorgi VI-is zeoba1 myari ar iyo. igi TurqTa wasvlisTanave

quTaisis cixeSi iyo Seketili [8.866]. oTxi wlis manZilze qveynis gamgeb-

lad kvlav giorgi abaSiZe rCeboda [250.153], romelmac iq garkveuli `wes-

rigic~ daamyara. `daamSÂda abaSiZem imereTi Ãdoma-oÃrebiTagan friad, ra-

meTu vervin ikadrebda parvad risamed, kualad vercaRa-vin ikadrebda gan-

yidvad tyÂsa, TÂnier missa~ [8.867], – ironiulad SeniSnavs vaxuSti. n. da-

diani kidev ufro met konkretikas iZleva da aRniSnavs, rom abaSiZis gam-

geblobis dros imereTSi kacis kvla da avazakobac moispoo [17.170]. ro-

gorc a. kilasonia SeniSnavs, `saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi~ giorgi abaSiZe adami-

anebiT vaWrobas ar ukadrisobda [199.173]. Tumca, abaSiZis gamgeblobis dRe-

ebic male miiwura. misi gandidebiT ukmayofilo didebulebi, qarTlis jani-

Sinis vaxtang VI-is2 mxardaWeriT zurggamagrebulebma, 1707w. mefed gior-

gi VI dasves [8.867; 17.170; 250.153], Tumca 1711w. feodalTa erTma nawilma imere-

Tis taxtze mamia III gurieli dasva [250.154]. garkveuli periodis manZilze

mis memkvidrec – giorgi IV gurielic mefobda imereTSi [151.293]. Tumca

iyo iseTi periodebic XVIIIs. I meoTxedis imereTis istoriaSi, roca dasa-

vleT saqarTvelos gavlenian didebulebs, zurab abaSiZes, beJan dadiansa

da SoSita raWis erisTavs fiqtiuri mefec ki aRar dasWirvebiaT da imereTi

TviTonve gaunawilebiaT 1716 da 1720 wlebSi [8.877,880; 17.173-174; 250.156]. farsa- 1 imereTis taxti oTxjer eWira: I – 1707-1711ww., II – 1712-1713ww., III – 1714-1716ww., IV – 1719-

1720ww. [250.499]. marTalia, osmalebma is 1703w. mefed datoves, magram 1707 wlamde, abaSi-

Zis SiSiT, taxti ver daiWira [8.866-867]. igi yofila `cundruki, momxueWeli, angaari, vecx-

lismoyuare~ [8.870]. rodesac beJan leCxumis batonma mefes mamamisis, giorgi IV dadianis,

winaaRmdeg daxmareba sTxova da amisaTvis qrTamic misca, vaxuStis SeniSvniT, `mefeman

arRara gamoiZia umjobesi vecxlisaTÂs~ [8.875].

2 giorgi VI-is simamri.

76

dan gorgijaniZis samarTliani SeniSvniT, `saqarTvelo Tavad cota iyo da

merme mravlad gayofili da erTmaneTis urCni da qiSpni mterni, erTmaneTi-

sa marbevni da mawyinarni~ [62.7]. amgvari viTareba Zalzed xelsayreli mxo-

lod stambolisaTvis iyo, romelic, axalcixis faSis meSveobiT, Zalas ar iSu-

rebda dasavleT saqarTveloSi gaCaRebuli cecxli ar Camqraliyo [145.344].

odiSSic mTavris saxlSic areuloba iyo. 1704w. giorgi IV dadians mi-

si Zma, leCxumis mmarTveli, iese ganudga. igi imereTis mefe giorgis miemx-

ro [8.866], romelsac biZad ergeboda (mamidamisis, mariamis, meuRle) [8.866].

giorgis dadianoba sakuTriv odiSarTaTvisac maincdamainc misaRebi ar un-

da yofiliyo da man es pativi, rogorc Cans, samTavroSi erTgvari daZabu-

lobis mosaxsnelad, Tavis ufros vaJiSvils – kacias [253.317; 136.444] – `gadas-

ca~, romelsac colad esva dadianTa Zveli sagvareulos warmomadgeneli

mariami [23.59; 290.126]. leCxumis gamgebloba ki SuaTana vaJiSvils, beJans,

daavala, xolo TviTon mxolod lipartianoba `daitova~ [8.866]. Tumca, am

erTgvar `sakadro cvlilebaTa~ realuri arsi nominaluri iyo da odiSis

pirvelgamgebelad kvlav giorgi IV dadiani, aw ukve `lipartianis~ pativSi

myofi, rCeboda [8.866].

am movlenebs vaxuSti 1704 wliT aTariRebs, Tumca b. xorava, romel-

mac yuradReba miaqcia 1706w. 23 maisiT daTariRebul `giorgi dadianis Se-

wirulobis wigns dodos monastrisadmi~, sadac giorgi IV kvlav dadianad

moixsenieba, xolo kacia yovelgvari titulis gareSea moxseniebuli da

erT kinkloss, romlis cnobiT 1709w. dekemberSi giorgi kvlav dadiania, mi-

iCnevs, rom kacia I-is gadadianebac 1709w. unda momxdariyo [290.125-126]. am

daTariRebas j. gamaxariac iziarebs [151.294]. vfiqrobT, rom am SemTxvevaSi

vaxuStiseuli TariRis revizia umarTebuloa, vinaidan is garkveviT xazs

usvams am `sakadro cvlilebis~ nominalur xasiaTs da ar gvibiZgebs vifiq-

roT, rom kacia realurad iyo samegrelos mTavari. es gasakviric ar unda

iyos, radgan im xanebSi imereTs nominalurad hyavda mefed giorgi VI. Sesa-

bamisad, b. xoravas mier moyvanili dokumentebSic, Cans, aisaxa realuri vi-

Tareba, romelsac aranairad ar gamoricxavs vaxuStis zemoT dasaxelebuli

cnobac.

am politikur saWadrako dafaze giorgis dadianis mier paikebad moaz-

rebulma Svilebma maleve mamis gaTvlil svlebSi erTgvari `koreqtivebi~

77

Seitanes da isinic, maTi biZis msgavsad, giorgi VI-s banakSi aRmoCndnen.

lipartianis Svilebma mamas ver apaties maTi dedis (miqelaZis asuli) gaS-

veba da giorgi abaSiZis qaliSvilze daqorwineba [8.869]. 1709w. dekembers

farcxanayanevTan g. abaSiZis mokavSireebis, giorgi lipartianisa da raWis

erisTavis damarcxebis Semdeg, giorgi VI-m odiSi dalaSqra. lipartianma

afxazeTs Seafara Tavi [8.870]. imereTis monarqs SarvaSiZem winaaRmdegoba

gauwia. mefe mas daezava, ukan mobrunda da dadianoba kacias Caabara [8.870].

wyaroebi ar azusteben, Tu, romel SarvaSiZezea aq saubari, magram,

rogorc vaxuStis teqstis analizi gviCvenebs, rom es unda yofiliyo md.

RaliZgas iqiT mdebare afxazeTi, vinaidan Cveni mematiane RaliZga-enguris

SuamdinareTs odiSis teritoriad miiCnevda [8.863]. n. dadianic ar aprotes-

tebs vaxuStis am cnobas da, albaT, isic RaliZgas gaRma afxazeTs gu-

lisxmobs [17.170]. rogorc Cans, am periodSi afxazeTis mTavarsa da gior-

gi IV dadians Soris Zalian Tbili urTierTobebi yofila, radgan odi-

Sis devnilma xelisufalma TavSesafari masTan hpova. savaraudod, am ur-

TierTobebs unda asaxavdes Semoqmedis gulanis kvinklosSi Semonaxuli

erTi cnobac, romelic 1706 wliTaa daTariRebuli: `ama qoronikonsa af-

xazi da megreli mouxda CoCxaTs da jumaTels SarvaSiZes maqsimes ga-

emarjva~ [10.137]. gurul SarvaSiZeze1 Tavdasxmis iniciatori afxazi Sarva-

SiZe unda yofiliyo, xolo misi mxardamWeri ki dadiani, vinaidan am

cnobis avtori jer `afxazs~ asaxelebs, Semdeg ki – `megrels~. rogorc

Cans, maqsime SarvaSiZe sakmaod Zlieri feodali yofila, radgan mis wina-

aRmdeg sabrZolvelad erTgvari koaliciis Seyra gamxdara saWiro.

kacia I-is dadianoba xangrZlivi ar aRmoCnda. mokle xanSi, 1710w., igi

xunagiT2 gardaicvala [8.870; 17.170]. afxazeTidan mobrunebulma giorgi IV

dadianma kvlav SeZlo xelisuflebis dabruneba [8.870]. beJani, leCxumis ba-

toni, iZulebuli gaxda mamas Serigeboda [8.870], magram, dedamisTan gayris

gamo, mamis dasjaze fiqri ar Seuwyvetia. Tumca, sawadels man mxolod 1714w.3

1 rogorc vaxuSti aRniSnavs, guriaSi SarvaSiZeebi afxazeTidan Casulan [8.37].

2 `xunagi sasis gasiveba~ [33.434].

3 beJan I-is gadadianebas vaxuSti 1715 wliT aTariRebs. Tumca, samecniero literaturaSi,

beJan dadianis Wyondidis monastrisadmi Sewirulobis wignis monacemebze dayrdnobiT

[25.113], gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom am movlenas adgili erTi wliT adre unda hqonoda ad-

78

miaRwia, roca, bolos da bolos, SeZlo giorgi IV dadianis CamoSoreba xelis-

uflebidan da `daipyra odiSi TÂT da iwoda dadianad~ [8.876].1

XVIIIs. 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi mniSvnelovani samxedro-politikuri

Zvrebi moxda amierkavkasiaSi, romelSic amjerad aqtiurad CaerTo ruseTis

imperatori petre I. sparseTSi gaCaRebuli Sinaomebis gamo, regionSi ispa-

hanis `memkvidreobisaTvis~ brZola daiwyo: stambolma da sanqt-peterburg-

ma samxedro Zalebi kaspiis zRvis sanapirosaken daZres [8.499; 145.303; 390.653;

442.21].2 petres am periodisTvis, SvedeTTan xangrZliv `CrdiloeTis omSi~

(1700-1721) warmatebiT gadawyvetili hqonda baltiis zRvaze gasasvlelis sa-

kiTxi. amitom man gadawyvita baltiis zRvisTvis `SeeerTebina~ kaspiis zRva

[264.40]. misTvis miuRebeli iyo, rom aRmosavleTis `WiSkars~ (`albanuri

WiSkari~) osmaleTi dapatroneboda [145.304; 360.170; 442.21; 435.707-708; 111.12]. sabo-

lood, 1724w. 12 ivniss stambolSi dadebuli xelSekrulebiT, sulTanma meh-

med III-m cno kaspiispireTis (darubandidan astrabadamde) ruseTTan Seer-

Teba. petre pirvelma ki aRiara TurqeTis mier aRmosavleT saqarTvelos,

aRmosavleT somxeTisa da iranis Crdilo-dasavleTi nawilis dapyroba [302.76;

231.421; 145.306; 390.668].

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi laSqrobamde, osmaleTma mis dasavleT na-

wilSi `prevenciuli RonisZiebebi~ gaatara, rac am kuTxeSi poziciebis

gamyarebas isaxavda miznad. Rrma Sinagani krizisis miuxedavad, otomanTa

imperia im xanebSi mainc axerxebda dasavleT saqarTveloSi Tavisi bato-

nobis Semdgom gaZlierebas [171.26]. imereTis mefed am dros vaxtangis aRz-

rdili aleqsandre V ijda, romelic iZulebuli iyo, taxtis SenarCune-

bis mizniT, TurqebTan, romelTa xeldasxmiTac gamefda, `megobruli~ ur-

TierTobebi SeenarCunebina da, amasTan erTad, igi, iziarebda ra aRmzrde-

lis sagareo politikur kurss, Tavadac amyarebda ruseTTan kontaqtebs

[250.157; 151.295]. kerZod, 1724w. aleqsandre V TurqeTisa da urCi feodale-

bis winaaRmdeg daxmareba da imereTis mfarvelobaSi miRebas sTxovda

sanqt-peterburgs [250.173-174; 151.293]. imereTis mefe ruseTis imperators

gili [135.311; 290.127; 293.34].

1 beJanis pirdapiri STamomavalia (SviliSvilis Svili) istorikosi niko dadiani [17.10].

2 sparseTSi mosalodneli Sinaomebis gaCaRebis Taobaze petre I-s jer kidev 1717w. atyo-

binebda misi despani ispahanSi a. volinski [435.699-700].

79

fulad daxmarebas iTxovda da saWirod miaCnda saqarTveloSi petre I-is

Camosvla [13.080]. Tumca, q. CxataraiSvilis samarTliani SefasebiT, imere-

Tis gvirgvinosnis es idea ararealuri iyo, vinaidan, rogorc zemoT vna-

xeT, stambolis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, ruseTma saqarTvelo osmaleTis

sakuTrebad aRiara [274.474].

ramdenime wlis Semdeg, ruseT-osmaleTis morigi omis dros (1735-

1739ww.), aleqsandrem isev scada ruseTTan kontaqtebis damyareba da iqi-

dan konkretuli samxedro da politikuri daniSnulebis daxmarebebis mi-

Reba (1737-1740ww. timoTe gabaSvilis elCoba). magram am omis Sedegi ruse-

TisTvis is iyo, rom 1739w. belgradis zaviT, mas Sav zRvaze flotis yo-

la aekrZala [413.210]. amis gamo aleqsandres es mcdelobani kvlav uSede-

god dasrulda. ruseTis saimperatoro karidan mas acnobes, rom amjerad

daxmarebis gawevas ver SeZlebdnen, radgan TurqeTTan sazavo pirobebiT

iyvnen Sekrulebi [250.175]. dasavleT saqarTvelos politikuri viTarebis

gauaresebas xeli Seuwyo vaxtang VI-is ruseTSi wasvlam. mas naTesauri

kavSiri hqonda guriisa da imereTis mflobelebTan da, rogorc didad

ganaTlebuli da unariani mmarTveli, mTel saqarTveloSi udidesi avto-

ritetiT sargeblobda. vaxtang VI-is karze Tavs iyridnen saqarTvelos

TiTqmis yvela mxaris msxvil feodalur sagvareuloTa warmomadgenlebi.

igi XVIIIs. dasawyisis feodaluri daqucmacebulobis pirobebSi qarTve-

lebisTvis mebrZol progresul elementTa winamZRoli iyo. amitom mis

mier saqarTvelos mitovebam am Zalebs ideuri da praqtikuli xelmZRvane-

li moaklo [274.463].

samegrelos mTavari beJan dadiani, romelic, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,

uars ar amobda osmalebis daxmarebaze mowinaaRmdege feodalebTan Tu

imereTis mefesTan brZolaSi, cdilobda, rom Turqebs mis samTavroSi Ta-

vi `komfortulad~ ar egrZnoT [8.882; 290.127]. odiSarebs sakmaod Zviri uj-

deboda okupantebis Senaxva. 1714w. megrelebi da afxazebi awiokebdnen

anakliisa da ruxis osmalur garnizonebs. Turqebi, faqtobrivad, xmele-

Tidan da zRvidan blokadaSi iyvnen moqceulni. saqme imdenad garTulda,

rom osmaloebs cixidan gamosvlisac ki eSinodaT. bolos, 182 ianiCarma

saerTod datova ruxis cixe. adgilobrivebisagan kargi dRe arc Turq

vaWrebs daadgaT, romelnic Tavs usafrTxod arc zRvaze da arc xmeleT-

ze ar grZnobdnen [55.90-92; 290.127]. saSiSroeba emuqreboda yvelas, vinc os-

80

maleTis teritoriidan Semodioda. magaliTad, 1715w. maisSi evropidan sam-

SobloSi momaval s.-s. orbelians aTinaSi uari uTxres mis guriamde mi-

yvanaze: àfxazi aSlilia, meSiniano~ [31.287].

am movlenebis aRwerisas r. agrba ver uZlebs cdunebas, Tavi Seika-

vos gadaWarbebuli Sefasebisagan da aRniSnavs, rom afxazuri floti

srulad akontrolebda sazRvao akvatorias trabzon-anapas Soris [459].

aRsaniSnavia, rom is afxazuri `samxedro-sazRvao flotis~ (!) arsebobas

XVII saukunidan mainc iwyebs [459]. avtoris fantazia amiT ar amoiwureba

da is wers: «В начале XVIIIв. турецкое правительство предприняло широкомасштаб-

ную операцию против единственного соперника – Абхазии. Операция проходила по суше

и морю» [459]. r. agrba ar aTariRebs am movlenas. saqme arc 1703 wlis ag-

resias exeba. masze avtori ramdenime winadadebis Semdeg iwyebs saubars.

Tumca, istorikosi ar akonkretebs imasac, Tu sad – Sav zRvaze Tu dasav-

leT amierkavkasiaSi – miiCnevda `brwyinvale porta~ afxazeTs `Tavis

mniSvnelovan metoqed~, rogorc amas r. agrba gvimtkicebs. Tumca, avto-

risTvis aseTi konkretika mis aSkarad propagandistuli daniSnulebis na-

SromSi saWiro namdvilad ar iyo.

ise ki istoriulad, arc Sav zRvaze da arc dasavleT amierkavkasiaSi

afxazeTis samTavro ar wamoadgenda osmaleTisTvis `mniSvnelovan meto-

qes~. ase, rom es dauTariRebeli òsmaleT-afxazeTis omi~ mxolod avto-

ris warmosaxvis Sedegad Tu SegviZlia CavTvaloT. Turqebma problemis

mogvareba mxolod 1719 wlisaTvis SeZles, ruxSi ki winandelTan SedarebiT

samjer Semcirebuli garnizoni (65 mecixovne) Caayenes [55.97; 290.127]. rogorc

Cans, beJan dadians jer kidev ar Sewevda Zala samegrelos dedaqalaqTan ax-

los mdgari osmaloebi ganedevna, Tumca mtris garnizonis samjer Semcireba,

etyoba, samegrelos mTavrisaTvis misaRebi iyo.

1721w. beJans Turqebma aleqsandre V-s meurveoba daakisres [8.882],

rac, faqtobrivad, qveynis gamgeblobas gulisxmobda [274.461-462]. samegre-

los mTavris gavlena mefeze kidev ufro gaZlierda mas mere, rac Tavisi

asuli mariami aleqsandres miaTxova. àramed, Tumca iyo aleqsandre me-

fed, garna beJan dadiani iyo moqmedi yovlisave~, aRniSnavs vaxuSti bato-

niSvili da iqve ganmartavs, rom dadianma es pativi 12 qesa qrTamis sanac-

vlod moipova axalcixis faSasagano [8.881-882]. q. CxataraiSvili miiCnevs,

81

rom samegrelos mTavris esodeni dawinaureba Turqebis mxridan diploma-

tiuri svla iyo [274.462]. vfiqrobT, rom, am SemTxvevaSi, faSa ubralod

daxarbda am Tanxas da dadiani mefis meurved datova. beJani iZulebuli

gaxda ormagi politika ewarmoebina: erTi mxriv, igi TurqeTs èrTguleb-

da~, meore mxriv ki – antiTurqul ZalebTan kavSiris damyarebasac cdi-

lobda.

osmalebma gansakuTrebuli mcdeloba dasavleT saqarTvelos mtkiced

gasakontroleblad swored petre I-is kavkasiuri eqspediciis dros gana-

xorcieles, roca stambulma aRmosavleT amierkavkasiidan mis winaaRmdeg

mosalodneli realuri safrTxe SeigrZno. 1723 wels Turqebma kidev ufro

gaamagres Savi zRvis sanapiroze mdebare cixeebi: cixisZiri, qobuleTi, se-

fi, grigoleTi, anaklia, baTomi, Caqvi, biWvinTa, anakofia da foTi,1 sadac

orTuRiani faSa dasves da mas dasavleT saqarTvelos sazRvao sanapiros

gamgebloba Caabares [8.883; 145.345; 274.461-462; 250.158]. sayuradReboa, rom

1727w. erT osmalur sabuTSi aRniSnulia, rom foTis cixe àfxazeTis sana-

piroze mdebareobs~ [56.104]. naklebad savaraudoa, rom dokumentis avtoris-

Tvis, am SemTxvevaSi, àfxazeTi~ Savi zRvis sinonimi yofiliyo. aq, aSka-

rad, saqme unda gvqondes Zveli tradiciis mexsierebasTan, roca sakuTriv

toponimi àfxazeTi~ sruliad saqarTvelos sinonims warmoadgenda. amgvari

viTareba gvxvdeba bizantieli, arabi, sparseli, rusi da somexi mematiane-

ebis naSromebSi [204.83-88; 313.132-134; 131.10; 278.65-67; 279.15-26; 277.176; 233.141-142;

240.67-70; 412.12; 340.15-16; 387.7-19; 444.103-104; 424.121-123; 425.111-123; 419.11-60]. amasTan

dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba aqvT afxaz da rus istorikosTa

nawils [347.6; 433.130-135; 381.137; 382.416-417; 423.114-129; 386.3; 350.129],2 romelnic

Zvel rusul saistorio wyaroebSi dafiqsirebul – «Обезъ» [80.237,307,368],

1 foTis cixis aSenebas vaxuSti 1725w. aTariRebs [8.883], Tumca t. gabaSviliseuli ruqis

warwerebSi es faqti 1723 wliTaa daTariRebuli [149.196; 17.232, Sen.335].

2 am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, m. tixomirovis mosazrebis [107.440] araswor interpretacias

iZleva S. inal-ifa, TiTqos-da rusi istorikosi òbezebs~ Tanamedrove afxazebTan aigi-

vebda [381.137]. afxazi istorikosis es msjeloba, Tavis droze, gaakritika z. papasqirmac,

romelmac, m. tixomirovis sxva naSromebis moSveliebiT, daamtkica, rom dasaxelebul

rus mkvlevars, aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, savsebiT naTeli warmodgena hqonda

da is rusuli matianeebis òbezebs~ qarTvelebad miiCnevda [438.36-37; 425.120].

82

«Обези», «Обезы»,1 «Обежанин» – moiazreben àfxazeTad~ da àfxazebad~ Ta-

namedrove gagebiT.2 Tumca, gviandeli Sua saukuneebis epoqaSi daaxlo-

ebiT analogiuri viTarebaa Seqmnili dasavleT saqarTvelosTan mimarTe-

baSi. àfxazeTis kaTalikosi~ dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikoss niSnavs

da ara – sakuTriv afxazeTisas [65.764; 26.41,48; 240.73; 83.62, dok.#13]. Cans,

rom XVIIIs. I naxevarSi mainc osmaleTSi dasavleT saqarTvelos afxazeTad-

ve moixseniebdnen.

1725w. osmaloebma ruxis cixe daangries, xolo misi qvebiT àRaSenes

umjobesad~ anaklia, romelsac redut-kale uwodes [8.883; 63.134-135]. ro-

gorc Cans, zRvidan sakmaod moSorebulma am cixem maTTvis interesi da-

karga. miT ufro, osmalTa winaaRmdeg dadians, pirvelive SemTxvevaze,

swored ruxze mihqonda Seteva. amasTanave, cixis darRveviT, ra Tqma unda,

Turqebma odiSarT misi dakavebis da gamagrebis SesaZlebloba mouspes.

amave xanebSi Turqebma gamagrebiTi RonisZiebebi afxazeTSic ganaxor-

cieles. 1724w. maT aages bastionis tipis cixesimagre, romelsac suxum-ka-

le (qarT. soxumis cixe) uwodes [350.175; 447.95]. saZirkvlis gareSe aSenebu-

li oTxkuTxa cixis erTi kedeli zRvas ebjineboda, danarCeni sami ki Wa-

obiT yofila garSemortymuli. es nageboba TiTqos TvalnaTliv gamoxata-

vda osmalTa imperiis aw ukve daRmavali didebis suraTs [434.146]. aRsani-

Snavia, rom afxazur istoriografiaSi (v. faCulia, o. bRaJba da s. lako-

ba) miRebulia am toponimis Zalian saeWvo etimologia. kerZod, isini aR-

niSnaven: «Турки осмысливали это название по-своему, как «су» – вода, «хум» – песок,

«кала» – крепость, город» [404.224; 350.175; 447.94]. magram unda iTqvas, rom amda-

gvari etimologia sruliad dausabuTebelia da miznad isaxavs mxolod

miiCqmalos toponim `soxumis~ warmomavloba Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sa-

xelwodebidan – cxumi [310.218; 228.86]. vinaidan arabulsa da Turqul eneb-

Si ar aris aso-bgera `c~ da Tanac sityvis dasawyisSi es enebi or Tanx-

1 zemoT moyvanili ori poziciisagan gansxvavebul Sexedulebas aviTarebda l. lavrovi,

romelic Zveli rusuli matianeebiseul am eTnonimSi CrdiloeT kavkasiis abazebs moiaz-

rebda [388.170; dawvr. ix.: 425.117-118; 315.76-77].

2 rogorc am problematikis irgvliv Catarebulma uaxloesma kvleva-Ziebam cxadyo, zo-

gierT arabul da somxur wyaroebSi eTnonimi àfxazi~ miemarTeba imier-kavkasiaSi mosax-

le jiqebsac, afxaz-afsuaTa monaTesave tomebs. [165.107-123].

83

movans ver itanen (magaliTad, `Tbilisi~ Turqulad JRers rogorc “Tif-

lis”) [473], Sesabamisad, `cxumi~ gardaiqmna `suxumad~ da am formiT gavrcelda

is evropul enebSi da SemdegSi qarTulSic [228.86]. Tumca, sakuTriv `cxu-

mis~ wakiTxva mxolod `suxumad~ mTlad sworic ar aris.

1923 wlamde Turquli damwerloba arabul anbanze iyo dafuZnebuli,

romelic, rogorc cnobilia, konsonaturi tipisaa da, ZiriTadad, mxo-

lod Tanxmovan aso-niSnebs Seicavs. `cxumis~ Turqul-arabuli damwerlo-

biT gadmosacemad gamoiyeneboda, agreTve, arabuli aso-niSani – و (wāw),1

romelsac ramdenimenairi wakiTxva gaaCnia: v, o, ô, ö, u, û, ü [474; 475]. Sesabami-

sad, `cxumi~ Turqulad SeiZleboda warmoeTqvaT rogorc `suxum~, aseve –

rogorc `soxum~ (orivegan xazgasma Cvenia – k.k.). sxvaTa Soris niSandob-

livia, rom XVIII-XIXss. zogierT wyaroSi weria swored: «Сокум-Кала»

[104.3], «Согум-Кала» [103.294]. d. gulia miiCnevda, rom qalaqs Turqebma `su-

xum~ ki ar uwodes, aramed `sugum~, rac, misi azriT, niSnavda `gumis (md.

gumisTa) wyals~ da amis dadasturebas cdilobda imiT, rom jiqebi gumisTas

uwodebdnen `gum-fsi~ [364.148]. sakuTriv toponim `cxumis~ etimologias ki,

rogorc cnobilia, qarTul enobriv samyaroSi, svanurSi, aqvs axsna da is

`rcxilasgan~ momdinareobs [217.264; 153.206; 240.27; 228.86].2 Sesabamisad, `af-

xazur istoriografiaSi~ gavrcelebul `soxum-kales~ e. w. etimologias

arc istoriuli da arc lingvisturi safuZveli ar gaaCnia.

soxum-kaleSi ijda orTuRiani faSa 100 mecixovniTa da 10 zambura-

kiT (sacixo Tofi) [104.3; 149.182; 274.462; 290.128]. misi pasuxismgeblobis sfe-

ro anakliis cixis xelmZRvanelobasac moicavda [459]. Tumca, osmalTa es

samxedro-samSeneblo samuSaoebi maTTvis mSvid garemoSi namdvilad ar

mimdinareobda. 1725w. soxumSi antiosmaluri ajanyeba moxda [336.74; 274.469;

151.295]. rogorc osmaluri wyaroebi mowmoben, afxazebi Turqebs xmeleTi-

dan da zRvidan utevdnen [39.110]. dampyroblebs didi Zalisxmevis fasad

mougvarebia es problema [39.110]. aseve uSedegod dasrulda afxazTaTvis

1 madlobas movaxsenebT prof. giorgi anCabaZes am sakiTxSi gaweuli konsultaciisTvis.

2 toponim `cxumis~ svanuri warmomavlobaze varauds n. berZeniSvilic gamoTqvamda

[147.431]; a. diaCkov-tarasoviis mixedviT am toponimis etimologia megruli warmomavlobi-

saa: cxeli (megr. Cxe)→cxumi [18.65]. z. papasqiri ar gamoricxavs, rom `cxumi~ SeiZleba xis

jiSebis megruli saxelwodebebisagan _ `Txumu~, `cximuri~ momdinareobdes [240.27].

84

maTi morigi antiTurquli ajanyeba 1728 wels [336.74; 274.469; 151.295].

rogorc miiCneven, afxazTa 1725w. ajanyeba kavSirSi unda yofiliyo

beJan dadianis, raWis erisTavisa da zurab abaSiZis erTobliv antiosma-

lur gamosvlasTan, romelic 1725w. unda momxdariyo, magram ver ganxor-

cielebula [290.128]. momdevno 1726w. samegrelosa da afxazeTSi osmalebs

kvlav seriozuli problemebi SeqmniaT. am areulobebis moTave isev da

isev beJan dadiani yofila [418.79; 290.128]. sulTnis karze miiCnevdnen, rom

adgilobriv mosaxleobas antiosmaluri amboxebebisaken ruseTidan aqe-

zebdnen, kerZod ki – vaxtang VI [418.79; 274.469; 290.128]. stambolSi ruseTis

warmomadgenels amis gamo protestic ki ganucxades [274.475].

antiosmaluri qmedebebis gamo stambolSi samegrelos mTavris moSo-

rebac ganuzraxavT da aRusrulebiaT kidec 1728w. is geguTSi axalcixis

faSas – isayis – Zes iusufs RalatiT moukvlevinebia [8.884]. s. makalaTias

varaudiT, beJanis mokvliT dainteresebuli Tavad imereTis mefe yofila,

romelic urCi feodalebis damorCilebas cdilobda [212.125]. rogorc q.

CxataraiSvili miiCnevs, osmaleTis gaRizianeba beJan dadianis xelisuf-

lebiT gamowveuli yofila am ukanasknelis mier odiSSi tyveTa syidvis

winaaRmdeg brZoliT, romelic mas 1715w. dauwyia [274.467]. Tumca, wyaro-

ebiT es ar dasturdeba. rogorc 1717w. noembriT daTariRebul grigol

afxazTa kaTalikosisadmi micemul `pirobis wignidan~ irkveva, beJan da-

diani da SoSita raWis erisTavi am dromde namdvilad ar yofilan tyveTa

syidvis winaaRmdeg mebrZolTa rigebSi [26.173]. samegrelos samTavros sa-

TaveSi beJanis Ze otia Caudga [8.885]. am movlenebidan ori wlis Semdeg,

1730w.1 gazafxulze, dasavleT saqarTvelo kvlav Seiqna TurqeTis agresi-

is obieqti. stambolSi gadawyvites aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis sabo-

loo dapyroba da, amasTan erTad, afxazeTsa da azovis cixes Soris

mcxovrebi mTieli tomebis, jiqebis damorCileba [8.886; 274.465; 250.159]. ra

Tqma unda, am operaciis mizanic regionSi, osmaleT-ruseT-sparseTs So-

ris arsebuli dapirispirebis fonze, saTanado strategiuli poziciebis

1 vaxuSti am movlenas 1733w. aTariRebs [8.886-887]. am TariRs mxars uWeren m. brose, n. ber-

ZeniSvili, S. inal-ifa, o. bRaJba, s. lakoba [148.232; 145.345; 350.175]. Tumca, Tanamedrove

qarTuli istoriografia, ZiriTadad, eyrdnoba s. kakabaZis mier mikvleul erT doku-

ments, romelic am laSqrobas 1730w. aTariRebs [274.465; 250.159; 290.129; 240.112].

85

dakaveba iyo, raTa maqsimalurad xeli SeSloda ruseTis gasvlas Sav

zRvaze da mis mier aRmosavleT-dasavleTis savaWro gzebis kontrolSi

CarTvas [145.346]. sanqt-peterburgis gavlenis gazrda am regionSi, rogorc

iTqva, evropul saxelmwifoebsac ar epitnavebodaT. inglisi da safrange-

Ti yovel Rones xmarobdnen, raTa osmaleTi ruseTTan saomrad waeqezebi-

naT, magram stamboli jer kidev Tavs ikavebda [413.205]. im xanebSi is Sina-

aSlilobebiT mocul sparseTTan arkvevda `urTierTobebs~,1 sadac ruseTs

ispahanis mxare eWira [413.205-206].

qarTvel politikosTa nawilma imTaviTve auRo alRo TurqTa miz-

nebs da rodesac am samxedro kampaniis xelmZRvanelma foTis faSam imere-

Tis mefe aleqsandre V laSqrobaSi monawileobis misaRebad miiwvia, otia

dadianma mas am nabijis gadadgmisagan TavSekaveba urCia, vinaidan zRvaze

gasasvlelis dakargva qveynisTvis sasikeTo ar iqneboda da Tan osmalTa

gamarjveba am samxedro kampaniaSi saqarTveloze batonobis ganmtkicebasa

da kidev ufro damZimebas gamoiwvevda: `ara keTil ars dapyroba maTgan

zRÂs kidisa CuenTÂs~ [8.886; 250.159; 290.129].

aqedan kargad Cans: miuxedavad imisa, rom mTavrebi da Tavadebi (cent-

ridanuli Zalebi) sakuTar samflobeloebSi ganmtkicebisaTvis zrunavd-

nen da amis gamo ebrZodnen kidevac mefes (centriskenuli Zala), sagareo

faqtoridan momavali safrTxis winaaRmdeg maT saerTo-politikuri inte-

resic gaaCndaT. rogorc n. berZeniSvili aRniSnavda, aseTi ram `qarTve-

loba~ iyo [145.347]. aq mniSvneloba ar aqvs, Tu ramden `saqarTvelos~ iTv-

lidnen lixT-imereli feodalebi. es Sina politikuri saqme iyo. osmalTa

mimarT ki yvela es `saqarTveloebi~ mainc erTi iyo [145.346-347]. magram, am

SemTxvevaSi, imereTis mefes gansxvavebuli mosazreba aRmoaCnda da igi,

osmaloebis ZalebiT, gandgomili didebulebis damorCilebas imedovnebda

[8.886; 250.159; 290.129]. gansakuTrebiT, mas odiSis mTavris dasja surda

[8.886]. rogorc m. brose miiCnevda, aleqsandre osmalTa laSqrobas dadi-

anTan mtrobis gamo SeuerTda [148.232]. otias imTaviTve daZabuli urTier-

Toba Camouyalibda imereTis mefesTan da SurisZiebac ki undoda mamami-

sis mkvlelobisTvis [250.162-163]. marTalia, urC feodalTa alagmva da

qveynis gaerTianebis mcdeloba urigo saqme ar iyo, magram man maSin ver

1 am periodSi maT Soris or oms hqonda adgili: 1723-1727 da 1730-1736ww.

86

SeZlo im safrTxis danaxva, rac misma mterma otia dadianma dainaxa.

Turqebma moarbies samegrelo, radgan otia dadiani osmalebs ar Seu-

erTda, gadawves wmida giorgis saxelobis iloris ganTqmuli eklesia1 da

afxazeTSi SeiWrnen. afxazebi osmalebs winaaRmdegoba gauwies ilor-kodo-

ris midamoebSi, Tumca damarcxdnen da iZulebuli gaxdnen mters damorCi-

lebodnen, rac gamoixata imaSi, rom gaamahmadianes afxazeTis mTavari2 le-

van SarvaSiZe da `yovelni masTan myofni sruliad~ [8.886-887; 274.465; 250.159].

sabolood, es laSqroba Tavad organizatorTaTvis savalalod damTavrda:

foTis faSas afxazeTidan gamoeqca imereTis mefe, romelsac jiqeTsa da

azovSi galaSqreba mosTxoves [8.887]. es moTxovna ki, rogorc n. dadiani

wers, `garna mZimed aRuCnda ese mefesa~ [17.175]. is mixvda, rom am kampaniaSi

TurqTa gamarjveba maTi uRlis kidev ufro damZimebas gamoiwvevda [250.159;

290.129]. es suraTi misTvis miT ufro naTeli mas Semdeg Seiqmna, roca dai-

naxa, Tu ra daemarTa osmalTagan damarcxebul SarvaSiZesa da mis xalxs

[145.347]. Semdeg osmaloebs aujanyda Zalad gamahmadianebuli SarvaSiZe. ajanye-

bulma afxazebma daamarcxes mteri. osmalTa mcire nawili gadaurCa tyveo-

bas Tu sikvdils [8.887; 145.345-346].3

amis Semdeg, vaxuStis cnobiT, `daipyres afxazTa TÂsive sjuli~ [8.887].

q. CxataraiSvili aRniSnavs, rom afxazebi qristianobas daubrundnen

[274.470], j. gamaxaria ki cdilobs, kidev ufro daakonkretos es da varau-

dobs, rom `am SemTxvevaSi saubaria ara axladCamosaxlebul drandisa da

moqvis gamanadgurebel warmarT afsuebze, aramed Sua sofelSi, abJuaSi

blomad darCenil qristian qarTvel afxazebze~ [151.296-297]. amgvari kate-

goriuli daskvnebi mTlad misaRebad ar migvaCnia. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia

vaxuSti batoniSvilis damokidebuleba am faqtisadmi. is aRniSnavs, rom

afxazTaTvis islamis miReba mtris mier Tavs moxveuli da ZaldatanebiTi

1 XI saukuneSi agebuli es taZari abJuasa da samurzayanoSi yvelaze Zlevamosil, samarT-

lian da saswaulmoqmed sakulto nagebobad iTvleboda [329.361; 439.385]. mas didZal da

Zvirfas Sesawiravebs ugzavnidnen saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan [97.3].

2 am dazustebas n. dadiani iZleva, roca SarvaSiZis gverdiT wers: `zufus mpryobeli~

[17.175]. levans hamidi uwodes [446.37].

3 `aramed Zlevisa amas ityodian saswaulsa wmidisa giorgisa ilorisasa, rameTu Ramesa

amas etyoda afxazTa ganslvad da ganaZlierebda maT brZolad~ [8.887-888].

87

aqti iyo [8.887]. amasTanave igi ar akonkretebs, Tu ras gulisxmobda is

afxazTa `sjulSi~. aqve unda gavixsenoT misi cnobebi afxazTa sarwmunoe-

bis Sesaxeb, romelsac is erTgvari gaorebis (qristianoba da warmarToba)

TvisebiT axasiaTebs [8.786]. amasTanave Turqebma gaamahmadianes `zufus

mpyrobeli~ SarvaSiZe, anu im mxarisa, romelic imierkavkasiidan Camosax-

lebulTa simravliT gamoirCeoda (vgulisxmobT imas, rom SarvaSiZis

laSqarSi mxolod abJuis mosaxleoba rodi iqneboda, Tumca maT Sorisac

sakmaod iyvnen CrdiloeT kavkasielebic). amitom, araa gamoricxuli Tavad

warmarTebsac uari eTqvaT Zalad Tavs moxveul sarwmunoebaze. Tumca, sa-

kuTriv mTavari, aSkaraa, rom qristianuli sarwmunoebis aRmsarebeli iyo.

amasTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa, rom afxazeTSi dabrunebuli gamahma-

dianebuli zurab SarvaSiZis xelaxali monaTvla da mTavrad gamocxadeba

iloris taZarSi afxazTa (xazgasma Cvenia – k.k.) mier [404.361-362]. rogorc

Cans, qristianuli aRmsarebloba afxazeTis mTavrobis miRebis jer kidev

aucilebeli winapiroba iyo.

afxazeTSi am warumateblobis miuxedavad, mokle xanSi osmalebma ma-

inc SeZles afxazeTisa da jiqeTis damorCileba. afxazeTi iyo is erTad-

erTi nawili dasavleT saqarTvelosi, sadac Turqebma moaxerxes adgi-

lobrivi xelisuflebis maqsimalurad damorCileba da adgilobrivi po-

litikuri mdgomareobis met-naklebi kontroli [171.26]. isini sul ufro

aqtiurad ereodnen samTavros saSinao saqmeebSi da mxars uWerdnen adgi-

lobrivi centraluri xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdege Zalebs [290.131]. Turq-

Ta waqezebiT afxazeTis mTavars manuCar SarvaSiZes ZiafS-ifaTa sagvareu-

lo aujanyda [336.75-76; 350.176].

daumorCilebel SarvaSiZeTa saxlis pirveli pirebi – manuCari misi

ZmebiTurT: Servani da zurabi – TurqeTSi waiyvanes da islamis miReba

aiZules kvlav xelisuflebaSi dasabruneblad [456.539-540; 448.97-98; 290.131;

240.112; 336.75-76; 428.92]. afxazeTis gamgebloba soxumis komendantad daniSnu-

li jiqis – aslan-bei geCisa da SarvaSiZeTa metoqeebis Tavad ZiafS-ifebis

xelSi gadavida [274.469]. SarvaSiZeebma male moaxerxes TurqebTan SeTanxme-

ba. Tumca manuCar SarvaSiZes, suleiman-faSad qceuls [446.37], afxazeTSi

dabrunebis ufleba ar misces da igi baTomis begad dasves, xolo Servani

ki faSis tituliT ganagebda rionis (foTis) cixesa da WaneTs, rizes

88

`amoRma~ [274.469]. afxazeTSi dabruneba mxolod zurabma SeZlo, romelmac

soxumis begoba Caibara.1 igi faqtobrivad afxazeTis mTavari gaxda, rode-

sac kvlav qristianobas daubrunda iloris wmida giorgis saxelobis ek-

lesiaSi monaTvliT da mosaxleobam mTavrad aRiara [290.131].

is, rom SarvaSiZeebi isev qarTuli teritoriebis (baTumis, foTis)

gamgeblebad daayenes, gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom osmalebs undodaT adgi-

lobrivi mosaxleobis da misi enis mcodne Cinosnis mivlineba iq. amasTa-

nave, sakuTriv Zmebic mowadinebuli unda yofiliyvnen, rom, Tundac am

gziT, dabrunebodnen samSoblos. rogorc Cans, ServanTan da zurabTan

SedarebiT, manuCari ufro gavleniani da Zlieri pirovneba iyo da stam-

bols misi ufro eSinoda. amitom mas baTumi Caabares da ara foTi, saida-

nac SeiZleboda aqtiuri kontaqtebi daemyarebina dasavleT saqarTvelos

antiosmalur ZalebTan. amasTan, mas, rogorc ufros Zmas, begis tituli

misces, maSin roca umcrosi, Servani, faSa gaxda. osmalebi am gziT Zmebs

Soris uTanxmoebis Camogdebas cdilobdnen.

miuxedavad imisa, rom SarvaSiZeTa es Sto TurqTa samsaxurSi Cadga,

osmalTa saboloo morCilebas ar apirebda.2 SarvaSiZeebma mWidro kavSi-

ri daamyares imereTis mefesTan da samegrelo-guriis mTavrebTan. maT So-

ris moyvruli kavSiri gaiba, rasac politikuri mniSvneloba hqonda (Sar-

vaSiZeTa asulebi SeirTes imereTis mefe solomon I-ma,3 kacia II dadianma

da guriis Tavadma giorgi TavdgiriZem). samwuxarod, amas sabolood rai-

me arsebiTi Sedegi ar mohyolia. afxazeTidan TurqTa gandevna ver mo-

xerxda [274.469-470; 151.297]. msgavsad saqarTvelosaTvis warTmeuli samxre-

Ti kuTxeebisa (samcxe, tao-klarjeTi, aWara) iq osmalobis danergvis pro-

cesi mimdinareobda [171.26].

afxazeTis feodaluri daqucmacebulobis pirobebSi osmalo dampy-

robelTa Zaladobam am mxaris daqveiTeba gamoiwvia [336.41; 338.10]. marTa-

1niSandoblivia, rom zurabisadmi keTilganwyobili iyvnen qarTvelebic, rasac adastu-

rebs cnobili qarTveli poetisa da sazogado moRvawis besik gabaSvilis sityvebi: `mas-

mioda, zurab, Senisa sibrZnisa sibere, da amad miyvardi, rom Senis Zvelis saxlis zRu-

desa axlis Senobis piri edga~ [11.124].

2 jiqeSia SarvaSiZis ufrosi Zis – levanis – Svilebi iyvnen [446.37].

3 taxti samjer eWira: I – 1752w., II – 1753-1766ww., III – 1768-1784ww. [250.162-163].

89

lia, XVIIIs. I naxevarSi afxazeTSi mahmadianobam fexi ver moikida, magram

qristianobac Sesustda da Zveli, warmarTuli sarwmunoeba aRorZinda

[336.65]. es viTareba SeSfoTebas iwvevda saeklesio wreebSi. dasavleT sa-

qarTvelos kaTalikosi grigol II-m (1712-1742) kaTolike bers Jan riSars,

romelic s.-s. orbelianTan erTad evropaSi miemgzavreboda, Txova misio-

nerebis gamogzavna, `radgan undoda daeyenebina samegrelosa, imereTsa da

afxazeTSi, warmarTebis provinciaSi~ [21.649-651; 60.128,149-150,184,304-305, dok.

#17,21,30,56]. sayuradReboa, rom qristianul sarwmunoebas yvelaze mZime

mdgomareoba afxazeTSi hqonia da is ukve warmarTul mxaredac moixsenie-

ba. naklebad damajerebeli unda Candes is, rom `afxazeTis~ sakaTaliko-

soSi savalalo mdgomareoba yofila sasuliero kadrebis mxriv, radgan

misi meTauri, ase rom vTqvaT, `damxmare Zalebs~ iTxovda samisionero mo-

RvaweobisaTvis. vfiqrobT, am sakiTxs sxva kuTxiT unda SevxedoT. ro-

gorc ukve aRvniSneT, kaTolike misionerebi, garkveul wilad, evropis sa-

xelmwifoTa da romis papis elCebad da warmomadgenlebad moiazrebodnen.

rogorc Cans, kaTalikosi grigol II kaTolike misionerTa mozidviT cdi-

lobda dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarT romis papisa da evropis gavlenian

saxelmwifoTa (gansakuTrebiT – safrangeTis) yuradReba miepyro. o. bRaJ-

ba da s. lakoba abJuel afxazTa qristianobas saeWvod miiCneven [350.178].

magram iloris wmida giorgis eklesiaSi zurab SarvaSiZis monaTvlis

faqti, vfiqrobT, istorikosTa am daskvnas eWvis qveS ayenebs. afxazeTis

kulturuli cxovrebac daqveiTebis gziT wavida. saqalaqo cxovrebac

dakninda, ramac SedarebiT CamorCenil mTian mxareTa mniSvnelobis gazr-

da gamoiwvia [274.470].

am savalalo viTarebas, erTgvarad, garidebuli iyo samurzayano, sa-

dac, XVIIs. ukanaskneli meoTxedis samxedro-politikuri qartexilebis

Cacxrobis Semdeg, murzayan SarvaSiZis aRmSeneblobiTi moRvaweobis Sede-

gad, cxovreba normalur kalapots ubrundeboda. mis garkveul dawinau-

rebas afxazeTis samTavros danarCeni nawilebTan SedarebiT, ganapirobeb-

da samurzayanoze samegrelos samTavros politikuri zegavlena `kondo-

nimiumis~ farglebSi. geografiuli mdebareobidan gamomdinare, is odiSsa

da sxva samTavroebTan, Tu imereTis mefesTan mimdinare Sinaomebs moSo-

rebuli iyo. rac Seexeba sakuTriv afxazeTSi ganviTarebul politikur

90

procesebs, samurzayano amisganac, garkveul wilad, garidebuli Cans odi-

Sis samTavros gavlenis qveS yofnis gamo. swored amitom iyo, rom afxa-

zeTis mTavarma 1730w. agresiis dros osmalebs rom winaaRmdegoba ilor-

kodoris monakveTSi anu abJuis teritoriaze gaumarTa.

XVIIIs. II naxevris dasavleT saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi axali etapis

dawyeba ukavSirdeba imereTis taxtze aleqsandre V-is ufrosi Svilis 17

wlis solomon I-is asvlas. mtkice nebisyofis, mxne da mamaci axalgazrda

monarqi mamis politikuri kursis gamgrZelebeli iyo [146.409-410; 250.175-

176]. solomonma Tavisi politikuri moRvaweoba qveyanaSi islamis gavrce-

lebisa da tyvis syidvis winaaRmdeg brZoliT daiwyo [146.346,410; 250.179].

es is mniSvnelovani problemebi iyo, romelic imereTis samefos awuxebda.

yovelive es qmnida safuZvels imisaTvis, rom xalxi mefis irgvliv da-

razmuliyo. amiT mefem Tavis moRvaweobas mtkice dasayrdeni moupova: is

qarTvelobisaTvis ibrZoda dasavleTSi [146.410], iseve, rogorc aRmosav-

leT saqarTveloSi amas akeTebda erekle II. solomonma Tavis qveSevrdo-

mebs mkacri jarimiTa da sikvdiliT dasjiT aukrZala tyveTa miyidva os-

malTaTvis [282.6-7; 250.181]. Tumca, tyveTa syidva mainc grZeldeboda da

1759w. dekemberSi solomonma kvlav CamoarTva fici am `saqmianobisaTvis~

SewyvetisaTvis Tavis qveSevrdomebs: ,,mogarTviT TquÀn mefes solomons

me dadianman kaciam, me gurielman mamiam, batonis-Svilma giorgim, bato-

nisSvilma Teimuraz, erisTavman rostom, dadianis-Zem manuCar, nikoloz,

giorgim, gurielisZem giorgim, wulukiZem, erTobiT wereTelman, erTobiT

miqelaZem, erTobiT abaSiZem, erTobiT niJaraZem, amis Svilman, iasSvilman,

lorTqibaniZem, mxeiZem, RoRaberiZem, maWavarianma, mesxman, avalian-ioseli-

anman da erTobiT imerman, didman da mcireman; odiSarT-leCxumTa CiCuam

giorgi, Ciquanman, faRavam, axvledian, asaTian, afaqiZe, mxeiZe, da Ciquan-

man, dgebuaZe, CijavaZe, jaian-qoCaqiZe, miqaZe, joliam, Seliam, qarTvelis-

Svil1 sajaiam da erTobiT odiSarman, didman da mcireman; gurul-erisTav

maWutaZem, nakaSiZem, Salika-Svilma, erTobiT Jordania, gugunava da erTo-

biT TaTis-Svilma, gurulman, didman da mcireman~ [83.56-57, dok. #7].

aq moyvanil dokumentSi yuradRebas iqcevs is garemoeba, rom am sakma-

1 rusul TargmanSi am gvars gverdiT kiTxvis niSani udgas.

91

od vrcel CamonaTvalSi arsad Canan samurzayanos mflobelebi. marTalia,

aq arc SarvaSiZeTa saxlis sxva wamomadgenlebi da arc afxazeTis samTav-

ros didebulebis gvarebia naxsenebi, magram samurzayanoel SarvaSiZeTa

aryofna mainc yuradRebas iqcevs, vinaidan isini, faqtobrivad, odiSis

mflobelobis qveS iyvnen. maTi socialuri statusidan gamomdinare, warmo-

udgenelia, rom isini moiazrebodnen im zogad formulaSi, rogoricaa `er-

TobiT odiSarman, didman da mcireman~. rogorc Cans, murzayanis STamomav-

lebi (misi Svili xutunia, SviliSvili levani) winapris saqmis Rirseuli

gamgrZeleblebi yofilan da garidebuli iyvnen am `saqmianobas~.

amgvari aqtiuri svlebiT, bunebrivia, rom axalgazrda mefem mtrebi

gaiCina rogorc osmalebSi, aseve – qarTvel feodalTa im nawilSi, rome-

lic tyveTa syidviT iyo dakavebuli [199.195]. 1757w. 14 dekembers okribaSi,

xresilis mindorze, solomonsa da masTan gaerTianebul progresul Za-

lebs daupirispirda osmalTa da qarTvel moRalate didebulTa aliansi.1

si.1 brZola mefis brwyinvale gamarjvebiT dasrulda. am brZolam 22 wlis so-

solomonis SesaSuri mxedarTmTavruli niWiereba gamoavlina [17.178; 146.412-

413; 250.184-187]. imereTis mefem osmaleTis winaaRmdeg didi brZola daiwyo

Tavisi qveynis gasaTavisufleblad [146.413].

xresilis brZolaSi gmirulad daiRupa samurzayanos mflobeli xu-

tunia SarvaSiZe, `romelmanca samagaliTod warmoaCina mamacoba da simxne

misi, sada sxvaTa saxelovanTa brZolaTa Soris xrmliTa ganhkveTa Teqvs-

meti osmalni~ [17.178]. rogorc zemoT gvqonda naTqvami, samurzayanos mf-

lobeli da misi razmi odiSarTa laSqris SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen: `garna

Ze dadianisa mwuxare iyo, vinaTgan mxle misi SarvaSiZe xutunia mokles~

[17.178, xazgasma Cvenia – k.k.], rac xazs usvams odiSis mimarT samurzayanos

damokidebul, vasalur, mdgomareobas. samurzayanos saxelovani gmiri be-

diis monastris ezoSi dakrZales [273].

vfiqrobT, es faqti kidev ufro unda amagrebdes Cvens mosazrebas sa-

murzayanoze odiS-afxazeTis `kondominiumis~ Taobaze, Tumca – samegrelos

erTgvari upiratesobiT [260.70; 137.224; 276.159]: dadianis politikuri gavlena

1 ramdenime istoriul wyaroTi (Semoqmedis gulani da erT-erTi kinklosSi) xresilis

brZola 1758 wliTaa daTariRebuli [10.137; 81.63]. Tumca, erT `kondakze~ miweril qrono-

logiur CamonaTvalSi 1756 welia mocemuli [81.55].

92

vrceldeba samurzayanos teritoriaze, romlis mmarTveli aris `mxle~ da-

dianisa da samegrelos mTavris laSqrobaSi Rebulobs monawileobas.

§2. samurzayano levan SarvaSiZis mmarTvelobis periodSi

xutunias ori vaJiSvili darCa: levani (leon) da solomoni [41.394].

mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg samurzayanos saTaveSi misi ufrosi Ze levani

Caudga, romelic istoriaSi aqtiuri politikosis saxeliT Sevida. xutu-

nia SarvaSiZis memkvidreebs, rogorc Cans, garkveuli uTanxmoeba mosvli-

aT saxaso mamulebis flobasTan dakavSirebiT. am konfliqtis varaudis

safuZvels gvaZlevs T. WiWinaZis mier mopovebul sabuTSi mocemuli mi-

niSneba xutunias Semdgom Zmebis mier saxaso mamulebis ganawilebis Tao-

baze. dokumentis avtori ar ambobs, rom am gadanawilebis safuZveli iyo

maTi mamis anderZi. amitom vfiqrobT, rom Zmebs Soris marTla hqonda ad-

gili garkveul uTanxmoebas, magram es dava maT, sabolood, yovelgvari

garTulebis gareSe gadauWriaT: levansa da mis memkvidreebis wilad dad-

genila sofeli bedia, solomonisa da misi STamomavlebisTvis ki – barba-

lo (koki). mesame sofeli – faxulani – uSualod arc erTis piradi sa-

kuTreba ar gamxdara. Zmebi SeTanxmebulan, rom is iqneboda samurzayanos

mmarTvelis sazafxulo rezidencia [41.394]. vinaidan im periodSi mmarTve-

li levani iyo, amitom faxulansac, rogorc sazafxulo rezidencias, is

flobda: `sofeli faxulani daSTenila [da]1 gaunawilebiaT mflobeloba-

sa qveSe uxucesis Zmisa leonisas viTarca samurzayanoisa mTavrobis [sam-

yofeli]2 sazafxulo~ [41.394].

solomons eqvsi Ze darCenia, romelTagan T. WiWinaZiseul sabuTSi

mxolod samia dasaxelebuli: manuCari – `ukanaskneli mflobeli samurza-

yanoisa~, beJani da sorexi [41.394]. vinaoba darCenili samisa, romelic am

wayroSi ar dasaxelebulan, sxvadasxva istoriul wyaroebSia SemorCeni-

li: esenia baTu (erisTo) [280.100; 446.75, tab. #17] da levani [84.537, dok.

#1047,1048,1049]. rac Seexeba meeqvses, misi saxeli ucnobia. i. Ciqovanic mis

1 Cveni Camatebaa – k.k.

2 Cveni Camatebaa – k.k.

93

mier Seqmnil solomon SarvaSiZis genealogiur tabulaSi mxolod 5 mem-

kvidres asaxelebs [446.71, tab. #15].

levani aqtiur monawileobas iRebda dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdina-

re politikur procesebSi. samurzayanos axali xelisufali, mamamisis msgav-

sad, dasavleT saqarTvelos antiosmaluri orientaciis liderTa gverdiT

idga da 1771 wels, odiSarebTan erTad, ibrZoda osmalTagan foTis gasaTavi-

sufleblad [290.131; 240.113]. dasavleT saqarTvelos liderebma isargebles sa-

qarTveloSi rusTa samxedro korpusis yofniT da maTi daxmarebiT am ci-

xesimagridan TurqTa gandevnas Seecadnen. magram Tu qarTvelebs foTi gan-

Tavisufleba undodaT, rusebs, piriqiT, Tavad surdaT am cixis daWera. sa-

qarTveloSi gamogzavrebamde, sanqt-peterburgSi korpusis sardal, gene-

ral a. suxotins auxsnes, rom am cixes ruseTisTvis didi mniSvneloba

hqonda [94.469; 232.657]. amasTanave, mas mTavar amocanad dausaxes Turqebis

winaaRmdeg qarTvelTa ZalebiT e.w. `diversiebis~ mowyoba da regularul

samxedro operaciebisgan Tavis Sekaveba. generals imazec miuTiTes, rom

qarTuli miwebis uSualo SemoerTeba ruseTis imperias jer ar surda

[232.656]. foTis ganTavisuflebis operacia maSin uSedegod damTavrda.

safiqrebelia, rom afxazeTSi XVIIIs. 30-ian wlebSi momxdari movlene-

bis Semdeg, roca osmaleTSi waiyvanes SarvaSiZeTa sami warmomadgeneli,

samurzayanos mflobelebi am viTarebiT sargeblobas cdiloben da afxa-

zeTis samTavro saxlis gavlenas, erTgvarad, iSoreben kidec, riTac axer-

xeben, statusiT da gavleniT, SarvaSiZeTa ufros StosTan gaTanabrebas.

i. kvaSilava varaudobs, rom am dros samurzayanoelma SarvaSiZeebma sru-

li avtonomia moipoves [194.25], Tumca, naTlad ver aCvenebs raSi mdgomare-

obda am `sruli avtonomiis~ arsi. levani ukve aRar sjerdeba mamisa da

babuis mSvid politikur kurss da is garkveul aqtiur politikur moRva-

weobas eweva sakuTriv afxazeTis samTavroSic, romelic zurab SarvaSi-

Zis mTavrobis periodSi Sinaganad dasustebuli iyo [336.80; 340.71-72]. sa-

murzayanos mflobeli cdilobs isargeblos am viTarebiT da afxazeTis

samTavroSi misi gavlena gazardos. savaraudod, amas levani aRwevs kide-

vac, vinaidan wyaroebi mas da afxazeTis mTavars zurabs `Zmebad~ moixse-

nieben [34.109], Tumca, sinamdvileSi es ase sulac ar iyo. levanisaTvis zu-

rabi iyo didi babuis Zmis SviliSvili [446.10, tab.#2].

94

afxazeTSi levanis politikuri gavlenis gazrdisTvis xelsayreli

pirobac male Seiqmna. 1770w. 20 aprils aspinZaSi erekle II-s sardlobiT

qarTvelTa mier osmalTa armiis sastiki ganadgurebiT Segulianebuli

afxazeTis mTavari zurab SarvaSiZe 1771w. osmalTa winaaRmdeg ajanyda. am

brZolaSi man mxardaWera levan samurzayanoels sTxova, romelic Tavisi

laSqriT gamoemarTa afxazeTSi osmalTa centraluri forpostisaken. am-

boxebulma SarvaSiZeebma erToblivad SesZles soxum-kales aReba [336.79;

381.43]. am gamarjvebis Semdeg, savaraudod, levani daaSina zurabis gaZlie-

rebam, romelic, albaT, afxazeTis mTavris mier samurzayanoze gavlenis

gazrdas gamoiwvevda. es miT ufro savaraudoa, rom zufus samTavro kari

ar iyo kmayofili samurzayanoze odiS-afxazeTis `kondominiumiT~, sadac

mainc samegrelos upiratesoba igrZnoboda, xolo afxazeTis mTavris gav-

lena minimumamde izRudeboda da dRis wesrigidan ar xsnida am mxareze

misi sruli uflebebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobis aRdgenas. rogorc

istoriuli sabuTebidan Cans, 1767w. axlo xanebSi samegreloze afxazebs

ganuxorcielebiaT Seteva. savaraudoa, rom maT samurzayano dalaSqres.

rogorc solomon I-is qaixosro wereTlis meuRlis mariam jafariZisadmi

micemul wyalobis wignSia (1767w.) aRniSnuli, `dadians afxazisagan saqme

gauWirda~ [49.113-114, dok. #124]. kacia II dadianis TxovniT, imereTis mefe

mas samxedro ZaliT daxmarebia da maT erToblivad afxazeTic daulaSq-

ravT. am samxedro eqspediciidan solomon I-s imereTSi wamouyvania `moja-

labe afxazi giorgi da ZRinki maTis col-SviliT~ da mariam jafariZis-

Tvis uboZebia [49.113, dok. #124].

zurabis mxridan samuzayanoze savaraudo politikuri gavlenis gaz-

rdis prevenciisTvis, Cans, levanma mis mier gaweuli samxedro daxmarebis

sanacvlod soxumis cixe moiTxova. d. zaqaraia, i. rainegsis erT cnobaze

dayrdnobiT, romelSic naTqvania, rom levans darCa soxumi da ramdenime

sofeli, varaudobs samurzayanos mflobelis am moTxovnis dakmayofile-

bas [34.110; 174.63]. male zurabi, rogorc Cans, ver Seegua Seqmnil viTare-

bas, romelic aSkarad uaryofiTad moqmedebda mis, rogorc afxazeTis

mTavris, politikur imijze da levanisgan cixis dabruneba moiTxova. sa-

murzayanos mflobelmac gaTvala, rom xangrZlivi periodiT is, sakuTari

ZalebiT, soxumis cixis SenarCunebas ver SeZlebda. mas sami arCevani

95

hqonda sakuTari poziciebi gasamyareblad: 1) kavSiri im xanebSi saqarTve-

loSi myof rusuli armiasTan, 2) odiSTan an 3) mimxroboda TurqeTs, rom-

lisTvisac soxumi mniSvnelovani strategiuli datvirTvis cixe iyo.

pirveli varianti gamoricxuli iyo levanis uSedegod gatarebuli

prorusuli orientaciis gamo. kerZod, odiSis gavlenis Sesustebisa da

SemdgomSi gaTavisuflebis mizniT, man damoukidebeli sagareo politikis

gatareba scada. imxanad, solomon I aqtiurad TanamSromlobda imereTSi

Semosul rusuli armiis xelmRvanelobasTan da maTi samxedro ZalebiT

imereTis saSinao da sagareopilitikuri amocanebis gadawyvetas imedov-

nebda, rac urC feodalTa damorCilebas, qveynis gaerTianebasa da osmal-

Ta gandevnas gulisxmobda [212.127]. mefis amgvari mecadineoba kacia II da-

dians mxedvelobidan ar gamohparvia da sifrTxiliT akvirdeboda imereT-

Si myof rusebs [290.161]. amasTan erTad, Tavadac cdilobda rusebTan da-

axloebas solomon mefis xelisuflebis SezRudvis mizniT da sakuTari

politikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad. samegrelos mTavarma, s. ma-

kalaTias samarTliani SeniSvniT, solomon I-is SiSiT, ruseTis mfarve-

lobis miRebaze daiwyo zrunva [212.127,128]. igi cdilobda sanqt-peterbur-

gis darwmunebas imaSi, rom samegrelos samTavro, samxedro-strategiuli

TvalsazrisiT, ruseT-osmaleTis dapirispirebis fonze, imperatorisaTvis

mniSvnelovani partniori iqneboda, vidre – imereTis samefo, vinaidan

odiSs, imereTisagan gansxvavebiT, Sav zRvaze hqonda gasasvleli [94.66-

68,300; 212.127-128,131]. samurzayanos mflobelmac ar daaxana misTvis am Sesa-

niSnav SesaZleblobas. 1770w. levan SarvaSiZe a. suxotinis winamorbed ge-

neral graf g. totlebens daukavSirda da masTan molaparakebebs awarmo-

ebda samurzayanosaTvis ruseTis proteqtoratis mopovebis Taobaze [103.346;

106.94; 110.170; 336.79; 381.144].1 magram is CaiSala, radgan afxazebi mixvdnen,

rom saqme hqondaT osmalo faSaze aranakleb xarb da mcire xalxebis

1 gotlib-kurt-henrix fon totlebeni cnobili germaneli (tiuringiidan) avanturisti

iyo, romelsac imdroindeli evropa icnobda rogorc unamusos, meqrTames, mflangvels

da jaSuSs. aseTi `saqmianobisaTvis~ is araerTxel ixdida sasjels, xolo 1762w. ruseT-

Si mas sikvdiliT dasja miusajes samxedro jaSuSobisaTvis. Tumca, ekaterine II didma

(1762-1796) igi Seiwyala da ruseTidan gaaZeva. 1769w. ekaterinem ukan daabruna totlebeni

da saqarTveloSi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg moqmedi korpusi Caabara [146.425; 125.125-126].

96

dampyrobelTan [337.12]. rogorc Cans, totlebenTan urTierTobiT ukmayo-

filo levanma Tavis razmelebs rus husarTa da karabinerTa cxenebis ga-

taceba ubrZana, rac ganxorcielda kidec, «одним ударом превратив всю кавале-

рию Тотлебена в пехоту» [337.12]. s. bronevski molaparakebaTa CaSlis mizezad

swored afxazTa mier cxenebis gatacebas asaxelebs [103.346].1 udavoa, rom

es faqti romc ar momxdariyo, levan samurzayanoeli mainc ver miiRebda

ruseTis proteqtorats, radgan sanqt-peterburgis karis interesebSi jer

es ar Sedioda [232.656].

dadianTan kavSiri levan SarvaSiZisTvis miuRebeli iyo, radgan mas

samegrelos mTavris gavlenidan gamosvla undoda. amitom rCeboda isev

TurqeTi, romelsac saamisod Zala Seswevda. Tuki levani mas dauaxlov-

deboda, garkveul wilad, moaxerxebda afxazeTSi Tavisi poziciis gan-

mtkicebas. Cans, mas zurabis mier baTumidan Camoyvanili da afxazeTis

mTavris taxtis memkvidred gamocxadebuli ufrosi Zmis manuCaris (sule-

iman-faSas) Svili energiuli qelaiS-ahmed-begis (qeleS-beis) pirovnebac

afiqrebda, romelsac, rogorc marTlmorwmune muslimans, kargi urTier-

Tobebi hqonda `brwyinvale portasTan~ [174.75].2 am viTarebidan gamomdina-

re, erTaderT gamosavalad levans TurqebTan morigeba rCeboda, rac mo-

axerxa kidevac. man soxumis cixe isev mters Caabara, oRond garkveuli sa-

syidlis fasad (20 Turquli qesa) [70.117; 336.80; 375.17-18].

soxumis cixis Turqebisadmi gadacemas mkvlevarTa nawili (g. ZiZaria,

b. xorava, z. papasqiri, z. wurwumia) cixis gayidvad afasebs [375.17-18; 290.161;

240.113; 288.128]. am mosazrebas kategoriulad ar iziarebs d. zaqaraia, ro-

melic miiCnevs, rom adgili hqonda mxolod am cixis droebiT gadacemas

osmalebisTvis [174.64]. i. rainegsi erT adgilas aRniSnavs: `levan SarvaSi-

Ze SeuTanxmda Turqebs da wliuri sazRauris, oci qisa (eqvsi aTasi mane-

Ti) – fasad gadasca ianiCrebis soxumis cixe: am cixisaTvis ukeT rom

epatronaT~ [34.110]. f. tornau Tanxas ar asaxelebs, magram isic cixis ga-

1 s. bronevski, SecdomiT, levans afxazeTis Semdgomi mTavris qeleS-beis mamad acxadebs. ama-

ze yuradReba ir. anTelavam gaamaxvila da aRniSna, rom qeleS-beis mama manuCari iyo [336.79].

2 qeleS-beis memkvidreoba, radgan zurabs sakuTari Svilebi ar hyavda da is, manuCaris

SvilobiT SarvaSiZeTa, im Stos warmoadgeneli iyo, romelsac zufus mflobeloba anu

afxazeTis mTavroba ergo wilad [116.243,292; 174.75].

97

dacemaze saubrobs [82.35]. am cnobebze dayrdnobiT d. zaqaraia akeTebs Ta-

vis zemoT moyvanil daskvnas. veTanxmebiT d. zaqaraias imaSi, rom i. ra-

inegsis cnoba ufro sandoa, vinaidan igi am ambebis Tanamedrovea da, rom

levans amgvari nabijisaken zurabTan konfrontaciam ubiZga [174.64], mag-

ram, imasac vvaraudobT, rom Turqebi da levani unda SeTanxmebuliyvnen

soxum-kales erTobliv flobaze. rainegsiseuli cnoba `wliuri sazRau-

ris~ Sesaxeb imaze unda miuTiTebdes, rom levani osmalTa samsaxurSi Ca-

dga da mas garkveuli jamagiri (wliurad 20 qisa) daeniSna.1

vfiqrobT, am varaudis dadastureba unda iyos s. bronevskis erTi

cnoba, romlis mixedviTac irkveva, rom levans islamic miuRia da Turqebs

is soxumis cixis ufrosad dauniSnavT [103.346-347; 151.328]. es iyo soxumis

begis saxelo, romelsac, odnav mogvianebiT, qeleS-bei daikavebs. samurza-

yanos mmarTvelis mxridan islamis miReba, albaT, politikuri svla ufro

iyo da Turqebis ndobis mopovebas isaxavda miznad. rogorc s. bronevski

aRniSnavs, am aqtiT orive mxare darCenila kmayofili: Turqebi Tavidan

icilebdnen soxum-kales garnizonze zrunvasa da gasawev materialur xar-

jebs, xolo levani ki, am gziT, aZlierebda sakuTar gavlenas afxazeTSi

[103.347]. s. bronevski agrZelebs msjelobas da ambobs, rom yovelive es ki

levans sWirdeboda momavalSi misi samflobelos TurqeTis batonobisagan

gasaTavisufleblad [103.346,347]. Cans, levanis mier islamis miReba osmal-

TaTvis Tvalis asaxvevad iyo gamiznuli.

xutunia SarvaSiZis memkvidreTa Soris mxolod levani gamahmadianda.

misi Zma marTlmadidebel qristianad darCa. es Cans general pavle cicia-

novis /ciciSvili/ (1802-1806) werilebidan solomonis Svilebis, levanisa

da beJanisadmi, sadac werilis avtori aRniSnavs, rom levani da beJani

daibadnen marTlamdideblur sarwmunoebaSi (e.i. ojaxSi) da imJamadac

(1805w.) am religiis mimdevrebi yofilan [84.537, dok. #1048,1049].

amis Semdeg levanma soxumi maleve datova, radgan afxazebi ver egue-

bodnen iq mtris dabrunebas da permanentul Tavdasxmebs awyobdnen, ro-

melTa moTave isev zurab SarvaSiZe iyo. levanma anakliis cixes Seafara

Tavi, sadac 1772 wlidan isev Turquli garnizoni idga [174.65]. soxumSi os-

malTa SemoyvaniT da islamis miRebiT, man ori mteri gaiCina: dasavleTSi –

1 a. diaCkov-tarasovi miiCnevda, rom levanma es oqroze daxarbebis gamo Caidina [18.90].

98

zurab SarvaSiZe, aRmosavleTSi – kacia dadiani. miuxedavad amisa, arc erT

maTgans, ramdenadac wyaroebi amis garkvevis saSualebas iZleva, ratomRac

ar ucdia samurzayanos mmarTvelad axali kandidatis moyvana. etyoba, Turqe-

Tis mfarveloba orive mTavarisaTvis sakmao Semakavebeli Zala iyo.

sabolood ki, samurzayanos mflobelis es aqti, o. bRaJbasa da s.

lakobas samarTliani SefasebiT, ra Tqma unda Ralatad unda Sefasdes

[350.196].1 levani, am SemTxvevaSi moiqca iseve, rogorc iqceoda XVIIIs. I na-

xevarSi dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierTi feodali, roca mowinaaRmdege

didebulTan, Tu mefesTan qiSpobis gamo, ama Tu im cixe-simagres Tu qa-

laqs osmalebs gadascemda, rogorc es moxda quTaisTan, cucxvaTisa da

Sorapnis cixeebTan dakavSirebiT [145.345]. levan SarvaSiZem sakuTar feo-

dalur ambiciebi misi eris interesebze maRla daayena.

levan SarvaSiZis mier islamis miRebam uaryofi gavlena moaxdina sa-

murzayanos sasuliero cxovrebaze. am droidan daiwyo aq islamma SemoR-

weva. Sedegad, XIXs-is 50-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis samurzayanoelTa

mniSvnelovani nawili mahmadianobis mimdevari yofila [99.3]. amave perio-

dis erTi statistikuri cnobiT, samurzayanoSi 5 900 qristiani yofila,

muslimani ki – 4 200 [78.258].2 sxva dokumentSi, romelic 1770 wlis april-

unda iyos Sedgenili, bedia moxseniebulia saydrad, sadac episkoposi ar

ijda [193.502; 292.41]. amasve adasturebs germaneli mecnieri i. giuldenS-

tedtic, romelic 1771-1772ww. saqarTveloSi imyofeboda. igi bedias yofil

saepiskoposo centrad moixseniebs [46.171; 292.41]. bediis eparqiis ukana-

skneli mRvdelmTavari mitropoliti maqsime (iaSvili) am kaTedras XVIIIs.

50-60-ian wlebSi ganagebda [127.33; 128.51; 192.36; 292.41]. meufe maqsime pa-

trioti mwyemsmTavari iyo, romelic aqtiurad monawileobda imereTis

cxovrebaSi da solomon I-s erTgul mxardamWerTa Soris Canda. kerZod,

maqsime bedieli monawileobda solomon I-is iniciativiT 1759w. dekemberSi

1 am faqtis gaSuqebisas avtorebi ar asaxeleben levanis saxels da ubralod aRniSnaven

erT-erTi CaCbas Ralats. Zneli saTqmelia, Tu ratom ar umxelen mkiTxvels moRalate

SarvaSiZis vinaobas roca es cnobilia istoriuli wyaroebiT da sxvadasxva istorikos-

Ta (maT Soris, sakuTriv afxazTa) naSromebiT.

2 aRniSnuli statistikuri cnobebi avtors motanili aqvs JurnalSi «Военный сборник»

(№8, 1858w.) gamoqveynebuli statiidan «Общий обзор Кавказского края».

99

mowveul dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio krebaSi, romlis mizanic saek-

lesio saqmeTa mowesrigeba da tyvis syidvis akrZalva iyo. 1761w. meufe maq-

sime Cans im saeklesio krebis monawileTa Soris, romlis gadawyvetile-

biTac aRdga xonis saepiskoposo [83.56-58, dok. #7; 65.845; 292.40]. j. gamaxa-

ria miiCnevs, rom bediis saeklesio statusis dakninebas, iq RvTismsaxure-

bis Sewyvetac mohyva [151.331], rac dasturdeba dadianebis karis moZRvris

mama ioane ioselianis 1809w. 23 dekembers Sedgenili weriliT gen. aleq-

sandre tormasovisadmi [86.416, dok. #557].1

soxumi didxans ar yofila levanis mflobelobaSi. sulTnis kari ma-

inc bolomde ar endo moulodnelad gamuslimanebul yofil antiosmalo

politikoss da afxazeTSi moqmedebebis Tavisufleba misca misTvis sando

mokavSires qeleS-beis, romelmac 1774w. daikava cixe [174.66]. is sakmaod aq-

tiur moRvaweobas iwyebs afxazeTSi gavlenis gasaZliereblad. osmaleTi-

saTvis arc zurabi iyo sando piri, magram mas avtoriteti hqonda antios-

malurad ganwyobil afxazur mosaxleobaSi, amitom Tavidanve misi Canacv-

leba iseTi proTurquli politikosiT, rogorc qeleS-bei iyo, rogorc

Cans, sulTnis karma mizanSewonilad ar CaTvala.

1 bediis taZari da saepiskoposo erTiani saqarTvelos, àfxazTa da qarTvelTa~ pirveli

mefis bagrat III-s (978-1014) saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli, romelic, Semdeg, iqvec daik-

rZala: àRaSena saydari bediisa da Seqmna saydrad saepiskoposod, mocvala mun gudayÂsa

saepiskoposo, Sewirna sofelni mravalni yovelTa ÃevTa da adgilTa, ganasrula yovli-

Ta gangebiTa, Seamko yovliTa samkauliTa eklesia, akurTxa da dasua episkoposi~ [53.281;

54.273]. bagratis es RonisZieba IX-Xss. mimdinare im procesis Semadgeneli nawili iyo,

romelic miznad isaxavda dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis konstantinepolis sapatriar-

qosagan gamoyofas. àfxazTa~ mefeebi, berZnuli saepiskoposoebis gverdiTa da maT nacv-

lad qmnidnen qarTul saepiskoposoebs da, amgvarad, kanonikuri safuZvlebis daurRvev-

lad, sabolood aqrobdnen dasavleT saqarTveloSi berZnul eklesias [292.22]. àfxazTa~

da `qarTvelTa~ pirveli mefis mier bediis sasargeblod gakeTebuli arCevani, z. papas-

qirs afiqrebinebs, rom bagrati simbolurad mianiSnebda, rom àfxazTa~ mefobiT is eg-

ros-qujis memkvidre iyo [239.3]; Tanamedrove afxazi avtorebi, bediis, iloris, moqvisa

da sxva taZrebs erTmniSvnelovnad afxazuri kulturisa da xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebad

acxadeben da am yalbi daskvnebis farTo propagandireba xdeba. vinme nino ZiafS-ifam, se-

paratistuli xelisuflebis finansuri mxardaWeriT, 2006w. moskovSi 2000-iani tiraJiT

gamosca am `suliskveTebiT~ gaJRenTili `naSromi~ «Православные храмы Абхазии», romelic

internetSicaa ganTavsebuli: www.abkhazian-churches.ru/kniga.html

100

1768-1774ww. ruseT-TurqeTis omi ruseTis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. man

quCuk-kainarjis zavis pirobebiT, Sav zRvaze moqmedebis saSualeba moipo-

va [376.356]. es ruseTisTvis mniSvnelovan amocanas warmoadgenda, romelic

man warmatebiT gadaWra. amitom, gasagebi xdeba ruseTis mier is Sualedu-

ri daxmareba dasavleT saqarTvelosadmi, romelic man savsebiT warmate-

biT gamoiyena sakuTari miznebis misaRwevad. rogorc z. avaliSvili da iv.

javaxiSvili miuTiTebdnen, saimperatoro karis amocana iyo dasavleT sa-

qarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis gamoyenebiT kavkasiis frontze TurqTa

garkveuli samxedro Zalis dakaveba moexdinaT [330.100-101; 302.82]. es mosaz-

reba m. rexviaSvilmac gaiziara [250.222]. dokumentis 23-e artikuli saqar-

Tvelos sakiTxebs exeboda. am zaviT, imereTi da odiSi ruseTma osmale-

Tis vasalur teritoriebad cno da daTanxmda TurqTa mier quTaisis, So-

rapnisa da baRdaTis cixeebis daWeras.1 `bwyinvale portam~ ki ivaldebu-

la, rom ar dasjida omSi mis winaaRmdeg mebrZol imereTsa da odiSs,

uars ambobda qristianobis devnaze da aRar moiTxovda xarks naturiT,

sxvadasxva gadasaxadebiTa da qal-vaJebiT [376.356; 146.433; 250.255]. a. kila-

sonias samarTliani SeniSvniT, quCuk-kainarjis zavs saqarTvelosTvis mni-

Svnelovani saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi datvirTva hqonda, vinaidan ru-

seTma, am xelSekrulebis punqtebSis saqarTvelos sakiTxebis CarTviT, sa-

jarod aRiara sakuTari ineresebis arseboba saqarTveloSi [199.303-304].

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 1702 wlidan moyolebuli afxazeTis mTavre-

bisTvis mudam dRis wesrigSi idga samTavros, ase vTqvaT, `teritoriuli

mTlianobis aRdgenis~ sakiTxi, rac gulisxmobda samurzayanodan odiSis

gaZevebas da am kuTxis sabolood mtkiced SemoerTebas.

axali etapi am sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi swored quCuk-kainarjis zavis

Semdeg dadga. s. makalaTias SefasebiT, am teritoriebis osmaleTis gavle-

nis sferod cnobam, stambuls iribad misca kart-blanSi maT dasasjelad

da mkvlevaric samarTlianad amaSi xedavs ruxis omis mizezs [212.131-132]. mi-

si varaudiT, osmaleTma waaqeza afxazebi odiSis winaaRmdeg [212.132]. es mo-

sazreba, romelsac mxars uWeren b. xorava, z. papasqiri da j. gamaxaria,

1 osmalebma es ver SeZles, radganac, solomonis brZanebiT, isini aRebisTanave moTxares.

moTxares. TurqTa mier maTi xelaxali agebis mcdeloba Seupovar oms gamoiwvevda

[146.433].

101

dasturdeba kidevac erTi istoriuli sabuTis cnobiT: `afxazni da Turqni

urTierTas SeiTqvnen~ [275.665; 290.162; 240.113-114; 151.330]. m. rexviaSvilis mo-

sazrebiT, am omis mizani imereTisagan odiSis mowyveta iyo [249.154; 250.267-

268]. erTi SexedviT, im xanad kacia II dadiansa da solomon mefes Soris arsebu-

li daZabuli viTareba dadianis winaaRmdeg salaSqrod kargi pirobebs hqmnida.

n. dadianis TqmiT, `didi Suri iyo mefesa da dadians Sua~ [17.180].

istoriografiaSi davis sagania am samxedro kampaniis uSualo xelmZ-

Rvanelis vinaobis sakiTxi. ir. anTelava miiCnevs, rom laSqars afxazeTis

mTavari zurab SarvaSiZe sardlobda [336.80-81]. n. dadianTan es sakiTxi er-

Tob bundovania: `Jamsa amas hflobdnen afxazeTsa SarvaSiZeni zurab, qe-

laiS-ahmed-beg da beqir-beg... da warmoemarTnen dadiansa zeda~ [17.180]. ro-

gorc vxedavT, am zogadi xasiaTis cnobiT laSqrobis moTave lideris ga-

morkveva Wirs da ise Cans, rom es koleqtiuri gadawyvetileba yofila.

amis Semdeg, n. dadiani exeba maTTan samurzayanoelTa mimxrobas: `ganudg-

nen dadiansa samflobelo Tvisi, afxazeTni, samurzayanod1 wodebuli, da mie-

rTvnen maT~ [17.180]. gamodis, rom levan SarvaSiZe maT SeuerTda. n. dadi-

anisagan gansxvavebiT, oTxive SarvaSiZe hyavs moTaved gamoyvanili xalxu-

ri momReralsa da lotbar i. gegeWkors: `oTx ZmaTa SarvaSiZeTa, Suri Seeqm-

naT mravlad, qeleS-beis, zurabs, beqir-begs da erTs uxmoben levanad~ [16.5-6].

am sakiTxSi erTgvari sinaTle Semoaqvs cnobil qarTvel poetsa da

sazogado moRvawes besik gabaSvils (1750-1791), romelic am ambebis monawi-

le iyo da am oms poemac miuZRvna `ruxis brZola~, moTaveebad qeleS-beg-

sa da levan samurzayanoels asaxelebs: `beqir-begs astexs qeleS-beg da

zurabs aRZravs levani~ [11.123]. am amonaridebSi niSandoblivia samurzaya-

nos mflobelis saxelis gamoCena maT gverdiT. soxumis cixeSi kvlav

Turqebis SeSvebis Semdeg, levanis avtoriteti afxazeTis samTavros mo-

saxleobaSi mkveTrad daeca. igi, i. rainegsis damowmebiT, afxazi xalxis

mier iyo SeZulebuli [34.110; 174.65]. rogorc Cans, osmaleTs, am viTarebaSi,

ori Zlieri mmarTvelis kavSiri sWirdeboda, miT ufro, rom afxazeTis

Seteva samegrelos winaaRmdeg XVIIIs. dasawyisidan moyolebuli, mudam am

pirvelis marcxiT mTavrdeboda. amasTan, amgvari nabiji levans SarvaSiZe-

1 qarTul saistorio matianeebSi pirvelad aq gvxvdeba toponimi `samurzayano~.

102

ebTan Searigebda. portas zegavleniT, qeleS-begi da levani Serigebulan

da maT beqir-bei da zurabic miumxriaT.

aq sayuradReboa is, rom beqirbeis misamxroblad qeleS-bei moqme-

debs, xolo zurabTan ki levani. rogorc Cans, aq asakiT umcros (qeleS-

bei da beqir-bei) [174.68-69] – ufrosobiT (levani da zurabi) mixedviT mom-

xdara maTi gadanawileba. d. dadiani kidev ufro akonkretebs sardlis

vinaobas: `Tanagamzraxad, laSqarTa sardlad, qelaiS-axmed-beg xelSi

uWiravs~ [221.11]. mkvlevarTa nawili (b. xorava, z. papasqiri), romelTac yurad-

Reba miaqcies zurab SarvaSiZis erTgvar pasiur pozicias am procesebSi,

fiqrobs, rom swored qeleS-bei unda yofiliyo laSqrobis moTave da sarda-

li [290.162; 240.114]. vfiqrobT, am versias unda amagrebdes movlenebi, rome-

lic ruxis omis Semdeg gaimarTa. kerZod, qeleS-beisa da zurabis dapi-

rispirebis dros, dadianma afxazeTis mTavris mxare daiWira. man zurabis

dasaxmareblad Tavisi Zmis, giorgis1 meTaurobiT odiSarTa laSqari gag-

zavna `cxomis cixes, sada mamacad brZoden cixiT gamo mecixoaneni qelaiS-

ahmed-begisani. garna simxne-mamacobiTa saqebeliTa aRiRo cixe igi giorgi da-

dianis Zeman da moiqca gamarjvebuli kvalad odiSadve~ [17.179-180]. rogorc

Cans, kacia II-m amgvarad iZia Suri 1780w. mis samTavroze TavdasxmisaTvis.

samegrelos dasalaSqrad, SarvaSiZeebma Crdilo kavkasiidan daqira-

vebuli razmebi Camoiyvanes: `jiqni, alanni, zuxua da mazumaÁ~ [17.180]. n.

dadianis es cnoba dasturdeba dokumenturadac: `Seiyara sruliad afxa-

zeTi Tavisis batonebiT ServaSiZeebi, jiqi, alani da Cerqezi, sxvani kidev

ucxo jarebi iyo... cxenosani da qveiTi.... jabaxaniT, TofxaniT, zarbazne-

biT~ [275.665]. besikis cnobiT, laSqarSi yirimeli TaTrebic yofilan: `yi-

rimelT, jiqelT, alanelT, kermugelT amcnes cnobiTa, yivCaRTa Semoiw-

vevden, indobden sjulis ZmobiTa, afxazni Seeficoden qrTamiT da agrev

ZRvnobiTa. ...eqvsni gvarni eqvs eniTa erT-xmaobden bevris bevrad~ [11.124].

afxaz-CrdilokavkasielTa mravalaTasian laSqrisaTvis2 dasapiripireb-

lad kacia dadianma mefe solomons sTxova Sewevna da xresilis omis

1 istorikos niko dadianis mama [17.10].

2 besiki 10 000-s kacis asaxelebs: `mokrba das-dasad mwyobr bevr-aTasad~ [11.123]. rogorc

cnobilia, Zvel qarTulSi sityva `bevri~ ricxobrivad 10 000-s udrida. istoriografiaSi

saxeldeba sxva cifrebic: 11 000 [81.17; 212.132; 221.11] da 40 000 [174.69-70].

103

dros Tavisi daxmarebac Seaxsena: `nu moixsenieb Cven orTa urTierTsa wye-

nebasa da moved Semwed Cemda saxelovniTa guliTa da aha Jami moixseno

msaxureba Cemi xresilis brZolisa~ [17.180].1 afxazebTan saomrad odiSarebs

imerlebi xSirad exmarebodnen. gavixsenoT 1702w. ambebi da igive solomoni-

saTvisac ar iyo es pirveli SemTxveva, rasac zemoT moyvanili `Sewirulo-

bis wignic~ adasturebs. amitom, erTi SexedviT, gasakviric ki xdeba, rad-

gan solomonis TiTqos `gadaxdilic~ ki aqvs es `vali~ dadianis mimarT.

magram am amonaridSi sayuradReboa miniSneba xresilis omze, romelic gvi-

biZgebs davukvirdeT ara mxolod am omis faqts, aramed – sakuTriv mis

mniSvnelobas imereTis istoriaSi. rogorc Cans, ruxis kampania gansxvavde-

boda afxaz-odiSarTa sxva omebisagan. amitomac daikava man gansakuTrebu-

li adgili rogorc matianeebSi, mxatvrul literaturasa Tu xalxur ze-

pirsityvierebaSi [11; 210.7-37; 16].2 am gansakuTrebulobaze mianiSnebs erTi

adgili solomonisadmi odiSis mTavris werilSi, sadac kacia dadiani me-

fis yuradRebas religiur faqtorze amaxvilebda: `moviden agarianni dasa-

mxobelad Cemda da samflobeloÁsa Cemisa da SebRalvad qristianobisa~

[17.180]. rogorc vxedavT, es laSqroba sxva elfersac Rebulobda, anu am

konfliqtma `TaTar-osmal-yizilbaSobisa~ da `qarTvelobis~ dapirispire-

bis xasiaTi miiRo.

1780w.3 martSi solomonisa da dadianis koaliciam ruxis midamoebSi

brZola gaumarTa momxdurT da isini sastikad daamarcxa: `afxazni ver

winaaRudgen, da ivltoden afxazni, da ganemarjvaT saxelovanad mefesa

da dadiansa~ [17.180]. i. gegeWkori amas kidev ufro eqspresiulad aRwers:

`airivnen afxazebi, Zala ar hqondaT metia, aRar vaxseneb qeleS-begs,4 zu-

1 Sdr. besikTan: `quTaiss morWmiT mjdomelsa, omisa momandomelsa, mefesa hkadres: „meg-

reli mohfrinavs, hgavs nakrTomelsa~. movida, wigni moarTva, fici aqvs sworeT romelsa.

gaRimda: „vali xresilis aw uTxovia mSromelsa!“ [11.125].

2 ruxis omis xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi asaxvis Taobaze ix.: [290.163].

3 istoriografiaSi, ZiriTadad, miRebulia es TariRi, romelic n. dadianis naSromSia

dafiqsirebuli [17.180; 212.132; 290.162; 240.114; 336.80-81]. asevea erT saistorio dokumentSic

[81.57]. aris meore daTariRebac: 1779w. miwuruli [275.665]. m. rexviaSvilic am TariRs uWers

mxars [250.268]. Tumca, igi Tavdapirvelad, am oms 1780 wliT aTariRebda [249.154]. erT qro-

nologiur CamonaTvalSi es brZola 1769 wliTaa daTariRebuli [81.55].

4 o. bRaJba da s. lakoba, romlebic qeleS-beis moRvaweobas erT paragrafs (§12. Владетель

104

rab da levans metia beqir-beg brZoliT iweva, viT vefxvi sisxlis mxvre-

tia da mefe iZaxis: `va magas~ mterTa gaqcevis mWvretia~ [16.14].1

ruxSi sastikad damarcxebul qeleS-beis far-xmlis dayra arc ufiqria

da is agrZelebda brZolas samurzayanos dasaufleblad, romelsac Tavis

samflobelod aRiarebda [404.248]. miuxedavad amisa, ruxis oms saetapo mniS-

vneloba eniWeba odiS-afxazeTis urTierTobebSi. 1780w. sabolood daesva we-

rtili afxazTa mcdelobas enguris marcxena sanapiros dasakaveblad.

T. beraZe n. dadianis cnobaze dayrdnobiT, rom `ganudgnen dadiansa samf-

lobelo Tvisi, afxazeTni, samurzayanod wodebuli, da mierTvnen maT~ [17.180],

varaudobs, rom XVIIIs. 70-iani wlebis bolodan, ruxis omis win, samegrelom da-

karga kontroli samurzayanoze da amieridan, daaxloebiT naxevari saukune es

mxare, faqtobrivad, damoukidebel samTavros warmoadgenda [139.243]. Cven es Se-

faseba gadaWarbebulad gveCveneba. n. dadianis es cnoba mxolod ruxis omis

win Seqmnil viTarebas unda gamoxatavdes. Tumca, aSkaraa, rom am periodidan

SeiniSneba samurzayanoze samegrelos gavlenis Sesustebis dawyeba.

levan SarvaSiZec, rogorc vnaxeT, damarcxebuli gaiqca am omidan.

misi mcdeloba gaTavisufldes rogorc dadianis, ise afxazeTis mTavris

gavlenisagan, orjerve marcxiT dasrulda. amitom mas dadianTan Serigeba

sWirdeboda. marTalia, solomonsa da kacias, gamarjvebis Semdeg ar dau-

laSqravT samurzayano md. RaliZgamde (yovel SemTxvevaSi, wyaroebSi amis

Taobaze araferia naTqvami), rogorc Cans, es arc iyo saWiro. samurzayano

jer kidev dadianis gavlenis sferod rCeboda. amitom, levanisTvis aqtu-

aluri iyo kaciasTan urTierTobebis gamosworeba. zurab SarvaSiZis Se-

wevnis mizniT, qeleS-beis winaaRmdeg soxumSi laSqroba, romelsac zemoT

ukve SevexeT, dadiansa da zurabs Soris Serigebaze miuTiTebda. `warmovi-

da zurab SarvaSiZe da movida kacia dadianis Tana~ [17.180].

amis Semdeg n. dadiani gvamcnobs giorgi dadianis Zis soxumSi laSq-

Абхазии Келешбей Чачба) uTmoben da is afxazeTis damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZol erov-

nul gmirad hyavT warmoCinebuli, gakvriTac ki ar axseneben ruxis oms [350.194-201].

1 Sdr. besikTan: `siT gagvepare, qeleS-beg? ras eldiT gardgvekarge, ra[s]? Tu sadme naxo

zurabi, uTxar: „mefea agera[s]!“ ...ra naxes mefe miWrili, gulsa Seaqnes babani, dayarnes

yovlni saxmarni, gza Zies gasaswrafani~ [11.129]. samtrod mosul beqir-beis mxedrul Rir-

sebasa da mamacobas arc besiki ukargavs: `moymed kargi Zma meoTxe... beqir-mxnevan~ [11.126].

105

robas da mere ki avtori wers, rom samegrelos da afxazeTis mTavrebi da-

moyvrdneno: kacias Zes manuCarma, romelic im xanad, savaraudod, 12-13 wlis

Tu iqneboda, zurabis qaliSvili SeirTo [17.181].1 aq ki mematianes aSkarad

eSleba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, zurabs Svili ar hyavda. magram, isic

cnobilia, rom manuCari levan samurzayanoelis siZe iyo [214.277-278; 254.93;

290.164.]. ra Tqma unda, gasakviria, rogor unda daeSva aseTi Secdoma n. da-

dians misi uaxloesi naTesavis2 saojaxo cxovrebis aRwerisas? mematiane am

ambebis uSualo momswre ar yofila. savaraudod, is am dros 4-5 wlis bav-

Svi iyo. manuCar dadianis Zisa da elisabed3 levanis asul SarvaSiZis qor-

winebis Sesaxeb, n. dadiani mis ojaxSi arsebuli zepiri gadmocemebiT Tu

Seityobda. amitom, safiqralia, rom aq movlenaTa aRrevasTan gvaqvs saqme

da, rogorc Cans, zurab SarvaSiZis saxelTan am qorwinebis dakavSireba

SemTxveviTac ar unda momxdariyo. savaraudod, afxazeTis mTavarma, ro-

melmac ruxis omis Semdeg SarvaSiZeTagan dadianTan pirvelma moawesriga

urTierTobebi, Suamavlis roli ikisra da levan samurzayanoeli da kacia

erTmaneTs Seariga, rac zemoTxsenebuli qorwinebiT ganmtkicda kidevac.

es 1781-1783ww. unda momxdariyo, vinaidan amis Semdeg n. dadiani Caqvis

brZolaze [17.181] saubrobs, romelsac 1784w. 9 marts hqonda adgili [250.278].

b. xoravas SefasebiT, am nabijiT kacia dadians samurzayanos Semomtkiceba

surda [290.165]. mogvianebiT SesamCnevi xdeba levan SarvaSiZis gamosvla qe-

leS-beis mokavSireobidan, xolo samegreloSi, rogorc Cans, grZnobdnen,

rom brZola samurzayanosaTvis jer dasrulebuli ar iyo. zemoT ganxilu-

lidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, rom es ormxrivi survili ufro Cans. amitom

ver daveTanxmebiT d. zaqaraias, romelic aq mxolod dadianis mier leva-

nis damorCilebas xedavs [174.75]. es ukve ruxis omis Semdeg momxdari faqti

iyo da amas xelaxali gameoreba namdvilad ar esaWiroeboda. aq dadiani

levanTan damoyvrebis gziT ufro mis ganeitralebas cdilobda.

XVIIIs. 80-iani wlebis miwuruls samurzayanos dasavleT da aRmosav-

1 misi ufrosi Zma, grigoli, 1788w. 18 wlis asakSi gaxda samegrelos mTavari.

Sesabamisad, manuCari masze yvelaze naklebi erTi wliT umcrosi Tu iqneboda.

2 samegrelos mTavari kacia II dadiani n. dadianis mkvidri biZia (mamis, giorgis, Zma) iyo,

Sesabamisad, manuCari misi biZaSvili iyo [17.10].

3 n. dadiani mas rusudanis saxeliT gvamcnobs [17.181].

106

leT sazRvrebze mniSvnelovani movlenebi moxda, romelmac Tavisi gavle-

na iqonia am kuTxezec. rogorc z. wurwumia SeniSnavs, Tanamedrove Turq

istorikosTa kvlevebma aCvena, rom ruseTis mier 1783w. 8 aprils yirimis

saxanos SeerTebisa da imave wlis 24 ivlisis georgievskis traqtatiT

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mfarvelobaSi miRebis Semdeg otomanTa imperia

did yuradRebas uTmobs kavkasiis mimarTulebas [288.129]. miTumetes, rom

sanqt-peterburgma legaluri moqmedebis saSualeba miiRo Sav zRvasa da

amierkavkasiaSi. Tumca, albaT, es Tezisi garkveul wilad sadao Cans,

radgan sulTnis karis yuradReba am regionis mimarT, rogorc davinaxeT,

gansakuTrebiT mZafrdeba sakuTriv XVIIIs. dasawyisidan, roca amierkavka-

sias yuradReba petre didma miapyro. bunebrivia, regionSi iseTi mokavSi-

ris dakargva, rogorsac yirimis saxano warmoadgenda, osmaleTisaTvis

mtkivneuli iyo, radgan, amieridan, sulTnis kars unda aeRo im funqcie-

bis Sesruleba, rac adre yirimis xanisaTvis hqondaT `delegirebuli~.

Sav zRvaze rusuli samxedro flotis gamoCena osmaleTis usafrT-

xoebas emuqreboda. ekaterine II-s karze sakmaod seriozulad fiqrobdnen

osmaleTis ganadgurebasa da bizantiis imperiis aRdgenis gegmebze (e.w.

`berZnuli proeqti~) [467.62-68]. am pirobebSi TurqeTisTvis sasicocxlo

mniSvneloba mieca dasavleT saqarTveloSi gaZlierebas da Savi zRvis sa-

napiro zolis mtkiced Cagdebas xelSi [249.157; 250.270]. amave periodSi os-

maleTi cixes agebs anapaSic [288.130]. yuradRebis gareSe, bunebrivia, soxu-

mis cixec ar darCenila, romelic sulTnis karisTvis strategiuli da-

niSnulebisa iyo da iq gemTsaSenic ki hqondaT [288.130].

zurab SarvaSiZisa da kacia II dadianis Serigebam da odiSarTa mier

qeleS-beis damarcxebam, osmaleTis SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. movlenebis ase-

Ti scenariT ganviTareba `brwyinvale portas~ namdvilad ar awyobda. miT

ufro, rom mwifdeboda axali omi ruseTTan. qeleS-beis marcxi ki afxaze-

Tis teritoriaze osmaleTis gavlenis Sesustebas gamoiwvevda. saWiro

iyo kontrzomebis miReba. 1785w. qeleS-begi stambulSi imyofeboda [250.297].

mas afxazeTis mTavrad amzadebdnen. 1786w. is ukve afxazeTSia [174.77]. Tum-

ca, mTavrad jer kidev zurabia, xolo `ayus cixesa Sina iyo qelaiS-ahmed-

begi da epyrna maxlobelni misni~ [17.183-184]. 1787w. agvistoSi axali Tur-

qul-rusuli omi (1787-1791) daiwyo [453.128]. ukve 21 agvistos osmalebi pir-

107

vel warmatebasac aRweven. rogorc Cans, mxolod amis Semdeg SeZlo qe-

leS-beim sulTan selim III-is (1761-1808) karis `davalebis~ Sesruleba.

xelaxla gaqristianebul zurabis nacvlad marTlmorwmune muslim qe-

leS-beis gamTavrebas afxazeTSi, romelmac sulTnis kars antiosmaluri

ajanyebebiT daamaxsovra Tavi, TurqeTis politikuri interesebis gavle-

nis gaZliereba unda gamoewvia [142.402]. imereTSi solomon II-is1 gamefebis

droisTvis (1789w. 12 ivlisi) ki, qeleS-bei ukve afxazeTis mTavaria: `iqmna

mefed imerTa zeda solomon, Ze arCilisa... xolo Jamsa mas mTavrobda...

afxazTa Soris qelaiS-ahmed-beg SarvaSiZe~ [17.185]. ir. anTelavasa da z.

anCabaZis mosazrebebiT, qeleS-beis gamTavreba XVIIIs. 80-ian wlebSi unda

momxdariyo [336.82; 121.689]. asevea z. papasqirTanac [240.114-115]. b. xorava am

faqts XVIIIs. 80-iani wlebis dasawyisiT aTariRebs [290.164]. es mosazreba

ukritikod gaiziara z. wurwumiamac [288.129]. g. anCabaZe qeleS-beis gamTavrebas

1784 wliT aTariRebs [338.14]. ukanasknel periodSi am sakiTxis dazustebis

mcdeloba hqonda d. zaqaraiasac, romelmac misi qronologiuri CarCo

1786-1789 wlebiT gansazRvra [174.77]. amitom vfiqrobT, rom qeleS-beis mier

organizebuli saxelmwifo gadatrialeba afxazeTis samTavroSi 1787w. Se-

modgomis dasawyisSi unda momxdariyo.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, am periodSi samurzayanos aRmosavleTiTac

mniSvnelovani movlenebi xdeba. 1784w. 23 aprils, giorgobas, tragikulad

daiRupa solomon I, `qristeanobisa naTeli~ [81.18]. taxtze pretenzias acxa-

debda ori kandidati, ori daviTi, erTgvarad, XVIIIs. miwurulis `ulu~ da

`narini~: solomon mefis biZaSvili, 29 wlis daviT giorgis Ze da solomo-

nisve ZmisSvili, 12 wlis daviT arCilis Ze, romelic, dedis mxriv, erekle

II-s SviliSvili iyo. es ukanaskneli, taxtis memkvidred solomonma Tavisi-

ve sicocxleSi aRiara [249.163; 250.280]. Seqmnili viTarebiT isargebles so-

lomon I-s politikiT ukmayofilo mTavrebma da didebulebma. maTTvis xelsay-

reli viTareba Seiqmna, radgan daviT giorgis Ze kacia dadianis mamidaSvi-

li iyo [17.181]. samegrelos mTavrisa da ori gavleniani imereli didebulis, pa-

puna wereTlisa da beri wulukiZis SewevniT mefe gaxda ufrosi daviTi.2

1788w. 6 dekembers kacia gardaicvala da odiSis mTavari misi 18 wlis

1 igive daviT arCilis Ze. imereTis taxti orjer eWira: I – 1789-1790ww; II – 1790-1810ww. [250.499].

2 imereTis taxti 2-jer eWira: 1784-1789ww. da 1790w. [250.499].

108

Svili grigoli gaxda [17.184; 290.165]. sasikvdilo sarecels mijaWvuli kacia,

rogorc Cans, misi xelSewyobiT gamefebul daviTs bolomde ar endoboda,

amitom mefes, 3 dekembers, fici CamoarTva, rom `Seewios ZeTa misTa~ [17.184].1

samegrelos samTavroSi Seqmnili viTarebiT sargebloba samurzaya-

nos mmarTvelma levanmac moindoma. kaciasTan Serigebis miuxedavad, misi

mizani mainc odiSis gavlenis moSoreba iyo. zugdidsa da bediaSi Camoya-

libda `manuCaris partia~, romelic kacia II-s umcrosi Zis gamTavrebas

isaxavda miznad. TviTon arc manuCari iyo winaaRmdegi ukanonod daekave-

bina dadianis taxti. rogorc Cans, am partiis wevrebi sakmaod gavleniani

odiSarebi da samurzayanoelebi iyvnen. SesaZloa, am saqmeSi qeleS-beis

xelic yofiliyo gareuli, radgan masac samurzayanoze eWira Tvali.

1789w. 14 ivnisiT daTariRebul daviT mefis werilSi imereTis elC be-

sarion gabaSvilisadmi aRniSnulia, rom quTaisSi Casula afxaz dide-

bulTa didi delegacia: `SarvaSiZeni, mpyrobelni yovlisa afxazeTisani,

yovliTa CinebuliTa TavadiTa da aznaurTa~ [214.277]. `zemo afxazeTis

mpyrobelma~ levan SarvaSiZem2 mefes sTxova, samegrelos mTavroba misi

siZisaTvis, manuCarisTvis eboZa [214.277-278]. amis sanacvlod ki samurzaya-

nos mflobeli aRiarebda imereTis mefis uzenaes xelisuflebas [214.277-

278]. saqme imaSi mdgomareobda, rom daviTi qorwinebis gareSe iyo Sobili

da, Sesabamisad, kanonieri gziT, is mefe ver gaxdeboda [250.280]. Tumca ki,

solomonma igi meurved dauyena arasrulwlovan taxtis memkvidre daviT

arCilis Zes [249.173]. rogorc Cans, levanma icoda daviT mefis amgvari

aramyari pozicia da, `xeli xels bans~ principiT, misi gegmis realizaci-

aSi daxmareba moiTxova. SemoTavazebuli varianti daviTsac daujda gone-

baSi. Tuki, is samurzayanos xelisuflis ideas xorcs Seasxamda, maSin

levan SarvaSiZis saxiT Zlier mokavSires SeiZenda da samegreloze kont-

rolsac SeZlebda. daviTma kargad icoda, rom odiSis samTavro imereTis

mefeTaTvis `aqilevsis qusls~ warmoadgenda da amitom mxolod misi da-

morCilebis Semdeg Tu gaZlierdeboda imereTis monarqis xelisufleba da

poziciebi. miT ufro, rom manuCari erTgul samsaxurs hpirdeboda [212.132].

levani, Tavis mxriv, imereTis mefes qeleS-beisTan kontaqtebis damyarebaSi

1 kaciam mefes Seaxsena, rom imereTis taxti man samegrelos mTavris daxmarebiT daiWira.

2 amgvaradaa igi moxseniebuli [214.277].

109

xelSewyobas dahpirda. amis Semdeg imerTa kaTalikos maqsime II imereTis

despan besarion gabaSvilis swerda, rom `SarvasiZe, afxazeTis mTavari, me-

feman Cvenman Tavisi cdiT SeierTos~ [214.281].

quTaisidan zurgamagrebulma levanma da manuCarma aqtiuri muSaoba

gaagrZeles sakuTari poziciebis gasamyareblad. 1789w. TebervlisaTvis,

`da Semdgomad oris Tvisa kacia dadianis gardacvalebisa~ [17.184], saTana-

do viTareba Seiqmna da imerelma gvirgvinosanmac ar daaxana da samegre-

lo dalaSqra. grigolma da misma momxreebma didi winaaRmdegoba ver ga-

wies. mefem gavleniani odiSari didebulebi gadaibira da mTavris taxtze

manuCari daamtkica. daviT mefis zemoxsenebuli weriliT, levan SarvaSi-

Zis imereTSi viziti 1789w. maisiTaa daTariRebuli, xolo werilSi, rome-

lic 14 ivnissaa Sedgenili, manuCaris Sesaxeb jer kidev araferia naTqva-

mi. piriqiT, mefe ambobs, rom afxazTa saTxovari grigolisaTvis dadiano-

bis CamorTmevaze `manamdis vsTxove dacadeba, vidremdisca viTarca ruse-

Tis umaRlesman karman inebos, am saqmis neba maTi ars~ [214.278].

ra Tqma unda, sanqt-peterburgis gadasawyveti jer ar iyo samegre-

los mTavris damtkicebisa Tu gadayenebis sakiTxi. aSkaraa, rom n. dadi-

anis cnoba grigolis Camogdebasa da daviT mefis werili erTmaneTs ewi-

naaRmdegeba. mefem dafara, rom manuCars xeli Seuwyo Zmis taxtis usa-

marTlod dakavebaSi. rogorc Cans, quTaisSi, sadac ruseTis mokavSireo-

bisaken miiswrafvodnen, miiCnies, rom, garkveul dromde, ar gaemJRav-

nebinaT es faqti, raTa imereTi da misi mefe ruseTisTvis eCvenebinaT se-

riozul politikur Zalad, romelic yvela sakiTxs samarTliT wyvetda,

razec mianiSnebda ruseTis xelisuflebis nebarTvisdmi apelireba. ami-

tom, imereTis mefis karze miiCnies, rom usamarTlod da Tan erTi konk-

retuli `partiis~ Txovnis gamo grigolis gadayeneba dadianobidan maT

xelisuflebas araseriozulobis saxes miscemda da imperatrica ekateri-

ne II-s karic Tavs Seikavebda aseT partniorTan kavSirisagan.

mTavrobadakarguli grigol dadiani leCxumSi gaiqca [17.184]. b. xora-

vas azriT, es iyo imereTis mefis sabediswero Secdoma [290.166]. devnilma

mTavarma SesaniSnavad gamoiyena daviT mefisTvis arasaxarbielo saSinao

110

da sagareo viTareba1 da 1789w. ivlisSi imereTs daviT arCilis Ze, so-

lomon II moevlina mefed. am gziT, grigolma mTavris taxti daibruna da

saWilaoc daimkvidra: `Tavisis samarTlianis sazRuriT, aznauriT, glexiT,

tyiT, wyliT, ekklesiiT, Tavisis SemavaliT sanadiroTa~ [61.13-14]. Tumca,

sakuTari poziciebis gasamyareblad is bagratovanTa orive taxtis mflobels

erTdroulad daumoyvrda. grigolma colad SeirTo erekles SviliSvili,

giorgi batoniSvilis (SemgomSi qarTl-kaxeTis mefe giorgi XII) asuli ni-

no, xolo solomons ki Tavisi da, mariami, miaTxova [17.185].

savaraudod, odiSSi dabrunebuli grigoli samurzayanos sakiTxs yu-

radRebis gareSe ar datovebda. misi Zmis ambiciuri simamri dadianisaTvis

saimedo xelisufali ar unda yofiliyo. rogorc Cans, am periodidan, sa-

murzayanos axali xelisufali hyavs: levanis ZmisSvili manuCari, rome-

lic grigol dadianis erTguli mokavSire iyo da, mogvianebiT, misi siZec

gaxda (colad hyavda grigolis qaliSvili qeTevani) [84.401, dok. #794]. 1790-

1792ww. sigelebSi grigoli odiSis, afxazeTis, svaneTis da Takveris mflobe-

lad iwodeba [89.814]. vfiqrobT, samarTliania b. xoravas SeniSvna, rom aq `af-

xazeTSi~ samurzayano moiazreba [290.166; 240.116]. Tumca, T. qadaria vara-

udobs, rom manuCari samurzayanos xelisuflebaSi mxolod 1810 wels mo-

vida [267.107]. j. gamaxariac levani SarvaSiZis mmarTvelobis periods 1757-

1810ww. gansazRvravs [151.294]. v. zuxbaia ki 1753-1810 wlebiT aTariRebs [179.13].

ir. anTelava samurzayanos xelisuflebaSi manuCaris mosvlas XVIIs-is 80-

iani wlebiT aTariRebda [336.23]. am mosazrebas Cven ver gaviziarebT, vina-

idan amgvari daTariReba ewinaaRmdegeba wyaroebSi mocemul cnobebs.

1792w. grigol dadianma isev dakarga mTavris taxti [290.167]. solomon II sa-

mefos Semomtkiceba-gaZlierebisaTvis zrunavda da isic, am mizniT, dide-

bulTa damorCilebas cdilobda. samegrelos mTavari ki Tavisi siZis am

ideas namdvilad ar iwonebda da Tavi damoukidebel mTavrad eWira [290.167]. de-

vnilma grigolma amjerad Tavi samurzayanos Seafara: `grigol warvida

samurzayano-afxazT Soris da iyo mun~ [17.186]. rogorc Cans, iq misi pozi-

1 sazRvrebTan Turqebi idgnen da axalcixis faSac uaryofiTad iyo ganwyobili imere-

Tis mefis mimarT; mas, aseve, garTulebuli urTierTobebi hqonda imerel didebulTa na-

wilTan, romelnic daviTs, Tavis droze gamefebaSi daexmarnen; erekle II-sTan myofi da-

viT arCilis Zec xelsayrel dros elodeboda imereTis taxtis dasakaveblad [290.166].

111

ciebi ukve sakmaod myari iyo, vinaidan samurzayanoelebma mas dauWires

mxari da ara xelaxla gadadianebul levan SarvaSiZis siZes: `Sekrben sa-

murzayano-afxazni Sesawevnelad grigol dadianisa, vinaTgan ixiles mflobe-

li maTi ganZebuli usamarTlod~ [17.186-187]. vfiqrobT, rom n. dadianis es

cnoba uaryofs T. beraZis varauds imis Taobaze, rom samurzayano XVIIIs.

70-iani wlebis dasasrulidan, faqtobrivad, damoukidebeli samTavro iyo

[139.243]. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, SesaZlebelia saubari mxolod samegrelos

gavlenis Sesustebaze.

safiqrebelia, rom grigolma mxari dauWira xutunia SarvaSiZis umc-

rosi memkvidreebis poziciebis gamyarebas maTi biZis, levanis, winaaRmdeg,

romlis politikuri Zalauflebac, Sesabamisad, mxolod mis mamulze ga-

vrcelda. `kondominiumis~ principidan gamomdinare, grigoli, aSkarad,

ver Caereoda samurzayanos mflobelTa dadgenis sakiTxSi, radgan es

uaryofiT reaqcias gamoiwvevda afxazeTis samTavros mesveur SarvaSiZeeb-

Si. samurzayanos laSqriT mxardaWerilma grigolma 1794w. imereTSi ilaS-

qra, sadac imxanad solomons garTulebuli mdgomareoba hqonda daviT

giorgis Zis SemoWris gamo [17.187; 83.553, dok. #695]. xelisuflebisaTvis

brZolam yofili mefe da dadiani erTmaneTs daakavSira [61.122]. Tumca,

marsilSi (banZasTan) dabanakebulma grigolma am laSqrobiT verafers mi-

aRwia. is maleve daamarcxes da isev samurzayanoSi gadavida [17.188].

samurzayanos laSqari (`afxazni~) imerel mxedarTa ramdenime razmma

RamiT moulodneli TavdasxmiT daamarcxa [17.187; 83.553, dok. #695]. ro-

gorc Cans, grigoli arc Tu ise mcire raodenobis mxedrobiT iyo mosu-

li, radgan mefe Sewuxebula, roca gaugia, rom mas or frontze mouwevda

brZola [17.187]. ukuqceulma afxazebma samegrelos mosaxleoba gaZarcves

da samurzayanoSi isini `didiTa alafiTa savse~ dabrundnen. niSandobli-

via, rom n. dadiani `samurzayanosTan~ mimarTebaSi xmarobs eTnonim `afxazs~.

safiqrebelia, amis mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom samurzayanoel Sarva-

SiZeTa laSqari, ZiriTadad, afxazi mxedrebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli. rad-

gan, samurzayanos aristokratia, ZiriTadad, afxazuri iyo, rogorc Cans,

Sesabamisad, isinic akompleqtebdnen mxedarT razmebs. albaT, megrelebis-

gan, romlebic, ZiriTadad, dabal socialur fenas warmoadgendnen, yalib-

deboda fexosanTa laSqari.

112

sayuradReboa, rom grigol dadiani samurzayanoSi Tavs usafrTxod

grZnobda da mas qeleS-beisTan gadasvla ar dasWirvebia. rogorc Cans, es

kuTxe am periodSi sakmaod gaZlierebuli yofila, vinaidan manuCars arc

ucdia misi Zmis iqidan gaZeveba da amiT man, faqtobrivad, samurzayanoze

kontroli dakarga. Tumca, samurzayano, zogadad, dadianis gavlenidan

jer kidev ar gasula. samuzayanoeli SarvaSiZe mxolod grigolis xelisu-

flebas aRiarebda da uWerda mxars. 1798w. sof. ojolaSi grigol dadiani

mefes daezava da odiSis mTavris taxtic daibruna. samurzayanoze isev sa-

megrelos gavlena gavrcelda [83.113, dok. #34; 17.189-190; 290.167-169; 240.117;

428.94]. magram isic unda iTqvas, rom samurzayanoelTa mxardaWera grigol

dadianisadmi imereTis mefis winaaRmdeg yovelTvis erTniSna ar yofila.

savaraudod, 1802w. grigolsa da solomons Soris arsebul konfliqtSi,

romelSic qeleS-beic CaerTo, samurzayanoeli SarvaSiZeebi, garkveul ne-

itralitets inarCunebdnen. axtalis mitropolitisadmis imereTis mefis

1802w. 18 noembriT daTariRebul werilSi naTqvamia, rom afxazeTis mTa-

vars solomonTan dazaveba levan SarvaSiZis ZmisSvilis, beJanis Suamav-

lobiT mouxerxebia [83.578, dok. #756].

qeleS-bei cdilobda gamoeyenebina odiSis Sidaareulobebi da samur-

zayanos daufleboda. b. xorava fiqrobs, rom XVIIIs. 90-iani wlebis miwu-

rulidan am kuTxeze qeleS-beis kontroli dawesda kidec [290.172]. d. zaqa-

raia kidev ufro Sors midis da fiqrobs, rom qeleS-beim samurzayanos mi-

marT Tavis miznebs ukve 1794w. miaRwia [174.82]. mkvlevari am mosazrebis gam-

yarebas n. dadianis erTi cnobiT cdilobs. kerZod, aRwers ra 1802w. ambebs,

mematiane wers: `grigoli ra STavida odiSs, sTxova Sewevna qelaiS-ahmed-

begsa SarvaSiZesa, romelsa epyra yoveli afxazeTi, vidre RaliZgamde da

mZlavrebdaca dadianis samflobelo samurzayano-afxazeTsa~ [17.192].

vfiqrobT, rom es amonaridi ar gvaZlevs safuZvels davuSvaT afxa-

zeTis mTavris kontroli am kuTxeze da miT ufro 1794 wlidan. yovel

SemTxvevaSi, faqtia, rom 1798w. samurzayano isev grigol dadians emorCi-

leba. vfiqrobT, sworia ir. anTelava mosazreba, romelic am citataSi sa-

murzayanoze qeleS-beis mxolod minimalur kontrols xedavs, ris dama-

dasturebladac mas samurzayanoelTa SarvaSiZeTa mier ruseTis mfarve-

lobis qveS Sesvla mohyavs, romelic qeleS-beis sanqciis gareSe ganxor-

113

cielda [336.83]. rogorc Cans, qeleS-begma mxolod manuCar SarvaSiZis Zme-

bis – levanis da beJanis – mimxroba SeZlo [84.537, dok. #1048,1049].

ir. anTelavas mosazreba samurzayanoze afxazeTis mTavris minimalu-

ri kontrolisa dasturdeba erTi dokumentiTac. kerZod, 1805w. 20 Teberv-

liT daTariRebul petre maqsimes Ze litvinovis moxsenebiT baraTSi pav-

le cicianovisadmi aRniSnulia, rom qeleS-beis gavlenis qveS mxolod be-

Jan da levan SarvaSiZeebi iyvnen da amis mizezi ki, avtoris SeniSvniT,

grigol dadianis xelisuflebis sisuste yofila [84.428, dok. #838]. n. dubro-

vinis SeniSvniT, grigol dadians emorCileboda afxazTa garkveuli nawi-

li, Tumca misi xelisufleba maT mxareSi Zalian susti yofila, rac ga-

mowveuli yofila TurqTa mxardaWeriT [377.141]. bunebrivia, rom aq `afxa-

zebSi~ samurzayanoelebi igulisxmebian, xolo `TurqebSi~ ki – qeleS-bei

unda moviazroT. Tumca, n. dubrovinis mixedviTac ar dasturdeba, rom sa-

murzayanoze gavlena am dros dadians dakarguli hqonda. odiSis xeli-

sufleba sustad vrceldeboda engur-RaliZgas SuamdinareTSi, magram iqa-

uri mosaxleoba dadians gadasaxadebs mainc uxdida, Tumca Semcirebuli

raodenobiT [377.141].

vfiqrobT, es mniSvnelovani cnobaa, romelic uaryofs samurzayanos

gamosvlas samegrelos gavlenidan, radgan mosaxleoba gadasaxadebs ixdi-

da, is aRiarebda dadianis xelisuflebas. rogorc Cans, imereTis mefes-

Tan garTulebiT da SidaareulobebiT dakavebuli grigoli did yuradRe-

bas ver uTmobda samurzayanoSi mimdinare procesebs da amiT isargebla

qeleS-beimac. maTi kavSiris werilobiT gaformeba ar momxdara da is mxo-

lod sityvier SeTanxmebas efuZneboda [84.428, dok. #838]. rogorc p. lit-

vinovi iuwyeboda, amis mizezi yofila beJan da levan SarvaSiZeebis sur-

vili «иметь полную волю грабить и увозить людей из Дадиани владений» [84.428, dok.

#838]. rogorc Cans, aq, sakuTriv samegreloSi, samurzayanoc unda igulis-

xmebodes da Zmebi SarvaSiZeebi, qeleS-beisa da osmalebis gavleniTa da

mfarvelobiT, xels uwyodnen iq tyveebiT movaWreebs.

sityva `mZlavreba~ `qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonSi~ ganmar-

tebulia, rogorc: `ZaliT ereva, Zaladobas iCens; batonobs~ [324.1214;

327.758]. xolo s.-s. orbeliani ki wers, rom `mZlavri ese ars yovliT(a)

uSjuloebiT(a)/usamarTlo(e)biTa aRsavse mefe~ [32.540]. marTalia, `mZlav-

114

roba~ `batonobasac~ gulisxmobs, magram, n. dadianis zemoT xsenebul

cnobasTan dakavSirebiT, mas ufro moZaladis ganmarteba Seefereba. `mZlav-

robis~ amgvari gagebaa mocemuli `qarTlis cxovrebis~ simfonia-leqsi-

konSic [322.143]. amasTanave `dilis locvebSi~ aris aseTi muxli: `acxovne,

ufalo, da Seiwyalen moZuleni da maWirvebelni Cemni, da moqmedni Cemze-

da usjuloebisani, da romelni mmZlavroben da myvedrian me...~ [318.49, xaz-

gasma Cvenia – k.k.]. am SemTxvevaSic, es sityva `Zaladobas~ niSnavs. amitom,

vfiqrobT, qeleS-beis `mZlavrebdaca~ gamoixateboda ori gavleniani sa-

murzayanoeli SarvaSiZis mimxrobaSi, romelnic samurzayanoSi cdilobd-

nen afxazeTis mTavris interesebis gatarebas da qeleS-bei aqtiurad ewe-

oda tyveebiT vaWrobas am mxareSi. amasTan, afxazeTis mTavari aiZulebda

samurzayanos mosaxleobas mis samTavroSi gadasaxlebas [142.402]. gadasax-

lebul megrelebs Semdeg monebad (agirua) aqcevdnen.

es dokumenti sxva mxrivac aris sayuradRebo. aq Cans, rom im period-

Si samurzayanos teritoria mflobelis ojaxis wevrebs Soris yofila

danawilebuli. rogorc vnaxeT, pirveli problema ufross levan SarvaSi-

Zes Seeqmna, romelic iZulebuli gaxda Tavis ZmisaTvis samkvidro da-

emtkicebina. rogorc Cans, es `tradicia~ arc manuCaris xelisuflebaSi

mosvlis dros darRveula da isic iZulebuli gamxdara Zmebis survili

daekmayofilebina. es ki mniSvnelovnad zRudavda manuCaris xelisufle-

bas, miT ufro, rom mis or Zmas qeleS-bei umagrebda zurgs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazeTis mTavarma samurzayanos mflobelTa

saxlis ori gavleniani wevris mimxroba SeZlo, es mainc ar iyo sakmarisi

samurzayanos sruli kontrolisaTvis, radgan xelisufleba manuCar Sarva-

SiZis xelSi rCeboda da wyaroebiT ar Cans, rom levans an beJans manuCaris

CamoSoreba ucdiaT. amasTan erTad, maT ar SeucvliaT sarwmunoeba da kvlav

caiSeli mRvdelmTavris samwysos wevrebad rCebodnen [84.428, dok. #838].

§3. ruseTis `mfarvelobis~ miReba

XVIIIs. 80-90-iani wlebis mijnaze, levan SarvaSiZem, totlebenTan una-

115

yofo molaparakebebis miuxedavad, Tavisi sagareo politikuri veqtori

kvlav CrdiloeTisaken miabruna. miT umetes, rom im periodSi mimdinare

ruseT-TurqeTis omSi rusTa aSkara warmatebebi gamoikveTa da, amasTanave,

igi imereTis sazRvarsac iyo momdgari, vinaidan qarTl-kaxeTis mefe ukve

imperatoris `mfarvelobis~ qveS iyo. daviT mefec am mimarTulebiT aqti-

ur muSaobas eweoda [249.184]. quTaisSi mefesTan audienciis dros, levans

ruseTis proteqtoratis miRebis Taobazec gaumarTavs daviTTan saubari,

razec mefisagan pirobac miiRo afxazeTisaTvis ruseTis mfarvelobis mo-

povebis Sesaxeb [214.278]. rogorc daviT mefe werda b. gabaSvils, afxazebi

amas aRfrTovanebuli Sexvedrian [214.278]. Tumca, imereTis xelisufleba,

ruseTTan moalparakebebSi jer kidev 1787 wlidan ayenebda afxazeTis sa-

kiTxs da sanqt-peterburgs warmouCenda am kuTxis seriozul geostrate-

giul mniSvnelobas TurqeTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad rogorc dasav-

leT saqarTveloSi, aseve CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi [214.268-269].

samwuxarod, wyaroebSi daculi araa daviTisa da levanis saubris

detalebi, magram igive b. gabaSvilis diplomatiur moRvaweobasTan dakav-

Sirebuli dokumentebiT SegviZlia vivaraudoT, ra sakiTxebi SeiZleboda

ganexilaT maT. savaraudod, swored am molaparakebebis Sedegi aisaxa ime-

reT-afxazeTis kaTalikos maqsime II-s werilSi b. gabaSvilisadmi: `Sarva-

siZe, afxazeTis mTavari, mefeman Cvenman Tavisi cdiT SeierTos da mefis

Tanaxma iqnes ruseTis xelmwifis erTgulobaze. ajobebs Tu ara, Tu rom

am saqmeze mohyveba, erTxma iqneba mefisa Cvenisa SarvaSiZe, afxazeTis mTa-

vari, vgoneb, did bednierebas miiRebs. Tu rom ar usmina mefesa Cvensa

erTxmobad ruseTis erTguloba, bolos, vgoneb, Seinanos da axlav sjo-

bos, rom Cvens mefesTan SeerTdes, erTguloba aCvenos ruseTis saimpera-

toros taxtisa. ...mRvTis madliT da SewevniT didi ubdurebac miiRes os-

malT didisa ruseTisa zRviT Tu xmeliT. vgoneb, ese yoveli gancxadebu-

lad uwyis afxazeTis mTavarma~ [214.280].

ra Tqma unda, aq Zalian gazviadebuladaa mocemuli afxazeTis mimx-

robis perspeqtiva, sadac proTurquli orientaciis qeleS-bei mTavrobda.

Cven nakleb damajereblad migvaCnia afxazeTis xelisufalis mier saga-

reo-politikuri orientaciis aseTi kardinaluri cvlileba xelisufle-

baSi mosvlidan mokle xanSi. ra Tqma unda, mRvdelmTavari marTebulad

116

SeniSnavda, rom mimdinare ruseT-osmaleTis omSi saqme pirvelis sasargeb-

lod mimdinareobda da amas garkveuli zegavlena unda moexdina qeleS-be-

is orientaciaze. magram ar gvaqvs safuZveli, vivaraudoT afxazeTis mTav-

ris mxridan ruseTTan dakavSirebis gzebis mcdelobis mosinjvac ki.

vfiqrobT, marTebulad uaryofda ir. anTelava qeleS-beis antiosma-

lobas am periodSi, vinaidan igi ar Canda 1790 wels gaformebul qarTvel

mefe-mTavarTa samxedro-politikur kavSirSi [336.87-88]. amitom, vfiqrobT,

afxazeTis mTavari, XVIIIs. 80-iani wlebis miwuruls, ar gamoTqvamda ru-

seTTan SeerTebis survils da arc amas daavalebda levans. g. ZiZariac

miiCnevda, rom qeleS-beis prorusuli orientacia mxolod XIXs. dasawyi-

sidan Cndeba [371.32]. faqti, rom ruseTTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi (mola-

parakeba totlebenTan, daviT mefesTan) mxolod levani Cans, aSkarad mi-

aniSnebs, rom ruseTis proteqtoratis miRebiT, im periodSi, SarvaSiZeTa

saxlidan mxolod maTi samurzayanos Sto iyo dainteresebuli. SeiZleba

am mimarTulebiT garkveuli varaudi zurabis mimarTac gamoiTqvas, magram

misi xelisuflebidan CamoSorebis Semdeg, es mcdelobac daikargeboda.

imereTis mRvdelmTavari, imave werilSi, miTiTebas aZlevda b. gaba-

Svils, ruseTi imiTac daainteresebina, rom afxazeTze kontroliT, saim-

peratoro kari mis winaaRmdeg mebrZol yubanelebs zurgs mouspobda

[214.281-282]. am gegmis gagrZeleba Cans grigol potiomkinisadmi b. gabaSvi-

lis 1789w. 5 dekembriT daTariRebul moxsenebiT baraTSic: `afxazeTi da-

idvas Tavisuflad, romelnic osmalos Ãlmi[T dapyrobilni] arian, da ne-

ba miecesT maT, romelTaca saqme Cven [viciT, rom male aRi]rCeven qriste-

anobas da isinic, rogorc Cven, [safarvelsa qveSe ruseTi]sasa Semovlen

da uxlmod morCilebas miiR[eben. da esec daidvas...] raTa am afxazeTis

navTsayudlebzedac ruseT[is navebma ivaWron,] romliTaca Tqven male na-

xavT sargebelsa a[ra mciresa]~ [61.15]. rogorc vxedavT, Tuki samurzayano,

imereTTan erTad, ruseTis mfarvelobas miiRebda, es dadebiTad imoqmede-

bda sakuTriv afxazeTis samTavroSi prorusul orientaciis gamarjvebaze,

rac, am dokumentSi gamoxatulia formuliT `male aRirCeven qristeanobas~.

samurzayanoel SarvaSiZeTaTvis am Temam gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba

mas mere SeiZina, rac 1803w. 2 dekembers grigol dadianma sof. WaladidSi

xeli moawera samfarvelo xelSekrulebas ruseTTan, xolo 4 dekembers ki,

117

caiSeli episkoposisa da odiSis warCinebulTa TandaswrebiT sazeimod da-

ifica ruseTis xelmwifis erTgulebaze. amgvarad, odiSi SezRuduli avto-

nomiis pirobiT ruseTis proteqtoratis qveS Sevida [290.170]. ruseTis xe-

lisuflebam kargad isargebla odiS-imereTis daZabuli urTierTobiT da-

savleT saqarTveloSi Semosasvlelad [249.230]. samegrelos meSveobiT ruse-

bi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros miuaxlovdnen da mniSvnelovani plac-

darmic miiRes imereTis samefoze SetevisaTvis, rasac sakuTriv rusi sam-

xedro istorikosi v. potoc aRiarebda [455.104-105]. b. xorava miiCnevs, rom

solomon II-s araSorsmWvretelma dapirispirebam grigol dadianTan xeli

Seuwyo rusebis Semosvlas dasavleT saqarTveloSi [290.170]. marTalia, es

mwvave brZola namdvilad iyo, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT v. potos zemoT

moyvanil Sefasebas, vfiqrobT, marTebuli unda iyos m. dumbaZis daskvna,

rom samegreloSi ruseTis damkvidrebis mizezad unda CaiTvalos ruseTis

mTavrobis dampyrobluri politika, `romelsac unda ganexorcielebia ru-

seTisTvis gzis gaxsna Savi zRvis aRmosavleTi sanapiroebisaken~ [169.17-18].

TviT rusi moxeleebis SefasebiT, ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS samegrelos

Seyvana dadianisaTvis iyo `ukiduresoba da ara keTili neba~ [171.148].

marTalia, grigol dadiani solomon II-sagan daculi iyo, magram ve-

lobisa da `dacvis~ sanacvlod, SeizRuda misi saSinao da sagareo damo-

ukidebloba, romelsac ukve rusebi akontrolebdnen. dadiani valdebuli

iyo mTavarmarTebels an mis moxeles damorCileboda da, amasTanave,

odiSSi ruseTis jari Semovida, romlis dabinaveba da Senaxva adgilob-

rivi mosaxleobis movaleobad iqca [249.229]. Tumca, am aqts mainc hqonda

dadebiTi mxareebi: odiSSi SinaaSlilobebi Sewyda, brZola gamoecxada

tyvis syidvas, romelic udides zians ayenebda mosaxleobas, samTavro da-

culi iyo sagareo agresiisagan da moispo osmaleTis gavlena [169.24-25].

Savi zRvis sanapiros kontroliT, TurqeTi xels uSlida evropasTan sa-

qarTvelos kulturul da ekonomikur urTierTobebs [172.846]. magram same-

greloSi ar iyo erTsulovani dadebiTi damokidebuleba mTavris am gada-

wyvetilebisadmi. arsebobda didebulTa sakmaod didi jgufi, romelic

ruseTis Semosvlas ar miesalmeboda [84.477; 169.30-31].

odiSis Sesvla ruseTis `mfarvelobis~ qveS mniSvnelovani dartyma

iyo solomon II-s Sorsmimavali politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebisTvis.

118

mas daekarga qveynis gaerTianebis SesaZlebloba. 1804w. 3 ianvars rusebis xel-

Si aRmoCnda ganja. n. berZeniSvilis SeniSvniT, aman kidev ufro gaauaresa ime-

reTis ukanaskneli mefis poziciebi, vinaidan garedan daxmarebis imedi uk-

ve aRar iyo [142.299-300]. aRmosavleTidan da dasavleTidan ruseTiT garSe-

mortymulma solomonma, romelmac male misi momxre didebulebic dakarga,

romlebmac dadianis mxare daiWires [249.230], 1804w. 25 aprils xeli moawera

saTxovar muxlebs ruseTis imperatorisadmi, romliTac imereTis samefo

ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobis qveS Sevida. solomonma taxtis SenarCuneba

ki moaxerxa, magram misi xelisufleba mniSvnelovnad SeizRuda. m. rexvia-

Svilis SefasebiT, 1804w. 25 aprilis aqtiT imereTis samefom, rogorc po-

litikurma erTeulma, faqtobrivad Tavisi arseboba daasrula [249.261].

dasavleT saqarTvelos or mniSvnelovan politikur erTeulSi SesvliT

da damkvidrebiT, ruseTma seriozulad ganimtkica samxedro-politikuri da

ekonomikuri poziciebi regionSi. amieridan ruseTi amierkavkasias zRviTac

daukavSirda da azia-evropis savaWro-satranzito gza misi kontrolis

qveS aRmoCnda [169.29]. samegrelo iyo pirveli politikuri erTeuli dasav-

leT saqarTveloSi, romelmac ruseTis mfarveloba miiRo. manuCar SarvaSiZe

aqtiurad cdilobda samurzayanoze ruseTis proteqtoratis dawesebas [84.401,

dok. #794]. is Tavidanve grigol dadianis sagareo politikuri orientiris

momxre iyo, Tumca, sakuTriv samurzayanoSi mas, am mxriv, didi mxardaWera

ar hqonia TviT sakuTari Zmebis mxridanac ki. ruseTi jer Tavs ikavebda

samurzayanos sakiTxis gadasaWrelad, manuCari ki saswrafod iTxovda po-

litikur mxardaWeras. misi poziciebi imdenad Sesustda, rom ukve 1804w. 20

Tebervals p. litvinovi p. cicianovisadmi moxsenebaSi aRniSnavda, rom misi

werili gaamxnevebda samurzayanos mmarTvels da dadebiTad imoqmedebda

misi Zmebis gadmosabirebladac [84.428, dok. #838], xolo 1805w. 4 aprils p. lit-

vinovi ukve p. cicianovisagan iTxovda, raTa ruseTis xelisuflebas saswra-

fod daeWira mxari samurzayanos xelisufalisadmi, romelic rusebisa da

dadianis erTguli iyo [84.510, dok. #993].

manuCars ruseTis mfarveloba qeleS-beisagan TavdacisaTvisac sWir-

deboda, radgan SiSobda afxazeTis mTavars mTlianad ar daeWira samur-

zayano. rogorc p. cicianovi p. litvinovisadmi 1805w. 3 ivnisiT daTariRe-

bul werilSi aRniSnavda, manuCari eloda qeleS-beis Tavdasxmas Turqe-

119

Tis jarebTan erTad [84.538, dok. #1051]. Tumca, osmaleTma araferi moiqme-

da [267.108]. sulTans adardebda safrangeTis gaaqtiurebuli politikuri

da samxedro moqmedeba da napoleon bonapartes armiis warmatebuli sam-

xedro operaciebi egvipteSi, osmaleTis afrikul samflobeloSi [250.354;

258.49-63; 395.183-192; 452.112-113]. aman ki stambolisa da sanqt-peterburgis da-

axloebas Seuwyo xeli [250.354]. afxazeTis mTavari gansakuTrebiT gaaqti-

urda grigol dadianis gardacvalebis Semdeg (1804w. 23 oqtomberi). qe-

leS-bei samurzayanos teritoriis nawils ukve uSualod akontrolebda

[85.176]. 1805w. 29 marts nino bagration-dadianisa ruseTis xelisuflebas

Txovda, uzrunveleyo am mitacebuli miwebis dabruneba kanonieri mflo-

belisaTvis, anu samegrelosTvis [85.176]. amitomac manuCar SarvaSiZe p. ci-

cianovisadmi 1804w. 26 noembriT daTariRebul werilSi saswrafod iTxov-

da misi samflobeloze ruseTis mfarvelobis dawesebas da am moTxovnas

imiT amagrebda, rom samurzayanos odiSis ZirZvel teritoriad aRiarebda:

`mwads, sadaca ufali dadiani grigol safarvelsa umaRlessa Sina

Sevida, ...meca viyo masve mfarvelobasa qveSe. vinadgan qveyana Cveni (samur-

zayano – k.k.) iyo zed-mokidebuli dadianisa kerZo vidre aSlilobisa Ja-

mamde da ara aqvnda ufleba, arca uwinares da arca amas Jamsa, arca por-

tsa aTmansa (osmaleTi – k.k.) da arca qelaS-begsa, da maqvs wadili, raTa

qveyana davamorCilo Tqvensa brZanebasa, Tana dadianis samflobelosa...~

[84.490,536, dok. #956,1046].

am werilSi sayuradReboa, rom yvapu SarvaSiZis STamomavali samur-

zayanos miwa-wyals odiTganve samegrelos kuTvnilebad miiCnevda. Tavad

rusebisTvisac samurzayano didi geostrategiuli mniSvnelobis terito-

ria iyo, gansakuTrebiT ki – qeleS-beisTan daZabuli urTierTobis fonze.

amasTanave, samurzayano, odiSTan erTad, mniSvnelovani placdarmis rols

Seasrulebda afxazeTis samTavros daWeris sakiTxSi. Tumca, gaurkveveli

iyo manuCaris ori Zmis sakiTxi, romelTac, sakmaod didi gavlena hqon-

daT samurzayanoSi da mniSvnelovan mamulebsac flobdnen [84.537, dok. #1048].

rogorc Cans, Zmebi SiSobdnen, rom rusebi maT mamulebs CamoarTmevdnen.

maTi datoveba qeleS-beis momxreebTa Soris ki ruseTs ar surda [84.428,

dok. #838]. savaraudod, rusebs aSinebdaT isic, rom mxolod manuCarisaTvis

mxardaWera Zmebis mxridan mZime da arasasurvel reaqcias gamoiwvevda, ro-

120

melic xels SeuSlida ruseTis winsvlas afxazeTisaken. amitom, p. cici-

anovma manuCars 1805w. 31 martis werilSi ruseTis proteqtoratis miRebis

pirobad gandgomili Zmebis gadmobireba dausaxa [84.537, dok. #1048]. TviTon

p. cicianovmac miwera beJansa da levans werilSi (imave 31 marts) da aRuT-

qva, rom, mfarvelobaSi SesvliT, isini miiRebdnen pirad da qonebriv usaf-

rTxoebas da maTi mamulebic xelSeuxebeli darCeboda [84.537, dok. #1049].

ruseTis xelisuflebis `mowodebis~ Sesasruleblad manuCarma aqtiu-

ri muSaoba gaaCaRa da pirveli Sedegic ukve or kviraSi gamoCnda. 16 ap-

rils generali i. rikhofi mTavarsardal p. cicianovs acnobebda, rom yve-

la samurzayanoelma Tavadma, manuCar SarvaSiZis didi mecadineobiT, Tavi

dadianis qveSevrdomad aRiara [84.514, dok. #1001]. aq ki generals, rogorc

Cans, xelmZRvanelobis winaSe Tavis gamoCena undoda da amisTvis icrua

kidec. samurzayanos `yvela Tavadi~ am pozicias ar iziarebda, radgan ma-

nuCaris Zmebis sakiTxi jer kidev gadauWreli iyo. levani samegrelos

mTavars Tavis siuzerenad ar aRiarebda da permanentulad awiokebda sa-

murzayanos mosazRvred mcxovreb odiSarebs [84.531, dok. #1037]. beJani ki

mTebSi iyo gaxiznuli [84.514,531, dok. #1001,1037]. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos,

rom mxolod manuCaris `agitacia~ sakmarisi ar iqneboda imisaTvis, rom

samurzayanoelebi prorusul orientaciaze damdgariyvnen. saqme imaSia,

rom im dros iq general i. rikhofis samxedro razmi idga, romelsac da-

valebuli hqonda qeleS-beis mZevloba-tyveobidan daexsna gardacvlili

grigol dadianis memkvidre levani.

rusebma, samsaaTiani Setevis Semdeg, anakliis cixe aiRes da afxaze-

Tis samTavrosac miuaxlovdnen. anakliis cixe am dros tyveebiT vaWrobis

erT-erT ZiriTad bazas warmoadgenda [199.208]. `SiSiT Sepyrobili~ qeleS-

bei iZulebuli gaxda, levani gaeTavisuflebina [17.194]. rogorc s. bronevs-

ki werda, anakliis aReba dagegmili ar yofila, vinaidan igi osmaleTis

sakuTreba iyo da es TurqeTTan urTierToebebs gaauaresebda, magram, afxaz-

Ta mxridan ramdenime, SesaZloa, SemTxveviT gasrolas rusebis mxridan

sapasuxo reaqcia mohyva [103.349]. male rusebma qeleS-beis isev daubrunes

anaklia, Tan miyenebuli zaralic aunazRaures (1805w. 1 oqtombers) [103.349;

84.539, dok. #1054; 377.385]. amis gankarguleba maSinve gasca p. cicianovma, ro-

melsac SeeSinda, rom osmaleTi am faqts saTanado reagirebis gareSe ar

121

datovebda [377.385]. ase, rom samurzayanoelebma naTlad dainaxes is safrT-

xe, romelic maT, daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi, Tavs daatydebodaT [169.34].

SeSinebulma levan SarvaSiZem, rogorc Cans, `CaTrevas Cayola amjo-

bina~ da gadawyvita qeleS-beis CamoSoreboda. manuCaris cnobiT, igi,

momxre TavadebTan erTad, umokles xanSi ruseTis mxardamWerTa rigebs

SeuerTdeboda [84.520,538, dok. #1015,1050]. rac Seexeba beJans, is ganagrZob-

da urCobas. manuCari mas ar endoboda da p. litvinovs afrTxilebda, rom

beJani ar SeeSveboda dadianis winaaRmdeg brZolas da sakuTari Zmis wi-

naaRmdeg galaSqvrisaken mouwodebda mas [84.520, dok. #1015]. bunebrivia,

rusebi mas sWirdeboda samurzayanoSi sakuTari poziciebis gasamyareb-

lad, riTac SeZlebda Zlieri da gavleniani Zmebis damorCilebas da Tuki

maT daamarcxebda, xelSi Caigdebda maT mamulebsac. mogvianebiT, man SeZ-

lo levanis da beJanis samkvidro teritoriebis daufleba [280.97,100].

rogorc p. litvinovi ityobineboda, manuCars beJanze galaSqreba

hqonda gadawyvetili. p. cicianovma am naCqarevi gadawyvetilebisagan manu-

Caris SeCerebis brZaneba gasca, raTa axali ZmaTamkvleli omis gaCaRebiT

ruseTis interesebs ziani ar midgomoda [84.538, dok. #1051]. miT ufro, rom

Tavad p. litvinovic iuwyeboda, rom beJani male SemouerTdeboda Zmebs

[84.538, dok. #1051]. Tumca, es ase ar moxda. im xanebSi beJanis darwmuneba,

sabolood, mainc veravin SeZlo. levanma ki, TanamoazreebTan erTad, mai-

sis bolos ruseTisa da dadianis erTgulebaze daifica.

1805w. 9 ivliss banZaSi samegrelos axalma mTavarma, qeleS-beis tyveobaSi

namyofma, levan V grigolis Ze dadianma (1805-1840) ruseTis imperatoris erTgu-

lebaze daifica [290.171]. maSin is mxolod Tormeti wlis iyo, amitom oci wlis

miwevnamde, samegrelos mmarTvelad dedamisi, nino bagration-dadianisa, da-

dginda [17.195-196]. ceremonials eswrebodnen odiSari didebulebi da, agreTve,

levan SarvaSiZe da misi Zmiswuli manuCari, romlebmac, agreTve, imave dRes mi-

iRes fici, romliTac isini imperator aleqsandre I-s qveSevrdomebi gaxdnen:

`Cven qvemore xelis momwerni afxazis Tavadni, samirzayanos mpyro-

belni, SemovediT ymad Cvenis qveyniT da Tavad-aznaurebiT miss imperato-

robis didebulebisa yovlad-umowyalesisa rusTa xelmwifisa; vficavT

yovlad-Zliersa RmerTs da wmindas saxarebas, rom viyvneT erTgulni mo-

na da ymani samindReod da miss udidebulesobis urCobaSi da Ralatoba-

122

Si aras dros ar SevideT da agreTve Tu rom sxvaTagan Ralati anu ur-

Coba SevityoT, diax swrafl SevatyobinoT saca marTebuli iyos da Tu

rogorc zemoreT sweria ise ar aRvasruloT, RvTisagan da wminda saxare-

bisagan SeCvenebulni viyvneT, da agreTve yovlad-umowyalesi xelmwifisa

yma vimyofebiT, agreTve samengrelios TviT-mpyrobeli levan dadianisa,

radganac Cven Cvenis qveyniT Zveladgan vyofilvarT samengrelios TviT-

mpyrobeli Tavadi dadianisa~ [84.526-527, dok. #1031].

aq rom ufrosi levani igulisxmeba, Cans imiT, rom xelmoweris dros

misi saxeli win uswrebs manuCarisas, anu daculia ufros-umcrosobis

etiketi. amasTanave, p. litvinovi p. cicianovisadmi moxsenebaSi werda, rom

ceremoniali Catarda «в присутствии… Абхазских владельцев Левана и Манучара

Шервашидзе» [84.526-527, dok. #1031]. bunebrivia, rom manuCaris Zma levani

samurzayanos mflobeli ar iyo. rogorc Cans, ruseTma xutunia SarvaSi-

Zis orive StosTan gadawyvita SeTanxmebis miRweva da ruseTis qveSevrdo-

mobaSi Semoyvana, riTac, erTgvarad, samurzayanos `teritoriuli da po-

litikuri mTlianoba~ SeinarCuna da safuZveli gamoacala qeleS-beisTan

SesaZlo kamaTs am mxaris mflobelobasTan dakavSirebiT. am aqtSi mefis

ruseTis kavkasiis samxedro olqis samxedro-istoriuli ganyofilebis

ufrosi, general-maiori v. poto samegrelos ruseTTan SeerTebis proce-

sis dasasruls xedavda [455.125-126]. rogorc Cans, politikurad, samurza-

yanos rusebi odiSis nawilad moiazrebdnen. m. dumbaZis SefasebiT, ruse-

bis xelSewyobiT, samurzayano `SeuerTda~ odiSs [171.215]. T. qadaria miiC-

nevs, rom ruseTi daexmara samegrelos samTavros, mis erTaderT dasayr-

dens dasavleT saqarTveloSi, samurzayanos dabrunebaSi [267.105]. Tumca,

rogorc vnaxeT, realurad, saqme mxolod am mxaris SemomtkicebaSi iyo.

gansxvavebul mosazrebas afiqsireben o. bRaJba da s. lakoba, romlebic

pirdapir ayalbeben am istoriul faqts da acxadeben, rom samurzayano

damoukideblad miiRes ruseTis `mfarveloba~, xolo samegrelos mTavars,

avtorTa TqmiT, mxolod Suamavlis roli Seusrulebia [349].

samurzayanos Sesvlam ruseTis `mfarvelobaSi~ qeleS-bei gaaRiziana.

man gamosarCleba sulTnis karze iTxova. Tumca, ruseTi, qeleS-beis am

pretenziebs arafrad agdebda da maT yovelgvar safuZvels moklebulad

miiCnevda, rac, aseve, gamoCnda p. litvinovis werilSi a. i. italinskisad-

123

mi, romelic im xanebSi ruseTis elCi iyo `brwyinvale portaSi~ [84.528].

aRsaniSnavia, rom samegrelos mmarTveli nino undoblad ekideboda levan

SarvaSiZes (ufross) da maTi urTierTobebis mowesrigebaSi p. cicianovi

Caeria, romelsac namdvilad ar undoda daZabulobis axali keris gaCena,

radgan es kidev ufro gaarTulebda sxva afxaz didebulebis gadmoyvanas

ruseTis mxareze. man nino dadians sTxova keTilganwyobileba gamoeCina

levan SarvaSiZisadmi [84.522, dok. #1020]. Tumca sakuTriv levanmac gadad-

ga nabiji odiSis xelisuflebasTan dasaaxloveblad. kerZod, man mxari

dauWira samegrelos pretenziebs leCxumze, romelic odiS-imereTis davis

sagans Seadgenda [84.512,537, dok. #998,1047; 280.89-95].

dadianis saxlis erTgulebisaTvis, levan V-m manuCar SarvaSiZe daa-

jildova. kerZod, mas gadaeca yofili afxazeTis sakaTalikosos mamulebi-

dan sofeli xibula 14 komliT [84.529, dok. #1033]. levan SarvaSiZis mier 35

wlis win dawyebuli saqme misma ZmisSvilma daasrula. `mfarvelobis~ miRe-

biT qeleS-beis mcdelobas samurzayanos dasakaveblad bolo moeRo. amas-

Tanave maT, `afxazis Tavadebma~, oficialurad daadastures, rom samurza-

yano dadianis samflobelo iyo da SarvaSiZeebic Zvelidanve maT morCi-

lebdnen. am dRes dasrulda odiS-afxazeTis `kondominiumi~ samurzayanoze.

amrigad, levan SarvaSiZe didi ambiciebis mqone mmarTveli iyo, ro-

melTan kavSirs eswrafvodnen imereTis mefe da afxazeTis mTavaric. man

daarRvia papisa da mamis `tradicia~, romelic gamoricxavda samurzayanos

xelisufalTa politikur aqtiurobas maTi samflobelos farglebs ga-

reT. levanis dros ki es Seicvala. amieridan samurzayanoeli SarvaSiZe-

ebi aqtiurad monawileoben maTi samflobelos samxreT-aRmosavleTiT Tu

Crdilo-dasavleTiT ganviTarebul procesebSi, rig SemTxvevaSic, Tavadac

ki aZlevdnen garkveul mimarTulebas am procesebis ganviTarebas (soxu-

mis cixidan gandevnili Turqebis dabruneba, samTavro taxtidan grigol

dadianis pirveli Camogdeba). amasTanave, SevecadeT gangvesazRvra levan Sar-

vaSiZis mmarTvelobis periodi 1757-1790 (ara ugvianes 1792 wlisa) wlebiT.

124

T a v i III. samurzayano 1805-1840 wlebSi

@§1. samurzayanos mflobelobidan samurzayanos mouravobamde

(1805-1813 wlebi)

ruseTis `mfarvelobis~ qveS Sesvlam xeli Seuwyo manuCar SarvaSiZis

poziciebis gamyarebas, romelsac sakuTari Zmebis – levanis da beJanis –

saxiT Zlieri konkurentebi hyavda. Cvens mier ukve aRiniSna, rom n. dadia-

nis SeniSvna samurzayanoze qeleS-beis `mZlavrebdacasTan~ dakavSirebiT

swored am ukanasknelTa kontrolSi gamoixateboda. Tumca, levanma, rusu-

li iaraRiT daSinebulma, male miatova afxazeTis mTavari, magram mas ru-

suli mmarTvelobis mxardaWeriT Tavi ar gamouCenia; piriqiT, mamasTan er-

Tad, SemCneuli iqna ruseTis sawinaaRmdego qmedebebSi, risTvisac orives

mamulebi CamoerTva da es miwebi, maT Soris sofeli didi koki, 1810w. le-

van dadianma erTguli samsaxurisaTvis mis siZes, manuCars, gadasca [280.99].

manuCarive flobda misi meore Zmis beJanis samkvidrosac, vinaidan es ukana-

skneli antirusul orientaciaze darCa [87.506, dok. #597; 280.100]. manuCaris

politikuri orientacia, rogorc vnaxeT, imTaviTve, aSkarad naTeli iyo

da SemdgomSic igi samurzayanoSi ruseTisa da dadianis saxlis interesebis

aqtiuri gamtareblad rCeboda. ra Tqma unda, manuCaris myari `politikuri ori-

entacia~ pirdapir kavSirSi iyo mis poziciebis simtkicesTan. amasTanave, mas,

rogorc Cveulebriv feodals, Tvali eWira Zmebis samkvidro mamulebze.

samurzayanos SesvliT ruseTis `mfarvelobis~ qveS, ruseTis sazRv-

rebi afxazeTs ufro miuaxlovda. qeleS-bei mSvenivrad acnobierebda, rom

am wlebis manZilze amierkavkasiaSi mdgomareoba permanentulad ruseTis

sasargeblod icvleboda, xolo TurqeTs ukve Zala ar Sewevda regionSi

sakuTari interesebis dasacavad. igi akvirdeboda solomon II-is aqtiur

mcdelobasac SeenarCunebina imereTis samefos damoukidebloba da xeli-

sufleba. Tumca, imereli bagrationis es mizani sul ufro da ufro uime-

do xdeboda. am viTarebaSi afxazeTis mTavari SesaniSnavad grZnobda, rom

ruseTi aucileblad moindomebda misi qveynis daWeras, raTa Savi zRvis

CrdiloeTi da aRmosavleTi sanapiroebi da kavkasiis mTianeTi kontrol-

125

qveS hyoloda, rac, sabolood, kavkasiidan osmaleTis politikuri gavle-

nis CamoSorebas gamoiwvevda [371.32]. afxazeTis amgvar xelsayrel geostrate-

giul mdgomareobaze jer kidev 1789w. miuTiTebdnen imereTis samefos mes-

veurebi ruseTs [214.281-282]. amasTanave, afxazeTi ruseTisaTvis mimzidveli

iyo misi bunebrivi resursebiTac saukeTeso xis masaliT gemTmSeneblo-

bisTvis, romliTac SesaniSnavad sargeblodnen Turqebi [371.33; 288.131]. am

sakiTxis gadaWra mxolod drois saqme iyo. amitom, qeleS-beim, `gonierma

politikosma~ [142.400], Tadarigi daiWira ruseTTan urTierTobis dasamya-

reblad [142.400,402; 371.32].

amasTanave, is ukve sakmaod xanSiSesuli iyo da samTavro taxtze saku-

Tari memkvidreebis bedic aRelvebda. aq ki sakiTxi Zalian rTulad idga.

qeleS-beis memkvidred miCneuli hyavda meore Svili, sefer-bei, romelic mas

glexi (anhaiu) qalisagan (gvarad leiba sof. muguZirxvadan [456.540]) SeeZina.

Tavdapirvelad, is daqorwinebuli iyo gavleniani afxazuri sagvareulos –

ZiafS-ifaTa asulze [456.540; 448.102]. es SeuRleba pragmatuli politikuri in-

teresebidan gamomdinare aqts warmoadgenda da misi iniciatori afxazeTis

maSindeli mTavari, qeleS-beis biZa, zurabi iyo. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

XVIII saukuneSi SarvaSiZeTa sami pirveli piris osmaleTSi wayvanis Semdeg,

afxazeTSi didi gavlena da, faqtobrivad, pirvelpiroba, ZiafS-ifebma mo-

ipoves. osmaleTidan dabrunebis Semdeg, zurabma am sagvareulosTan urTi-

erTobebis mowesrigebis mizniT, zemoT xsenebuli qorwili dagegma. swo-

red am qorwinebidan hyavda qeleS-beis ufrosi vaJi – aslan-bei. Tumca,

arc SeuRleba iyo siyvarulze dafuZnebuli da arc qeleS-bei, romelic

afxazeTis gavlenian sagvareuloTa damorCilebas da samTavros erTi xeli-

suflis qveS gaerTianebas gegmavda, apirebda ZiafS-ifaTa gavlenis qveS yof-

nas. igi maleve gaSorda meuRles da colad SeirTo leibas qali. aman sabo-

lood gaauaresa ZiafS-ifebisa da qeleS-beis urTierToba. rogorc v. poto da

s. esaZe aRniSnaven, colis ojaxTan siZulvili, afxazeTis mTavars misi pirm-

Sos mimarTac gadaezarda [456.540; 448.102], ramac xeli Seuwyo sefer-beis gam-

Tavrebis Sansis gazrdas.

islamuri kanonmdeblobiT, mTavris Svili, dabali socialuri fenis

warmomadgeneli qalisganac Sobili, kanonierad iTvleboda, Tumca, mas

mainc ar gadaecemoda mTavris politikuri uflebebi [456.540-541]. ZiafS-

126

ifebi da aslan-bei ar apirebdnen poziciebis daTmobas. maT mTavris wina-

aRmdeg SeTqmulebac ki dadgegmes, magram qeleS-beim droze Seityo es am-

bavi da SeZlo misi gauvnebelyofeba [456.541; 448.104]. amitom qeleS-beim se-

fer-bei grigol dadianis daze, Tamarze, daaqorwina da qristianuladac

monaTla [456.540-541; 448.102-103].

amieridan giorgis (yofili sefer-bei) zurgs samegrelos samTavro da

misi mfarveli, ruseTis imperia, umagrebda. k. maWavarianis cnobiT, TviTon

qeleS-bei faruli qristiani yofila [404.248]. j. gamaxaria miiCnevs, rom mit-

ropolit grigol caiSelis 1822w. moxsenebaSi dasaxelebuli `afxazeTis

mTavari~, romelic peterburgidan mobrunebulma dadianebis mRvdelma mama

ioane ioselianma (is imperiis dedaqalaqSi 1805-1806 wlebSi imyofeboda)

monaTla, qeleS-bei unda yofiliyo [151.368]. k. maWavarianis zemoxsenebuli

cnoba sainteresod migvaCnia, radganac avtori dekanoz daviT maWavarianis

Svili iyo da, SesaZlebelia, mamisagan flobda garkveul informacias, ro-

melic oficialurad ar iyo gaxmaurebuli da mxolod garkveul pirTa

viwro wrem icoda. Tumca, es cnoba wyaroebiT jer ver dasturdeba da, sav-

sebiT SesaZlebelia, mogvianebiT SeTxzuli legendac iyos. sxva sabuTiT,

mama ioanes mier monaTluli `afxazeTis mTavari~, romelsac ar asaxelebs

meufe grigoli, aris giorgi (sefer-bei) SarvaSiZe [89.429, dok. #570].

pirveli cnoba p. cicianovs qeleS-beis ruseTTan dakavSirebis survi-

lis Taobaze jer kidev 1803w. miuvida dadianis saxlidan da isic moaxse-

nes, rom qeleS-bei osmaleTis sulTnisagan damoukidebeli iyo [84.536, dok.

#1045]. s. bronevskis cnobiT, afxazeTis mTavari imdenad myarad da damo-

ukideblad grZnobda Tavs, rom xonTqris brZanebebs iSviaTad asrulebda

[103.347]. p. cicianovi Zalian dainteresda am winadadebiT, radgan afxaze-

Tis samTavro da qeleS-bei ruseTisaTvis kargi SenaZeni iqneboda [142.401].

man moiTxova, qeleS-beis werilobiT gamoexata Tavisi es survili, magram

afxazeTis mTavari jer mxolod niadags sinjavda da am mimarTulebiT

gansakuTrebulad ar Cqarobda [142.401]. Tumca, garkveuli molaparakebebi

qeleS-beis warmomadgenelebsa da amierkavkasiaSi ruseTis xelisuflebas

Soris 1804 wlis I naxevarSic mimdinareobda [84.395, dok. #783]. male afxa-

zeTis mTavarsa da ruseTis xelisuflebas Soris urTierToba mkveTrad

gamwvavda grigol dadianis Svilis, levanis, gamo, romelic qeleS-beis

127

hyavda mZevlad. amasTanave, rusebi eWvobdnen, rom afxazeTis mTavari so-

lomon II-sTan aliansSic imyofeboda [84.400,413, dok. #794,807]. o. bRaJbasa

da s. lakobas mosazrebiT ki, afxazeTis mTavarsa da ruseTis xelisuf-

lebas Soris daZabulobis warmoqmniT samegrelos mmarTveli nino iyo da-

interesebuli [350.197-198].

1806w. martis bolos qeleS-beis urTierToba sulTnis karTanac daiZa-

ba. afxazeTis mTavarma Seifara trapizoneli Taiar-faSa, romelsac saxel-

mwifo RalatSi edeboda brali [290.174]. stambulma misgan moRalatis das-

ja moiTxova [84.872, dok. #1795]. qeleS-beim `rubikoni~ gadalaxa da, faq-

tobrivad, TurqeTis winaaRmdeg ajanyda. am ambebis Sesaxeb saintereso

cnobaa daculi Jak fransua gambasTan. frangi diplomati werda, rom qe-

leS-bei da devnili Taiar-faSa yonaRebi1 gamxdaran da `raki [qeleS-bei – k.k.]

masTan [Taiar-faSa – k.k.] stumarTmoyvareobis valdebulebiT iyo dakavSi-

rebuli, rasac Zalzed wmidad icaven aqauri xalxebi, igi ar damorCilebia

divanis2 brZanebas, Tavisi yonaRi ar gaucia~ [14.88].

afxazeTis mTavarma icoda, rom sulTnis kari mis am urCobas ar apa-

tiebda da, aqedan gamomdinare, ruseTis mfarveloba iTxova [448.103]. ro-

gorc irkveva, am gadawyvetilebis miReba mas im xanebSi afxazeTSi myofma

mama ioane ioselianmac urCia [89.429, dok. #570]. am TxovnisaTvis ufro me-

ti ndobis misacemad, 1806w. ivnisSi ruseTTan SeerTebis sakiTxi afxazeTis

mTavarma saxalxo krebaze gaitana da mxardaWerac miiRo [290.176; 240.121]. Tumca,

ruseT-osmaleTs Soris jer kidev, formalurad, mSvidoba iyo da amitom

peterburgSi sulTnis qveSevrdomze proteqtoratis damyareba mizanSewoni-

lad ar CaiTvala [448.104]. aleqsandre I qeleS-beis mfarvelobas mxolod

TurqeTTan konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi gegmavda [370.133]. es ki arc Tu ise So-

reuli perspeqtiva iyo, radgan am xanebSi ukve mimdinareobda seriozuli

diplomatiuri TanamSromloba parizsa da stambuls Soris, romlis erT-

erTi mimarTuleba mkveTrad antirusuli iyo. es procesi kidev ufro gaaq-

tiurda mas Semdeg, rac imperatorma napoleonmac 1805w. 2 dekembers auster-

licTan sastikad daamarcxa ruseTisa da avstriis armiebi. TurqeTisaTvis es

1 yonaRi (Turq.) – stumrobiT damegobrebuli piri [327.1015].

2 divani – Zvel TurqeTSi (osmaleTSi): sulTnis sabWo, romelSic Sediodnen didgvari-

anebi da didi moxeleebi [323.130].

128

imedis momcemi ambavi iyo. amitom, ruseTSic xvdebodnen, rom osmaleTTan

morigi SeiaraRebuli konfliqti gardauvali iyo. amasTanave, 1805 wlidan

mimdinareobda ruseT-sparseTis omi. sanqt-peterburgis saqmeebi amierkavka-

siaSi garTulda da amitom `qelaiS-begi gaZvirfasda~ [142.403]. aqedan gamo-

mdinare, dasavleT saqarTveloSi ruseTis poziciebis gasamyareblad, same-

grelos da afxazeTis urTierTobebis mowesrigeba aucilebeli gaxda. 1806w.

maisSi, ruseTis SuamavlobiT, qeleS-beisa da nino dadianis Serigeba Sedga

[290.175; 240.120; 267.110]. Serigebis safasurad samegrelos mmarTvelma afxaze-

Tis samTavrosagan samurzayanoze mimarT pretenziebis uaryofa moiTxova,

rac dakmayofilda kidec [290.175; 240.120; 267.110].

qeleS-beis TavxedobiT aRSfoTebulma stambolma Taiar-faSasTan er-

Tad, misi dasjac gadawyvita da 1806w. 25 ivliss afxazeTis sanapiros trape-

zundidan 11 xomaldisagan Semdgari osmaleTis flotilia moadga. Tumca,

qeleS-bei mters saTanadod momzadebuli daxvda da osmalebma uomrad da-

ixies ukan [338.15]. Turqebma, am samxedro operaciis win, miznis misaRwevad

Cveul xerxs mimarTes da amisTvis feodaluri qiSpis gamoyeneba scades.

osmaleTis eskadris ufrosma manuCar SarvaSiZes sulTnis firmani gadas-

ca, romelSic samurzayanos mflobelisagan qeleS-beis winaaRmdeg laSq-

riT gamosvla moiTxova. analogiuri firmanebi sxva afxaz Tavadebsac da-

egzavnaT [85.192, dok. #355]. manuCari qeleS-beis mimarT marTlac ar iyo

keTilganwyobili, amitom igi namdvilad ar iyo afxazeTis mTavris wina-

aRmdeg galaSqrebisa. magram, saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebamde, man

yovelive i. rikhofs acnoba. rusma generalma gaiTvaliswina is, rom same-

grelosa da afxazeTs Soris Znelad miRwevadi mSvidoba axali damyare-

buli iyo da manuCars am operaciaSi monawileobisagan TavSekaveba `urCia~

[85.192, dok. #355]. bunebrivia, i. rikhofis gadawyvetileba marTebuli iyo,

vinaidan qeleS-beim, rogorc vnaxeT, samurzayano samegrelos mflobeloba-

Si cno da manuCaris gamosvla mis winaaRmdeg, afxazeTis mTavris mxridan

aRqmuli iqneboda, rogorc samegrelos mier Serigebis pirobebis darReva,

rac safrTxes Seuqmnida ruseTis interesebs. es ki ufro adardebda rus

generals, vidre afxazeT-odiSis urTierTobebi. amasTanave, Turqebis mier

qeleS-beis CamoSoreba xelisuflebidan, afxazeTSi isev osmaleTis poli-

tikuri gavlenis gazrdas gamoiwvevda. es ki yovlad dauSvebeli iyo. male

129

dRis wesrigSi dadga manuCarisa da qeleS-beis Serigebis sakiTxic. es

problemac, rusebis gavleniT, dadebiTad gadawyda 1807 wlis dasawyisis-

Tvis. Tumca, samurzayanos mflobeli bolomde ver endo afxazeTis mTa-

vars da misgan erT-erTi Svili mZevlad moiTxova [85.197, dok. #364,365].

1807w. martSi manuCari, Tavis laSqriT, ukve Turqebis winaaRmdeg qeleS-be-

is mxardamWerad gvevlineba [85.197, dok. #364].

1806w. miwurulidan ruseT-osmaleTis morigi mimdinareobda da saomar

moqmedebaTa erT-erT fronts dasavleT saqarTvelos Savi zRvis sanapiro

warmoadgenda. 1807w. maisis dasawyisSi general-maior i. rikhofs Tavadma

jaianma saidumlod gaando erTi cnoba, romelic man afxazeTSi mcxovrebi

misi naTesavebisagan – Tavad maWutaZeebisagan miiRo. kerZod, qeleS-bei ma-

nuCar SarvaSiZes SeTanxmebia yulevis rusul garnizonze erToblivi Tav-

dasxmaze [85.197, dok. #364]. es pirovnebebi, rogorc irkveva, i. rikhofis

sando informatorebi iyvnen da amitom rusi generals ver gaerkvia, daeje-

rebina Tu ara es cnoba.

rogorc Cans, amgvari SeTanxmeba ar yofila da arc ganxorcielebu-

la. savaraudod, osmaleTis agentebi specialurad avrcelebdnen am xmebs,

raTa daZabuloba SeetanaT afxazebsa da rusebs Soris urTierTobebSi.

Tumca ki, qeleS-beis mimarT mainc darCaT eWvis sababi, radgan man araferi

gaakeTa yulevis dasacavad osmalTagan da arc rusebs miexmara foTis

cixis aRebaSi, romlis xelmZRvaneli ki misi naTesavi, Servan-bei SarvaSi-

Zis SviliSvili, quCuk-bei iyo [142.404]. mas baTumis cixec eWira [256.4; 370.136;

446.53, tab. #6]. rusebi eWvobdnen, rom afxazeTis mTavari ormag TamaSs ewe-

oda [295.211]. Tumca, amasTanave, man arc Turqebs misca saSualeba afxazeTis

sanapiroze desantis gadmosxmisa [290.176-177]. n. berZeniSvilis SefasebiT, qe-

leS-beis aseTi `saxifaTo neitraliteti~ ganpirobebuli iyo sakuTriv ru-

seTis sifrTxiliT afxazeTis sakiTxis gadaWraSi [142.404-405]. rac Seexeba

eWvs manuCaris mimarT, es sruliad usafuZvlo iyo, vinaidan is aqtiurad

uWerda mxars rusebs da samurzayanoel SarvaSiZeTagan yvelaze Tavgamode-

buli prorusuli orientaciis politikosic ki iyo.

1807w. 13(25) ivniss tilzitSi ruseT-osmaleTs Soris droebiTi zavi

daido, romelmac kidev ufro daamZima afxazeTis mTavris mdgomareoba.

ruseTi, amjeradac, Tavs ikavebda qeleS-beis Txovnis Sesasruleblad da

130

arc samxedro mxardaWeras hpirdeboda osmaleTis mxridan afxazeTze mo-

salodneli agresiis SemTxvevaSi [142.405]. stambolma scada Seqmnili viTa-

rebiT esargebla da umarTavi da saeWvo qeleS-bei Tavidan moeSorebina.

1808w. 2 maiss soxumis rezidenciaSi 61 wlis qeleS-bei mokles.1 aslan-beim

Tavi afxazeTis mTavrad gamoacxada da osmaleTis sulTnis erTguleba aRi-

ara [336.13]. istorikosebi, ZiriTadad, miiCneven, rom am mkvlelobis organiza-

torebi iyvnen aslan-beis da ZiafS-febi [17.197; 142.405; 290.177; 138.122; 240.122;

199.324; 103.349; 456.541; 448.104; 370.137; 371.33; 381.145; 345.45-46; 420.217; 337.13]. rogorc

g. ZiZaria werda, sakuTriv aslan-beis momxre Turqebi, romlebic afxa-

zebs rusebis winaaRmdeg aqezebdnen, aRniSnavdnen, rom man qeleS-bei mok-

la `alahis nebiT~ [371.34-35].

sxva varaudi gamoTqva a. fadeevma, romelic Tvlida, rom es aqti dadia-

nebis mier iyo dagegmili [441.35]. Tumca, ukanasknel periodSi o. bRaJbam da

s. lakobam warmoadgines gansxvavebuli mosazreba, TiTqos, afxazeTis

mTavris mkvleloba samegrelos droebiT mmarTvelis nino dadianis mier

iyo organizebuli da rusuli samxedro administraciis mier iyo mxardaWe-

rili, radgan samegrelos sWirdeboda afxazeTSi morCili mTavari, anu sefer-

bei, xolo i. rikhofi qeleS-beis mtrad miiCnevda [389.13; 350.198-201]. s. lakobas

es `versia~ Tanamedrove afxazeTSi, arsebuli politikur-ideologiuri ko-

niunqturidan gamomdinare, sul ufro misaRebi xdeba [332.10]. amasTan erTad, o.

bRaJba da s. lakoba ninos `kriminalur~ qmedebaTa sias amiT ar xuraven da eyr-

dnobian ra solomon II-s mkurnali eqimis, patr nikolas cnobebs, mas meuRlis,

grigol dadianis mowamvliT mkvlelobaSic adanaSauleben [350.197].2 am

mkvlevarTa logika savsebiT naTelia: qmris mkvlel qals arc sxva adamianis

mkvlelobis organizeba gauWirdeboda, raTa xelisuflebaSi marioneti mTava-

ris moyvaniT, afxazi xalxi daepyro. Tumca, sakuTriv samegrelos dedofali

amas TviTon patr nikolas abralebda [267.19].

qeleS-beis winaaRmdeg organizebuli SeTqmulebis monawileTa Soris

manuCar SarvaSiZis Zma, beJanic iyo [85.199, dok. #367]. antirusulma ganwyo-

bilebam beJani ukve qeleS-beisTanac daapirispira. beJanis qveSevrdomebic as-

1 qeleS-beis saflavi dRemde miukvlevelia [332.10].

2 n. dadianic werda, rom samegreloSi xma iyo gavrcelebuli mTavris mowamvlis Sesaxeb: `it-

yvian grigolisaTvis samsaliTa sikvdilsa~ [17.193]; `samsala – wamali makvdinebeli~ [33.41].

131

lan-beis uWerdnen mxars [85.199, dok. #367]. miuxedavad imisa, rom is kvlav

qristianad rCeboda, misTvis mainc miuRebeli iyo ruseTis Semosvla afxa-

zeTSi. Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom garkveuli kavSirebi iyo aslan-beisa

da solomon II-s Soris [250.382; 336.13], rogorc Cans, savaraudoa, rom beJa-

nic im politikosTa mxareze idga, romelTac dasavleT saqarTveloSi ime-

reTis mefe xelmZRvanelobda. ruseTis armiis oficeri manuCar SarvaSiZe

ki aqtiurad ibrZoda am Zalebis winaaRmdeg da, rusuli administraciis mes-

veurTa SefasebiT, Tavis gamoCenasac axerxebda am `saqmeSi~ [86.243, dok. #324].

afxazeTis mTavrobis meore kandidatma sefer-bei SarvaSiZem, romelic

bzifis domenis mflobeli iyo [456.544] da jer kidev mamis sicocxleSive

marTavda afxazeTs, gamoilaSqra aslan-beis winaaRmdeg. Tumca, mas sakmari-

si Zalebi ar gaaCnda metoqe Zmis gasaZeveblad da amitom daxmarebisTvis

dadianebs mimarTa [456.542]. ninomac, ra Tqma unda, siZes daxmarebaze uari

ar uTxra, miT ufro, rom es saukeTeso saSualeba iyo afxazeTTan sadao

sakiTxebis (maT Soris, samurzayanos sakiTxis) mosagvareblad.

qeleS-beis memkvidreebis am davaSi, mTavarmmarTebelma ivane gudoviC-

ma (1806-1809), bunebrivia, sefer-beis dauWira mxari. v. potos SeniSvniT,

misTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, am SemTxvevaSi, giorgi SarvaSiZis qris-

tianobas hqonda [456.543]. Tumca, i. gudoviCma, TurqeTTan dadebuli zavis

gamo, mizanSeuwonlad miiCnia afxazeTis samTavroSi rusuli SeiaraRebu-

li qvedanayofebis gagzavna, raTa osmaleTTan xelaxali konfliqti ar

dawyebuliyo [85.200, dok. #368]. misi nebarTviT, 8 maiss soxumisaken daiZra

megrelTa da samurzayanoelTa laSqari niko dadianisa da manuCar Sarva-

SiZis xelmZRvanelobiT [85.199,207-208, dok. #367,374]. jari md. besleTTan

dabanakda, Tumca soxumis cixis aReba ver SeZlo, radgan saTanadod (`ar-

tileriaTa da arca sxvaTa cixis mosadgomTa iaraRTa~) momzadebuli ar

aRmoCnda [17.197]. amasTanave, aslan-beic sakmaod gaZlierebuli daxvda maT,

vinaidan mis dasaxmareblad, soxumSi 3 gemiT Cavida quCuk-bei SarvaSiZe

da 300-mde Cerqezi [85.207-208, dok. #374]. mas colad hyavda jiqel qali

geCbaTa sagvareulodan da amitom didi mxardaWerac hqonda saZebis, ubi-

xebisa da adiRebis mxridan [350.201].1 mis mxares iyvnen umcrosi Zma hasan-

1 geCbebis sagvareulo md. mzimTas xeobis qvemowelSi cxovrobda [74.9].

132

bei da abJuis mmarTveli ali-bei SarvaSiZe, romelsac sZuldaT sefer-bei

da SiSi hqondaT, rom is, rusebis meSveobiT, afxazeTis xelisuflebaSi

movidoda [295.213]. magram levan dadiansa da manuCar SarvaSiZes `xelcari-

eli~ ukan gabruneba ar undodaT da aslan-beisTan molaparakebebi daiw-

yes cixis Cabarebis Sesaxeb [85.207-208, dok. #374]. Tumca, aslan-bei, rome-

lic sakmaod momZlavrebuli iyo, cixis Cabarebas arc fiqrobda da erTa-

derTi Sedegi am molaparakebisa is iyo, rom moxerxda qeleS-beis qvrivis,

rebia-xanum marSanias, da misi Svilis baTal-beis gamoxsna [17.197]. levanma

da manuCarma, sabolood, damZevles `yoveli afxazeTi jiqeTis sazRvri-

dam vidre RaliZga-dadianis sazRvramde~ (xazgasma Cveni – k.k.) [17.197].

am laSqrobam sefer-beis mdgomareoba ver ganamtkica [138.237]. ar ga-

marTlda ruseTis daxmarebis molodinic. osmaleTma ki swrafi reagireba

moaxdina da aslan-beis saSvelad gamoemarTa da mniSvnelovani samxedro

daxmarebac gauwia: Tuki, soxumSi 1807w. 16 qvemexi idga, aslan-beis dros

maTi raodenoba 70 erTeulamde gaizarda, xolo soxumis siaxloves ramdenime

osmaluri samxedro gemi idga [142.407; 344.75; 420.217-218]. saqmis amgvarad Semob-

runebam, aslan-beis mxardamWerTa ricxvi kidev ufro gazarda. mis mxareze

gadadiodnen is afxazebic ki, romlebsac, sefer-beis erTgulebis sanacvlod,

levan dadianma da manuCar SarvaSiZem mZevlebi CamoarTves. `aslan-beg kvalad

imyofeboda ayus cixesa Sina, garna ara ayenebda Zmasa Tvissa sefer-begs da

ibirebda ymasa missa da awuxebda~, – werda n. dadiani [17.197].

sefer-bei daxmarebisTvis isev zugdidSi Cavida. man, samegrelos mmarTve-

lis rCeviT, sakuTari poziciebis gasamyareblad, ruseTis mfarveloba iT-

xova. odiSSi miiCnevdnen, rom sefer-beis mmarTveloba kargi SesaZleblo-

ba iyo am samTavrosTan saukuneebis manZilze arsebuli daZabuli urTier-

Tobebisa da problemebis mosagvareblad. ninomac, Tavis mxriv, siZis mxar-

damWeri werili gaugzavna mTavarmmarTebel i. gudoviCs, sadac kidev erT-

xel xazi gausva odiSis istoriuli uflebebs ara marto samurzayanoze,

aramed – sruliad afxazeTze da amiT Seecada am mxareze ruseTis proteq-

toratis damyarebas [240.123]. samegrelos mmarTveli miuTiTebda imaze, rom,

istoriulad, afxazeTi `ars wevri da mezobeli Cveni da uwinaresve xelTa

qveSe samTavroTa CvenTa myofi~ [85.202, dok. #370] da amis argumentad, afxa-

zeT-odiSis istoriuli Tanacxovrobis garda, axali mTavrisa da misi qve-

133

Sevrdomobis awindeli sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareobac mohyavda.

nino bagrationis TqmiT, Tuki qristianobaze moqceuli giorgi Sarva-

SiZe ruseTis mfarvelobas miiRebda, es dadebiTad imoqmedebda mTels af-

xazur mosaxleobaze: `maSin ganacxadebs sarwmunoebasa Cvensa... yoveli

afxazeTi, – esred aRmiTqves me yovelTa afxazeTisa TavadTa da aznaur-

Ta da xolo glexni moswrafebiT mza arian, vinadgan umetesni qristiane-

oben da swamT jvari da xati Cveni~ [85.202, dok. #370]. ninos werilSi yu-

radRebas iqcevs samurzayanos samarTlebrivi statusi – `Cveni samflobe-

lo afxazeTsa Sina~. rac imas niSnavs, rom samegrelos samTavro, am peri-

odSi, RaliZga-kodoris SuamdinareTs afxazeTis nawilad aRiarebda, mag-

ram es nawili, aseve, misi samflobeloc iyo. Tumca aSkaraa, rom nino da-

diani Zalian azviadebda arsebul viTarebas siZis sasargeblod. v. potos

SeniSvniT, afxaz warCinebulTa umravlesobisTvis miuRebeli iyo glexis

Svilis gamTavreba [456.544]. amasTan, mTavarmarTebels hqonda kidev erTi cnoba,

rom sasikvdilod daWrilma qeleS-beim mTavroba umcros Svils, baTal-beis

uanderZa [456.542-543]. Tumca, igi dokumenturad ver dasturdeboda.

osmaleTTan kvlav ganaxlebuli omis fonze (1809w. gazafxuli), sanqt-pe-

terburgma gadawyvita afxazeTze proteqtoratis daweseba. naTeli iyo,

rom sakiTxis gaWianureba ukve aRar SeiZleboda, radgan, sabolood, da-

kargavda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis nawilSi arsebul mcire ndobasac ki.

es ki isev sanq-peterburgis samxreTi samflobeloebis usafrTxoebas aye-

nebda riskis qveS. rogorc n. berZeniSvili SeniSnavda, i. gudoviCma nino

dadianis weriliT `afxazeTis mimarT Tumca gaubedavi, magram mainc gark-

veuli pretenziis suni~ igrZno, amitom am qveynis ruseTis mfarvelobaSi

SeyvanisaTvis sxva argumenti Camoayaliba, kerZod, is, rom qristianuli

afxazeTi feodaluri saqarTvelos nawili iyo da, bolo dromde, is ime-

reTze damokidebuli samTavro iyo [142.407].

mkvlevaris mosazrebiT, aq ruseTis Sorsmimavali gegmebi igrZnoboda:

imereTze, romlis bedic ruseTs, faqtobrivad, gadawyvetili hqonda, `damo-

kidebulobaze~ xazgasmiT, i. gudoviCi safuZvels gamoaclida samegrelos

pretenziebs afxazeTze [142.407]. XIXs. I naxevarSi samegrelo ruseTis aqti-

ur mxardamWerad gamodioda, magram, rogorc Cans, mis mimarT rusebs sru-

li ndoba ar hqondaT da arc is surdaT, rom, momavalSi, odiSis samTavro

134

ramenairad gaZlierebuliyo. sanqt-peterburgisaTvis dasavleT saqarTve-

los politikur erTeulTa arsebobda mxolod droebiTi da rusebisTvis

iZulebiTi movlena iyo. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebam solomon II-s ukve

daanaxa ruseTis mfarvelobis realuri `Sinaarsi~. Crdiloeli mezobeli

iseTive dampryobeli iyo, rogorc yofili samxreTeli `mfarvelebi~ da

`patronebi~ – osmaleTi da spasrseTi. swored amitom iyo solomon II-s

brZola aseTi Seupovari.

1808w. 12 agvistos giorgi (sefer-bei) SarvaSiZem da misma momxre af-

xazma warCinebulebma xeli moaweres ruseTis `saTxovar punqtebs~ da impe-

ratoris erTgulebazec daifices [420.218]. n. berZeniSvili aRniSnavs, rom

sanqt-peterburgidan dadebiTi pasuxi afxazeTis mTavris Txovnaze 1809w. Sua-

xanebSi mouvida mTavarmmarTebel aleqsandre tormasovs (1809-1811) [142.408]. si-

namdvileSi jer kidev i. gudoviCi 1808 wlis 17 ivliss general i. rikhofs

aZlevda gankargulebas, raTa daxmareboda sefer-beis, romlis qveSevrdo-

mad miRebasac ruseTis umaRlesi xelisufleba apirebda [85.206, dok. #373].

sefer-bei maSinac ar flobda realur xelisuflebas samTavroSi da

samegreloSi imyofeboda. 1809w. dasawyisSi dadianis laSqari mis dasaxma-

reblad isev gaemarTa soxumisken, Tumca amjeradac warumateblad [86.409,

dok. #549]. levan xutunias Ze SarvaSiZem, am laSqrobis gamo, rusul sa-

mxedro administraciaSi nino dadianis winaaRmdeg saCivari Seitana, sa-

dac aRniSnavda, rom sefer-beis dasaxmareblad mimavali samegrelos sa-

xalxo laSqari, romelmac gzad levan SarvaSiZis samflobeloze gaiara,

mosaxleobisagan saqonels, purs, Romsa da Rvinos iTxovda gamosakvebad

[86.409-410, dok. #549]. levan SarvaSiZe apelirebda imiT, rom amis Sedegad,

isedac gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi myof mis qveSevrdomebs mZime ekonomi-

kuri zarali miadgaT da igi am zaralis anazRaurebas iTxovda.

samurzayanos yofili mflobelis saCivari uyuradRebod ar darCa da

1809w. 27 Tebervals saqmis gamoZieba i. gudoviCma imereTis mmarTvels ge-

neral-maior dimitri orbelians daavala. am gamoZiebis Sedegebi d. orbeli-

anma a. tormasovs imave wlis 12 maiss upataka. rogorc man gaarkvia, saqme exe-

boda samegrelos iregularul jars, romelsac, rogorc wesi, laSqrobi-

sas Tan sakvebi ar mihqonda da maTi Senaxva im adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

movaleoba iyo, sadac es jari dabankdeboda, iqneboda es sakuTriv same-

135

grelos samTavros teritoriaze Tu mis farglebs gareT. amis Sesaxeb

levan SarvaSiZesac kargad moexseneboda da, amitom, rogorc d. orbeli-

ani SeniSnavda, saCivari usafuZvlo iyo da misi dakmayofilebac ar SeiZ-

leboda [86.410, dok. #549].

amasobaSi osmaleTi ganagrZobda aslan-beis materialur da samxedro

mxardaWeras. 1809w. ivnisis bolos soxumis navsadgurs moadga Turquli

xomaldi, romelmac afxazeTis mTavrisa da misi garemocvisTvis Zvirfasi

saCuqrebi (bewvis qurqebi) da fuli Camoitana [86.202,390, dok. #519,559].

amasTan erTad, manuCar SarvaSiZem d. orbelians acnoba, rom foTis komen-

dantma quCuk-beim Savi zRvis sanapiroze mcxovreb tomebs, romelTa mmar-

Tveli iyo TuSCi-oRli-begi, aslan-beis mxardasaWerad laSqrobisaken mo-

uwoda [86.202,390, dok. #519,559].

Tavad quCuk-beisac am dros mZime mdgomareoba hqonda. 1809w. maisis

dasawyisidan rusebi foTis dauflebisTvis ibrZvian [142.408; 17.243, Sen.485].

maT mier mopovebul politikur da samxedro warmatebaTa SesanarCuneb-

lad da saqarTvelos sabolood Semosamtkiceblad aucilebeli iyo ja-

ris gamravleba dasavleT saqarTvelSi, magram es ar iyo advili [250.345].

darialis xeobiT da Semdeg aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan aqeT SeiaraRebu-

li Zalebis gadmosrola arc ise usafrTxo iyo, rac 1804w. mTianeTis

ajanyebam uCvena da, amasTanave, metad xangrZlivi da did xarjebTan iyo da-

kavSirebuli [249.263]. amitom ruseTma sagangebo yuradReba miaqcia foTis ci-

xes, romelic Turqebs ekavaT [377.277-278]. p. cicianovis SefasebiT, samegrelo

foTis gareSe arafers warmoadgenda [249.263; 377.278]. ruseTis elCi stambol-

Si sulTnis mTavrobisTvis imis damtkicebas cdilobda, rom quCuk-kainar-

jis zaviT, sxvadasxva navmisadgomebi da cixe-simagreebi imaT sakuTrebaSi

rCeboda, visac isini ZvelTaganve ekuTvnoda, foTi ki ZveliTganve same-

grelos farglebSi Sedioda, amitom TurqeTs is ukanonod ekava iseve,

rogorc guriaSi baTumi da anaklia samegreloSi. aqedan gamomdinare, foTi

samegrelos unda gadacemoda [249.263-264]. sabolood, ruseTma mxolod imas

miaRwia, rom osmaleTisgan ufleba miiRo, esargebla foTis portiT sakuTa-

ri jarebisTvis proviantiT mosamarageblad [249.264]. Tumca, es `idilia~

didxans ar gagrZelebula, radgan rusebma proviantis garda, aqedan ja-

rebis Seyvanac daiwyes da stambolmac maT foTis karebi Cauketa.

136

d. orbelianma scada foTis uomrad daufleba da quCuk-bei SarvaSiZes

miugzavna soslan da manuCar SarvaSiZeebi, vaxtang gurieli da podpolkov-

niki erisTavi, magram es cdac uSedegod dasrulda [142.408]. quCuk-bei advi-

lad danebebas ar apirebda, radgan cixe sakmaod gamagrebuli iyo da Tur-

qebs iq 600 jariskaci hyavdaT mobilizebuli [17.199]. amitom foTisTvis brZola

xangrZlivi aRmoCnda. 1809w. noemberSi quCuk-beis dasaxmareblad axalcixis

faSa wamovida 9 000 meomriT. faSas guriis mTavris mxardaWeris imedic

hqonda [173.862]. magram gurielma imedebi gaucrua da Tavisi laSqriT mal-

TayvasTan mteri gaanadgura. es mniSvnelovani dartyma iyo foTis osmalo

garnizonisTvis. 1809w. 15 noembers, quCuk-beim Tavi damarcxebulad scno.

samurzayanos mflobeli manuCar SarvaSiZe, Tavisi laSqriT, foTisTvis

gamarTuli brZolebSi aqtiurad monawileobda. 1809w. 14 agvistos d. orbelian-

ma da levan dadianma foTis Semogarenis dakaveba daavales niko dadians (avto-

ri Txzulebisa `qarTvelT cxovreba~), romelmac es operacia warmatebiT Seas-

rula manuCar SarvaSiZesTan erTad [17.199]. am brZolisas megrul-afxazurma

laSqarma 8 jariskaci dakarga, xolo 12 daiWra [86.331, dok. #520]. n. dadianisa

da manuCar SarvaSiZis Tavdadebam da mamacobam sardlobis aRtaceba daimsaxu-

ra da d. orbelianma mTavarmmarTebel a. tormasovis winaSe maTi dajildoebis

Suamdgomloba aRZra [86.392, dok. #523]. marTalia, manuCari rusebis samsaxurSi

idga da imperias emsaxureboda, magram mas, rogorc bevr sxva politikoss, swo-

red ruseTi eguleboda im gzad, romelic aRadgenda saqarTvelos. foTis ga-

Tavisuflebis Semdeg, manuCarma yuradReba saqarTvelos sxva nawils – baTum-

sa da aWaras miaqcia.

damarcxebuli quCuk-bei, Tavis meomrebTan erTad, mSvidobiT gauSves

da is baTumSi Cavida [17.200]. rogorc Cans, manuCarma ivarauda, rom erT-

xel sastikad damarcxebuli quCuk-bei, amjerad ufro damyoli iqneboda

da masTan molaparakebebi daiwyo baTumis cixis rusebisaTvis gadasace-

mad. samurzayanos mflobelis am iniciativam rusebis interesi gamoiwvia,

magram a. tormasovi am gegmaze gansakuTrebul imedebs ar amyarebda. mTa-

varmmarTebeli mokle xanSi axalcixeze laSqrobas gegmavda da fiqrobda,

rom rusebis mier axalcixis aReba TavisTavad ganapirobebda baTumis ci-

xis dacemasac [86.281, dok. #359]. miuxedavad amisa, ruseTis umaRlesi xe-

lisufali amierkavkasiaSi mainc daTanxmda am gegmis realizacias im mo-

137

tiviT, rom axalcixis kampaniamde baTumis cixis miReba da, Tanac uomrad,

ruseTis saqmisTvis urigo ar iqneboda da 1810w. 16 martisa da 8 ivnisis

saidumlo miwerilobiT general-maior Tevdore simonoviCs, romelmac d.

orbeliani Secvala, urCia, quCuk-beis misamxrobad ar daezoga araferi

da, amasTanave, manuCar SarvaSiZec, gegmis warmatebiT dasrulebis

SemTxvevaSi, aucileblad dajildovdeboda [86.281,938, dok. #359,1438; 256.4].

a. tormasovma 1810w. 10 noembers gailaSqra axalcixis winaaRmdeg, sa-

dac seqtembris bolodan rusTa tyveobidan gaqceuli da samefo-dakargu-

li solomon II imyofeboda [17.201-202; 173.865].1 am operaciaSi monawileobda

levan dadiani, romelmac `Seikriba samTavroÁT misiT spani odiS-afxazni

da leCxumelni~ [17.202]. bunebrivia, aqac, `afxazni~-Si samurzayanoelTa

laSqari igulisxmeba, romelsac, savaraudod, manuCar SarvaSiZe sardlob-

da. magram, amjerad, axalcixis aRebis operacia uSedegod dasrulda, rad-

gan `maSin gaCnda jarsa Sina momsvreli seni (ese igi Jami)~ [17.202]. axalci-

xis dauflebis CaSlam da TurqTa mier cixisZiris gamagrebam, romelic

guriis samTavros uqmnida safrTxes, manuCar SarvaSiZis gegmas ufro meti

Rirebuleba SesZina [86.339, dok. #452]. quCuk-beis moudrekelobam misi bedi

gadawyvita. r. surmaniZis varaudiT, rusebma quCuk-bei mokles da is amas,

SecdomiT, 1809 wliT aTariRebs [256.4]. wyaroebiT Cans, rom 1810 wlis pir-

vel naxevarSi igi jer kidev cocxalia [86.281,938, dok. #359,1438]. osmalebma

mis adgilze lazi omar-aRa Jordania daniSnes [256.4]. igi quCuk-beis colis

Zma iyo [86.100, dok. #127]. rogorc Cans, baTumelTa nawilisaTvis omar-aRas kan-

didatura miuRebeli aRmoCnda, vinaidan, rogorc manuCar SarvaSiZe 1810 wlis

dekemberSi acnobebda T. simonoviCs, «Батумские жители, привыкнув иметь над со-

бою владетелей из фамилии Шарвашидзе, из которой был Кучук-бей» [86.339, dok. #452].

1 m. dumbaZis samarTliani SeniSvniT, imereTis samefos gauqmebaSi, rusebTan erTad, `Tavi

gamoiCines~ odiSisa da guriis mTavrebma. es ukanaskneli, romelic jer kidev 1804w., so-

lomon II-sTan erTad, miiRes mfarvelobaSi, Tavs Seuracxyofilad grZnobda, radgan da-

dians mfarvelobis `pativi~ uSualod ergo. 1810w. april-ivnisSi gurielis pativmoyvare-

oba dakmayofilda da masac damoukideblad daudebs mfarvelobis xelSekruleba. dadi-

ani da gurieli mxolod sakuTari viwro-feodaluri interesebidan gamomdinare moqme-

debdnen da amgvarad fiqrobdnen TavianTi arsebobis gaxangrZlivebas. solomon mefis

winaaRmdeg, maT garda, agreTve, imerel didebulTa jgufic ibrZoda saxlTuxuces zu-

rab wereTlis meTaurobiT [171.197; 320.267].

138

samurzayanos mflobelma maleve gamoZebna Sesaferisi kandidatura ba-

TumelTa am survilis `dasakmayofileblad~. es iyo sefer-beis umcrosi

Zma soslan-bei, romelic quCuk-beis axlo naTesavi iyo. savaraudod, es un-

da yofiliyo qeleS-beis Svili, romelic manuCars mZevlad hyavda. rogorc

manuCari irwmuneboda, mas hqonda garkveuli cnobebi, rom baTumis adgi-

lobrivi mosaxleoba miiRebda sefer-beis Zmas. manuCaris gegmiT, saWiro

iyo soslanis baTumSi gagzavna da quCuk-beis qvrivze daqorwineba [86.582, dok.

#582]. rogorc Cans, baTumi Servan-bei SarvaSiZisa da misi memkvidreebis sa-

kuTreba yofila. amitomac cixis meTauradac osmalebma quCuk-beis axlo

naTesavi gaamweses. Tuki, mosaxleobis didi nawili mas miemxroboda, amis

Semdeg advili gaxdeboda baTumis dauflebac [86.339, dok. #452].

ruseTis xelisuflebas muslimani soslan-beis mimarT garkveuli eW-

vebi gauCnda. rusebs sWirdebodaT darwmuneba, rom sefer-beis umcrosi

Zma baTumSi aslan-beis saqmes ar gaakeTebda, anu isic ar miemxroboda

Turqebs. soslan-beis `mosinjva~ daiwyo, romlis pirveli Sedegebic 1811w.

6 maiss T. simonoviCma a. tormasovs upataka: im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki baTumis

dauflebis gegma warmatebiT dasruldeboda, soslan-bei iTxovda ruse-

Tis mfarvelobas imave pirobebiT, ra pirobiTac is mis Zmas giorgi (se-

fer-beis) SarvaSiZes mieca (Sida avtonomia da mTavris xelisuflebis mem-

kvidreobiTi ufleba) [86.582, dok. #582]. Tumca, T. simonoviCi bolomde ma-

inc ar iyo darwmunebuli soslan-beis sandoobaSi da patakSi, sefer-beis

umcros ZmasTan mimarTebaSi, xSirad xmarobda sityvas `TiTqos~ («будто-

бы») [86.582, dok. #582]. amitom, ruseTis xelisufleba ar iZleoda nebar-

Tvas soslan-beis baTumSi gasamgzavreblad. amasTanave, maT, rogorc Cans,

afiqrebdaT baTumelTa pozicia. rusebma werilobiTi dadastureba moiT-

xoves imisa, rom baTumelebi soslan-beis miiRebdnen. aseTi saxis werili

manuCarma 1811w. oqtomberSi miiRo. igi T. simonoviCs 24 oqtombers nabake-

vidan werda (werili qarTul enaze iyo Sedgenili), rom mas hqonda ori

gavleniani baTumelis – iusuf-aRas (quCuk-beis da soslan-beis siZed er-

geboda) da omar-aRa Jordanias – piroba, rom mzad iyvnen soslan-bei ba-

Tumis begad ecnoT [87.100, dok. #127]. manuCari iTxovda rusebis nebarTvas,

raTa am marjve mdgomareobiT esargebla da apirebda soslan-beis xmele-

TiT gamgzavrebas baTumSi [87.100, dok. #127].

rusuli biurokratiuli aparatis `wyalobiT~, T. simonoviCma es in-

139

formacia a. tormasovs mxolod 3 noembers Seatyobina [87.100, dok. #127].

a. tormasovis Semcvlelis markiz filipe pauluCisagan (1811-1812) dadebi-

Ti pasuxi or kviraSi movida (15 noembers). rusebi 1811w. oqtombridan

TurqeTTan sazavo molaparakebebs awarmoebdnen da amitom Cqarobdnen ba-

Tumis xelSi Cagdebas. Tuki es gegma warmatebiT dasruldeboda, markizi

pauluCi soslan-beis moTxovnis dakmayofilebas apirebda anu is imave

mfarvelobis pirobebs miiRebda, rogoric sefer-beis hqonda [87.183, dok.

#253]. rogorc Cans, soslan-beisa da misi mxleblebis xmeleTiT gamgzav-

reba rusebma gaumarTleblad miiCnies, radgan baTumsa da mis Semogaren-

Si, aseve – cixisZirSic, osmaluri nawilebi idgnen da srulad akontro-

lebdnen im mxares. 1812w. ianvris meore naxevarSi soxumidan zRviT gam-

gzavrebuli soslan-bei, 60 qveSevrdomTan erTad, ukve baTumSi iyo [87.102,

dok. #131]. T. simonoviCma manuCar dadians daavala sando piris gagzavna

baTumSi, raTa viTareba daezvera da, xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi, baTumi dae-

kavebina [87.102, dok. #131]. wyaroebSi am ambebis Semdegi gagrZeleba ar

Cans. savaraudod, am gegmis realizacias xeli SeuSala 1812w. 16 (28) maiss

buqarestSi gaformebulma zavma, romelmac daasrula 1806-1812ww. osma-

leT-ruseTis omi.

foTisa da anapis cixeebis aRebis Semdeg, ruseTma afxazeTisaken ga-

ixeda, romlis `mfarvelobaSi~ miRebis sakiTxi, faqtobrivad, ukve gadaw-

yvetili iyo. 1810w. 17Tebervals alesandre I-ma xeli moawera afxazeTis

mTavris giorgi (sefer-bei) SarvaSiZis mfarvelobaSi miRebas. afxazeTis

mTavrad aslan-bei rCeboda da sefer-bei iq Sesvlas ver bedavda. man ru-

sebs samxedro daxmareba sTxova, razec Tanxmoba miiRo, magram es uka-

nasknelni am dros solomon II-s meTaurobiT ajanyebuli imerlebis wina-

aRmdeg brZoliT iyvnen dakavebulni, amitom samegrelos mmarTvels mos-

Txoves minimum 1 000 mebrZolis gamoyvana, romlisaTvisac unda esardla

manuCar SarvaSiZes, romelic, a. tormasovis SeniSvniT, iyo «усердный и пре-

данный России» [86.396, dok. #532]. am nabijiT, mTvarmmarTebels, albaT, se-

fer-beisTvis xalxis ndobis mopoveba undoda. rusi Cinovniki fiqrobda,

rom, Tuki axali mTavari mxolod rusebis mxardaWeriT Sevidoda soxum-

Si, mas Tavisianad ver aRiqvamdnen, amitom manuCaris, afxazi Tavadis, mo-

nawileoba ki gaaneitralebda am undoblobas.

1810w. 8 ivniss soxumis cixes moadga rusuli eskadra, romelsac pir-

140

veli rangis kapitani dodti meTaurobda. qalaqi sastiki brZolis mowme

gaxda: «город, объятый пламенем, представлял собою страшную картину разрушения»

[456.543]. brZola TiTqmis or dRes mimdinareobda da igi sulac ar yofila

iseTi advili, rogorc erT werilSi imereTis gavleniani didebuli, saxlT-

uxucesi zurab wereTeli aRniSnavda: `erTis xelis gamokvriT eiRes sams

saaTs~ [61.103]. 10 ivniss, rusuli jarebis TanxlebiT, sefer-bei soxumSi Sevi-

da. damarcxebuli aslan-bei mTebSi gaiqca [290.178]. rusebis mier soxumis aRebis

Semdeg, Turqebma, romlebic aq mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seadgendnen, daiw-

yes qalaqisa da misi Semogarenis datoveba, sadac mxolod ramdenime aTeuli

berZeni da somexi – naxevrad vaWari, kontrabandisti da yaCaRi, – darCa [295.217].

aslan-beisa da osmalo agentebis provocirebiT, 1810w. TurqeTSi afxazTa gar-

kveuli raodenobac gaixizna. g. ZiZarias SefasebiT, es iyo afxaz muhajirTa

pirveli talRa [371.34].

d. orbelianma giorgi SarvaSiZes ruseTis imperatoris mfarvelobis

sigeli, investituris niSnebi da wm. anas saxelobis I xarisxis ordeni ga-

dasca [420.220].1 sefer-beis mier xelmosaweri ficis wigni qarTul enaze

iyo Sedgenili.2 n. berZeniSvilis samarTliani SeniSvniT, amis mizezi is

iyo, rom `afxazeTi qarTuli feodaluri kulturis ziari qveyana iyo da

misi kulturuli urTierTobis ena qarTulive iyo (xazgasma Cvenia – k.k.).

mahmadiani qelaiS-begic xom qarTul enas mimarTavda Tavis sakuTar biZa-

Zmis SvilebTan urTierTobaSi,3 iseve rogorc samegrelos mTavarsa Tu

imereTis mefesTan mimowerisas~ [142.409]. afxazeTi, miuxedavad misi erTgva-

ri `gabarbarosebisa~, mainc qarTuli samyaros nawilad rCeboda [240.130].

v. potos SeniSvniT, rusebis mier daniSnuli da sakuTari xalxis mi-

er miuRebeli sefer-beis mdgomareoba Zalian rTuli iyo, radgan afxaze-

Tis samTavros mniSvnelovani nawili mas ar emorCileboda [456.544]. Tumca,

arc sefer-beis darCa momxre qveSevrdomebis gareSe. rogorc dodtis pa-

takidan Cans, soxumis Semogarenis macxovrebelTa didi nawili rusebTan

1 a. tuRuSis mosazrebiT, giorgi (sefer-bei) SarvaSiZe iyo afxazeTis pirveli mTavari

da es politikuri subieqtic ruseTis imperiis mier iyo xelovnurad Seqmnili [260.59,63].

2 giorgi SarvaSiZes qarTuli ena mcired esmoda, Tumca saubari ar SeeZlo. is mxolod

afxazur enas flobda [5.29-30; 296.225]

3 qeleS-beis xelwerili sosran-begisadmi [84.190].

141

midiodnen da ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlas iTxovda [371.34; 420.220].

miuxedavad amisa, aslan-beis mxardamWerTa nawilebi Zlier awiokebdnen

axali mTavris momxreebs da maT dasaSoSmineblad, 1810w. dekemberSi, gi-

orgi SarvaSiZem T. simonoviCs samxedro razmis gamogzavna sTxova [86.339,

dok. #452]. manuCarma, aw ukve samurzayanos mouravis statusiT (am sa-

kiTxs qvemoT SevexebiT), dalaSqra afxazeTi da iqaur Tavad-aznaurobas

isev CamoarTva mZevlebi sefer-beis erTgulebis pirobad, romlebic naba-

kevSi Caiyvana. webeldis da misi mflobelebis, marSaniebis damorCileba

ki ver moxerxda [86.425, dok. #576]. am operaciisaTvis a. tormasovma manu-

Car SarvaSiZes dajildoebis piroba misca [86.426, dok. #577]. magram es pi-

roba, karga xniT, pirobadve darCa. 1811w. maisSi mTavarmmarTebels nino

dadianma misi ojaxis siZis dajildoebis sakiTxis gadawyveta sTxova, ra-

zec a. tormasovisgan dadebiTi pasuxi miiRo da manuCar SarvaSiZes pol-

kovnikis samxedro Cini mieniWa [86.405, dok.#544; 87.100, dok. #127].

zemoT xsenebuli weriliT, afxazeTis mTavari dadianebis sulier

moZRvars mama ioane ioseliansac iwvevda [86.339, dok. #452]. Cans, mosaxle-

obaSi ukve gaCnda moTxovnileba qristianobaze moqcevisa, rogorc amaze

nino bagration-dadianisa miuTiTebda, roca sefer-beis ruseTis mfarve-

lobis qveS Seyvanas iTxovda. jer kidev erTi wliT adre, im dros, rode-

sac afxazeTze ruseTis proteqtoratis sakiTxi ganixileboda, mTavar-

mmarTebeli a. tormasovi dainteresda im mxareSi qristianuli sarwmuno-

ebis mdgomareobiT, razec 1809w. 23 dekembers mama ioanesgan cnoba miiRo,

rom afxazeTSi 6 taZari iyo: biWvinTaSi, zufus (anu lixniSi), moqvSi,

ilorsa da bediaSi. rogorc dadianebis sulieri moZRvari aRniSnavda,

biWvinTa sapatriarqo kaTedras warmoadgenda, dranda – saepiskoposos,

zufusa da iloris taZrebi ki – karis eklesiebi yofila.

aqedan mxolod iloris wmida giorgis taZars hyolia RvTismsaxuri

da iq wmida liturgiac aResruleboda, danarCenebi ki dacarielebuli

iyo [86.416, dok. #557; 85.202, dok. #370]. Tumca, mas, ratomRac gamorCenia

is, rom, drandis garda, saepiskoposo kaTedrebs moqvi da bediac warmo-

adgendnen [8.780,824]. savaraudod, man es Segnebulad dafara, radgan Semd-

gom rusebs, bediis an moqvis saepiskoposos aRdgenis mizniT, ar daeSalaT

caiSis eparqia, romlis iurisdiqciaSic imyofeboda TviTon mama ioane. mag-

142

ram ruseTis xelisuflebas, romelic qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis mizan-

mimarTuli gauqmebisa da imperiis SemadgenlobaSi maTi inkorporaciis po-

litikas atarebda, saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

mimarTac hqonda garkveuli gegmebi, romelic misi avtokefaliis SenarCune-

bas, bunebrivia, ar iTvaliswinebda [161.891-892; 224.36-49; 225.81-107].

sxvaTa Soris, moqvisa da bediis yofili eparqiebi caiSeli mRvdel-

mTavris samwysoSi am saepiskoposo kaTedrebis moSlis Semdeg gaerTianda,

kerZod ki meufe grigolis (Ciqovani) moRvaweobis dros (1777-1823) [261.10,31].1

es faqti dasturdeba misi anderZiT, sadac meufe grigoli aRniSnavda, rom

kacia II dadianma `...me damadgina eklesiisa moxarisxed da v(iTarc)a iyo

uwinaresve mwyemsad xobiswylis garmarTisa maxlobelobisaTvis samurzaya-

no afxazTac vmwysdi~ [261.97, xazgasma Cvenia – k.k.]. aseTive cnoba miawoda

meufem saqarTveloSi Seqmnil rusul saeklesio administracias 1822w. noe-

mberSi, sadac gansazRvruli iyo eparqiis teritoriac – md. xobsa da md.

RaliZgas Soris [88.429, dok. #570].

am periodSi samurzayanoSic aqtiuri cxovreba viTardeboda. sefer-be-

im, romelic, aslan-beis gamo, afxazeTs ver iWerda da dadianebis daxmare-

baze iyo damokidebuli, faqtobrivad uari ganacxada samurzayanos mimarT

pretenziaze, rasac adasturebs mis mier odiSis mmarTvelisadmi gagzavnil

werilSi naxsenebi afxazeTis mTavris titulatura, romelSic mocemulia

misi samTavros sazRvrebi: `me mTavari da mpyrobeli afxazTa uSinaganesi

adgilebisa da memkvidre zufusa da webelisa~ (xazgasma z. papasqirisaa –

k.k.) [85.204; 240.122-123]. niSandoblivia, rom n. dadianic, sefer-begze saubri-

sas, aRniSnavs, rom igi iyo `Sinaganis afxazeTis mTavari~ [17.209].

afxazeTSi giorgi SarvaSiZis gamTavrebis Semdeg, dadianebma samur-

zayanos saqmeebisTvis moicales. rogorc a. diaCkov-tarasovi aRniSvda:

«мингрельские Дадияны… старались овладеть единоплеменной Самурзаканью» [73.159,

xazgasma Cvenia – k.k.]. vfiqrobT, saintereso cnobaa imaT sayuradRebod,

vinc eWvis qveS ayenebs samurzayanos eTnikuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxs. amje-

rad, dadians Tavisuflad SeeZlo iqauri saqmeebis warmarTva. 1805 wli-

dan es mxare TiTqos odiSisTvis naklebi problemebis Semqmeneli unda 1misi gardacvalebis Semdeg (1823w. miwuruli), eparqiis mmarTveloba SeiTavsa Wyondide-

lma mitropolitma besarionma (dadiani) [100.66].

143

yofiliyo, magram sinamdvileSi ase ar moxda. manuCaris umcrosi Zma beJa-

ni isev antirusul orientaciaze idga da garkveul problemebs hqmnida:

mis ukan jer qeleS-bei, Semdeg ki aslan-bei idgnen. Sesabamisad, dadianebs

uWirdaT beJanisa da misi qveSevrdomebis kontroli. garkveuli àvtono-

miiT~ sargeblobda levan xutunias Zec, romelmac 1805w. miiRo ruseTis

mfarveloba. amis mizezi imaSi iyo, rom mas samurzayanoSi didi avtori-

teti da gavlena gaaCnda (ìyo mis Jamisa did-SemZle kaci~ [17.204]) da ru-

sebis mimarTac keTilganwyoba gamoavlina.

1810w. nino dadianma beJani daapatimra, mxaris gamgebloba ki, mouravis

statusiT, manuCar SarvaSiZes daumtkica: `siZe Cemi SarvaSiZe manuCar mo-

garTviT da mogeciT saufrosod Sen da Sens momavals da samuravod (aq

da qvemoT xazgasma Cvenia – k.k.) samurzayanos didebulni Tavadni da glex-

ni RaliZgidan enguris sazRvramde dadebuli aw ganmtkicebiT da ganavrce-

lebT srulsa siyvarulsa TanxmobimT, raTa miaqcioT ese samflobelo Cve-

ni marTalsa erTgulebasa da msaxurebasa, yovlad mowyalisa, Cvenisa xel-

mwifisa, egreT Cemis saxlisa~ [267.107]. xolo niko dadiani ki am movlenas

ase gadmogvcems: `drosa amas ganurisxda dadiani leon SarvaSiZes beJans

da Seipyro da patimar hyo cixesa Waqvijisasa..., xolo yoveli samurZayano-

afxazeTi miaTvala da miabara saufrosoT da sagamgeblod siZesa Tvissa

manuCar solomonis Ze SarvaSiZesa~ [17.199].

am cnobebidan gamomdinare, T. qadaria varaudobda, rom im xanebSi sa-

murzayanos mflobeli yofila beJani, romelsac es saxelo levan SarvaSi-

ZesTvis waurTmevia [267.107]. es ki wyaroebiT ar dasturdeba, maT Soris, T.

WiWinaZis mier mopovebul sabuTSic, sadac CamoTvlili aris samurzayanos

yvela mflobeli manuCaris CaTvliT. ase rom yofiliyo, n. dadians es

mxedvelobidan ar gamorCeboda da igi àm ukanonobaze~ aucileblad ga-

amaxvilebda mkiTxvelis yuradRebas.

manuCar SarvaSiZis samurzayanos mouravad dadgena n. dadians 1809

wlis dasawyisiT (maisamde, radgan amis Semdeg, igi foTisTvis brZolebs

aRwers) aqvs daTariRebuli [17.199]. es TariRi gaziarebulia s. makalaTias

da T. beraZis mier [212.140; 138.238]. arsebobs meore daTariRebac – 1810w.,

romelic saarqivo sabuTebSia daculi. Sesabamisad, misi monacemebic saeW-

vo ar aris da igi gaziarebulia z. cincaZes, b. xoravas, z. papasqirisa da

144

T. qadarias mier [280.97; 290.174; 240.145-146; 267.107].

d. orbelianis moTxovniT, nino dadianma beJani male gaaTavisufla

[17.199]. etyoba, xalxis SesaZlo mRelvarebas moerida, rusebs ki samurza-

yanos dasaSoSmineblad imJamad ar ecalaT [142.409].

manuCaris mmarTvelobis axali etapi swored 1810w. daiwyo, roca man,

dadianebis xelSewyobiT, SeZlo xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba. Tumca, misi sta-

tusi daqveiTda da is samurzayanos `mouravi~ gaxda. mouravi samTavros moxe-

le iyo, romelic aRWurvili iyo administraciuli da SezRuduli sasa-

marTlo uflebebiT [170.27; 259.250; 150.119]. es iyo 1805w. dasrulebuli `kon-

dominiumis~ iuridiuli gaformeba, vinaidan samurzayanos xelisufali sa-

megrelos mTavarma erTpirovnulad daadgina, rasac n. dadianic xazs us-

vams: `...TviT leon dadianisagan dadgenili~ [17.203]. mematiane subieqturia,

rodesac, mxolod am ukanasknels asaxelebs samurzayanos xelisuflad. ni-

kos, romelic samTavro ojaxis wevri iyo, pativmoyvareoba elaxeboda,

roca wina periodis samuzayanoSi misi ojaxi erTpirovnulad ver bato-

nobda. manuCarisTvis samegrelos administraciuli moxelis Tanamdebobis

micema odiSisadmi samurzayanos mierTebas moaswavebda. m. dumbaZis varau-

diT, manuCars mouravobasTan erTad, sardlobac unda SeeTavsebina da, Se-

sabamisad, sardal-mouravi unda yofiliyo, Tumca, avtori iqve SeniSnavs,

rom saamiso cnobebi istoriul sabuTebSi ar moipoveba [170.26]. sardali mniS-

vnelovani saxelo iyo samegrelos samTavroSi, iseve, rogorc, zogadad, sa-

qarTveloSi, is uSualod laSqris xelmZRvanelobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli

[150.126-128]. Tumca, ruseTis `mfarvelobaSi~ Sesvlis Semdeg, dadians ar

hqonda sakuTari iniciativiT jaris Sekrebis ufleba, magram sardlis Ta-

namdeboba mainc SemorCa da igi winamZRolobda ruseTis mmarTvelobis mo-

Txovnis safuZvelze Sekrebil samTavro laSqars [170.26]. ivaraudeba, rom

odiSis erT-erT sasardlos swored samurzayano warmoadgenda [259.248-249].

manuCar SarvaSiZis erTpirovnulma xelisuflebam samurzayanoSi

didxans ver gastana. saerTod, aqac, iseve – rogorc afxazeTSi, xelisu-

fali valdebuli iyo mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi saxalxo krebaze

gaetana gansaxilvelad da iq miRebuli gadawyvetilebas damorCileboda.

amasTan, samurzayanoc wvril saTavadoebad iyo danawevrebuli, romelsac

SarvaSiZeebi Tu sxva gavleniani sagvareuloebi edgnen saTaveSi. isini

145

garkveuli avtonomiiT sargeblobdnen. manuCari, Tavisi mmarTvelobis

ukanasknel periodSi, faqtobrivad, erTpirovnulad marTavda aw ukve

odiSis samouravod qceul samflobelos [280.96].

male samurzayanoel SarvaSiZeebSi mis winaaRmdeg opoziciuri ganw-

yobileba Camoyalibda. mis saTaveSi idga biZamisi levan SarvaSiZe, adamia-

ni, romelic mTeli cxovreba samurzayanos afxazeTisa da odiSis gavle-

nisgan CamoSorebisTvis ibrZoda da misTvis miTumetes miuRebeli iyo sa-

murzayanos mflobel SarvaSiZeTa dadianebis `mouravebad~ gadaqceva. mis

mimarT opozicias isic amyarebda, rom manuCaris mimarT mosaxleobac ga-

moTqvamda ukmayofilebas. rogorc rogorc SemorCenili zepiri gadmoce-

mebidan Cans, is sastiki da daundobeli feodali yofila da qalebis di-

dad moyvaruli pirveli Ramis uflebiTac sargeblobda. samurzyanos mo-

uravi xSirad stumrobda mis qveSevrdom didebulTa ojaxebs, romelTac

`Zvirfasi stumrisa~ da misi 10-15 kaciani amalis gamaspinZleba uxdebodaT

[118.228]. `maspinZloba~ afxazebSi tradiciul movaleobas warmoadgenda

mflobelis winaSe, Tumca, is maspinZeli ojaxis ekonomikur gapartaxebas

iwvevda, vinaidan `Rirseuli~ maspinZlobis gasawevad afxazebi did xar-

jebs swevdnen [372.120-121; 381.499].

manuCari gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamoirCeoda glexebis mimarT

da tyveTa gayidviTac iyo dakavebuli [336.54; 122.689]. T. simonoviCi SeSfo-

Tebuli iyo TurqTa mier samurzayanoSi tyveTa syidvis gaaqtiurebiT da

mTavarmmarTebel a. tormasovs sTxovda, raTa mas aekrZala SarvaSiZis-

Tvis es saqmianoba. mTavarmmarTebelma Tavisi Careva mizanSeuwonlad miiC-

nia, radgan manuCar amas dabezRebad CaTvlida da samurzayanos mouravisa

da simonoviCis urTierTobebi gafuWdeboda. amitom, 1811w. 31 maiss a. tor-

masovma T. simonoviCs urCia, rom es sakiTxi piradad da diplomatiurad

moegvarebina [86.370, dok.#495]. manuCaris monawileobas tyvis syidvaSi, ase-

ve unda adasturebdes misi qvrivis, qeTevanis, `Sewirulobis werili ca-

iSis taZrisadmi~, sadac naTqvamia, rom igi, levan dadianis Suamdgomlo-

biT, caiSel mitropolit grigols Sehpirda, rom manuCaris sulis sao-

xad tyveobidan gamoixsnida oTx adamians, magram qeTevanma mxolod Sepi-

rebulis naxevris Sesruleba SesZlo da taZars Seswira tyveobidan daxs-

nili Zmebi jumaSxia da xuxutia, col-SviliT da rigvavebi [261.82-83].

meufe grigoli caiSis taZrisa da misi samwysos damaSvrali moRvawe

146

[261.31], aqtiurad ibrZoda tyvis syidvis winaaRmdeg. igi axerxebda xan sa-

kuTari saxsrebiT, xan kidev gavleniT, gatacebulebis ukanve dabrunebas.

yovladusamRvdeloesma grigolma sakuTari TanxebiT tyveobidan gamois-

yida samurzayanoeli kuWu geleniZe, romelic eklesiis mojalabed dauye-

na; xeTis eklesiis miwaze daasaxla tyveobidan daxsnili samurzayanoeli

gelenava; levan SarvaSiZem mas gadasca `sarCimelia sami mama-Svili~, rom-

lebic caiSSi daasaxla [261.65-66].

wyaroebSi Semonaxulia manuCaris moRvaweobis zogierTi dadebiTi

mxarec. samurzayanos mouravi zrunavda taZrebis aRmSeneblobisa da ganax-

lebaze. 1812w. man wamxarSi1 eklesia ganaaxla da mas RvTismSoblis xati

Seswira. T. WiWinaZem es xati sof. kokis wmida giorgis eklesiaSi naxa.

xatze gakeTebuli iyo Sewirulobis warwera: `q. dedao RuTisa Cvenisa ma-

cxovrisao, qalwulo mariam, Sendave aRvimsTob msaxurebad, rom aRmiRe mo-

na ese Seni da myav mravlisa gansacdelisagan xsnili da keTil dReobasa da

bednierebasa SemTxveuli, romlisaTvis kvaladve mowyalebiTman moxedvaman

Senman momca suli monasa Sensa SarvaSiZes manuCars, raTamca eklesia ese

wamxarisa mravlis wliTgan da mravlis dRiTgan dacemuli da datovebu-

li da darRveuli aRmeSenebina da ganmeaxlebina da viTar ganvizraxe,

myis viwye ganaxlebad da mravliTa RvawliTa da xarjiTa gardavxure da

ganvawyobine Sinagan da garegan, viTarca taZari RuTisa da miviyvane

mwyemsmTavari Cveni da sulieri mamaCemi – caiSeli mitropoliti grigol

da vakurTxebine saydari ese saxelsa zeda RvawliT Semosilisa wmidis gior-

gisaTa da davayene xucesni mwirveli mlocvelad da msaxurebad eklesiisa

amis da Sevwire mojalabe koCaia cxadaia Tavisi col-SviliT msaxuraT ama

eklesiisa zeda mRudelTaTvis; xolo wmida ese xati movaWedine da davs-

dev amav eklesiasa Sina simrTeled da mSvidobad Cvenda da meuRlisa Cemisa

dadianis asulisa qeTevanisa da ZeTa CvenTa mraval-Jamierobad amave qveyanasa

Sina da Semdgom sicocxlisa Cvenisa mocemad Cvenda romels ganumzade moyva-

reTa TvisTa amin welsa Cyib (1812w. – k.k.).

y-d wmindao deda RvTisa Seiwyale am xatis mamkobi meunargia pepu~ [42.529-530].

kokis eklesiaSive daculi iyo barZim-feSxumic, romelsac ewera: `qriste

1 dRes sof. Tagilonis erT-erTi ubania [133.154; 230.164].

147

Seiwire Sensa wamxarisa amis sakurTxevlisa Sina sirmisa barZimfeSxumi Cvenda

codvaTa mosatevebelad da meuRlisa Cemisa dadianis asulis qeTevanisa da Ze-

Ta da asulTa CvenTa simrTeled. amin. SarvaSiZe manuCar. welsa Cyib~ [42.530].

manuCaris opoziciis gaaqtiurebis dRec male dadga. ra Tqma unda, es

ukmayofileba bolos mainc ruseTis mimarT ukmayofilebaSi gadadioda,

radgan manuCari rusebis samsaxurSi idga da maT erTgulobda. 1812w. 24

ivniss ruseTSi napoleonis armia SeiWra. osmaleTSi miiCnies, rom mZime

mdgomareobaSi myofi ruseTisagan dasavleT saqarTvelos daibrunebdnen.

miT ufro, rom buqarestis zaviT, ruseTi valdebuli iyo TurqeTisaTvis

gadaeca iaraRis ZaliT dakavebuli teritoriebi. amis gamo, 1812w. bolos

osmalebma kvlav daikaves foTi da axalqalaqi [169.52]. stamboli soxum-

sac iTxovda, magram sanqt-peterburgma am sakiTxSi Tavisi gaitana da ro-

gorc ki frangebma datoves ruseTi, stambols uari uTxra am qalaqis ga-

dacemaze [169.53]. `brwyinvale portas~ moTxovnebi maqsimaluri iyo da is

rusebisgan iTxovda vrcel teritorias md. yubanidan aRmosavleT saqar-

Tvelomde [61.139; 87.792-796, dok. #931; 371.37; 420.222]. magram rusebi daTmo-

bas ar apirebdnen da imiT apelirebdnen, rom es politikuri subieqtebi

ruseTis mfarvelobaSi sakuTari nebiT Sevidnen [456.545].

foTisa da axalqalaqis TurqebisaTvis gadacemam dasavleT saqarTvelos

mosaxleoba SeaSfoTa, radgan aRqmuli iqna, rogorc ruseTis ukandaxeva. ase-

Ti ganwyobilebis gavrcelebas osmalebi da maTi agentebic aqtiurad uwyobd-

nen xels. isini acxadebdnen, rom ruseTis imperatorma dasavleTi saqarTvelo

isev osmaleTis sulTnis samflobelod cno [87.789, dok. #928]. foTSi dabru-

nebulma faSam brZaneba gamosca, rom pirveli miTiTebisTanave daekavebinaT

odiSi da, amasTanave, samegrelos mTavars SeuTvala, rom amieridan foTis

faSa iyo odiSis saqmeebis gamgebeli [169.53]. Seqmnilma viTarebam levan V

dadianic daabnia [61.136]. sakiTxis gasarkvevad man rusul administracias

mimarTa. 1813w. 16 marts levan V dadianma mTavarmmarTebel nikoloz rtiS-

Cevs (1812-1816) acnoba, rom osmalebi masTan molaparakebebs awarmoebdnen

sulTnis qveSevrdomobaSi dasabruneblad da igive xdeboda afxazeTSic, sa-

dac Turqebs ukve momxreebic gaeCinaT [87.499, dok. #588]. miuxedavad didi

cdisa, osmalebma verc dadianis da verc giorgi SarvaSiZis mimxroba ver

SeZles [371.37]. TurqTa agentebi cdilobdnen samTavroebSi arsebuli Sidaare-

148

ulobebiT esargeblaT, aRvivebdnen Sidafeodaluri qiSpobebs da mxars yo-

velnairad mxars uWerdnen da aqezebdnen aqtiuri moqmedebisaken proTurqu-

lad ganwyobil pirebs [371.39]. isini samurzayanoSic aseve aqtiurobdnen.

foTis cixis osmalebisaTvis dabrunebam isev gaaqtiura tyvis syidva

dasavleT saqarTveloSi. amas xeli Seuwyo imanac, rom 1811w. dasavleT sa-

qarTvelos nawils (imereTi, odiSi, guria) saSineli Wiri da SimSili da-

atyda Tavs, romelic or weliwads gagrZelda da didi adamianuri

msxverpli moutana adgilobriv mosaxleobas [17.203].1 imdenad mZime viTareba

Seiqmna, rom mSoblebi iZulebuli iyvnen, ojaxis sxva wevrebis SimSiliT

daRupvisagan gadasarCenad, Svilebic gaeyidaT [250.417-418; 199.325]. imereTi-

sa da odiSis mosaxleobam gadasarCenad afxazeTsa da samurzayanos Sea-

fara Tavi. aq ki afxazebma da samurzayanoelebma daiwyes maTTan Sexiznu-

li odiSarebisa da imerlebis tyveebad gayidva. am saqmeSi monawileobas

samegrelos mTavari misi ojaxis wevrebs (biZebs – tarielsa da manuCars)

adanaSaulebda [61.136]. 1812 wels levanma samurzayanoSi tyvis syidvis akr-

Zalvis Taobaze sagangebo brZaneba gamosca da am gankargulebis aRsru-

lebisTvis mTavarma mis engursgaRma samflobeloSi boqauli miavlina,

romelmac iq myofi imerelTa nawili maTsave saxlebSi gaabruna da amiT

daifara gayidvisagan [17.203; 169.58].2 Tumca, amiT saqme ver gamosworda,

radgan iq kidev darCnen imerlebi. amitom 1812 wlis Semodgomis dasawyis-

Si3 Tavad levan dadianma gadawyvita am saqmis mogvareba: `aRukrZalos tyvis

syidva da usjuloeba samurzayanoelTa maT da egon qristianad~ [17.203]. man

Tan iaxla Wyondideli mitropoliti besarioni, caiSeli mitropoliti

grigoli, niko dadiani da manuCar SarvaSiZe [17.203]. rogorc levani gri-

gol wereTels werda, `movida siZe Cemi manuCar da miTxra: Tu axlave ar

uSveleT, mtyeebi (tyveebi – k.k.) daiyidao da kide mravali daikargviso

1 epidemia axalcixidan daiwyo da mTels saqarTveloSi gavrcelda [296.219].

2 boqauli samTavros policiuri aparatis warmomadgeneli iyo, romelsac evaleboda sa-

qmis adgilze gamoZieba, mTavris gankargulebaTa da sasamarTlos ganCinebis aRsruleba,

agreTve qurdebis daWera [170.26; 259.248; 150.113].

3 periodi 20 oqtombramde, radgan levanis werilSi misi colisZmis grigol wereTlisa-

dmi saubaria manuCar SarvaSiZis mkvlelobaze [61.136-137]. levan V dadiani daqorwinebu-

li iyo zurab wereTlis qaliSvilze marTaze [17.203].

149

da afxazeT wamobrZandio~ [61.136].

niSandoblivia am delegaciis Semadgenloba, romelic samurzayanoSi Ca-

vida. es iyo dadianis erTgvari gzavnili misi qveSevrdomebisTvis: Tuki, isini

usityvod daemorCilebodnen mis gankargulebas tyvis syidvis akrZalvis Tao-

baze da moinaniebdnen, maSin mTavaric maT danaSauls apatiebda, rasac

mRvdelmTavrebi daadasturebdnen; magram, Tu saqme daumorCileblobisaken

warimarTeboda, aq niko dadiani da manuCar SarvaSiZe CaerTvebodnen maTi raz-

mebiT. levan dadiani, Tavis amalasTan erTad, sofel bediis mcxovreb xa-

xubias saxlSi gaCerda [17.203]. sayuradReboa, rom samegrelos mTavari da

samurzayanos gamgeblebi levan SarvaSiZesTan, mis sagvareulo cixeSi, ar

mividnen. b. xorava am levans SecdomiT manuCar SarvaSiZis ZmasTan aigivebs

[296.220]. sinamdvileSi ki mis biZaze, levan xutunias Zezea saubari. rogorc

Cans, am ukanasknelisTvis isini sasurveli stumrebi ar iyvnen da maTac Ta-

vi aarides SesaZlo garTulebebs. amaze unda mianiSnebdes n. dadianis cno-

ba, rom biZaSvilebs, manuCarsa da xutunia levanis Zes (1780-1847), Soris da-

Zabuli urTierToba yofila [17.203; 446.60, tab.#9].

xaxubias saxlSi, RamiT, mZinare manuCari, `kaci Rirssaxsovari da sa-

qebeli, imperatoris polkovniki da kavaleri~, mokles [17.204]. n. dadianis

TqmiT, mkvleli xutunias migzavnili yofila [17.203]. Tumca, rogorc a. di-

aCkov-tarasovi aRniSnavda, samurzayanoelebi niko dadians abralebdnen am

danaSauls [73.159]. xalxuri gadmocemiT, ki am mkvlelobaze erisTo emxvar-

ma waaqeza samurzayanoeli glexi, romlis colsac manuCarma Seuracxyofa

miayena. isic, aseve, Seuracxyofili yofila samurzayanos mflobelisagan

da SurisZieba ewada [118.228]. erT-erTi versiiT, es glexi yofila maj kva-

racxelia [179.13; 446.61; 331.15]. rogorc istoriuli sabuTebiT dasturdeba, mo-

gvianebiT samurzayanoSi gaimarTa saxalxo kreba adgilobrivi Tavad-aznaur-

obisa da glexebis monawileobiT, romelmac gaamarTla mkvleli, Tumca igi ma-

inc iZulebuli gaxda bzifis afxazeTSi gadasaxlebuliyo [118.228-229].

levani da misi Svili gamagrdnen bediis cixeSi, romelic `magari iyo

da qebuli da aravis auRia igi Zalisa SemodgomiTa~ [17.204]. arc am cixis

aReba da arc ajanyebul mama-SvilTan dapirispirebis saSualeba levan da-

dians im momentSi ar hqonda da manuCar dadianis samkvidro sofelSi, bar-

baloSi, gaemgzavrnen. micvalebuli iq daasvenes 15 dRis manZilze `da iyo

150

didi da gamoCenili Cveulebisamebr afxazTa tirili da vaeba~ [17.204, xaz-

gasma Cvenia – k.k.]. sagulisxmo cnobaa, radgan aq naTlad Cans, rom n. dadi-

anisTvis manuCar SarvaSiZe, eTnikurad, afxazi iyo. mouravi caiSis taZarSi

dakrZales [17.204].

istoriografiaSi manuCar SarvaSiZis gardacvalebis TariRad miCneu-

lia 1813w. [122.689; 280.97; 240.146; 118.227; 183.91; 184.76; 269.4; 448.106; 331.15; 428.112].

Tumca, istoriul sabuTebSi (1812w. 20 oqtombriT daTariRebuli /`wels Cyib

oknobris k~/ levan dadianis werili grigol wereTlisadmi da T. simono-

viCis 1812w. 24 dekembris moxseneba saqarTvelos mTavarmarTebel n. rtiSCe-

visadmi) amgvari daTariReba ar gvxdeba. iq savsebiT konkretuli periodia

mocemuli – 1812 wlis Semodgoma [61.136-137; 87.480, dok. #569]. n. dadiani am

ambebs 1811w. dasavleT saqarTveloSi dawyebul Jamianobasa da mTavarmar-

Teblad n. rtiSCevis daniSvnas Soris aTavsebs [17.203-205]. n. rtiSCevi ki am

Tanamdebobaze 1812w. 20 aprilidanaa [162.923]. magram, levan dadianis zemo-

xsenebuli werilis mixedviT, manuCari cocxali Cans buqarestis zavis

(1812w. 16 maisi) dadebis dros (`es xelmwifis da xvanTqris garigeba rom

Seityves...~ [61.136]). vfiqrobT, manuCar SarvaSiZis daRupvis wyaroebSi dafiq-

sirebuli TariRis reviziis safuZveli ar gvaqvs da amitom unda gavizi-

aroT amis TariRad 1812w. [138.238; 267.108-109]. aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanasknel xans,

es TariRi b. xoravamac gaiziara [296.220]. Tumca, erT-erT adrindel naSromSi

isic manuCar SarvaSiZis mkvlelobas 1813 wliT aTariRebda [290.179].

mkvlelobis gamoaSkaravebisTanave, levan dadianma gamoarkvia saqmis

viTareba: `vinc mis sadgomSi fareSi iwva Cemi siZis, is daviWire, davkide

da vaTqmevine yovlisferi~ [61.136]. am dakiTxvidan gairkva, rom manuCar ka-

cias Zisa da levan SarvaSiZis mier dagegmili iyo odiSis mTavrisa da

manuCar SarvaSiZis mkvleloba, raTa samurzayano levansa da beJans daeka-

vebinaT, xolo odiSi ki – manuCar kacias Zes [61.136-137].

T. qadaria aRniSnavda, rom 1812w. Semodgomaze levan dadiani bediaSi

manuCar SarvaSiZis dasaxmareblad Cavida, radgan am ukanasknelis winaaRm-

deg beJan da levan SarvaSiZeebi ajanydnen [267.108-109]. mkvlevris mosazre-

ba wyaroebiT ver dasturdeba, radgan iq saubaria tyveebis syidvis wina-

aRmdeg brZolaze da ara – ajanyebaze [61.136; 17.203]. T. beraZec samarTli-

anad miuTiTebs, rom saqme tyveTa syidvis akrZalvas exeboda [138.238]. ami-

151

tom T. qadariam cotaTi win gauswro movlenebis aRweras, radgan samur-

zayanoel SarvaSiZeTa ajanyeba mxolod manuCaris mkvlelobiT daiwyo.

amboxebulTa dasamorCileblad levan dadianma sakuTari ZalebiT

gailaSqra samurzayanoSi da morCilebis niSnad adgilobrivi Tavad-azna-

urebisagan mZevlebi aiyvana [61.137]. magram levan SarvaSiZe moudrekeli

darCa. igi sakmaod momzadebuli da gamagrebuli daxvda dadianis laS-

qars bediaSi [87.499, dok. #591; 17.204; 138.238; 267.109]. amis Taobaze is sa-

murzayanodan 1812w. 20 oqtombers gr. wereTels werda: `.erT cixe bediis

maklia auRebeli da is mawuxebs~ [61.137]. man daxmareba sTxova rusebs, ro-

melTac levans gaugzavnes belevskis qveiTTa polkis ori aseuli arti-

leriiT polkovnik merlinis meTaurobiT [87.481, dok. #569; 17.204; 267.109].

dadianis dasaxmareblad wamoemarTnen imerlebi grigol wereTlisa da

sexnia wulukiZis meTaurobiT da gurulebi mamia gurielis biZis, daviTi-

sa, da vaxtang rostomis Ze erisTavis winamZRolobiT [17.204; 267.109].

1812w. dekemberSi dadianis laSqari bediis cixis gaRma dadga. cixis

asaRebad SemuSavda gegma, romlis mixedviT, jari or nawilad gaiyo: le-

van dadiani xelmZRvanelobda rusTa, odiSarTa da samurzayanoelTa nawi-

lebs. maT bediis zemoTa mxare daiWires; niko dadianma ki uwinamZRvra

imerlebs, leCxumlebsa da gurulebs. eseni qvemoTa mxridan miudgnen ci-

xes [17.204]. levanis razmelebma cixis garedan daiwyes TavdacviTi brZo-

lebi, magram Semotevas ver gauZles da SigniT Seiketnen. samurzayanoSi

atexili areulobiT, bunebrivia, Turqebmac moindomes sargebloba da, be-

Janis pirvelive Txovnaze, iq sakuTari razmebi miavlines, romlebic ajan-

yebulebs unda daxmarebodnen [87.481,506. dok. #569,596]. vinaidan bediis ci-

xeze SemtevTa Zalebi gacilebiT Warbobda damcvelebs, amitom male le-

vanma dazaveba iTxova [17.204]. aRsaniSnavia, rom usafrTxoebis pirobis mi-

Reba man mxolod niko dadianisagan moiTxova [17.204]. manamde ki, xutunia

SarvaSiZem moaxerxa gaqceva da webeldas Seafara Tavi [17.204].

levan V-m xandazmulobis gamo Seiwyala levan SarvaSiZe da misi me-

uRle mariam inaliSvili [446.39], Tumca CamoarTva bedia da sazrdod sofe-

li faxulani misca [17.204; 290.179; 240.146; 267.109]. dadianma ki bediaSi, dro-

ebiT, leCxumelebis razmiT niko dadiani datova, romelic cixis SekeTebi-

sa da gamagrebis saqmeebs xelmZRvanelobda [17.204]. sabolood ki, levanma

152

bediaSi sakuTari mecixovneebi Caayena Tavad giorgi petres Ze mxeiZis meTa-

urobiT [17.204]. mogvianebiT, levanma misi simamris, zurab wereTlis, Sua-

mavlobiT Seiwyala xutunia da igi, mis ZmebTan erTad, da bediaSi daab-

runa.1 Tumca, mamiseuli mamulidan Zmebs mxolod soflis naxevari daub-

runes; meore naxevari ki ergo zurab bolixuxus Ze SarvaSiZes [17.206]. es

iyo yvapus meore vaJis, avTandilis (aTandel) SviliSvilis Svili [446.37,

tab.#2]. sofeli faxulani ki dadianma daqvrivebul das da disSvilebs daum-

tkica [17.206].

bediis dakavebis Semdeg, dadianma, belevskis qveiTTa polkis daxmare-

biT, samurzayanodan Turqebi gandevna [87.481, dok. #569], romlebmac am

mxareSi Seqmnili areulobiT sakmaod isargebles. rogorc mTavarmarTe-

belma n. rtiSCevma ruseTis elCs stambolSi a. italinskis acnoba, manuCa-

ris mkvlelobidan mxolod 5 Tvis manZilze osmalebs afxazeTidan 300-mde ka-

ci moutaciaT [87.789, dok. #928]. aq `afxazeTSi~ samurzayano igulisxmeba,

radgan manuCar SarvaSiZis samflobelozea saubari, Tumca m. dumbaZem ra-

tomRac es cnoba sakuTriv samegrelos miawera [169.53]. am problemebis mo-

gvarebis Semdeg, 1813w. zafxulSi levan V-m beJanisTvisac moicala, ro-

melsac, rogorc vnaxeT, Zmis mkvlelobaSi Tanamonawileoba edeboda bra-

lad. dadiani da rusebi beJanis mamuls daesxnen Tavs, magram manuCaris

Zmam gaqceva moaxerxa da Tavdamxsmelebs xelT mxolod misi mcirewlo-

vani Svilebi (vaJiSvili da ori qaliSvili) SerCaT [87.502,506, dok. #592,596].

Tumca, beJanis qveSevrdomi Tavadebi da aznaurebi daimorCiles da maT fici

CamoarTves, rom xels Seuwyobdnen xelisuflebas gaqceuli SarvaSiZis, ro-

melsac mamuli CamoerTva, dapatimrebaSi [87.502,506, dok. #592,597].

1815w. zafxulSi beJani dabrunda, magram igi Seipyres da dadians ga-

dasces. misi bedis gadawyveta mTavarmarTebelma n. rtiSCevma odiSis mTa-

vars miando [280.99]. Tumca, male gairkva, rom beJani ar eria Zmis mkvle- 1 levan SarvaSiZis memkvidreTa raodenoba, sabolood, gaurkveveli Cans. i. Ciqovanis mier

Sedgenil levan SarvaSiZis genealogiur tabulaSi (#9), xutunias garda, CamoTvlilia ki-

dev 4 vaJiSvili: manuCari (manCa) /1796-1863/, zurabi /1798-1861/, kacia (kac) /1803-1863/, anton

(narCou) /1805-gardacvlilia 1884 wlamde/ [446.60]; magram samurzayanoel TavadTa mier le-

van dadianisadmi 1815w. 20 noembers micemul ficSi dasaxelebuli arian levan SarvaSiZis

qvrivi mariam inaliSvili da misi Zeebi murzayani, romelic i. Ciqovanis tabulaSi ver mo-

xvda, da zurabi [69.294].

153

lobaSi da mas cili daswames. amitom igi sakuTar mamulSi dasabruneb-

lad odiSis mTavris nebarTvas iTxovda, rac levanma isev n. rtiSCevs ac-

noba [87.502, dok. #592]. mTavarmarTebelma, romelmac icoda, rom beJanis

mamulebi levan dadians eWira, moerida samegrelos mTavris ganawyenebas,

romelic ruseTisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovani mniSvnelovani mokavSire iyo,

vidre saeWvo beJani da amitom sakiTxis gadaWris ufleba isev dadians mi-

ando [87.502, dok. #592]. Tumca, iqve, mTavarmarTebelma levans `urCia~, vid-

re dadiani gadawyvetda beJanis gaTavisuflebas, kargi iqneboda, Tuki

darwmundeboda ruseTis imperatorisa da odiSis mTavrisadmi patimris

loialobaSi [87.502, dok. #592]. Cans, n. rtiSCevma ivarauda, rom levani,

romelic samurzayanos mis mamulad ganixilavda da iq SarvaSiZeebis gam-

geblobis dabruneba namdvilad ar undoda, beJans ar gaaTavisuflebda.

rusi generali xels uwyobda maT Soris dapirispirebis gaRrmavebasa da

gaZlierebas. aseTi mdgomareoba odiSs ruseTis mZevlad aqcevda da moma-

valSi samegrelos samTavros gauqmebis sakiTxsac gaadvilebda. magram,

dadianma rusi generlis `rCevis~ ukan damaluli azrebi amoicno da beJa-

ni gaaTavisufla. es `mowyaleba~ dadianis erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri mowi-

naaRmdegis mimarT, romelic didi gavleniT sargeblobda RaliZga-engu-

ris SuamdinareTSi, levanis gaTvlebiT, Searbilebda samurzayanoelTa

undoblobas mis mimarT.

§2. samurzayano levan V dadianis uSualo mmarTvelobis qveS

(1813-1840 wlebi)

1813w. seqtembrisaTvis dadianma, rusebis daxmarebiT, SeZlo TiTqmis

mTeli samurzayanos damorCileba [87.506, dok. #597]. samurzayanoelebma

morCileba gamoucxades qeTevan dadian-SarvaSiZisas, romelic manuCaris

memkvidreebis – mcirewlovani aleqsandresa da dimitris – meurved da-

iniSna [87.507, dok.#598], magram RaliZga-SuamdinareTSi saqmeebis realuri

gamgebeli levan V gaxda. male misi poziciebi kidev ufro ganmtkicda, vi-

naidan 1815w. dasawyisSi afxazeTis mTavaris, giorgis, Zmam hasan-beim manu-

Caris qvrivze gadawyvita daqorwineba. qeleS-beis Svili amisTvis qristi-

154

anad monaTvlasac ki apirebda. mTavarmarTebeli ar endoboda hasan-beis,

romelsac didi mxardaWera hqonda afxazeTSi da garkveul problemebs

uqmnida rusebis ZalisxmeviT gamTavrebul giorgis. n. rtiSCevi SiSobda,

rom sefer-beis Zmas samurzayano sWirdeboda afxazeTSi gasamTavreblad,

radgan mas mxars dauWerdnen samurzayanoeli afxazi Tavad-aznaurebi,

gansakuTrebiT misi naTesavebi – SarvaSiZeebi. amitom mTavarmarTebeli

afrTxilebda qeTevans, Tuki hasan-bei Seecdeboda samurzayanos dakavebas,

es mxare, aleqsandresa da dimitris srulwlovanebamde, saxelmwifo xa-

zinas gadaecemoda [87.507, dok. #598]. es iyo pirveli cda samurzayanoze

ruseTis uSualo xelisuflebis SemoRebisa. rogorc Cans, aleqsandre I-s

karze ukve mimdinareobda am sakiTxis damuSaveba. samTavroebis winaaRm-

deg pirveli galaSqreba mTavarmarTebel aleqsi ermolovis1 (1816-1827) sa-

xels ukavSirdeba, romelmac, faqtobrivadac, daiwyo guriis samTavros ga-

uqmebis procesi [171.266], romelic, sabolod, 1829w. dasrulda. XIXs. 30-ian

wlebSi ki rusi moxele kroki mizanSeuwonlad miiCnevda ukve dasavleT

saqarTvelos sxva samTavroTa arsebobasac, radgan, misi azriT, isini

xels uSlidnen am mxaris srul damorCilebas [171.266].

qeTevan SarvaSiZem TviTon Tqva uari samurzayanoze [267.109]. amis sa-

fuZvelze, T. qadariam miiCnia, rom Semdgara hasan-beisa da misi qorwineba

[267.109]. magram wyaroebiT es ar dasturdeba. 1818w. 4 ianvars Sedgenil `Sewi-

rulobis werilSi~ qeTevani, Tavis vaJiSvilebTan erTad, manuCar SarvaSi-

Zis sulis saoxad, caiSis eklesias wiravs meufe grigolis mier tyveobi-

dan daxsnil sofel ledgebies2 mosaxle burdRunia qobalias da oblad

darCenili buca da noCoia qobaliebs [261.84]. levanma igi mxolod 1823w.

gaaTxova sefer-beis sxva Zmaze – rostom-beize, romelic qristianadac mo-

naTla [17.212; 446.42]. rogorc n. dadiani wers, rusebs levanis es iniciativa ar

moswonebiaT, radgan rostomTan maT garkveuli problemebi hqondaT, magram

1 a. ermolovi kavkasielTa mimarT mkacri da daundobeli politikis gamtarebeli iyo.

swored amitom dawera masze aleqsandre puSkinma poemaSi `kavkasieli tyve~ aseTi sit-

yvebi: «Смирись, Кавказ: идет Ермолов!» [430.21]. a. ermolovis mmarTvelobis xanaSi daiwyo kav-

kasiis omi, romelmac TiTqmis naxevr saukunes gastana (1817-1864ww.).

2 odiSSi mdebare `mcire sofeli ledgebie~ qeTevanis samkvidro iyo, romelic mas mamam,

grigolma, daumtkica [261.84].

155

samegrelos mTavrisadmi pativiviscemis gamo, mas es apaties [17.212].

am viTarebiT levanma isargebla da disSvilebis aRzrda-meurveoba

TviTonve ikisra [280.97; 290.179; 240.146; 267.105]. SarvaSiZeTa ukmayofileba

rom ar gamoewvia, dadiani, oficialurad, samurzayanos TiTqos imperato-

ris saxeliT marTavda [448.106-107]. amitom mis winaaRmdeg verc adgilobri-

vi SarvaSiZeebi gamovidnen da verc – afxazeTis mTavari [448.106-107]. n. Ta-

kalanZis SefasebiT, levan V-s meurveoba manuCaris memkvidreebze winas-

war ganzraxuli nabiji iyo [183.91; 184.77]. s. esaZis SeniSvniT, mTavarmarTe-

beli n. rtiSCevi ar SeewinaRmdega dadianis aqtiur moqmedebebs am mxare-

Si, radgan ruseTis mTavroba mas odiSis nawilad aRiarebda [448.107]. am-

gvarad, samurzayanoze dadianis uSualo kontrolis dawesda da, Sesaba-

misad, 1810 wels Seqmnili samouravoc gauqmda. levani aqtiurad Seudga

RaliZga-enguris SuamdinareTSi saqmeebis mowesrigebas, romelsac Sedegad

misi uflebebisa da xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba unda mohyoloda [184.77].

pirvel rigis problemad samurzayanoSi sxvadasxva danaSaulebebTan

brZola rCeboda. 1815w. 20 noembers dadianma gamosca dadgenileba, romli-

Tac igi kvlav krZalavda qurdobis, avazakobisa da tyveTa syidvas da am

danaSaulebebSi mxilebulebs odiSis samTavros karze gaasamarTlebdnen

[290.179; 240.146; 267.109-110]. tyveTa syidvas xels uwyobda isev da isev foT-

Si Turqebis yofna. isini yovel zomas xmarobdnen, raTa es vaWroba ar

Semwydariyo. ra Tqma unda, zugdidSi damnaSave samurzayanoelTa gasamar-

TlebiT, dadiani Tavis uzenaesobas usvamda xazs.

brZanebis Tanaxmad, sakuTar saxlebSi unda daebrunebinaT Jamianobisa

da SimSilis gamo gadmoxvewili imereli da megreli glexebi, romlebic,

ZiriTadad, xdebodnen adamianebiT movaWreTa msxverplni [290.179; 240.146].

dadiani amiT ara marto tyveTa syidvas ebrZoda, is, rogorc feodali,

icavda imerel da odiSar mebatoneTa uflebebs, romelTa ymebic samurza-

yanoSi batonymuri wnexisagan SedarebiT Tavisufali mxareSi aRmoCndnen

da ukan dabrunebaze ukve naklebad fiqrobdnen.

levan V-m, Sesabamisad, izruna im Zalazec, romelsac, faqtobrivad,

eyrdnoboda misi xelisufleba samurzayanoSi. es iyo rusuli armia. sa-

murzayanoelebi valdebulebi iyvnen xeli SeewyoT rusuli samxedro na-

wilebisTvis maTTvis binisa micemiTa da sakvebis miwodebiT [267.110].

156

1815 wlis 20 noembers, nabakevSi, am dadgenilebis Sesrulebaze levan-

ma adgilobrivi Tavad-aznauroba daafica. es `ficis wigni~ friad mniSv-

nelovani sabuTia Tavad-aznaurobis sagvareuloTa da maTi gansaxlebis

arealis dasadgenad. samurzayanoelebi fics sdebdnen da xels awerdnen

jvrebis dasmiT: levan xutunias Ze SarvaSiZis qvrivi mariam inaliSvili

SvilebTan, murzayanTan da zurabTan, erTad; bolixuxu SarvaSiZis (avTan-

dil yvapus Zis Sto) Svilebi – xuxuloba, zurabi, manuCari, rostomi; so-

rex solomonis Ze SarvaSiZe; Tavadi anCabaZeebi: bolixuxu, Temurya, uCna,

Tada, uCardia, erisTu, lomkaci, xuxuloba, mirzabeg, manuCar, burdRu,

dovlaT da murza (j. gamaxariasa da b. gogias varaudiT, es ukanaskneli,

albaT, muslimani unda yofiliyo, vinaidan, sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT, sa-

xelTan jvris niSnis `+~ nacvlad, orwertili da tire dausvams [69.666]);

Tavadi Cqotua zurabi da misi Svilebi: erisTou, manuCar, kaci; Cqotua ka-

ci, Temurya da marRani; gudaveli beJan marRania (miuxedavad am ficisa,

man mainc ar moiSala tyveTa syidva da 1821w. daapatimres da zugdidSi

waiyvanes [17.211]); Tavadi emxvarebi: erisTou, lomkaci, levani, uCardia,

tulafsu, sersuya, Temurya, tulafsu; Tavadi aslanbei inaliSvili; dixa-

zurgeli marRaniebi: jambulaTi, bolixuxu, xitu, burdRu, Saardeni; ga-

leli marRaniebi: jambulaTi, aslangeri; Cqotua uCana, aslangeri, jambu-

laTi, rostomi; aqurTavebi cucke da xitu; Rvarwkia gejila; zenobaia

ezugbaia; Tavadi beJan solomonis Ze SarvaSiZe [69.294-295, dok. #129].

samurzayanoSi 1815w. 20 ivnisis brZanebis Sesruleba SeuZlebeli gax-

deboda, Tu ar mogvardeboda webeldis problema. am kuTxes flobda Ta-

vad marSaniaTa Zlieri sagvareulo, romelmac sefer-beis mTavroba ar

aRiara. am periodSi, faqtobrivad, afxazeTis mTavris iurisdiqcia webel-

daze ar vrceldeboda. webeldel marSaniebsa da samurzayanoel SarvaSi-

Zeebs aqtiuri da mWidro urTierTobebi hqondaT erTmaneTTan. iq xSirad

poulobdnen TavSesafars xelisuflebisgan devnili pirebi. manuCar Sar-

vaSiZe webeldel marSaniebTan (mahmaTqiri, omari da sxv.) erTad vaWrobda

tyveebiT [336.54; 122.689]. rogorc sxva afxazi Tavadebi, ise esenic Tavs am

`xelobiT~ irCendnen da samurzayanoSic eweodnen adamianTa gatacebas. T.

saxokias cnobiT, marSaniaTa 20-30 kacisagan Semdgari dajgufeba daTare-

Sobda samurzayanos mTebSi, iq samurzayanoel mwyemsebs awiokebda da mom-

157

xdurebi, saqonelTan erTad, mwyemsebsac itacebda tyved [35.365]. am viTare-

bis aRmosafxvrelad levan dadianma 1815 wlis 29 noembers, sof. oqumSi,

misost, saralafu da zerefxu marSaniebs fici CamoarTva [290.179; 240.146].

marSaniebma aRniSnes, rom samurzayano dadianis samflobeloa da piroba

dades, rom `viyvneTve keTiliTa mezoblobiTa samTavrosa Tqvenis samur-

zayanod wodebuls afxazeTsa nawils-Tana da odiSsa da masTan mcxovreb-

Ta da arc SeviwynaroTRa wina-aRmdgomni vinme umaRlesis ruseTis taxti-

sa da Tqvenis uganaTlebulesobisagan gamoqceulni vinme, da arca Cvengan

raime iqna avis moqmedeba samfloebelosa ruseTisa da sakuTraT Tqveni-

sac uganaTlebulobisa samTavrosa Sina, – arca taceba tyvisa, arca sxva

raime...~ [87.507-508, dok. #599, xazgasma Cvenia – k.k.]. amasTan erTad, Tavadi

marSaniebi xazs usvamdnen, rom `Cven mama-papiT Tqvenis mama-papis Tumca

morCilebi da erTgulebi viyaviT, magram romelmanme SemTxveulma Sfo-

Tebma daSorebul viqmeniT erTmaneTisagan~ [87.508, dok. #599]. ra Tqma un-

da, am Canawers levanisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda, vinaidan igi rusebs

mianiSnebda, rom am kuTxeze mas kanonieri gavlena hqonda, radgan webelda

misi winaprebis samflobelo yofila. amitom, aq afxazeTis mimarT dadia-

nis garkveuli upiratesoba da Sesabamisi pretenziebi ikveTeboda, rasac

1814w. erT-erT xatze gakeTebul minawerSi daculi dadianis titulatura

mowmobs: `mTavari da mpyrobeli odiS-afxazTa, svan-leCxumTa~ [212.141]. sa-

bolood, levanma webeldelebis ficisgan ver ixeira. dadianis mowinaaR-

mdegeni TavSesafars isev am mxareSi poulobdnen [90.396, dok. #325].

dadianma scada samurzayanoeli Tavad-aznauroba, romelic, ZiriTa-

dad, tyveTa syidvidan miRebuli SemosavliT cxovrobda, sameurneo saqmi-

anobiT daekavebina. Tumca, misi es mcdeloba uSedegod dasrulda da sa-

murzayanoSi tyveTa syidva mainc ver aRikveTa. sanam foTsa da axalcixe-

Si Turqebi iyvnen. isini mainc axerxebdnen, rom adamianebiT vaWroba Seen-

arCunebinaT. rogorc samurzayanoeli Tavadi Temuryva anCabaZe adastu-

rebda, samurzayanoSi tyveTa syidvis, qurdobisa da sxva danaSaulebebis

gamo Zalian mZime viTareba Seqmnila [90.396]. es `fici~, faqtobrivad, qa-

Raldze darCa, radgan ficis damdeb Tavad-aznaurTa nawili (beJan marRa-

nia, beJan SarvaSiZe da sxv.) mainc agrZelebda am saqmianobas [17.211; 90.396].

Tumca, moxda tyveTa syidvis minimizacia samurzayanos baris zonaSi, mag-

158

ram mTian adgilebSi viTareba sagangaSo rCeboda, vinaidan xelisuflebis

kontroli, barTan SedarebiT, am zonaze minimaluri iyo [90.395, dok. #325].

am danaSaulebebTan sabrZolvelad levan dadianma aqtiurad CarTo

sasuliero wodeba. magaliTad, zemo xsenebuli ficis dadebas eswreboda

meufe grigol caiSeli, romelmac, boloSi, daamowma es aqti [69.666]. ra

Tqma unda, samurzayanoSi eklesiis gaaqtiurebiT, dadiani sakuTari xeli-

suflebis gamyarebasac moiazrebda. Tumca mas da meufe grigols kargad

esmodaT, rom am kuTxeSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis Sesusteba gamoiwvev-

da RaliZga-enguris SuamdinareTis mowyvetas qarTuli samyarosagan. swo-

red amitom caiSelma mRvdelmTavarma mniSvnelovani Rvawli gaswia ara

marto samurzayanoSi, aramed sakuTriv afxazeTis samTavroSic qristiano-

bis gansamtkiceblad [89.429, dok. #570]. meufe grigoli Tavis anderZSi

werda, rom: `gulmodginebiT maqvnda afxazeTis erni gardaqceulni sarw-

munoebaTagan r(ome)lic xelmiswTomel iyo Cem mier igini momeyvana sarw-

munoebad da mr(ava)lnica moqceuli iqmnen da monaTlul~ [261.65].

samurzayanoelebi, romlebic gaTavisufldnen SarvaSiZeTa mmarTve-

lobisgan, ar apirebdnen levanis xelisuflebis aRiarebas [184.77]. Temur-

yva anCabaZe amis Taobaze pirdapir eubneboda rusebs, rom: «В сей земле су-

ществует безначалие, ибо Дадиани не имеет средства к обузданию жителей; и будьте

уверены, что ни Дадиани, ниже кто-либо из фамилии Шарвашидзе не могут управлять и

распоряжаться здесь» [90.396]. amas Jak fransua gambac adasturebs: `igi (samur-

zayano – k.k.) dadianebis saxelmwifos nawils Seadgens; magram SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom igi arcerT xelisuflebas ar emorCileba~ [14.112]. amitom sa-

murzayanoSi dadianis winaaRmdeg mRelvarebebi ar wydeboda [169.75]. mar-

Talia, giorgi SarvaSiZem aRiara, rom afxazeTis `uSinaganesi adgilebis~

mflobeli iyo, magram warmoudgeneli iyo, rom mas samurzayanoze dadia-

nis kontroli moswoneboda [240.147].

m. dumbaZe miiCnevda, rom sefer-bei, Tavis mxriv cdilobda, afxazeT-

ze sakuTari gavlenis gavrcelebas [169.75]. z. papasqiri gamoricxavs, rom

dadianis sawinaaRmdegod, afxazeTis mTavari raime kontrzomebs mimarTav-

da, radgan afxazeTis mTavris xelisufleba pirdapir damokidebuli iyo

dadianis mxardaWeraze [240.147]. viziarebT ra am mosazrebas, migvaCnia, rom

giorgi SarvaSiZe farulad mainc samurzayanos opozicias uWerda mxars,

159

radgan 1818w. dadianma, samurzayanos problemasTan dakavSirebiT, misgan

oficialuri poziciis gamoxatva moiTxova. levanma amisTvis Sesaferisi

viTarebac SearCia. 1818w. aprilSi afxazeTSi isev amboxeba daiwyo. man Ta-

visi biZis1 dasaxmareblad odiSis laSqari miavlina, romlebmac afxaze-

Tis mTavars mowinaaRmdege Tavadebi daumorCiles [267.112]. am ambebis Sem-

deg, dadianma ruseTis xelisuflebisagan oficialuri komisia moiTxova

odiS-afxazeT-svaneTis sazRvrebis dasadgenad [267.112]. giorgim, romelmac

xelisufleba isev megrelTa daxmarebiT SeinarCuna, imereTis mmarTvelis,

general v. kurnatovskis TandaswrebiT, 1818 wlis maisSi samurzayano ofici-

alurad cno odiSis teritoriad [169.75; 290.180; 295.224; 240.147; 267.112; 184.77].

levan dadianis mecadineobiT miRweuli SeTanxmeba maqsimalurad ga-

moxatavda da icavda samegrelos mTavris interesebs samurzayanoSi. same-

grelosa da afxazeTis samTavroebs Soris sazRvari md. RaliZgaze dadginda

[110.8; 47.221].2 1821 wels afxazeTSi dawyebuli areulobebis CasaxSobad mi-

mavali rusTa da odiSarTa saeqspedicio korpusi levan dadianma md. Ra-

liZgamde miacila. es xazgasmiT aRniSna n. dadianma Tavis TxzulebaSi:

`TviT mTavari Cveni leon dadiani mihyva Tavis sazRvramde RaliZgamde~

[17.209, xazgasma Cvenia – k.k.; 138.240]. 1818 wlis SeTanxmebis asaxvas unda mi-

aniSnebdes levan dadianis titulaturac, sadac odnav dakonkretda 1814w.

dafiqsirebul titulSi `afxazTa~-s raoba. kerZod, Cvens mier dadianebis

muzeumSi mikvleul erTs sabuTSi, romelic daTariRebulia 1823w. 19 mai-

siT, samegrelos mTavari moxseniebulia rogorc: `s~d odiSisa, leCxumisa

da nawilTa afxazeTisaTa (xazgasma Cvenia – k.k.) da suaneTisa memkvidre-

obiT mflobeli~ [2]. aseTive viTarebaa 1824w. erT-erT dokumentSic: `me-

mkvidreobiTi mflobeli da mTavari menRreliisa da ramodenisame nawi-

lis afxazeTisa (xazgasma Cvenia – k.k.) da svaneTisa~ [261.98].

zemoT aRniSnuli SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, orive mxare valdebuli iyo,

ar mieca TavSesafari meaboxeebisa da sxva sjulis damnaSaveebisaTvis [267.112;

184.77]. am muxliT, giorgi SarvaSiZes moespo SesaZlebloba dadianis mowi-

naaRmdge samurzayanoelTa dasacavad. dadiani kmayofili darCa da aRniS-

na, rom es SeTanxmeba or samTavros Soris mSvidobis damyarebis garanti iqne- 1 afxazeTis mTavari giorgi SarvaSiZe levan dadianis mamidis meuRle iyo.

2 am hidronims e. aixvaldi gadmoscems formiT – galasdga.

160

boda [184.77]. n. TakalanZis samarTliani SefasebiT, igi akanonebda levan V-s

uflebebs samurzayanoze da SemdgomSi afxazeTis mTavarTan am sakiTxze

nebismieri davis wamoWrisas, xelSeuxebels xdida am uflebas [184.77].

giorgi SarvaSiZis mier dadianTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis Sesru-

lebas ar apirebda aslan-bei, romelic 1821w. isev gamoCnda afxazeTSi, sa-

dac am dros antirusuli ajanyeba mimdinareobda [371.52]. man male moaxerxa

TiTqmis mTeli afxazeTis daufleba, garda soxumis cixisa, sadac imyofe-

bodnen 1821 wlis 19 Tebervals gardacvlili giorgi SarvaSiZis qvrivi

da Svilebi [456.560]. rusebma Tamar dadiani-SarvaSiZisa afxazeTis droeb-

iT mmarTvelad daniSnes [456.550,557]. rogorc g. paiWaZe miiCnevs, am gadawy-

vetilebis miRebaze gavlena iqonia samegrelos mTavarma [420.223]. 1821w. seq-

tembris SuaxanebisTvis, aslan-bei, Tavisi laSqriT, romelSic Cerqezebic

iyvnen, samurzayanosken daiZra [456.560; 404.252].

levanma saswrafod Seyara jari da afxazTa ajanyebis Casaqrobad ga-

mogzavnil imereTis mmarTvel general m. gorCakovs ganucxada, rom apireb-

da aslan-beis winaaRmdeg brZolas, raTa sakuTari mamuli da `qvrivi da

oblebi gadaerCina~ [456.560]. v. potos TqmiT, generali mixvda dadianis Cana-

fiqrs, romelsac im afxazeTis daufleba undoda, romelic adre samegre-

los ekuTvnoda da, amitom, dadians ufleba ar misca galaSqrebisa [456.560].

aslan-beim ki samurzayanoSi SeWra ver moaxerxa. m. gorCakovma sisxlSi Ca-

axSo afxazTa ajanyeba da mTavrad dasva sefer-beis vaJi dimitri /omar-bei/

(1821-1822), romelic ruseTSi izrdeboda da sakmaod garusebulic iyo. Tum-

ca kaci, romelsac rusi polkovnikis forma ecva, mSobliuri ena daviwyno-

da da, amasTanave, damsjel razmTan erTad Camovida samSobloSi, misma qve-

Sevrdomebma ar miiRes da 1822w. 28 oqtombers mowamles [420.224].

afxazeTis axali mTavari gaxda sefer-beis sxva Svili – mixeili, ro-

melic im xanad 11 wlis iyo. Tamari isev, droebiT, afxazeTis mmarTveli

gaxda. aRsaniSnavia, rom is mixeilis gamTavrebis sakiTxs samurzayanodan

agvarebda, sadac 1822w. noemberSi imyofeboda [89.661, dok. #947,948]. levani,

bunebrivia, dainteresebuli iyo, rom afxazeTis momavali mTavari, anu misi

mamidaSvili mixeili /xamuT-bei/ (1822-1864), sefer-beiviT morCili yofiliyo.

miuxedavad imisa, rom samurzayanoelebi dadianis qveSevrdomebad iTvlebo-

dnen, isini aqtiurad monawileobdnen afxazeTis politikur cxovrebaSi, maT

161

Soris axali mTavris damtkicebis saqmeSi. magaliTad, rusul xelisufle-

basTan Tamar SarvaSiZis interesebs warmoadgendnen samurzayanoeli Te-

muryva anCabaZe da afxazeTeli Tlabsu marRania [89.661, dok. #949].

1821w. ajanyebis sababi gaxda rusebis mier afxazeTis mmarTvelad se-

fer-beis qvrivis daniSvna. v. potos TqmiT, rusebis Secdoma iyo afxazTa

saTaveSi qalis dadgena, miT ufro, rom Tamars ar uyvarda afxazebi da

arc isini yofilan mis mimarT keTilganwyobilni [456.550,558]. rogorc

Cans, Tamarma misi ojaxisTvis afxazebis ndobis mosapoveblad, 1823w. sa-

murzayanoSi ilaSqra am kuTxis afxazeTis samTavrosaTvis Semosamtkiceb-

lad [169.75; 267.113; 184.77]. levanma imereTis mmarTvel m. gorCakovTan iCiv-

la mamidamisis am qmedebebis gamo. rusma generalma `afxazeTisaTvis mebr-

Zol~ grigol dadianis asuls samTavroSi dabruneba mosTxova, magram

Tamari, romelic, faqtobrivad, misi ojaxis mimarT afxazebis damokidebu-

lebis mZevali iyo, poziciebis daTmobas ar apirebda. Seqmnil viTarebaSi,

m. gorCakovma levans ufleba misca Zalismier gziT moewesrigebina samur-

zayano saqmeebi. samegrelos mTavarmac daiviwya agresori mamidas mimarT

ZmisSviluri ridi da pativiscema da misi laSqari maleve gaaZeva RaliZ-

ga-enguris SuamdinareTidan [169.75; 267.113; 184.77]. Tumca, Tamarma xeli ar

aiRo Tavis ganzraxvaze da isev Seecada samurzayanos Semomtkicebas, mag-

ram es mcdelobac unayofo gamodga [184.77].

dadiani mainc ver axerxebda samurzayanoSi wesrigis damyarebas. am

mxriv misi yvela mcdeloba kraxiT sruldeboda [90.395, dok. #325]. es miT

ufro rTuli iyo, rom afxazebi ganagrZobdnen samurzayanoelTa mxarda-

Weras dadianis winaaRmdeg. 1826 wlis maisSi levanma SemoWril afxazTa

winaaRmdeg gailaSqra da Tan afxazeTTan sazRvris gamagrebiTi samuSao-

ebic awarmoa [47.173; 297.238]. Tumca, am mxaris damorCileba samegrelos

mTavrisaTvis rTul saqmed rCeboda. samurzayanoelebi mainc ar emorCi-

lebodnen mis xelisuflebas [90.395, dok. #325]. amitom dadians maTze kon-

trolis gaweva mxolod rusuli jaris daxmarebiT SeeZlo. 1826w. misi

TxovniT, mTavarmarTebelma ermolovma erTi saartilerio qvemexiT Seiar-

aRebuli 300-kaciani razmi gamoagzavna [90.395, dok. #325; 169.75; 267.113; 184.77].

samurzayanoSi droebiT mSvidoba damyarda da adgilobrivebi damorCild-

nen dadianis xelisuflebas [90.395, dok. #325; 169.75; 184.77]. aman tyveTa syid-

162

vis Semcirebac gamoiwvia [199.337]. Tumca, rusebma 1826w. sparseTTan dawye-

buli omis gamo, es razmic maleve gaiwvies [90.395, dok. #325; 169.75; 184.77].

m. dumbaZis mosazrebiT, samurzayanoSi rusebis am razmis Cayenebis mizani

gacilebiT Sorsmimavali iyo, vidre mxolod dadianis interesebis uzru-

nvelyofa. mkvlevari samarTlianad miiCnevda, rom ruseTi ukve emzadebo-

da am mxareSi Tavisi uSualo xelisuflebis SemoRebisTvis [171.268]. M

mamidamisis laSqrobebma dadians isev daanaxa samurzayanos sakiTx-

Tan dakavSirebiT afxazTagan axali garantiebis miRebis aucilebloba.

1827 wlis 21 aprils zufuelma Tavad-aznaurobam levan V-s winaSe weri-

lobiT ivaldebula, rom isini samurzayanoSi ar Caidendnen Zarcva-qur-

dobas da ar Seuracxyofdnen samegrelos mTavris uflebas am mxareze

[267.113; 184.78]. am dokuments levanis mamidaSvilma afxazeTis mTavarmac mo-

awera xeli [267.113]. rogorc Cans, mixeilis es daTmoba politikuri sisus-

tiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rac, gansakuTrebiT misi mmarTvelobis dasawyis-

Si TvalsaCino iyo [184.78-79; 185.77]. magram amanac ver moutana simSvide da-

dians. rogorc ki samurzayanoelebma rusebi Sors daigules, maSinve da-

ewyo dadians garTulebebi.

am periodSi manuCar SarvaSiZis ufrosi vaJi aleqsandre, romelic

1808w. [446.71, tab.#15] daibada, srulwlovani xdeboda da mas mxaris mmarT-

velobac unda mieRo. magram, samurzayanoSi mixvdnen, rom levani mis dis-

Svilebs xelisuflebas ar daubrunebda. Tumca, rogorc ukve iTqva, sa-

murzayanos Tavad-aznaurobas TviTonac ar surda rogorc SarvaSiZeTa,

ise – dadianTa qveSevrdomoba. maT Soris Camoyalibda garkveuli dajgu-

feba, romelic samurzayanoze imperatoris xelisuflebis uSualo damya-

rebas moiTxovda. am `partiis~ interesebs gamoxatavda Temuryva anCabaZe,

romelic ruseTis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs urCevda, «объявить Са-

мурзакань казне принадлежащею» [90.396]. rogorc Cans, am dajgufebas dagegmi-

li hqonda dadianis winaaRmdeg xSiri areulobebis mowyoba, raTa ruse-

Tis xelisuflebas im motiviT, rom samegrelos mTavars ar hqonda Sesa-

bamisi SesaZlebloba am mxareSi wesrigis uzrunvelsayofad, samurzayano

dadianisaTvis CamoerTmia. am viTarebaSi, isini aSkara provokaciazec ki

wavidnen: 1827 wlis noemberSi samurzayanoelebma sakuTari saqoneli da-

dianis sanadirod gankuTvnil nakrZalSi Serekes, romelsac sagangebo ya-

163

rauli icavda.

es tye md. enguris odiSis sanapiroze mdebareobda da 8 versiT iyo

daSorebuli zugdididan, xolo mdinaris gaRma napiridan ki samurzayano-

eli marRanias mamuli esazRvreboda [90.398, dok. #326]. dadianis yarau-

lebma, bunebrivia, saqoneli gamorekes tyidan. samurzayanoelma mwyemsebma

daxmarebas uxmes. maT gamoeqomaga aznauri marRania, romelic SeiaraRebu-

li glexebiT movida. Selaparakebisas samurzayanoelebma dadianis yarau-

li mokles. am SemTxvevas waeswro zugdideli aznauri, romlis mezobe-

lic iyo mokluli glexi. zugdidelma am danaSaulisaTvis sisxliT

zRveva moiTxova. es SekamaTebac tragikulad dasrulda: marRania sasikv-

dilod daiWra [90.398, dok. #326]. sabolood, am SemTxvevam samegrelos

mZime Sedegi moutana: igi samurzayanoelTa da, garkveuli drois manZil-

ze, afxazTa mudmivi Tavdasxmebis obieqti gaxda [169.76]. Tavdasxmebi TiTq-

mis yoveldRe da, ZiriTadad, RamiT xdeboda. isini klavdnen an itacebd-

nen samurzayanosTan mosazRvre soflebis mosaxleobas, romelTac Tur-

qebze yiddnen, da maT saqonels [90.398, dok. #326].

samurzayanoelTa morCilebaSi mosayvanad da mSvidobis aRsadgenad,

dadianma xelisuflebisagan 200-kaciani razmi da Zmebi Temuryva da Tada

anCabaZeebis, aleqsandre manuCaris Ze SarvaSiZes, sesiryva emuxvarisa da

jambulaT marRanias samurzayanodan gaZeveba moiTxova [90.396, dok. #325].

rogorc Cans, eseni am areulobebis moTaveebi yofilan [267.113-114]. polkov-

nikma bebuTovma ganixila am pirebis sakiTxi da miiCnia, rom T. anCabaZe, romel-

sac Tavi araerTxel gamouCenia ruseTis samsaxurSi, gansakuTrebiT 1821 da

1824 wlebis afxazeTis ajanyebebis dros, antirusulad ganwyobili adami-

anad ver CaiTvleboda da dadiani, bebuTovis daskvniT, mis mocilebas pi-

radi uTanxmoebis gamo cdilobda [90.396, dok. #325]. 1821w. afxazeTis

ajanyebis CaxSobaSi Temuryva anCabaZis monawileoba n. dadiansac aqvs aR-

niSnuli, rodesac CamoTvlis xelisuflebis mier dajildoebul samurza-

yanoelebs: `Tavad Temuryva anCabaZe poruTCikoba da pencia sikvdilamdis,

romelic gvemsaxura pereoCikobiTa da sxvaTa da sxvaTa saqcieliTa, Ta-

vads SarvaSiZes orTa ZmaT, xuxulobasa da zurabs, da Tavads Tada anCa-

baZes praporSikoba~ [17.211]. danarCenebis mimarT bebuTovi uSvebda, rom Se-

saZlebeli iyo areulobebis isini moTaveni yofiliyvnen [90.396, dok. #325].

164

Seqmnili viTarebis Sesaswavlad, 1828 wlis 5 Tebervals zugdidSi gene-

ral-maiori karl hese Cavida. afxazebi da samurzayanoelebi mis yofnasac ar

eridebodnen da Tavdasxmebsac ganagrZobdnen [90.396, dok. #325]. rogorc ukve

aRiniSna, savaraudod, maTi mizani swored dadianis ususurobis Cveneba iyo.

Tumca, rusebma es isedac kargad icodnen: «Ослушание и неповиновение Самурза-

канских князей владетелю Мингрелии кн. Левану Дадиани, были всегда предметом жалоб

сего владетеля пред начальством» [90.396, dok. #325]. k. hesem 1828 wlis 14 Teber-

vals zugdidSi samurzayanoeli Tavad-aznaurebi daibara. Tumca maTi nawi-

li, dapatimrebis SiSiT, rus generalTan ar gamocxadda [90.398-399, dok. #326].

savaraudod, es is Tavadebi iyvnen, romelTa gaZevebasac dadiani iTxovda.

zugdidSi Casulma samurzayanoelebma k. heses dadianis morCilebis piroba

misces [90.399, dok. #326]. rac Seexeba jaris datovebis sakiTxs, levans mxo-

lod 1 aseuli gamouyves da isic zugdidSi, mis sasaxleSi, datoves, rad-

gan general heses mosazrebiT, amboxebul samurzayanoSi asiode jariska-

ci verafers gaxdeboda da, SesaZlebelic iyo, isini gaenadgurebinaT ki-

dec, rac uaryofiTad imoqmedebda mxareSi ruseTis poziciebsa da, saer-

Tod, rusi jariskacebis suliskveTebaze [90.398-399, dok. #326]. Tumca, am

aseulis yofna, imereTis mmarTvelis nikoloz sipiaginis mosazrebiT, sa-

megreloSi samurzayanoelTa TavdasxmebisaTvis Semakavebeli faqtori iq-

neboda: `iqmnebis mxolod mis TBsa, rame aRmaSfoTebelTa samurzayanoel-

Ta, mxedvelTa maT maxlobare Cvenis mxedrobisa, aqvdesT SiSi, ukudgebdnen

borotganzraxulsa TBT mnebelobisagan~ [184.79]. generalma levans Zalis ga-

moyenebiT ajanyebis CaxSoba aukrZala da konfliqtis mogvarebis saSualebad

mxolod mZevlebis CamorTmeva miiCnia: `garna iaraRiT moqmedebis nebis darT-

vaT maT damSvidebisaTBs, Cvenis mxridan ar SeiZleba~ [90.398, dok.#326; 184.79].

levanma, rogorc iqna, daamarcxa ajanyebulebi, xolo misi metoqe, sa-

murzayanos kanonieri memkvidre, sakuTari disSvili aleqsandre, romelic

am droisaTvis srulwlovani iyo, 1829 wels rusebs cimbirSi gadaasaxle-

bina [169.76; 267.113-114; 184.79]. a. diaCkov-tarasovis SeniSvniT, aleqsandre bi-

Zamisis ciliswamebis msxverpli Seiqmna [73.159]. Tumca, man iq ver CaaRwia

da gzaSi gardaicvala [269.4]. misi moSoreba, rogorc Cans dadians Zalian

ar gaWirvebia, radgan jer kidev 1827 wlis dasawyisSi polkovniki bebu-

Tovi Sexvda aleqsandres da mas dadianis morCilebisaken mouwoda, Tumca

165

cda uSedego aRmoCnda [90.396, dok. #325]. aseve tragikulad dasrulda ma-

nuCar SarvaSiZis meore memkvidris bedic. Zmis bedis Semxedvare dimitri

xvdeboda Seqmnil realobas da 1833 wels isic ajanyda dadianis Zalmo-

mreobis winaaRmdeg [267.114; 73.159]. magram maleve, 1833 wlis 27 Tebervals

is, missave sofel WuburisxidSi /Чубурисхиди/ (Wuburxinji) levan dadianis

razmelebTan, romelsac tariel dadianis Ze xelmZRvanelobda, Setakebi-

sas daiRupa [91.435, dok. #301; 169.76; 267.114; 184.79]. tarieli, o. soselias va-

raudiT, erTxans (1832w.) samurzayanos mmarTvelic yofila [254.96]. am ambo-

xebis drosac samurzayanoelebTan erTad, webeldelebi (dimitri webelde-

lebis siZe iyo [267.116, Sen.42]) da sxva afxazebic gamodiodnen. rogorc mTavar-

marTebeli baroni grigol rozeni aRniSnavda, samurzayanos areulobebisken

swored afxazeTidan da webeldidan aqezebdnen [91.436, dok. #301].

manuCaris vaJebis mocilebiT, dadianma sakuTar mmarTvelobas legi-

timuroba Semata, radgan samurzayanos mflobelTa pirveli xarisxis memk-

vidred TviTon gamodioda, vinaidan vaxtang VI-is kanonTa krebulis pir-

veli ganyofilebis 131-e, 137-e, 160-e da 248-e muxlebisa da adgilobrivi ada-

Tis mixedviT gardacvlilis uZravi qoneba, Tuki mas pirdapiri memkvidre-

ebi ar darCeboda, mTavris mflobelobaSi unda gadasuliyo [280.100]. aseTive

wesi iyo gavrcelebuli afxazebSic [372.122]. Sesabamisad, levan dadianis

xelisuflebam qarTuli kanonebiTa da afxazuri adaTebiT miiRo samurzaya-

nos mflobelobis legitimuri ufleba. amitom 1835 wels f. tornau aRniSnav-

da, rom samurzayano, romelic SarvaSiZeTa mmarTvelobis dros, calke

samflobelo iyo, samegrelosTan yofila mierTebuli [372.119; 69.306]. leva-

ni samurzayanosagan mniSvnelovan ekonomikur Semosavals Rebulobda. iqa-

uri Tavad-aznauroba odiSis mmarTvels, gadasaxadebis saxiT, yovelwli-

urad ugzavnida: 2 000 maneTis Rirebulebis saklav Zroxasa da Sinaur

frinvels; daaxloebiT 1 500 maneTis Rirebulebis sxvadasxva saCuqrebs;

Semosavals tyidan 3 000 maneTis odenobis; saZovrebidan – 5 000 man.; simin-

dis ijaridan – 1 500 man.; zRvis sargeblobisaTvis – 500 man.; amasTanave,

zogierT SemTxvevaSi, samurzayanoelebi ixdidne qorwilisa da ubeduri

SemTxvevisaTvis gaTvaliswinebul gadasaxadsac [267.117-118].

samegrelos mTavris xelSewyobiT, XIXs. 30-ani wlebidan gaaqtiurda

qristian misionerTa moRvaweoba samurzayanoSi, romelic, marTalia, qris-

166

tianul kuTxed rCeboda, magram mainc ganicdida sasuliero pirTa defi-

cits da islamic mniSvnelovnad iyo momZlavrebuli [99.3]. ra Tqma unda,

amas mizezi iyo XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qartexilebi, romelic am mxares

Tavs daatyda. amitom, XIXs. 30-ani wlebis dasawyisSi samurzayanoSi miav-

lines misionerTa pirveli jgufi, romelSic Sediodnen mRvdeli vasil

kucia da erTi medaviTne (sof. oqumSi); sava Tofuria da erTi diakoni

(sof. galSi); nikoloz kuprava, daviT svaniZe da mixeil gagua (sof. naba-

kevSi); markoz Sonia da markoz arqania (saberiosa da leWaraieSi); daviT

anTelava (sof. dixazurgaSi); iese xoWolava (sof. ganarjiaS muxurSi);

petre JRenti (ilorSi); mRvdeli ioane jiqia, diakoni qoiava, medaviTne

xoWolava; blaRoCinad iese miqaberiZe dainiSna, romelic darCelSi ijda

[151.381]. qarTvel sasuliero pirTa moRvaweobis pirveli dadebiTi Sedegi

1832 wlisaTvis ukve saxeze iyo. am droisTvis qristianad moinaTla 1071

samurzayanoeli afxazi [91.249-250, dok. #172]. es iyo naTeli dadastureba

imisa, rom samurzayanoeli afxazebi Tavs qarTuli samyaros nawilad

aRiqvamdnen. dRis wesrigSi dadga bediis taZris aRdgenac, romelSic, 1810

wels RvTismsaxureba ganaxlda, Tumca maleve Sewyda kidevac, radgan 1812w.

bediaze mitanili Sturmis dros, igi rusulma artileriam daaziana

[151.364]. 1832w. mitropolit daviT wereTlisa da misi dis, marTas,1 xel-

SewyobiT aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi daiwyo, Tumca esec maleve Sewyda samegre-

los dedoflis moulodneli gardacvalebis gamo [151.382].

gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom mixeil SarvaSiZis gaaqtiureba samurzayanoSi

XIXs. 30-iani wlebis damdegidan Cndeba, roca igi met-naklebad momagrda afxaze-

Tis mTavris taxtze [240.147; 428.113]. irkveva, rom 1827 wlis mRelvarebebSi afxa-

zeTis mTavaric iyo CarTuli [90.398, dok. #326]. generali k. hese n. sipiagins

upatakebda: «Владетеля Абхазии майора кн. Шарвашидзе запрашивал я о причине побу-

дившей его быть в Самурзакани и наделять там безпорядки» [90.398, dok. #326]. rogorc

Cans, afxazTa CarTuloba samurzayanoelTa mRelvarebebSi misi nebarTvis ga-

reSe ar xdeboda [184.78]. miuxedavad imisa, rom mamamisma samurzayano oficialu-

rad dadianis sakuTrebad cno, axalgazrda afxazi mTavari amis aRiarebas

ar apirebda. es eWvqveS ayenebda samurzayanoze dadianis uflebebis legiti-

1 levan V dadianis meuRle.

167

murobas [184.78]. mogvianebiT igi werda, rom `arasodes daukargavs imedi, rom

ruseTis xelmwife mis uflebebs samurzayanoze cnobda~ [184.78-79].

biZaSvil-mamidaSvilis qiSpoba samurzayanos gamo gansakuTrebiT

XIXs. 30-ani wlebidan gaaqtiurda, rac ruseTis xelisuflebas Zalian aS-

foTebda. marTalia, baroni gr. rozeni am kuTxes samegrelos nawilad

(«…в Мингрелии и подвластных ея владетелю местах, к числу коих решительно принад-

лежит и Самурзакань» [448.107, xasgasma Cvenia – k.k.]) miiCnevda da, am mxriv,

dadians misi aSkara mxardaWerac hqonda [91.453, dok. #338,339]. T. tornau

ki wuxda, rom samurzayano rusebma samegrelos miakuTvneso [82.53]. aSka-

raa, rom ruseTis xelisuflebis politika ukve samTavroebis gauqmebaze

iyo orientirebuli. misTvis zedmeti Canda adgilobriv mTavarTa arse-

boba. dadiani ki iyo rusebis erTguli, magram misi Semdgomi gaZlierebac

dauSvebeli iyo. 1832w. rusebma md. enguris marjvena sanapiroze, iq sadac

mdinare or totad iyofa, Tanamedrove Tagilonis teritoriaze aTange-

los cixe aages da Sig rusuli garnizoni Caayenes [70.161-162; 169.76; 171.268;

267.114; 184.79]. aTangelo hketavda samegreloSi Semosavlel gzas da, fa-

qtobrivad, samegrelosa da afxazeTis mTavrebis kontrolis meqanizms

warmoadgenda [169.76; 171.268; 267.114; 184.79]. misi mdebareobac sayuradRebo iyo,

radgan rusebma dadians sazRvari engurze gauvles [267.114]. am garnizons

xelmZRvanelobda podpolkovniki gedrimoviCi [91.435, dok. #301]. misi mova-

leoba samurzayanos meTvalyureobas iyo, magram, miuxedavad amisa, dadiani

Tavis uflebebs samurzayanoze mainc agrZelebda: iZleoda gankargulebebs,

arCevda samoqalaqo saqmeebs da sxv. [169.78]. vfiqrobT, rom es savsebiT buneb-

rivi iyo, radgan, aTangeloSi jaris Cayenebis miuxedavad, im xanebSi levanis

uflebebis SezRudva RaliZga-enguris SuamdinareTSi arc aravis ufiqria.

Tumca rusebis mxardaWeras samurzayanoSi dadiani TandaTan kargav-

da. miTumetes, rom cixesimagre iyo engurze da ara – RaliZgasTan. mixe-

il SarvaSiZem miiCnia, rom ruseTis imperia samurzayanos afxazeTs ubru-

nebda. 1834w. afxazeTis mTavarma iloris mosaxleoba mis erTgulebaze da-

afica. marTalia, ruseTi TandaTan iwyebda dadianis uflebebis da gavle-

nis SezRudvas samurzayanoze, magram es ar niSnavda, rom upiratesobas

mixeil SarvaSiZe moipovebda. amitom baronma gr. rozenma 1834 wlis 12 iv-

niss mkacri toniT mosTxova mixeils am TviTnebobis aRkveTa da misi sam-

168

Tavros sazRvaric mkafiod miuTiTa: «...Я не могу не удивляться, что вы решились

на таковое самоуправство в чужом владении; ибо известно правительству, что живою

границею между Мингрелией и Абхазиею служит р. Галидзга. А как сел. Илори находится

на левом берегу оной, то и не может принадлежать к Абхазии» [91.449, dok. #325].

mTavarmarTebelma moiTxova, rom mixeils werilobiT gaeuqmebina ilo-

relTa fici mis qveSevrdomobaze, daebrunebina mZevlebi da maTTvis gamo-

ecxadebina, rom maTi xelisufali iyo samegrelos mTavari [91.449, dok.

#325]. baronma rozenma afxazeTis mTavars daavala misi am miTiTebebis

Sesruleba asaxuliyo dokumentalurad da igi TbilisSi gaegzavna, sai-

danac mere sanqt-peterburgSi gadaigzavneboda [91.449, dok. #325].

bunebrivia, am sabuTebSi iqneboda afxazeTis mTavris aRiareba, rom

ilori ekuTvnis samurzayanos, xolo samurzayanos mflobeli ki dadiania.

rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos mTavarmarTebels ukve davalebuli hqonda Se-

egrovebia Sesabamisi dokumentacia, radgan samurzayanoSi rusuli admi-

nistraciis Sesvlis Semdeg, afxazeTis mTavris pretenziebi misive sityve-

biTve yofiliyo gabaTilebuli. mixeili iZulebuli gaxda baron rozenis

`miTiTebebs~ damorCileboda da 1834 wlis 22 ivniss mTavarmarTeblisadmi ga-

gzavnil werilSi afxazeTis mTavarma oficialurad aRiara, rom misi xe-

lisufleba ilorze ar vrceldeboda [267.114]. igive daafiqsira man 1834 wlis

28 ivlissac [184.80]. maSin, rodesac mixeili baroni rozenis winaSe Tavis mar-

TlebiT iyo dakavebuli, misi umcrosi Zma aleqsandre webeldelebTan erTad

samurzayanoze Tavdasxmis gegmaze muSaobda. 1834w. 25 ivliss mTavarmarTebel-

ma Tamar SarvaSiZes aleqsandres TbilisSi gagzavna `urCia~; rozeni kacia da-

dianis asuls hpirdeboda, rom mis Svils ar daapatimrebda [91.449, dok. #331].

droebiTi ukandaxevis miuxdavad, mixeili mainc ar apirebda samurza-

yanoze xelis aRebas. man gadawyvita dadianis `cixe~ Signidan gaetexa da

amgvarad daesustebina Tavisi biZaSvili. am gegmis gansaxorcieleblad,

1836w. ianvarSi man colad SeirTo levan dadianis saxlikacis, giorgi da-

dianis qaliSvili aleqsandra (cuca) [448.133; 240.149; 267.115-116].1 mixeilis mi-

mizani zustad iyo gaTvlili – misi simamri levan dadianis opoziciis

erT-erTi meTauri iyo [267.115]. m. dumbaZis varaudiT, giorgi dadianma xeli 1 cucad mas Sinaurebi moixseniebdnen. igi poetis da sazogado moRvawisa giorgi Sarva-

SiZesi deda iyo [254.105].

169

Seuwyo am qorwinebas [169.84]. SesaZlebelia, mixeilis mier cucas gataceba,

saerTod, momavali siZe-simamris mier winaswar dagegmilic ki iyo, radgan

levani V am qorwinebas ar dauSvebda da `gatacebis~ legendiT ki samegre-

los mTavari mas xels veranairad SeuSlida.

aRsaniSnavia, rom aqamde, afxazeTis mTavari ukve orjer iyo daqor-

winebuli. misi pirveli meuRle dedamisis mier aRzrdili `Cerqezi qali~

iyo,1 xolo meore samegrelos Tavadis niko dadianis asuli – mariami

[240.149; 267.115-116]. Tumca, sakuTriv mixeili orive am qorwinebas Zaldata-

nebiTad Tvlida [267.116]. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1833w. meored qorwineba man Ta-

visi biZaSvilis levan V-s asul ninoze moindoma [240.148; 267.115]. afxaze-

Tis mTavris es `survili~, Tavisi arsiT da marTlmadidebluri qristi-

anobis moralidan gamodinare, aRmaSfoTebeli iyo, radgan sisxlis aRre-

vis niSnebs Seicavda. bunebrivia, mixeilma amis Taobaze baron gr. roze-

nis sastiki aRSfoTeba da risxva daimsaxura [240.148-149; 267.114-115]. afxaze-

Tis mTavari sruliad urcxvad da Tavxedurad acxadebda, rom es qorwi-

neba megrelebsa da afxazebs Soris mSvidobis damyarebas Seuwyobda xels

da mTavarmarTebels sTxovda, am qorwinebisaTvis xeli ar SeeSala [267.115].

baronma rozenma samarTlianad ar gaiziara sefer-beis Svilis es `argumente-

bi~ da qorwinebac ar Sedga. mTavari ar akonkretebda, rogor damyardebo-

da mSvidoba or samTavros Soris, Tuki amas xeli ver Seuwyo biZaSvil-

mamidaSvilurma urTierTobebma. saeWvoa, rom levan dadiani qaliSvils mzi-

TevSi samurzayanos daumtkicebda. Tumca, rogorc T. qadaria varaudobda, sa-

megrelos mTavari ar iyo winaaRmdegi am qorwinebisa, magram rozenis, ro-

melic, mkvlevaris varaudiT, samegrelo-afxazeTis SesaZlo aliansma daafr-

Txo, mkacrma tonmac isic daafrTxo [267.114-115]. vfiqrobT, samarTliania m.

dumbaZis varaudi, rom levanis am uaris mizezi or mTavars Soris arse-

buli axlo sisxlismieri naTesaoba iyo [169.84]. amis gamo, mixeili iqadni-

da, rom levans sisixliT azRvevinebda afxazeTis mTavris am Seuracxyo-

fas [267.115]. afxazeTis mTavris mesame qorwinebac saqarTvelos mTavarmarTe-

belma ukanonod miiCnia [91.453, dok. #382]. Tumca, xelisuflebam, sabolood

mainc cno es qorwineba, romelic saeklesio wesebiT Sesrulda da aleqsan-

1 mas uSvilobis gamo gaSorda [448.133].

170

dra dadian-SarvaSiZisas wmida ekaterines ordeni gadasces [448.133].

am qorwinebam levan dadianis aRSfoTeba mainc gamoiwvia da man gior-

gi mdivanbegTuxucesobidan gadaayena [169.84].1 niko I `didi~ dadianis (`qar-

(`qarTvelTa cxovrebis~ avtori)2 Serisxuli memkvidre jer svaneTSi,

xolo iqidan ki afxazeTSi gadavida. am SemTxvevam `didi~ nikos

STamomavlebsa da samegrelos mTavars Soris uTanxmoeba gaamwvava,

romelic samTavros arsebobis bolomde gagrZelda [169.84]. 1836w.

gazafxulze odiSari Tavadebis, kacia da giorgi CiCuebis meTaurobiT

samegreloSi levanis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba daiwyo, romelSic aqtiurad

monawileobdnen Rebulobdnen mixeilis simamris Zmebi [267.28]. 1836w. 27

aprilis weriliT, baronma rozenma levans giorgi dadianis dapatimreba

da misi quTaisSi gagzavna daavala [267.28]. Tumca mTavarmarTeblis

gankarguleba samegrelos xelisuflebam ver Seasrula. odiSSi dawyebuli

areulobiT samurzayanoSic mRelvarebebi daiwyo, romelsac baroni rozeni

samarTlianad mixeilis mesame qorwinebasTan akavSirebda da pirdapir

adanaSaulebda afxazeTis mTavars samurzayanoSi, romelic

mTavarmarTeblis mtkicebiT, samegrelos mTavars ekuTvnoda, viTarebis

arevaSi [91.453, dok. #382]. savaraudod, siZe-simamrs ukve koordinirebuli

moqmedebebi hqondaT dasaxuli da samegreloSi xelisuflebis Secvlasac

gegmavdnen. 1836w. 20 agvistos levanis memkvidre daviTi Tavis Zmas grigols

swerda: `giorgi dadian afxazeTSia, revs mixeils, buntaobs afxazeTi, qed-

ficxulobs da oriveni meqadnian sikvdils~ [267.28-29].

1 mdivanbegTuxucesis anu msajulTuxucesis saxelo samegreloSi XIXs-is damdegidan

ivaraudeba da pirvelad es saxelo 1806 wliT daTariRebul erT Sewirulobis wignSia

naxsenebi. mdivanbegebis movaleoba gasamarTleba da ganaCenis gamotanas warmoadgenda.

mdivanbegTuxucesi mTavris Semdeg yvelaze didi mosamarTle yofila da gavleniTac

pirveli iyo. msajulTuxucesis saxelo 1806-1834 niko I dadians eWira [259.247-248].

2 XIXs. I naxevarSi samegrelos samTavroSi ori niko dadiani moRvaweobda. niko I iyo

otia dadianis SviliSvili da levan dadians mamis biZaSvilad ergeboda; niko II ki Svi-

liSvilis Svili iyo da niko I-s ergeboda biZaSvilis Svilad, xolo levan V-s ki, Sesa-

bamisad, mamis biZaSvilis Svilad [17.10]. niko I-s aseve `didis~ epiTetiT moixsenieben,

rac ori garemoebiT iyo ganpirobebuli: a) misi pirovnebisa didi gavleniTa da avtori-

tetiT da b) is asakiT ufrosi iyo meore nikoze. aqedan gamomdinare, Sesabamisad, mixe-

ilis meore da mesame meuRleebi erTmaneTis sisxlismieri naTesavebi iyvnen.

171

magram, gulxeldakrefili arc levan dadiani iyo. isic cdilobda

daucxromeli mamidaSvilisTvis saSinao problemebis imdenad gamwvavebas,

rom mas samurzayanoze fiqrisaTvis dro ar darCenoda. mixeils ki marT-

lac rTuli viTareba hqonda samTavroSi. 1827w., eqvswliani gadasaxlebis

Semdeg, ruseTis xelisuflebam afxazeTSi daabruna afxazeTis olqis mmarT-

veli qeleS-beis Svili hasan-bei, romelic, Tavis droze, aslan-beis uWer-

da mxars da isic ewinaaRmdegeboda sefer-beis gamTavrebas. hasans didi avto-

riteti gaaCnda im afxazebSi, romlebic ukmayofilo iyvnen samTavroSi arse-

buli viTarebiT [82.52; 185.77]. mosaxleobis am nawilis daSoSminebas ruse-

Tis xelisufleba hasan-beis meSveobiT apirebda, radgan, ermolovis mosazre-

biT, samSoblodan 6-wliani gadasaxleba sakmarisi iyo imisTvis, rom mixe-

il SarvaSiZis biZas Tavi daenebebina samTavro taxtze fiqrisaTvis [79.233;

185.77]. aseTi mosazreba sakuTriv afxazeTis mTavarsac gasCenoda da amitom ma-

nac iSuamdgomla biZis dasabruneblad, magram hasan-bei ar apirebda mixeil

SarvaSiZis erTguli vasalis rolis TamaSs da amitom XIXs-is 30-iani wlebSi

biZa-ZmisSvilis faruli dapirispireba aSkara konfrontaciaSi gadaizar-

da [185.77]. bunebrivia, es viTareba xelsayreli iyo levan dadianisaTvis

da am dapirispirebaSi is farulad hasan-beis uWerda mxars [82.65].

samegrelos mTavarma SeZlo samegrelosa da samurzayanoSi amboxebulTa

daSoSmineba. magram damarcxebuli mixeili samurzayanoSi kvlav areulobe-

bis ganaxlebaze fiqrobda. imave wlis noemberSi rusuli administraciis-

Tvis cnobili gaxda, rom afxazeTis mTavari samurzayanoze Tavdasasxme-

lad emzadeboda da am mizniT mouwvevia ramdenime aseuli jiqi, xolo misi

Zma aleqsandre ki isev webeldaSi wasula [91.453-454, dok. #339]. Tamar dadi-

an-ServaSiZisam rusebs oficialurad acnoba, rom misi Svili dadianis uf-

lebas samurzayanoze ar cnobda da apirebda samurzayanoelTaTvis mZevle-

bis CamorTmevas: «ибо он считает сей округ неправильно присвоенным владетелем Мин-

грелии» [91.453-454, dok. #339; 169.76; 184.79]. rusebma saswrafod gaaZlieres sof.

ilorTan dislocirebuli samxedro nawilebi da, amasTan, 2 aseuli engur-

Tanac daayenes [91.454, dok. #339]. ilorTan 500 kaciT levan V-c movida Ta-

vis memkvidre daviTTan erTad [91.454, dok. #339]. rusebisa da odiSarebis

aseTma seriozulma preventiulma zomebma mixeils Tavisi gegmis ganxorci-

elebis survili `daakargvina~ da iZulebuli gaxada amjeradac ukan daxe-

172

uliyo. 3 noembers man afxazeTSi ganlagebuli rusuli razmebis sardals

general-maior pancovskis ganucxada, rom samurzayanosTan dakavSirebiT

mas aranairi avi zraxvebi ar hqonia da dedamismac rusebs araswori cnobe-

bi miawoda [91.454, dok. #339]. m. dumbaZe SecdomiT varaudobda, rom sofeli

ilori, romelic mixeilma 1834w. daikava mxolod axla daTmo [169.77]. ro-

gorc aRvniSneT, man es sofeli imave welsve gaaTavisufla.

samurzayanoSi afxazeT-odiSis dapirispireba uaryofiTad moqmedebda

mxaris ekonomikur cxovrebaze. Tuki 100 wlis win samurzayano `aRyvavile-

buli~ iyo, XIXs. pirvel meoTxedSi, or samTavros Soris mudmivi samxedro

daZabulobisa, Tu dadianis winaaRmdeg permanentuli amboxebebis da tyve-

Ta syidvis gamo igi metad gaveranebuli da gaoxrebuli yofila. Jak fran-

sua gambas mowmobiT, romelmac am 1820-1824ww. naxa samurzayano, werda, rom

aq damuSavebuli miwebi iSviaTobas warmoadgenda, xolo darCenili mosax-

leoba, 800 ojaxamde, ZiriTadad, mTian zolSi cxovrobda, bari ki dacari-

elebula [14.112-113]. Tumca, gansxvavebul cifrebs iZleva cnobili germane-

li mecnieri da mogzauri eduard aixvaldi, romelic kavkasiaSi 1825-1826ww.

imyofeboda. misi monacemebiT, samurzayanoSi cxovrobda daaxloebiT 1 798

komli 10 788 mosaxliT [47.223]. rogorc Cans, e. aixvaldis cnoba gacilebiT

sando unda iyos, radgan XIXs-is 50-iani wlebis monacemebiT, rodesac

samurzayanos teritoria ramdenadme Semcirebulic ki iyo, am mxareSi 10 100

adamiania dafiqsirebuli [78.258]. Tumca, es monacemebic, albaT, ramdenadme

mainc arazusti iqneboda, radgan 1867 wlis oficialuri monacemebiT, sa-

murzayanoSi 22 000 adamiani cxovrobda [186.62; 187.81]. Sesabamisad, J.-f. gamba-

sa da e. aixvaldis mogzaurobebis wlebSi am mxaris mosaxleobis raodeno-

ba 10 788-sa da 22 000-s Soris aris savaraudo. rogorc kvlevebma cxadyo, Se-

Wirvebuli samurzayanos mosaxleoba, ZiriTadad, samegrelos samTavros Sida

raionebisken – walenjixa, zugdidi, martvili da sxva mimarTulebiT gada-

adgildeboda [129.68]. SedarebiTi simSvidis pirobebSi iZulebiT gadaadgi-

lebul pirTa nawili isev ukan brundeboda, Tumca XIX saukuneSi maTi

ricxvi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda, radgan mefis ruseTis moxeleebi maT amis

saSualebas ar aZlevdnen [129.68].

uSedego Zalismieri qmedebebis Semdeg, mixeilma samurzayanos dauf-

leba ukve saqarTvelos rusul administraciaSi saCivrebis weriT gada-

173

wyvita. 1838w. man mTavarmarTebel general evgeni golovins (1837-1848) mimar-

Ta saCivriT levan dadianis winaaRmdeg. misi mtkicebiT, samegrelos mTa-

vars ar hqonda legitimuri uflebebi samurzayanoze, rom afxazeTsa da sameg-

relos sazRvari unda gavlebuliyo md. isxureize nacvlad RaliZgisa da

iTxovda, rom es saqme imereTis sasamarTlos ganexila [184.80]. manamde ki

mixeilma dadianis winaaRmdeg demarSi moawyo da soxumSi mouyara Tavi sa-

murzayanoel SarvaSiZeebs [280.97]. imave wlis 20 dekembers imereTis mmarT-

velma generalma ekim espexom levani am sarCelis Sesaxeb saqmis kursSi Ca-

ayena [3]. samegrelos mTavarma 1939w. ianvris dasawyisSive pasuxi gaugzavna, sa-

dac ver malavda Tavis aRSfoTebas, rom misi mamidaSvili usafuZvlo sar-

CeliT cdilobda sasamarTlo procesis wamowyebas, romelSic dadiani daba-

rebuli iqneboda, rogorc imereTis rigiTi moqalaqe. levani amas misi Rirse-

bis Selaxvad miiCnevda da samegrelos mTavris sakiTxi mxolod saqarTve-

los mTavarmarTeblis kompetencia iyo [3]. samegrelos mTavari ganmartavda,

rom samurzayano mas memkvidreobiT ergo da, amasTanave, am kuTxeze misi uf-

lebebis dasadastureblad giorgi da mixeil SarvaSiZeebTan dadebul 1818-

1827ww. xelSekrulebebs imowmebda [169.77; 184.80].

ruseTis xelisufleba ukve momzadebuli iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi

axali politikuri sistemis Sesaqmnelad, rac gulisxmobda adgilobriv

samTavroebis gauqmebasa da pirdapiri rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebas. am

politikis pirveli msxverpli imereTis samefo Seiqna 1810w., 1829w. – guria,

xolo 1837 wels maT webeldac mihyva. webeldis damorCileba mniSvnelova-

ni samxedro-strategiuli da politikuri warmateba iyo ruseTisTvis kav-

kasiis dauflebisaTvis brZolaSi. ruseTis aseT gaaqtiurebas xeli Tur-

qeTTan 1828-1829ww. omSi gamarjvebam da 1829w. 2(14) seqtembers dadebulma

andrianopolis zavma Seuwyo, romlis VI muxli aRmosavleT SavizRvispi-

reTsa da saqarTvelos Seexeboda [371.57]. kerZod, ruseTma miiRo mTeli

Savi zRvis sanapiro md. yubanis SesarTavidan wmida nikolozis saguSago-

mde (SekveTili, guria) cixeebiT: anapa, sujun-yale da foTi; osmaleTma

ruseTis imperiis mflobelobaSi cno qarTl-kaxeTi, samcxe-javaxeTi (axal-

qalaqi da axalcixe), imereTi, guria, samegrelo da afxazeTi [470]. impera-

tor nikoloz I-ma (1825-1855) 1829 wels saqarTvelos mTavarmarTebel graf

ivane paskeviCs (1827-1830) dausaxa sruliad naTeli gegma: «усмирение навсегда

174

горских народов или истребление непокорных» [371.57]. am fonze, afxazeTsa mTavarma

samurzayanos sakiTxis isev wamoweviT, rusebs mSvenieri `saCuqari~ gaukeTa. ma-

Tac SesaniSnavad gamoiyenes es dava. `WeSmaritebis~ dasadgenad `gamoZieba~

daiwyo. unda dadgeniliyo samegrelo-afxazeTis saboloo sazRvari. am

amocanis Sesruleba, anu `aReba qartasa zeda samZRvarTa saSual afxazeTisa

da mingreliisa~ e. golovinma 1839w. gazafxulze topografiis korpusis poru-

Cik petrovs daavala [4]. dadians evaleboda petrovisaTvis, dakisrebuli da-

valebis Sesasruleblad, yovelnairad xelis Sewyoba `samegrelosa Sina

nametnavad samurzayanosa Sina~ [4]. m. dumbaZis samarTliani SefasebiT, es gamo-

Zieba formaluri aqti iyo, radganac samurzayanos sakiTxi peterburgSi ukve

gadawyvetili iyo [169.77; 290.180]. Catarebuli `kvleva-Ziebebis~ SedegebiT ruse-

bi `darwmundnen~, rom samurzayanoze maTi samxedro xelisufleba unda damya-

rebuliyo [169.77]. am gadawyvetilebas rusebi imiT amarTlebdnen, rom mra-

valwliani areulobebis Semdeg, mxareSi wesrigi unda damyarebuliyo

[169.78]. es mxolod sababi iyo, radgan mRelvarebebi iq SemdegSic grZelde-

boda [171.269]. mixeil SarvaSiZem Tavisi sarCeliT veraferi miiRo. xelisu-

flebam mas uari uTxra samurzayanos gadacemaze im motiviT, rom es mxare,

romelic afxazeTis samTavrosagan didi xnis win iyo gamoyofili, rogorc

damoukidebeli politikuri erTeuli, mas ar ekuTvnoda [280.97-98].

1840w. TebervalSi samurzayano CamoerTva odiSs da iq, webeldis msgav-

sad, saboqaulo daarses, centriT sof. oqumSi [280.98; 290.180; 298.245; 267.116;

184.81]. s. makalaTias mosazrebiT, am faqts levani Zalian ar auRelvebia

[212.141]. mkvlevaris es daskvna simarTles ar Seefereba, rac Tavis droze

samarTlianad SeniSna m. dumbaZem [169.78]. levani aseT Sedegs ar eloda.

1840w. 20 noembers man imperator nikoloz I-s (1825-1855) saCivari gaugzavna

[267.117]. igi apelirebda imiT, rom ruseTTan dadebuli mfarvelobis aqti

misi samTavrosa da xelisuflebis garantia iyo da, amasTanave, mTeli misi

samxedro-politikuri moRvaweoba mxolod ruseTis imperatoris erTgule-

bas adasturebda da mas umaRlesi xelisuflebisTvis samTavros nawilis

CamorTmevisTvis sababi ar miucia [169.78]. dadiani grZnobda, rom imereTisa

da guriis bedis gaziareba samegrelosac mouwevda. Tumca, wlebis manZil-

ze mravali saCivaris weris Semdeg levanma da misma memkvidre daviT dadi-

anma kargad gaiges, rom samurzayanos dasabruneblad maT arc ki unda efiqraT

175

da bolos kompensaciis miReba moiTxoves. 1847w. dadianma samurzayanos sa-

zRaurad 25 000 oqros maneTiT miiRo [309.8], 1849w. samegrelos gadaeca adre

samurzayanoSi Semavali sasazRvro soflebi: didi da patara koki, gainar-

jia-muxuri, orsantia da Samgona [280.101]. amiT dasrulda samurzayanoel

SarvaSiZeTa da dadianis karis teritoriuli dava, romelic 9 weli grZelde-

boda. daviT dadianisTvis samurzayanos sanacvlod fuladi kompensaciis

micemisa da sadao soflebis damtkicebam pativmoyvare biZamisi gaacofa,

man xelisufleba misi da SarvaSiZeTa sagvareulos Rirsebis damcrobaSi

daadanaSaula [448.134]. mixeili iTxovda, gaeTavisuflebinaT igi mTavrobi-

dan da samagierod misTvis imereTSi miecaT mamuli 1 500 komliT [309.8;

448.135]. Tumca, sabolood, masac ergo mcire teritoria samurzayanodan.

mas gadasces sof. ilori da md. oxureis gaswvriv mdebare miwebi [169.77].

o. bRaJba da s. lakoba ar Ralatoben sakuTar Tavs da samurzayanoze

rusuli administraciis dawesebis Taobazec `axlebur~ midgomas warmogvid-

genen. maTi mtkicebiT, TiTqos 1840w., «владетель Абхазии доказал свои права на

эту область (samurzayano _ k.k.) и с этого времени она являлась отдельным приста-

вством» [349.245]. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, am mtkicebisaTvis aranairi safuZve-

li ar arsebobs.

samurzayanos statusi imperiis politikur-administraciul sistemaSi

kidev ramdenimejer Seicvala: 1857w. samegrelos samTavros gauqmebis Sem-

deg, samurzayanos saboqaulo, aw ukve mazris statisiT, samegrelos rusu-

li administraciis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida; 1866 wlidan ki soxumis samxed-

ro ganyofilebaSi Sevida oqumis olqis saxelwodebiT; 1868w. imave adminis-

traciuli erTeulis oCamCiris olqSi Sevida calke ubnad; 1883 wlidan ki

samuzayanos ubani quTaisis guberniis soxumis olqSia [290.181].

1840w. samurzayanoelebma, romlebic ukve rusuli saokupacio-kolonia-

luri reJimis pirdapir daqvemdebarebaSi iyvnen, aqtiuri monawileoba mi-

iRes webeldis ruseTisadmi damorCilebaSi, risTvisac imperatorma niko-

loz I-ma isini sagangebo droSiT daajildova [347.99].

amrigad, Seswavlil periodSi samurzayanos garSemo afxazeT-odiSis

aqtiuri brZola grZeldeboda, magram XIXs, 30-iani wlebis dasawyisamde,

afxazeTi, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, cdilobda am mimarTulebiT faru-

li moqmedebebi ganexorcielebina. Tumca, afxazeTis mTavrebma (qeleS-bei,

176

sefer-bei, mixeili) araerTxel aRiares am mxareze dadianis uflebebi. am

ukanasknelma SeZlo SarvaSiZeTa sagvareulos CamoSoreba xelisuflebidan

da samurzayano pirdapir daiqvemdebara, rasac ver hguobda adgilobrivi

mosaxleoba da, wlebis manZilze, samurzayano permanentuli mRelvarebebis

asparezad gadaiqca. marTalia, ruseTi am mxares samegrelos Semadgenel

nawilad ganixilavda, Tumca imTaviTve, XIXs. 10-iani wlebidan mainc, ukve

muSaobda am kuTxeSi ruseTis imperatoris uSualo xelisuflebis dasam-

yareblad, rac, sabolood, 1840w. ganxorcielda.

samurzayanos ukanaskneli mflobeli manuCar SarvaSiZe, marTalia, ru-

seTis xelisuflebis erTguli iyo, magram is aqtiurad monawileobda sa-

qarTvelos miwebis (foTi, baTumi) osmaleTis batonobisgan gamoxsnis saq-

meSi. im xanebSi baTumis gaTavisuflebis idea ki, rogorc kvlevebma aCvena,

mas wamouyenebia. amasTanave, samurzayanoeli afxazebi aqtiur monawile-

obas iRebdnen afxazeTis samTavros saSinao politikur cxovrebaSic.

afxazeTisa da odiSis dapirispirebam, samurzayanoSi dadianis winaaR-

mdeg mimdinareo permanentulma mRelvarebebma, tyveTa syidvam daaknina sa-

murzayanos ekonomikuri cxovreba. murzayan SarvaSiZis moRvaweobidan 100

wlisTavze es kuTxe Zlier SeWirvebuli yofila.

177

Tavi IV. istoriuli samurzayanos socialuri

da eTno-kulturuli ier-saxe

§1. socialuri viTareba

afxazTa damkvidrebam RaliZga-enguris SuamdinareTSi, bunebrivia, aq

adre arsebuli socialuri viTarebis cvlilebac gamoiwvia. es iyo erT-

gvari mibruneba pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebisken, romelic damaxasi-

aTebelia gviandeli Sua saukuneebis afxazuri sazogadoebisTvis [240.131].

Tumca, samurzayanoSi mas garkveuli Taviseburebac gaaCnda, radgan iq man

samegrelos samTavrosTvis damaxasiaTebeli ganviTarebuli socialuri

wyobis niSnebic SeiTvisa. es iyo, garkveul wilad, erTgvari `Sualeduri~

forma, romelic ganapiroba samurzayanoze afxazeT-samegrelos `kondoni-

miniumma~, roca dadiani, am mxaris loialurobis sanacvlod, xeluxle-

bels tovebda Sida sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs. p. Waraia SeniSnavda,

rom miwaTmflobelobis sakiTxSi arsebiTi gansxvaveba ar yofila samur-

zayanosa da afxazeTs Soris [40.218].

ar migvaCnia damajereblad o. soseliasa da q. CxataraiSvilis mtki-

ceba, rom `dasavleT saqarTvelos baris mxareebSi, kerZod, samegrelos

msgavsi socialuri wyoba arsebobda e.w. samurzayanoSi~ [255.595, xazgasma

Cvenia – k.k.]. Tuki, samegreloSi glexTa yvelaze uuflebo da uqoneli ka-

tegorias warmoadgendnen mojalabeebi, romlebic aseve cnobili iyvnen

`dolmaxoreebis~ saxelwodebiT [255.595], samurzayanoSi dolmaxore da mo-

jalabe cal-calke gvxdeba [304.200-201; 448.503,513]. amasTanave, rogorc qve-

viT vnaxavT, samurzayanoel mojalabesa da megrel mojalabes Sorisac

Tvisobrivi gansxvaveba arsebobda. samwuxarod, afxazeTis da, Sesabamisad,

samurzayanos socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis rigi sakiTxebi, Cven-

Tvis saintereso periodSi, wyaroTa simwiris gamo metad rTuli Sesa-

swavlia. miTumetes, rom pirveli cnobebi am sakiTxebze mxolod XIX sa-

ukunis I naxevriT TariRdeba [255.590-591; 339.46]. Tumca, orivegan ZiriTadad

mainc, TiTqmis msgavsi sazogadoebrivi wyobileba fiqsirdeba [448.271].

s. esaZe miiCnevda, rom afxazeTis Temebis socialur wyobaze gavlena

178

iqonia samma faqtorma: mTielebma, osmalebma da qristianulma qarTul-meg-

rulma sazogadoebam [448.118]. Tumca, sinamdvileSi, ufro swori, iqneba Tu

vityviT, rom pirvelma orma garkveuli `koreqtivebi~ Seitana Tanamedrove

afxazeTis teritoriaze arsebul qarTuli feodaluri urTierTobisTvis

damaxasiaTebel socialur wyobilebaSi. rogorc n. berZeniSvilma SeniSna,

dabal socialuri wyobilebis doneze myofi Crdilo kavkasielTa Camowo-

lisa da Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze maTi damkvidrebis Sedegad,

am mxareSi `aRdga adreuli feodalizmi~ (xazgasma n. berZeniSvilisaa –

k.k.), romelmac Tavisken `miizida~ batonymobiT sulSexuTuli qarTuli

glexoba [147.609-610]. batonymoba mZime tvirTi iyo qarTuli sazogadoebis

mwarmoebeli fenebisTvis. man gaaqro Tavisufal miwismuSaTa fena. maT So-

ris gaqra arsebiTi uflebrivi gansxvaveba da isini mebatoneTa sakuTrebad

iqcnen, romelTac mTeli 30 wlis manZilze SeeZloT gaqceuli ymebis moZi-

eba da ukan mobruneba [320.187]. S. inal-ifas mosazrebiT, afxazeTs, sazoga-

doebriv-ekonomikuri da socialur urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis donis mi-

xedviT, Sualeduri mdgomareoba eWira dasavleT kavkasiis mTis patriarqa-

lur sazogadoebebsa da qarTul feodalizms Soris [381.496]. z. anCabaZe am

viTarebas `patron-ymur~ wyobilebad afasebda, romelSic batonymobisa da

Temur urTierTobaTa elementebic SeiniSneboda [339.47].

Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze feodalur urTierToba `gaaxalga-

zrdavebis~ erT-erTi niSani iyo, Temis institutis arseboba, romelsac gansa-

kuTrebuli roli hqonda afxazebSi [369.160-161; 240.131]. afxazeTis sazogadoeba

ojaxur-gvarovnul principebze iyo agebuli, sadac ramdenime umartivesi na-

Tesauri koleqtivi (didi an mcire ojaxi) patronimias Seadgenda. ramdenime

patronimia qmnida `Zmobas~, yvela es erTeuli ki gvars. afxazuri gvari pat-

riarqatisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sanaTesavo da sazogadoebrivi erTeuli iyo

[255.597; 381.405-406,410]. amis Seesabamisi samxedro demokratiis safexurisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli iyo gvarovnuli tipis dasaxlebebic, romelic sasoflo

Tems – aqiTas warmoadgenda [340.291; 381.395-397; 255.597].

Temi anu afxazurad `aqiTa~ (ақыта)1 ramdenadme gansxvavdeboda saqarTve-

los sxva mxareebSi arsebuli sasoflo Temebisagan da mas ganixilaven

1 afxazurad `sofels~ niSnavs [159.154; 284.231].

179

rogorc erTgvar Sualedur rgols feodalur erTeulsa da Cveulebriv

sasoflo Tems Soris. àqiTas~ faqtobrivad efuZneboda afxazTa sazoga-

doebrivi wyobileba da, amasTanave, is erTgvarad administraciul erTe-

ulsac warmoadgenda [369.160-161; 381.395; 255.597; 240.131]. afxazebma àqiTa~,

bunebrivia, samurzayanoSic daamkvidres, razec zogierTi toponimikuri

magaliTic metyvelebs: sof. meore kopitis erT-erT ubans `gvaramiaaqiT~

(sagvaramio, gvaramiebis ubani) hqvia [284.231].

àqiTa~ adaTobriv samarTals efuZneboda da igi seriozulad zRu-

davda rogorc Tavadebis, aseve mTavris xelisuflebas, romlebic swored

am Tems edgnen saTaveSi [369.160-161; 240.132]. am xelisufals àxilafSu~ (ах-

ылаҧшҩы/ patroni, mfarveli, `meTvalyure~) erqva, xolo Temis wevrebs ki,

Sesabamisad, àxifSi~ (ахьҧшы/mfarvelobis qveS myofi) [240.132; 448.119;

381.497,504]. Tumca, g. ZiZarias cnobiT, am termins kidev ufro viwro mniSv-

nelobac hqonda da igi aRniSnavda glexebs, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sxva

glexebze iyvnen damokidebulni [374.259]. àxilafSu~ ZiriTadad Tavadebi

(аҭауад) da aznaurebi iyvnen. am ukanasknelT afxazeTis samTavroSi àams-

Ta~ («аамсҭа») erqva, xolo samurzayanoSi ki, iseve, rogorc samegreloSi

`Jinosqua~ [240.132-133; 448.498; 372.120; 381.496].1 mkvlevarTa nawils (ir. anTe-

lava, g. ZiZaria, a. olonecki, S. inal-ifa) miaCnia, rom XIXs. dasawyisamde

bzifis sazogadoebisaTvis `Tavadis~ wodeba ucnobi iyo da igi afxazeT-

Si megrelebma, kerZod ki, sefer-beis meuRlis, TamarisTvis samegrelodan ga-

yolilma Sinaymebma da mosamsaxureebma Seitanes [335.400-406; 381.501]. samur-

zayanos Tavad-aznaurobas warmoadgendnen: SarvaSiZeebi, anCabaZeebi, emxva-

rebi, ZapSiSvilebi, inaliSvilebi, marRaniebi, soTiSvilebi (sotiskua,

afxazeTis samTavroSi – Cabalurxva) [195.125], Cqotuebi (Cxotuebi),2 laker-

baiebi, gabuniebi, aqirTavebi (aqurTavebi), WiTanavebi, Rvarwkiebi, ezugbai-

ebi, zvanbaiebi, miqanbaiebi, wiSbaiebi.3

1 k. maWavariani wers, rom samurzayanoel aznaurebs erqvaT `Jinosqua~ – «дети высшаго су-

щества», rogorc is Targmnida, Tumca ar ambobda, romeli enidan iyo es [404.315].

2 es Tavaduri gvari mxolod samurzayanoSi gvxdeba da sofel saberioSi saxloben. gad-

mocemiT isini CxetiZeebisagan momdinareoben [195.125; 181.7].

3 `samurzayanos Tavadaznaurobisa da glexobis warmomadgenelTa Txovna oqumSi qalTa

skolisa da oTxklasiani saswavleblis gaxsnis Sesaxeb~ [328.221-223; 195.127; 69.294-295; 404.311].

180

àxilafSus~ movaleobas Seadgenda Temis usafTxoebis uzrunvelyofa,

anu mtrebisagan Tavdacva; Temis wevrebis qonebis dacva, rac Zalian mniS-

vnelovani iyo farTod gavrcelebuli Zarcva-yaCaRobis gamo; igi valde-

buli iyo sisxli aeRo mokluli TanaTemelis gamo an xeli Sewyo mowi-

naaRmdegeTa SerigebisaTvis [448.498]. amis sanacvlod ki, àxilafSu~ àxif-

Sebisagan~ materialur mxardaWerasa da erTgulebas moiTxovda [40.219; 464].

àxifSebs~ samurzayanoSic, umTavresad, glexebi Seadgendnen, romle-

bic 2 jgufad iyofodnen: Tavisufali – `fioSi~1 (afxazeTSi – anha-

iu/анхаҩы2) da damokidebuli glexebi: moinale (afxazeTSi – amacuraz-

ku/амаҵуразқу3), dolmaxore (afxazeTSi – ahoiu/аху-уҩы4) da mojalabe (afxa-

zeTSi – axaSvala/ахашəала5).

fioSi Tavisufali meTeme, miwismoqmedi iyo da, glexTa sxva fenebisa-

gan gansxvavebiT, SedarebiT priviligirebulic ki iyo. igi feodalis mi-

waze zis, Tumca zogjer sakuTari – nasyidi – miwac gaaCnia [304.199; 342.49-

50]. S. inal-ifas varaudiT, miwis mesakuTreebi mxolod am kategoriis ze-

dafena unda yofiliyo [381.508]. fioSi-anhaiu glexTa sakmaod mravalric-

xovani fena iyo, rac imaze miuTiTebda, rom batonymuri urTierToba im

mxareSi naklebad ganviTarebuli iyo [448.504; 171.96]. mis movaleobas Sead-

genda laSqarSi gamosvla da SromiTi da naturaluri begaris – `ZRve-

nis~ – gadaxda, romelsac `saziri~ erqva [448.504; 304.199]. amasTanave, fioSs

mebatonisTvis produqtebi unda mietana micvalebulTa moxseniebis dRes

(`Serqi~), rodesac iSleboda sagangebo sufra da imarTeboda cxenebis ji-

riTi (`marula~) an, rodesac mebatone marTavda qorwils an RvTisadmi mi-

cemul aRTqmas asrulebda (`saRvTo~, `saRoronTo~) [448.504-505]. amis gar-

da, madlierebis niSnad, fioSi valdebuli iyo `mosakiTxis~ saxiT feoda-

lisTvis mieca mis mier dakluli saqonlis nekni an barkali da 1 baTmani

Rvino [448.505]. amasTanave, memamules SeeZlo, roca moesurveboda, Tavis

1 g. ZiZarias SeniSvniT, am terminis gaSifvra ver xerxdeba [374.246].

2 afxazurad: `meurne kaci, miwismoqmedi~ [304.199; 381.506].

3 afxazurad: `kaci, romelic valdebulia imsaxuros/imuSaos~ [304.200; 381.513].

4 afxazurad: `saWmlis momzadebeli~ [304.200; 381.512]. z. anCabaZe afxaz àhoius~ samurza-

yanoel `moinalesTan~ aigivebs [342.49-50].

5 afxazurad: `tyve, mona~ [159.199]. s. esaZesTan axsnilia, rogorc «одна голова холостая» [448.513].

181

ojaxTan erTad stumreboda fioSs. am adaTs `samenZelo~ an `maWkomuri~

(samegreloSi – `goWkomuri~) erqva [448.505; 304.194]. am uflebiT sargeblo-

bda, aseve, mTavari Tavis qveSevrdomi Tavadebisa da aznaurebis mimarTac

[381.499]. es `maspinZloba~ metad mZime valdebuleba yofila, radgan maspin-

Zels `Rirseuli~ sufris gaSla metad Zviri ujdeboda [372.121].

ra Tqma unda, aRniSnuli movaleoba samurzayanoeli glexisTvis gan-

sakuTrebiT gausaZlisi gaxda XIXs. I naxevarSi, roca, rogorc vnaxeT, sa-

murzayano ekonomikurad metad mZime iyo. amasTanave, fioSi valdebuli

iyo fuladi gadasaxadic (10-dan 30 maneTamde) mieca mebatonisTvis, Tuki

es ukanaskneli mxilebuli iqneboda raime danaSaulSi an mkvlelobaSi da

dazaralebuli mxarisTvis garkveuli sazRauris gadaxda daekisreboda

[448.505]. Tumca, yvela es valdebuleba iyo komlobrivi da ara – sula-

dobrivi. dadgenili wesiT, arc erT mxares ar hqonda ufleba am gadasa-

xadis TviTneburi gazrdis an Semcirebisa. Tuki fioSsa da mebatones

Soris am sakiTxze raime uTanxmoeba moxdeboda, saqmis gasarkvevad isini

avtoritetul pirovnebebs an Tems mimarTavdnen. fioSis uflebebi dacu-

li iyo imiT, rom, mebatonis Zaladobis SemTxvevaSi, mas sxva TemSi gada-

saxleba SeeZlo [448.119,506; 372.121].

n. derJavinis mtkicebiT, afxazeTis Tavad-aznauroba miwis pirdapiri

mflobeli ar iyo da Tavadis Tu aznauris siZliere da gavlena ganisaz-

Rvreboda imiT, Tu ramdeni fioSi cxovrobda mis mamulSi [365.28-29]. aR-

niSnuli mosazreba gaziarebuli aqvs k. maWavariansac [404.321]. amitom di-

debulebi, maT Soris, SarvaSiZeebic cdilobdnen TavianTi mowinaaRmdege-

bis Sesustebas maTi fioSebis motaceba-datyvevebiT Tu mimxrobiT [365.28-

29]. aman gansakuTrebulad mZime xasiaTi XIX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi mi-

iRo. samurzayanos Tavadaznaurebi erTmaneTis samflobeloebSi Zarcva-ya-

CaRobiT iyvnen dakavebulebi [90.396]. Tumca, Tavad-aznauroba pirdapir, fi-

oSTa miwebis gareSec, flobda sakmaod didi mamulebs [40.219; 448.509]. an-

haiuTa raodenoba XIXs. II naxevarSic ki glexTa saerTo raodenobis daax-

loebiT 80%-s Seadgenda [339.46]. z. anCabaZis varaudiT, es kategoria gviande-

li feodalizmis periodSi unda Camoyalibebuliyo [339.46]. vfiqrobT, mkvlev-

ris es mosazreba samarTliania, radgan swored CrdilokavkasielTa moZale-

bis Sedegad, Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze fiqsirdeba adgilobri-

182

vi socialuri-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis `gaaxalgazrdaveba~. aRsaniSna-

via, rom SeZlebuli fioSebi (anhaiuebi) Tavadac iyvnen yma glexTa, dol-

maxoreebisa, da monebis mflobelebi [381.513,515; 372.121].

`moinaleTa~ kategoria, ZiriTadad, samurzayanoSi iyo gavrcelebuli

[448.503; 368.284-285; 304.200; 171.101]. maTi mTavari movaleoba SromiTi begara

da naturaluri gadasaxadi (Rori an Txa, Rvino, marcvali da sxv.) iyo

[171.101; 304.200]. moinales piradi Tavisufleba dakarguli hqonda da mema-

mulis miwaze iyo mimagrebuli [304.200]. moinale valdebuli iyo ojaxis

erTi wevri batonis saxlSi gaegzavna (5-6 dRiT) samsaxurisaTvis, magram

Tuki ojaxSi mxolod erTi adamiani iyo Sromisunariani, maSin es valde-

buleba 2-3 dRemde mcirdeboda [171.101; 448.503]. samurzayanoel moinaleebsa

(afxazi amacurazkuebis) da guria-imereTis msaxurebs Soris gansxvaveba

imaSi mdgomareobda, rom pirvelni begaras yovelwliurad ixdidnen, me-

ore ki mxolod 2-3 wlis Tavze, Tumca pirvelTa es valdebuleba Sedare-

biT msubuqi Canda [171.101].

glexTa Semdeg fenas dolmaxoreebi Seadgendnen. rogorc murie varau-

dobda, samegreloSi glexebs mojalabe erqvaT [12.124; 171.103-104; 255.590]. g.

jamburias miaCnia, rom glexTa am kategorias piradi Tavisufleba dakargu-

li hqonda da miwaze iyo mimagrebuli [304.200]. aseTive mosazrebis iyo s. ja-

naSia, rodesac is ahoiuTa kategoriaze msjelobda [310.219]. Tumca, m. dumba-

Ze varaudobda, rom dolmaxoreebs, guria-imereT-samegrelos mojalabeebisa-

gan gansxvavebiT, garkveuli `piradi da qonebrivi uflebebi hqondaT~ [171.103-

104]. amgvaradve fiqrobdnen s. esaZe da n. derJavinic [448.501; 365.30-31].

dolmaxores ojaxi valdebuli iyo 3 wevri sami dRiT gaegzavna bato-

nTan savele samuSaoebze sakuTari saqonliT da samuSao iaraRiT. am dros

maTi ki gamokveba memamulis movaleobas Seadgenda [448.501]. dolmaxore

valdebuli iyo feodalisTvis TiTo biWi an gogo mieca. magram gogos mo-

msaxureba batonis saxlSi samurzayanoSi, afxazeTis samTavrosgan gansxva-

vebiT, naklebad gavrcelebuli iyo [448.502]. dolmaxores qaliSvili feo-

dalTan gaTxovebamde rCeboda. misi gaTxovebisTvis ki samurzayanoeli

valdebuli iyo batonisaTvis `xarji~ mieca, romelic 1 Zroxidan da 10 ma-

neTidan 5 Zroxamde da 50 maneTamde meryeobda [448.502]. amis Semdeg dolma-

xores qaliSvili batonisgan sruliad Tavisufali iyo. feodals ufleba

183

ar hqonda dolmaxore TviTneburad aeyara an gaeyida ojaxisagan mowyvetiT

[171.103-104]. Tuki, aseT mcdelobas adgili eqneboda, dolmaxore axal mfar-

vels eZebda [365.30]. aseTive Sedegi dgeboda, Tuki batoni gadasaxadebis gaz-

rdas moiTxovda [365.30-31]. Tumca, mebatonis uRlisagan gamoxsna arc ise ad-

vili iyo da fuladi saxiT is 100-dan 300 maneTamde meryeobda [448.502].

dolmaxoreTa fenis Sevseba samegreloSi nayidi ymebiT xdeboda. swo-

red megrelebi warmoadgnednen umravlesobas am kategoriaSi da, Sesabami-

sad, dolmaxoreebs xSirad `agiruadac~ (`margali~/megreli) moixseniebd-

nen [171.103-104; 304.200]. rogorc araerT istoriul wyaroSia aRniSnuli, af-

xazebis ZiriTad saqmianobas yaCaRoba da Zarcva-taceba warmoadgenda

[381.509], rac damaxasiaTebeli niSania mTis samxedro-demokratiuli wyo-

bisTvis. aseTive cnobas vawydebiT wmida meufe gabrielTanac (qiqoZe). mi-

si cnobiT, afxazi samurzayanoelebi Sromisadmi didi siyvaruliT ar ga-

moirCeodnen. axalgazrda kaci, romelsac ar hyavda cxeni moparuli an

tyve gatacebuli, didi pativiscemiT ar sargeblobda, saSovarze mimaval

Svils ki deda ase locavda: `RvTis SewevniT, dRisiT da RamiT, am xmliT

bevri nadavli mogepovos~ [98.3]. S. inal-ifa aRniSnavda, isini naklebad

zrunavdnen sakuTari meurneobis ganviTarebaze [381.509]. aqedan gamomdina-

re, swored `margals~ (agruas) ekisreboda miwaze muSaoba.

yvelaze uuflebo fenas samurzayanoSi mojalabeebi warmoadgendnen,

romelTac afxazeTSi `axaSvalebs~ uwodebdnen. isini gacilebiT ufro

mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen, vidre dasavleT saqarTvelos mojala-

beebi [304.200-201]. axaSvalebi brZolebSi tyved Cavardnili glexebisgan da

tyveTa syidvis Sedegad warmoiSvnen [171.103-104; 304.201; 448.501; 381.514]. swo-

red amiT aixsneba is, rom maTi umravlesoba qarTuli gvarebis matareb-

lebi iyvnen. rogorc k. maWavariani mowmobda, isini yvelaze mZime samuSao-

ebs asrulebdnen [398.61]. axaSvalebi TiTqmis monebi iyvnen da maTi mesa-

kuTris saxlebSi cxovrobdnen, romlebic maTi SromiT sargeblobdnen

[448.500; 381.514]. es ki gamoricxavda maT mier miwis flobas, rogorc amas n.

derJavini amtkicebda [365.29]. axaSvala batonis sruli sakuTreba iyo da

am ukanasknels misi Tavisuflad gayidva-gaCuqeba SeeZlo [448.500]. axaSva-

las daojaxebis ufleba ar hqonda, dasavleT saqarTvelos mojalabes ki

ojaxis Seqmna SeeZlo [171.103-104; 304.201]. Tuki batoni mas daqorwinebis

184

uflebas miscemda, igi dolmaxoreTa kategoriaSi gadadioda da batonis-

gan miwasac Rebulobda [448.500; 381.514; 171.103-104; 304.201].

glexebsa da feodalebs Soris Sualeduri mdgomareoba eWiraT Sina-

ymebs, romlebsac afxazurad àSinayma~ (ашьнаҟума) ewodebodaT. isini sami-

waTmoqmedo samuSaoebisgan gaTavisuflebulebi iyvnen da maTi mTavari

movaleobas mebatonis karze piradi msaxureba (fareSoba, xelosnoba-mo-

xeleoba da sxv.), feodalis piradi razmis molaSqreoba Seadgenda [110.35-

36; 448.499; 365.28; 381.502; 255.593]. varaudoben, rom es kategoria afxazeTSi

XVIII saukuneSi – XIXs. dasawyisSi unda Camoyalibebuliyo [335.404-405; 381.502].1

samurzayanoSi gavrcelebuli iyo àsasobis~ instituti. asasi anu

stumari iyo erTi Temidan meoreSi TavSefarebul an sxva mxaridan mosul

adamiani, romelic romelime afxaz feodalTan an TemTan TavSesafars po-

ulobda. asasis mdgomareobaSi iyvnen Tavad-aznaurebic da glexebic

[448.513; 368.346; 120.453; 255.596]. asasebi umiwawyloni iyvnen [171.104-105]. maT

`maspinZlis~ mamulSi piradi sakuTreba ar gaaCndaT da mxolod mfarve-

lis mier maTTvis droebiT sarCod mocemuli wyaroebiT sargeblobdnen

[368.347-358; 255.594]. Tumca, m. dumbaZes miaCnda, rom afxazur-samurzayanuli

asasoba qarTvel mindobil-xiznobis msgavsi instituti iyo [171.104-105]. es

mosazreba uaryo g. ZiZariam, romelic Semdeg o. soseliam da q. Cxatara-

iSvilma gaiziares [368.346,348; 255.597; 448.514]. s. esaZe miuTiTebda, rom asa-

sebis dasaxlebiT maspinZel-mfarvelebi sakuTari mamulis usafrTxoebas

uzrunvelyofdnen, radgan pirvelebi iZulebuli iyvnen sakuTari qoneba

da sicocxle TviTonve daecvaT [448.514]. amitom maspinZeli `stumrisgan~

raime sazRaurs ar iRebda [448.514]. xizani ki valdebuli iyo mfarveli me-

batonisaTvis Rala gadaexada [171.104-105; 304.198].

niSandoblivia, rom samurzayanos socialuri fenebis amsaxveli ter-

minebi (Tavadi, Jinosqua, Sinayma, moinale, dolmaxore, mojalabe) qarTuli

da megruli enebidan damkvidrda, rac, aSkarad, ZirZvel qarTul-afxazur

kavSirebze miuTiTebs. gviandeli Sua saukuneebis periodamde feodalTa

klasi aRiniSneboda terminiT àznauri~, romelic gavrcelebuli iyo

mTels saqarTveloSi,2 magram, paralelurad, calkeul kuTxeSi imTaviTve

1 S. inal-ifa xazs usvams am terminis qarTul warmomavlobas [381.502].

2 XVI-XVII saukuneebidan saqarTveloSi feodaluri klasis zedafenaa TavadTa wodeba [304.203].

185

arsebobda am fenis aRmniSvneli adgilobrivi terminic, magaliTad, megru-

li `Jinosqua~ da afxazuri àamsTa~, rac prof. z. papasqiris mosazrebiT,

miuTiTebs imaze, rom es cnebebi unda gaCeniliyo adreul Sua saukuneebSi,

rodesac dasavleT saqarTvelo _ egrisi, afxazeTi _ jer kidev ar iyo mo-

qceuli saerToqarTul feodalur struqturaSi [240.133; 428.103].

gansxvavebul viTarebas vawydebiT `Tavad~-àTauadis~ mimarTebaSi. aq

aSkarad Cans, rom afxazeTi im qarTuli feodaluri samyaros wevri iyo,

sadac saTavadoTa sistema ukve gaformebuli iyo. amitom iq ar Seiqmna sa-

Wiroeba TavadobisaTvis adgilobrivi saxelwodeba moefiqrebinaT [240.133;

428.103-104]. amasTan dakavSirebiT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba im garemo-

ebasac, rom ama Tu im piris Tavadis rangSi ayvana mxolod da mxolod sa-

mefo xelisuflebis prerogativa iyo da Sesabamisad samefo sigeliT for-

mdeboda da amitomac afxazi Tavadebic sakuTar Tavs saerTo-qarTuli fe-

odaluri aristokratiis warmomadgenlebad miiCnevdnen [240.133; 428.103-104].

miwaTmflobelobis sakiTxi samurzayanoSi, zogadad, afxazeTis ana-

logiuri iyo [448.506]. àqiTaSi~, romelSic feodalebi da glexebi Sediod-

nen, saerTo sargeblobaSi tye da saZovrebi Sedioda [40.219; 381.395]. sazoga-

do sakuTrebas warmoadgenda, agreTve, daumuSavebeli miwebic [448.506-507].

amgvari viTareba SenarCunebuli iqna XIXs. miwurulSic [40.219].

CvenTvis saintereso periodis samurzayanoSi ar iyo qalaquri tipis

dasaxlebebi. mosaxleoba, umTavresad, soflebSi cxovrobda. RaliZga-en-

guris SuamdinareTis mniSvnelovan soflebad iTvleboda bedia, faxula-

ni, barbalo (koki), saberio, nabakevi, oqumi, ilori (mogvianebiT, afxaze-

Tis samTavros SeuerTes), gudava, dixazurga. amaTgan SedarebiT mraval-

ricxovani yofila bedia, sadac wmida gabriel qiqoZis cnobiT, 1868 wels

500-mde komli cxovrobda [97.3].1 masTan erTad, did sofels, agreTve, sabe-

rioc warmoadgenda [98.3]. am kuTxis sxva soflebi iyo patara koki, gainar-

jia-muxuri, orsantia da Samgona, romlebic, 1849w. 4 ianvris Semdgom, ro-

gorc zemoT aRvniSneT, samegrelos samTavros SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen.

XXs. dasawyisSi samurzayanos ubanSi 11 Temi da 69 sofeli Sedioda:

galis Temi – gali, reCxi, cxiri; oqumis Temi – oqumi, CxorToli, Ru-

1 wmida mRvdelmTavari gabrieli samurzayanosa da afxazeTSi imyofeboda 1868 wlis 14

maisidan 4 ivnisis CaTvliT.

186

muriSi; bediis Temi – bedia, kopiti, miSveli, soWiTava, najixevi, oxurei,

patraxuwa, reka, sanardo, samaxario, saxaxubio, saRarwkie, saCino, sawuJ-

bao, sagurgulio, eSqeTi; gudavis Temi – gudava, jokoba, oxurei, togoni;

muxuris Temi – bulisxinji, RvanWka, janis-xinji, muxuri, naxingovi, fSa-

uri, fuwyuri, sakenjio, togoni, warCe; refo-SeSeleTis Temi – gvali-ewe-

ri, refi, SeSeleTi; barRebis Temi – barRebi, sido, xitus-muxuri; nabake-

vis Temi – nabakevi, otobaia, Tagiloni; Wuburisxinjis Temi – Wuburisxin-

ji, Wyoni-xumla, sababelou, sarago, gvanjia-zeni; saberios Temi – azani-

Si, Rali-xumla, RvaSi-gverdi, ganacudu, daurCkela, didi wifuri, zeni,

yafiSona, lekuxona, leWeraia, najixuru, nawimeri, oxoxu, porto-naxorei,

rtomi, samirkvala, saberio, samiqio [404.127-129].

samurzayanos soflebisa da misi mcxovreblebis SesaniSnavi aRwera

Semonaxulia Tedo saxokias mier, romelmac es kuTxe XIXs. 90-iani wlebis

dasayisSi moinaxula [35.336-351]. avtori xazs usvamda adgilobrivi da sa-

megrelos yofa-cxovrebis analogiebs [35.343], rac, bunebrivia, ganpirobe-

buli iyo samurzayanosa da samegrelos mosaxleobis erTi warmomavlo-

biT. rogorc savele eTnografiulma kvlevebma aCvena, samuzayanoSi afxa-

zebis Camosaxlebas ar gamouwvevia adgilobrivi sakarmidamo kompleqsis

struqturis cvlileba [129.69].

§2. samurzayanos eTno-kulturuli ier-saxe

XVIIs. ukanasknel meoTxedSi datrialebuli tragediis Sedegad, Ta-

namedrove samurzayanos teritoriaze afxazuri eTnikuri elementi gaCnda.

marTalia, permanentulma saomarma moqmedebebma, tyveTa tacebam, adgilo-

brivi qarTuli mosaxleobis nawilis migraciam samegrelos Sida raione-

bisken, RaliZga-enguris SuamdinareTis eTnikuri suraTis cvlileba ga-

moiwvia, magram arc Tu mniSvnelovnad, vinaidan afxazuri eTnosis moZa-

leba am mimarTulebiT SedarebiT susti iyo da aq adgilobrivi qarTuli

(megruli) mosaxleobac ZiriTadad, adgilze darCa [139.242]. SedarebiTi

mSvidobiani periodis dadgomis Semdeg gaxiznuli mosaxleobis nawili

187

ukan mobrunda [285.148-149]. rogorc aRvniSneT, ukandabrunebis procesi

murzayanis zeobis dros unda dawyebuliyo. swored aman ganapiroba ro-

gorc am mxaris toponimis megruloba, aseve zemoT ganxiluli zogierTi

adgilobrivi socialuri fenis megruli saxelwodeba. dRes e.w. afxazuri

istoriografiis warmomadgenlebi jiutad cdiloben samurzayanos, ro-

gorc mxolod afxazuri eTnosis ZirZveli sacxovrisis warmoCenas. am

mxriv sayuradReboa T. aCugbas mier ukanasknel periodSi gamoqveynebuli

naSromi [460]. Tumca, misi mosazreba am mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebuli

`siaxliT~ namdvilad ar gamoirCeva.

samurzayanoelTa eTnikuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxi jer kidev caristul-

ma reJimma wamoswia XIXs. I naxevarSi. mis mizanic iyo samurzayanoelTa af-

xazuri warmomavlobis damtkiceba. s. baxia-oqruaSvilis samarTliani Sefa-

sebiT, es iyo absoluturad xelovnurad Seqmnili problema [129.56]. am po-

litikis gagrZeleba iyo carizmis CinovnikTa mier afxazeTSi miznobrivi

migraciisaTvis xelSewyoba, romelic am mxareSi dasaxlebis uflebas sxva-

dasxva erebis warmomadgenlebs aZlevda, garda qarTvelebisa [129.64].

am sakiTxis `gamokvlevaSi~ pirveloba m. seleznevs ekuTvnis, romel-

mac samurzayanoelebi erTmniSvnelovnad afxazur eTnoss miakuTvna

[432.135-136]. am kursma gagrZeleba hpova a. berJes, s. duxovskis, general g.

filipsonis naSromebsa da Tu memuarebSi [357.6-7; 71.44; 93.208]. a. berJes mo-

sazreba maleve gaakritika d. furcelaZem, romelmac Tavis argumentebSi

xazi gausva samurzayanos warsuls, istoriul Zeglebs qarTuli warwere-

biTa da mis Tanamedrove samurzayanoelTa sasaubro enas, romelic, avto-

ris TqmiT, megruli iyo [69.328-329, dok. #166]. n. albovma ki samurzayano-

elTa eTnologiis kvlevaSi arsebiTi `siaxle~ Semoitana. misi mtkicebiT,

samurzayanoelebi igive afxazebi arian, radgan, iseve rogorc afxazebi,

vaWrobisadmi zizRiT gansxvavdebian megrelebisagano [334.306].

carizmis zemoxsenebul politikuri kursisa da am mimarTulebiT Ca-

tarebuli `samecniero kvlevebis~ Sedegi aisaxa XIXs. 60-ian wlebSi afxa-

zeTSi saglexo reformis gasatareblad sagangebod Seqmnili `wodebriv-sa-

miwaTmoqmedo komisiis~ aqtebSi, sadac samurzayanoelebi uapelaciod afxa-

zebs miaweres, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini Tavs megrelebad miiCnevdnen

[448.514]. am gadawyvetilebis sapasuxod p. Waraia werda: `samurzayanoelebi

188

ki igive megrelebi arian, Tumc bevrs ara hjera. ena, es umTavresi niSani

erovnobisa, amtkicebs amas. mTel samurzayanoSi megrulaT laparakoben.

imis dasavleT nawilSi, ufro mTagorian adgilebze, afxazuric ician~

[40.218]. 1869 da 1899 wlebSi gamoqveynebul `kavkasiaSi qristianobis aRmdgeni

sazogadoebis~ angariSebSi naTladaa dafiqsirebuli, rom ìloridan da-

wyebuli mTel samurzayanoSi batonobs megruli ena~ da àraviTari eWvi ar

SeiZleba SevitanoT imaSi, rom samurzayanoelebi ekuTvnian qarTul toms.

samurzayanoelebi laparakoben megrul enaze da ara afxazur enaze~ [187.85-

86]. samurzayanos mosaxleoba megrelebad miaCnda i. gogebaSvilsac [316.287].

aRsaniSnavia, rom k. maWavarianma mxari dauWira `wodebriv-samiwaTmoqme-

do komisiis~ Sefasebas [404.311]. misi mtkicebiT, samurzayanoelebi umTavre-

sad afxazebi iyvnen, xolo am miwa-wyalze mobinadre megreli ki iyo «выхо-

дец из Мингрелии» [404.311]. k. maWavarianma Tavisi `mosazrebebis~ gamoqveyneba

XIXs. miwurulidan daiwyo da gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad am ideebis propagan-

disTvis mas Tavis gverdebs uTmobda baTumSi gamomavali Savrazmuli gaze-

Ti «Черноморский вестник», sadac is amtkicebda, rom samurzayanoelebi, adaT-

wesebiT, eniT da sarwmunoebiT, afxazebi iyvnen [400; 401; 402; 403].1 es gamoce-

ma, romelzedac T. saxokiam dawera ùkacravad pasuxia, gazeTi~, `nomeri ise

ar gamova am gazeTisa, rom raime uSveri Treva-lanZRva da ugvano Worikanu-

li ciliswameba ar iyos saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~, samurzayanoSic aqtiurad

vrceldeboda [35.323-324]. Tumca, misi `naSromebi~ qarTuli sazogadoebis

warmomadgenlebisgan upasuxod ar rCeboda. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia 1899 wlis

6 maiss gazeTSi «Черноморский вестник» gamoqveynebuli «Голос самурзаканца» da

vinme JuJunas werili saxelwodebiT `gakvriT~, romelic dabeWdili gazeTis

ìveria~ 1899 wlis 4 ivlisis nomerSi (#140). j. gamaxariasa da b. gogias mo-

sazrebiT, `samurzayanoeli~ wmida mRvdelmTavari ambrosi xelaia unda yo-

filiyo [69.726]. samurzayanoelebi mxolod afxazebi iyvnen s. basariasTvisac

[347.99]. dekanoz daviT maWavariansa (k. maWavarianis mama) da i. bartolomeis

am sakiTxSi, sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT, kategoriuli mtkicebis toni ar hqon-

daT, Tumca aRniSnavdnen, rom samurzayanoelTa Cveulebebi ufro afxazur-

Tan poulobda msgavsebas, vidre – megrelTan [405.77-78].

1 ix., agreTve, misive: [397; 399].

189

1892w. Tavisi `kvlevis~ Sedegebi warmoadgina rusma mecnierma i. pan-

tiuxovmac, romelic jer sagazeTo statiis, Semdeg ki, imave welsve, cen-

zuris anu xelisuflebis nebarTviT, calke broSuris saxiTac gamoica

[421; 422]. mkvlevars Tavis miznad dausaxavs, samurzayanoelTa da afxazTa

identurobis damtkiceba da, ZiriTadad, megrelebsa da samurzayanoelebis

ganmasxvavebel niSan-Tvisebebs eZebda. Tumca, amgvari kvleva afxazebis mi-

marT rom waremarTa, albaT, gacilebiT, obieqtur daskvnebs gaakeTebda.

i. pantiuxovi Tavis naSroms iwyebs imis gancxadebiT, rom «Самурзака-

нью издревле называется страна, лежашая между Абхазиею и Мингрелиею» [422.1, xaz-

gasma Cvenia – k.k.]. amis Semdeg is mkiTxvels acnobebs, rom istoriuli

cnobebiT (Tumca, ar akonkretebs am `cnobebs~) samurzayanos teritoriaze

`romeliRac gansakuTrebul xalxs ucxovria~, xolo adgilobrivi qris-

tianuli taZrebi bizantielebis mier yofila agebuli iustinianes keis-

robis dros – ax.w. Vs. [422.1]. saeWvoa, rom avtors bediis taZari Tval-

mokvriT ar enaxa da an rame ar gaego qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis am Se-

devris qtitoris – mefe bagratis – Sesaxeb. i. pantiuxovis Semdegi gan-

cxadebiT, samurzayanoelebi Tavdapirvelad afxazurad saubrobdnen, Tum-

ca, megrelTa mowolis Semdeg, maT mSobliuri ena daiviwyes da amJamad

Tavs megrelebad miiCneveno [422.2].

i. pantiuxovs sagangebod anTropologiuri `kvlevebic~ Cautarebia,

romlis Sedegac `daaskvna~, rom am mxaris mosaxleoba gansxvavdeboda

zugdidisa da senakis megrelebisgan. rusi avtoris `daskvnebs~ raime sa-

mecniero Rirebuleba rom hqonoda da samurzayanoelebic afxazebad mi-

gveCnia, rogorc mas surda, misi daskvnebi mainc advilad gabaTildeboda,

vinaidan am `mkvlevaramde~ saukunenaxevriT adre vaxuSi batoniSvili Se-

niSnavda, rom afxazebi arian `mgvaneni megrelTa~ [8.785]. Cveni mematianis

es SeniSvna ki, mogvianebiT, ukve XX saukuneSi, anTropologiuri kvleve-

biTac dadasturda [113.7-8; 196.50-51]. i. pantiuxovisgan gansxvavebiT, sxva

rusma mkvlevarma, kerZod ki, a. diaCkov-tarasovma afxazur zne-Cveulebeb-

ze, maTSi dacul gadmocemebisa da istoriuli monacemebis analiziT sav-

sebiT samarTlianad daaskvna, rom afxazebi enguri-RaliZgis Suamdina-

reTSi mosuli mosaxleoba iyo [72.65; 324.14,78].

XXs. II naxevris dasawyisSi x. bRaJbam scada toponimikis meSveobiT sa-

190

murzayanoelTa eTnikuri mikuTvnilobis sakiTxis garkveva. avtoris mtkice-

biT, RaliZga-SuamdinareTis mTis toponimikaSi aSkarad gamoiyofa afxazuri

Sre, baris zonaSi ki `xSirad~ Cans qarTuli (megruli) warmoSobis da-

saxelebani, xolo galis raionSi ki toponimikaSi afxazuri Sre adgils

uTmobs megruls [351.301-302; 353.180]. p. cxadaias SefasebiT, afxaz mkvlevars

viTareba sworad hqonda SeniSnuli, Tumca x. bRaJba arafers ambobda imis

Taobaze, rom swored qarTuli toponimikuri Srea pirveladi, xolo afxa-

zuri ki gviandelia (XVIIs. miwuruli) [285.203-205]. Sesabamisad, afxazurma

Srem ki ar `dauTmo~ adgili, aramed piriqiT – afxazebis mowolam gamoiw-

via kodori-enguris SuamdinareTSi megruli fenis SeTxeleba [285.203-205].

samurzayanos toponimikam S. inal-ifas `yuradRebac~ miiqcia. Tumca,

is Tavdapirvelad emxroboda, mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmad, afxazebma,

megrelebTan feodaluri Sinaomebis pirobebSi, daikaves kodori-enguris

SuamdinareTi [381.42]. magram, s. baxia-oqruaSvilis SeniSvniT, S. inal-ifam

male radikalurad Secvala es Sexeduleba da Tanamedrove afxazeTis

mTeli toponimika afxazurad miiCnia da, Sesabamisad, samurzayanos avtoq-

ton mosaxleobad mxolod afxazebi aRiara, xolo qarTuli toponimebi

enguris marcxena sanapirodan gadmosul, mciremiwianobiT SeWirvebul,

mosaxleobas miawera [382.218; 383.315,382-386; 384.3; 385.3; 129.57]. S. inal-ifa sa-

murzayanos toponimikaSi afxazuri Sris pirveladobas xedavs zogierTi

masalis (wkelkari-ackar,1 erwyari/eriswyali-BarZ,2 foqveSi-faquaS, Rumu-

riSi-RumriS, CxorToli-CxuarTal, RaliZga-aalZga da sxv.) Taviseburi in-

terpretaciiT [382.382; 287.68]. afxazi eTnografis am msjelobis sruli

ususuroba imTaviTve aSkara Canda da misi gabaTilebac qarTveli speci-

alistebisTvis did sirTules ar warmoadgina. qarTvel mkvlevarTa dama-

jerebeli argumentaciiT, zemoT CamoTvlil toponimebi da hidronimebic

(RaliZga, oqumi, eriswyali, warCe, oxurei, oxoja, ojoRore, anaria, niSo-

ni, qviSoni, vatafi, olie) udavod megruli warmomavlobisaa da igi am

kuTxeSi afxazTa gamoCenamde didi xniT adre iyo Seiqmnili [286.36,39,47,140;

287.68-78; 284.223-233; 285.203-205; 283.20-22; 140.68; 217.254-255; 157.49,53; 271.275-276; 272.3;

1 kursiviT mocemulia am toponimTa afxazuri variaciebi.

2 p. cxadaias transkrifciaa [283.20].

191

226.236; 220.26; 176.141; 180.6; 129.71-72]. sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT, adamians Zali-

an unda undodes Tundac `CxorTolis~ afxazur toponimad gamocxadeba,

rom aq ver dainaxo ori megruli sityva `Cxoro~ (cxra) da `Toli~ (Tva-

li). xalxuri gadmocemiT, am adgils es saxelwodeba darqmevia erTi Se-

nobis gamo, romelic cxraTvaliani yofila [287.75]. Tumca, p. cxadaias mo-

sazrebiT, SesaZloa am toponimiT gamoixateboda uxvwyliani, mraval wya-

ro-nakaduliani mdinare an adgili [287.75; 227.16].

samurzayanoSi afxazuri warmoSobis toponomebi (aCigvara, agvagvera,

lekumxara,1 patraxuwa, SaSikvara, akvarikva), ZiriTadad, md. oxureisa da

RaliZgas Soris viwro zolSi (samurzayanosa da afxazeTis samTavros

sazRvarTan) arsebul afxazur `kunZulebrivi~ dasaxlebebSi (agreTve sof-

lebi: aZxida, ajara, II kopiti, najxeu, patraxuwa, reki, saCino) fiqsirdeba

da iq ukve afxazuri enac batonobda [270.29; 285.206-207; 129.70]. Tumca, aqac

ki aRmoCnda megruli ena SeWrili, vinaidan eTnografebma ubnis dasaxele-

bebSi qarTveluri formiT afxazuri gvaris gamoyenebis ramdenime SemTxve-

va (sazuxbaio, sabuTbaio, saezugbaio da sxv.) daadastures [129.68]. am zona-

Si dasturdeba xelovnur Tu bunebriv-geografiul obieqtTa orsaxeliano-

ba (toponimiuri sinonimia), romelic zogadtoponimikuri movlenaa da ga-

mowveulia gvian mosuli xalxis mier iq ukve dafiqsirebuli toponimebis

TargmniT an, Cveulebriv, konkretul geografiul arealSi moqmed enebze

TargmniT [284.231]. aseTebia, magaliTad: petreS wyari – petreiZix (wyaro,

sof. saCino), baxvaiZix – labaxuaS wyurgeli (wyaro, sof. reka), agruakvara

– agruaS Ral (Rele, sof. saCino), maciaboxu – maciaS kirda (borcvi, sof.

saCino), ilorguri – elirnixa, agubedia – gurbedia [284.232-233]. j. gamaxa-

ria da b. gogiac fiqroben, rom àgu~ afxazur enasTan unda iyos dakavSi-

rebuli [69]. am mosazrebebs ar eTanxmeba s. baxia-oqruaSvili, romelic va-

raudobs, rom àgu~ igive megruli `guri~ (qarT.: guli) unda iyos [129.71].

x. bRaJbas zemoTmoyvanili Teza z. anCabaZemac gaiziara, romelmac,

Tavis mxriv, daaskvna, rom Tanamedrove oCamCirisa da galis raionebis

barSi afxazebTan erTad, àseve~ (xazgasma Cvenia – k.k.), megrelebic mosax-

leobdnen [340.229-230]. Tumca, mogvianebiT gamocemul naSromSi, z. anCabaZe

1 p. cxadadias mosazrebiT, lekumxara `xeWreli~ megrulidanaa SeTvisebuli [285.206-207].

192

xazs usvams, rom RaliZga-enguris SuamdinareTis aTviseba afxazebma

XVIIs. miwurulidan daiwyes, magram, vinaidan am mxareSi Camosaxlebul

afxazTa raodenoba metad mcire yofila, amitom samurzayanos àfxaziza-

ciis~ procesi metad Senelebuli tempebiT warmarTula, rasac, avtoris

TqmiT, damatebiT barierebs uqmnidnen samegrelodan ltolvili glexebi

[343.68]. mkvlevari iqve SeniSnavda, rom samurzayanos mosaxleoba Sereul

afxazur-qarTuli iyo, sadac afxazebi, ZiriTadad, gabatonebuli klass

Seadgnednen, xolo glexebSi, umTavresad, megrelebi Warbobdnen [343.76].

z. anCabaZis es daskvna axali sityva ar yofila. jer kidev XXs-is

dasawyisSi n. janaSia, romelic gazeTSi `cnobis furceli~ werilebs `ha-

muT-beis~ fsevdonimiT aqveynebda, werda, rom samurzayanoSi ùmaRlesi

wodeba Tavad-aznauroba iyo afxazuri, xolo glexoba Tavidanve megrele-

bi iyvnen, Tumca aqa-iq afxazebic erivnen~ [43]. samurzayanoSi Casaxlebul

afxazTa da mTielTa nawili droTa manZilze gaqarTvelda [129.63], ramac,

aseve, ganapiroba z. anCabaZis mier naxsenebi àfxazizaciis~ procesis Se-

Cereba. s. baxia-oqruaSvili miiCnevs, rom am mxareSi Camosaxlebis Semdeg

gaafxazebuli qarTveluri mosaxleoba maleve, umtkivneulod daubrunda

TavianT uZveles religiur, meurneobriv saqmianobas da sxva tradiciul

megrul wes-Cveulebebs [129.66].

garkveuli gamokvlevebi Cautarebia samurzayanos eTnografiaSi rus

mecniers l. soloviovasac. miuxedavad imisa, rom is samarTlianad aRi-

arebda Tanamedrove samurzayanos teritoriaze afxazebis gviandel Sua

saukuneebSi gamoCenas, miiCnevda, rom afxaz-megrelTa Serevis Sedegad am

mxareSi Camoyalibda axali eTnikuri subieqti, `samurzayanoeli~, sakuTari

TviTSegnebiT da mosaubre afxazuri enis samurzayanul dialeqtze, Tumca,

mkvlevris TqmiT, XIXs. miwuruls am `samurzayanoelTa~ èTnikuri TviT-

Segnebis~ cvla momxdara samegrelodan mowolili mniSvnelovani masis mi-

graciis gamo [436.5-16,44; 437.45-53; 129.57-58]. magram, s. janaSias afxazuri enis

samurzayanuli dialeqtis arseboba saeWvod miaCnda [305.223]. maSin, roca

sayovelTaod aRiarebulia megruli enis samurzayanul-zugdiduri dialeq-

tis arseboba [468.142].

l. soloviovas mosazrebas, erTgvarad, eTanxmeba p. cxadaia, romelic

miiCnevs, rom sami saukunis manZilze Tanacxovrebam, yoveldRiurma kontaq-

193

tebma, rac cxovrebisa da saqmianobis yvela sferos moicavda, bunebrivad

gamoiwvia orenovneba, ori enis Tanabrad floba da gamoyeneba yovel-

dRiur cxovrebaSi [284.226; 285.211-214]. Tumca, vfiqrobT, samarTliania s. ba-

xia-oqruaSvilis SeniSvna, rom rusi mecnieris mier warmodgenili suraTi

veranairad ver miesadageba samurzayanoSi arsebul viTarebas da igi ufro

abJuas mxarisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli [129.69,72-73].

XIXs. 30-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi imyofeboda frangi mecnieri da

mogzauri fr. diubua de monpere, romelic aRniSnavda, rom samurzayanoSi

qarTvelebi da afxazebi Tanacxovrobdnen da orive enazec saubrobdnen

[69.313, dok. #148]. XXs-is dasawyisisaTvisac daaxloebiT amgvari viTareba

SenarCunda. samurzayanos mosaxleoba megruli iyo, magram mas, iv. javaxi-

Svilis SeniSvniT, SeeTvisebina afxazuri ena da zne-Cveuleba [303.7-8]. ro-

gorc al. cagareli XIXs. 80-ian wlebSi akonkretebda, afxazuri ena, um-

Tavresad, samurzayanoelma mamakacebma icodnen [285.211-214]. Tumca, samur-

zayanoeli megreli da afxazi qalebi da bavSvebi mezoblebis enas ar

flobdnen [129.70]. rogorc Cans, megreli mamakacebi xSirad urTierTobd-

nen afxaz mamakacebTan da es kontaqtebi, savaraudod, `profesiuli~ xasi-

aTis, anu mwyemsobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. T. saxokias cnobiT, mesaqon-

leobas (gansakuTrebiT, wvrilfexa saqonlisa) samurzayanos Svidi sof-

lis (saberio, dixa-zurga, reCxi, RumuriSi, CxorToli, bedia) mosaxleoba

misdevda [35.363]. Tumca, samurzayanoelebi, afxazebisagan gansxvavebiT, mi-

waTmoqmedebiTac iyvnen dakavebulebi [35.320-323,338; 348.333].

samurzayanoSi afxazTa da megrelTa urTierTobebma kvali daaCnia

adgilobrivTa sarwmunoebasac. islamis garkveul wilad SemoWris miuxe-

davad, regioni mainc mTlianobaSi qristianuli darCa. Tumca, adgilobriv

mosaxleobis tradiciebSi SemoiWra da damkvidrda afxazebisaTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli warmarTobis kultebic (mWdelis grdemlisadmi Tayvaniscema,

romelic afxazur RvTaeba SasSu abJnixas ukavSirdeba; `aergi~, romelic

wmida giorgis saxecvlilebas warmoadgens da sxv.) [98.3; 35.369-377; 75.34-42;

329.356,360;]. dadasturebulia, afxazTa mier megrul kultTa SeTvisebac.

kerZod, es exeba `aqamgarias~, romelic megrul miqam-garios anu mTavar

angeloz miqaelsa da gabriels ukavSirdeba [35.369-377; 329.356,360]. Tumca,

man afxazeTsa da samurzayanoSi saxecvlileba ganicada da igi iq mesaqonle-

194

obisa da mwyemsebis mfarvelad iTvleboda [35.369-377; 158.60]. amgvari `war-

marTuli~ intervencia, umTavresad mainc afxazebTan uSualo kontaqtSi

myof samurzayanoelebSi fiqsirdeba. amitomac aRniSnavda T. saxokia, rom

es iyo `sarwmunoeba samurzayanoel mwyemsisa~ [35.369].

T. saxokia samurzayanoSi yuradRebas aqcevs dakrZalvis gansakuTre-

bul wessac. kerZod, sasaflaoebi mowyobili iyo, ZiriTadad, eklesiebis

gareT, gzis pirebTan gakafuli tyeSi, maT sacxovreblebTan axlos [35.336-

339]. s. baxia-oqruaSvilis varaudiT, eklesiebSi mxolod engur-RaliZgis

SuamdinareTis Zveli, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ikrZaleboda, xolo mo-

sul mosaxleobas, maT Soris samegrelodanac ki, amgvari ufleba ar

hqonda, xolo afxazebi, tradiciulad, sakuTar sacxovrebel teritori-

aze iwyobdnen winaparTa ZvalTSesalags [129.67]. mkvlevris daskvniT, esec

damatebiTi argumentia samurzayanoSi adgilobriv avtoqton mosaxleobad

megrelebis (qarTvelebis) misaCnevad [129.67].

rogorc winamdebare naSromis I TavSi vaCveneT, RaliZga-enguris Sua-

mdinareTi imTaviTve qarTuli eTnosis sacxovriss warmoadgenda da am mxa-

reSi afxazuri eTnikuri elementi mxolod XVIIs. miwuruls gamoCnda. amis

Semdeg aq Camoyalibda Sereul megrul-afxazuri mosaxleoba, Tumca, isto-

riis doqtor j. anCabaZis savsebiT samarTliani daskvniT, `samurzayanos

mosaxleoba ZiriTadad mainc qarTuli iyo~ [123.20]. a. ToTaZe miiCnevs, rom

istoriulad engur-RaliZgis SuamdinareTi qarTvelebis samosaxlo iyo da,

rogorc mkvelvris mier motanili statistikuri monacemebi cxadyofs,

XIXs. II naxevarSi am mxaris eTnikur SemadgenlobaSi qarTvelebis siWarbe

TvalSisacemia [186.62-63; 187.81-85,89]. igive Cans XX saukunis dasawyisis qa-

rTuli presis, kerZod gazeT `cnobis furcelSi~ gamoqveynebul publika-

ciebiTac [191.163-166]. es faqtebi eTnologiur dadasturebasac poulobs.

kerZod, saqarTveloSi cnobili 25 000-ze meti gvaridan, 500-ze meti samur-

zayanoSi gvxdeba, romelTagan didi nawili qarTulia, rac am mxaris mosa-

xleobis eTnikur SemadgenlobaSi qarTvelebis mniSvnelovan wilze miuTi-

Tebs, xolo afxazuri da sxva erovnebis gvarebi umciresobas Seadgenen

[195.123]. Sesabamisad, veranair kritikias ver uZlebs mtkiceba afxazTa da me-

grelTa Serevis Sedegad Camoyalibebul samurzayanoelTa calke eTnikur

jgufze, rogorc amas a. diaCkov-tarasovi amtkicebda [72.65; 324.14,78]. Tumca,

195

sxvagan is samurzayanoelebs megrelebad asaxelebda [73.159].

amdenad, RaliZga-engurs Soris mdebare miwa-wyalze avtoqtonuri mo-

saxleoba rom qarTvelebi arian, amas eTnografiuli, lingvisturi da to-

ponimikuri kvleva-Ziebebis Sedegad miRebuli obieqturi daskvnebi cxad-

yofs [129.62]. adgilobriv dafiqsirebuli afxazuri toponimikuri masala

mxolod 300 wlis asakisaa. aRniSnuli viTareba ar Secvlila Cveni sakvle-

vi periodis manZilze da arc mas Semdeg TiTqmis XXIs. damdegamdec. piri-

qiT, adgilobrivma megrulma mosaxleobam SeZlo daecva sakuTari eTniku-

ri TviTmyofadoba (ena, tradiciebi, TviTSegneba). adgilobrivma mosaxle-

obam miiRo mosuli afxazebis socialuri wyoba, Tumca masSi garkveuli

koreqtivebic Seitana.

zemoT warmoCenili davis mimoxilvidan gamomdinare, ver daveTanxme-

biT mkvlevar i. kvaSilavas mosazrebas, rom arc erT mkvlevars ar ucdia

samurzayanoelTa afxazobis damtkiceba Tu gabaTileba [196.50,77]. rogorc

vnaxeT, qarTveli istorikosebi, eTnologebi (maT Soris, sakuTriv dasaxe-

lebuli mkvlevaric) da filologebi samurzayanoelTa afxazuri warmo-

mavlobis mcdari mecnieruli Sexedulebis gabaTilebis sakiTxze nayofi-

erad muSaobdnen.

196

d a s k v n a

gvian Sua saukuneebSi, SinaomebiTa da gare agresiiT dasustebuli

odiSis SeWirvebuli mdgomareobiT warmatebiT isargebla afxazeTis sam-

Tavrom da SarvaSiZeebma yofil siuzerens mniSvnelovani teritoria Camo-

aWres mdinare enguramde. XVII-XVIII saukuneebis mijnaze, afxazeTis sam-

Tavros farglebSi, RaliZga-enguris SuamdinareTSi, Camoyalibda samur-

zayanos saufliswulo, SarvaSiZeTa gverdiTi Stos xelmZRvanelobiT. am

politikurma erTeulma sakuTriv afxazeTis samTavros sazRvrebSi mxo-

lod ramodenime weli iarseba. male, 1702 wels samegrelom md. RaliZgam-

de nawilobriv aRadgina Tavisi politikuri gavlena da regioni dadiane-

bisa da afxazeTis mTavris ormagi gavlenis qveS moeqca. Tumca, aq odi-

SarTa upiratesoba aSkara iyo, radgan adgilobriv SarvaSiZeTa xelisuf-

leba dadianTa `mxled~ anu vasalad dadga. maT evalebodaT, samegrelos

mTavris daZaxebaze, laSqrad gamosvla da garkveuli gadasaxadebi. magram

dadianis xelisufleba samurzayanoel SarvaSiZeTa mimarT, `kondominiumis~

principidan gamomdinare, SezRuduli iyo. mas ar SeeZlo samurzayanos sa-

Sinao saqmeebSi Careva, maT Soris, xelisuflebis Secvla. am viTarebam ga-

napiroba samurzayanoSi gvian Sua saukuneebis afxazebisTvis damaxasiaTe-

beli miwaTmflobelobis sistemisa da masTan dakavSirebuli socialuri

wyobis damkvidreba, Tumca, samegrelos gavlenis gamo, aq, afxazeTis sam-

Tavrosagan gansxvavebiT, garkveuli Taviseburebebic SeiniSneboda.

bunebrivia, afxazeTis mTavrebi ar urigdebodnen samurzayanoSi Seq-

mnil viTarebas da mudmivad cdilobdnen iq TavianTi suverenitetis aRd-

genas. am miswrafebis nawili iyo 1780w. ruxis omic, romelmac wertili

dausva afxazTan eqspansias engurs gamoRma. XVIIIs. miwuruls samegrelos

samTavros SidaareulobebiT isargebla afxazeTis mTavarma qeleS-beim,

romelmac SeZlo samurzayanos garkveul nawilis mimxroba, magram amas

ar mohyolia am mxareze samegrelos kontrolis sruli dakargva.

am drosac samurzayanoelebi maTze dakisrebul sadadiano gadasaxads

mainc ixdidnen, riTac samegrelos mTavris siuzerenitets aRiarebdnen. sa-

murzayanos es ormagi damokidebuleba 1805w. faqtobrivad moiSala, rode-

197

sac mxare ruseTis `mfarvelobis~ qveS Sevida, xolo imperatorma ofici-

alurad daadastura am erTeulis samegrelos samTavrosadmi kuTvnileba.

am faqtis samarTlebrivi gaformeba 1810w. Sedga, roca dadianebma isargeb-

les afxazeTis samTavroSi areulobebiT da samurzayanos xelisuflad,

mouravis statusiT, oficialurad daamtkices manuCar SarvaSiZe, romelic

mxares marTavda 1790 wlidan. misTvis samegrelos administraciuli moxe-

lis Tanamdebobis micema odiSisadmi samurzayanos mierTebas niSnavda.

mxaris marTvelis statusis damcrobas da samegrelosadmi uSualo

SeerTebas, adgilobrivebi ver urigdebodnen da samegrelos mTavris, ma-

nuCaris daRupvis Semdeg, romelic samurzayanos erTpirovnulad marTav-

da, xelisuflebas eurCebodnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom dadianma araerT-

xel daafica samurzayanoeli didebulebi mis erTgulebaze da afxazeTis

mTavrebisganac araerTxel miiRo am mxareze misi mflobelobis oficia-

luri dadastureba, viTareba mainc ucvleli iyo. adgilobrivebi, afxaze-

Tis mTavrebis faruli Tu aSkara mxardaWeriT dadianis xelisuflebas

ewinaaRmdegebodnen.

am viTarebaSi, samurzayanos didebulTa erT nawilSi, romelsac Ta-

vadi Temuryva anCabaZe Tavobda, momwifda azri samurzayanoze ruseTis

imperatoris pirdapiri xelisuflebis damyarebis Sesaxeb. ruseTis saok-

upacio da kolonialuri reJimi, romelic samegrelos da afxazeTis sam-

Tavroebis avtonomiur arsebobas mxolod droebiT movlenad ganixilavda

da perspeqtivaSi maT gauqmebas gegmavda, bunebrivia, igives upirebda sa-

murzayanosac, romlis garSemo dadianebisa da SarvaSiZeebis mudmivi dava

xels uSlida dasavleT saqarTveloSi ruseTis kolonialuri sistemis

damkvidrebas. sanam sanqt-peterburgis poziciebi aRmosavleT SavizRvispi-

reTSi myife iyo, mas sWirdeboda Zlieri mokavSire dadianis saxiT, ami-

tom droebiT adasturebda samegrelos mTavris iurisdiqcias samurzaya-

noze. 1840 wlisTvis ruseTma sakmaod ganimtkica poziciebi regionSi, saba-

bad gamoiyena samurzayanoze afxazeTisa da odiSis samTavroebis dava da

RaliZga-enguris SuamdinareTSi Tavisi pirdapiri mmarTveloba SemoiRo.

marTalia, yvapu, samurzayanoel SarvaSiZeTa sagvareulos fuZemdebe-

li, iyo erT-erT lideri RaliZga-enguris seqtoris qarTuli mosaxleobis

mimarT agresiisa, romlis mizans adgilobrivTa ayra da gamoTavisufle-

198

bul miwebze afxazeTis samTavros, kerZod, mis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi

CrdilokavkasielTa Camosaxlebis Sedegad gaCenili Warbi mosaxleobis

sacxovreblad ganTavseba warmoadgenda. yovelive es feodaluri Sinaome-

bis principSic Tavsdeba da gulisxmobda, mezobeli feodalis samflobe-

los nawilis mitacebiT sakuTari samflobelo teritoriis gazrdas.

murzayan SarvaSiZe, romlis aRmSeneblobiTi da progresuli moRvawe-

obis gamo mosaxleobam engur-RaliZgis SuamdinareTs `samurzayano~ uwoda,

naklebad ereoda samegrelosa da afxazeTis samTavroboebis brZolaSi. is

orive samTavro karTan mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas axerxebda. misi mmarTve-

lobis dros am mxareSi dabruneba daiwyo yvapus dros ayrilma da gaxiz-

nulma mosaxleobam. samurzayanoSi mSvidi cxovreba myardeba da ekonomiku-

ri viTarebis gamosworeba xdeba. Tumca, mogvianebiT da gansakuTrebiT

mwvaved ki XIXs. I naxevarSi, afxazeTisa da odiSis dapirispirebam, samur-

zayanoSi dadianis winaaRmdeg mimdinare permanentulma gamosvlebma, tyveTa

syidvam daaknina mxaris ekonomikuri cxovreba. murzayanis mier damkvidre-

buli politikuri kursis ucvlel gagrZelebas adgili aqvs misi Svilis,

xresilis omSi gmirulad dacemuli, xutunia SarvaSiZis xanaSic.

am poziciis gadasinjva xdeba momdevno mmarTvelis – levanis dros,

romelmac afxazeTisa da samegrelos gavlenisagan gaTavisufleba daisa-

xa miznad. didi ambiciebis mqone mmarTvelTan kavSirs eswrafvodnen ime-

reTis mefe da afxazeTis mTavaric. am droidan samurzayanoeli SarvaSi-

Zeebi aqtiurad monawileoben maTi samflobelos samxreT-aRmosavleTiT

Tu Crdilo-dasavleTiT ganviTarebul procesebSi, rig SemTxvevaSi ki,

Tavadac aZlevdnen garkveul mimarTulebas am procesebis ganviTarebas.

levani damoukidebeli sagareo politikis gatarebasac cdilobda. mis sa-

xels ukavSirdeba pirveli kavSiri ruseTis imperiis warmomadgenlebTan.

ar viziarebTYistoriografiaSi miRebul Sexedulebas, romlis mixedvi-

Tac, levani samurzayanos mmarTvelad Cans 1810 wlamde da SevecadeT mi-

si moRvaweobis periodi 1757-1790 wlebiT gangvesazRvra.

ruseTis samsaxurSi Camdgari samurzayanos momdevno da ukanaskneli

mflobeli manuCar SarvaSiZe aqtiurad monawileobda saqarTvelos miwe-

bis (foTi, baTumi) osmaleTis batonobisagan gamoxsnis saqmeSi. rogorc

Cvenma kvlevebma aCvena, is iyo XIXs. I aTwleulSi baTumis gaTavisufle-

199

bis iniciatori. vfiqrobT, ar unda moxdes manuCar SarvaSiZis daRupvis

wyaroebSi mocemuli TariRis (1812w.) revizia, rasac adgili aqvs rig af-

xaz da qarTvel istorikosTa SromebSi.

samurzayanos mflobelebi (yvapu, murzayani, xutunia, levani, manuCa-

ri) `kulturul-politikuri qarTvelebi~ iyvnen da maT ar gamouCeniaT

qarTuli kulturul-politikuri samyaros datovebis survili. isini qar-

Tuli eklesiis wevrebi iyvnen (gamonaklisia levani, romelmac, mogviane-

biT, islami miiRo). `afxazis Tavadebma~ 1805 wels oficialurad daadas-

tures, rom samurzayano odiTganve samegrelos nawils warmoadgenda.

absoluturad usafuZvloa afxaz istorikosTa erTi nawilis mtkice-

ba imis Sesaxeb, rom, TiTqos, XVIIs. miwuruls md. engurze afxazeTis `is-

toriuli~ sazRvrebis aRdgena moxda. saistorio wyaroebiT da sxva masa-

lebiT (eTnografiuli, toponimikuri, mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebuli Tqmu-

lebebiTa da legendebiT) am periodamde RaliZga-enguris SuamdinareTSi

afxazuri eTnosis yofna ar dasturdeba. am droidan Camosaxlebulma af-

xazebma ver SeZles adgilobrivi eTnikuri viTarebis kardinaluri Sec-

vla, rogorc es moxda, magaliTad, abJuas mxareSi. amasTanave, kritikas

ver uZlebs mtkiceba samurzayanoelTa calke afxazur tomad an saerTod

qarTvelTa (megrelTa) da afxazTa Serevisgan warmoqmnil calke eTnikur

jgufad Sefasebis Sesaxeb. `samurzayanoeli~ aRniSnavs mxolod RaliZga-

enguris SuamdinareTis macxovrebeli adamians da ara raRac hipoTetur

lokalur eTnikur jgufs. adgilobrivma avtoqtonma mosaxleobam, romel-

sac, udaod, qarTvelebi (megrelebi) Seadgendnen, SeZlo daecva da Seenar-

Cunebina sakuTari eTnikuri TviTmyofadoba (ena, tradiciebi, erovnuli

TviTSegneba). swored aman ganapiroba am mxaris saxelwodebis – `samurza-

yano~ – megrulenovani da ara afxazurenovani warmomavloba. miuxedavad

imisa, rom aq afxazur-qarTuli mosaxleoba erTmaneTs Seeria, engur-Ra-

liZgis SuamdinareTi mainc qarTul kuTxed darCa.

200

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura

a) w y a r o e b i :

1. zugdidis saxelmwifo istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi. xelnawerTa

fondebi. dadianTa fondi, #13, dok. #2172, f. 17.




fondebi. dadianTa fondi, #190, dok. #7486.



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9. batoniSvili ioane, xumarswavla (kalmasoba). t. II. Tb., 1991.

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12. borozdini k., erisTavi raf., murie. batonymoba saqarTveloSi (masalebi).

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14. gamba, Jak fransua. mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi. frangulidan Targmna, ko-

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201

15. gangreli Teodosi. mogonebebidan, – georgika. bizantieli mwerlebis

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21. TamaraSvili m., qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan dRemde. redaqcia gaukeTes, wi-

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27. kasteli, don kristoforo de. cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. teqsti

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