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Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

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Page 1: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Issues in Public AdministrationMPA 509

New Developments in Public AdministrationPerspectives Approaches amp Critiques

Agenda for Todaybull Preview of the last Lecturebull Public Administration the way forwardbull Development Catalysts bull Re-inventing Governmentbull New Public Managementbull Principal Themes and Roots of NPMbull Governance and its challenges and Outcomesbull E-governance bull Broader Issues of Public Administrationbull Quote of the Day

2

Public Administration the Way Forward

Public administrative culture is changing to be more flexible innovative Problem solving entrepreneurial and enterprising as opposed to rule-bound process-oriented and focused on inputs rather than results

1048713 By the final two decades of the twentieth century a number of forcesmdashintellectual political and fiscalmdashwere making themselves felt within governments These forces included the emergence

Of large high performance corporations innovations undertaken to reduce national deficits rapid technological changes the end of the cold war with its attendant refocusing by citizens in many nations on domestic issues a declining faithmdasha ldquotrust deficitldquomdashin the governments and new restrictions on public administrators that led to their seeking new ways of managing

1048713 These kinds of social trends resulted in an EXPLOSION OF PUBLICATIONS IN THE EARLY 1990s THAT called for a new kind of government reform The most famous of these critiques was the national best seller

ldquoReinventing Government how the Entrepreneurial spirit is transforming the public Sector

(David osborn and ted gaebler 1992)

1 Catalytic governmentSteering rather than rowing

2 Community owned governmentEmpowering rather than serving

3 Competitive governmentInjecting competition into service delivery

4 Mission-driven governmentTransforming rule-driven organizations

5 Results-oriented governmentFunding outcomes no inputs

6 Customer-driven governmentMeeting the needs of the customer not the

Bureaucracy

7 Enterprising governmentEarning rather than spending

8 Anticipatory governmentPrevention rather than cure

9 Decentralized governmentFrom hierarchy to participation and teamwork

10 Market-oriented governmentLeveraging change through the market

THE NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT (NPM)

1048713 IN THE EARLY 1990s A NEW MANAGERIAL APPROACH TO

Public administration began to take hold Like the traditional managerial approach at its inception the new approach is reform-oriented and seeks to improve public sector performance1048713 1048713 Managerialism refers to an entrepreneurial approach to public management one that emphasizes the rights of managers to run the organization and the application of reinvigorated scientific-management

techniques

1048713 It called for among others Putting Customers first making service organizations Compete creating market dynamics Using Market mechanisms to solve problems

Empowering employees to get results

Decentralized decision making power

Streamlining the budget process

Decentralized personnel policy and

Streamlining procurement

1048713 Today the NPM is becoming the dominant managerial approach1048713 Its key concept-somewhat evolutionary a decade ago- are now the standard language of public administration1048713 Terms such as results oriented customers focused employee empowerment ldquoentrepreneurship and outsourcing have dominated the mainstream

CHRISTOPHER HOOD (1991) NPMlsquos

PRINCIPAL THEMES TO INCLUDE1048713

A shift away from an emphasis on policy toward an emphasis on measurable performance1048713 A shift away from reliance on traditional bureaucracies toward loosely coupled quasi-autonomous Units and competitive services1048713 A shift away from an emphasis on development and Investment toward cost-cutting1048713 Allowing public managers greater freedom to manage according to private sector corporate practice and1048713 A shift away from classic command-and-control regulation toward self-regulation

The roots of the new public management

1048713 Government should be entrepreneurial and improve the quality of its service1048713 Government should collaborate and work with other government and the non-profit and private sectors to achieve social goals1048713 Government should judge its performance with measurable result1048713 Government should improve its accountability to the public interest which should be understood in terms of law community and shared values1048713 Government should empower citizens and public employees alike1048713 Government should anticipate and solve problems

(Henry)

Toonen (2001) devised an analytical model of NPM as1048713 A business-oriented approach to government1048713 A quality and performance oriented approach to public management1048713 An emphasis on improved public service delivery and functional responsiveness1048713 An institutional separation of public demand functions public provision and public service production functions

Models of community and civil society1048713 Citizens felt great frustration and anger that they had been pushed out of the political system by a professional political class of powerful lobbyists politicians campaign managers and a mediaelite They saw the system as one in which votes no Longer made any difference They saw a system with its doors closed to the average citizen (mathews 1994) As a consequence citizens felt alienated and Detached

How are public administrators affected by and how do they affect community and civil society

ORGANIZATIONAL HUMANISM AND THE NEW PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION1048713 Over the past twenty-five years public administration theorists have joined other disciplines in suggesting that traditional hierarchical approaches to social organization are restrictive in their view of human behavior and they have joined in a critique of bureaucracy and a search for alternative approaches to management and organization1048713 Collectively these approaches have sought to fashion public organizations less dominated by issues of authority and control and more attentive to the needs and concerns of internal and external constituents

NPM

1048713 Through approaches such as these scholars hoped to build alternatives approaches to the study and practice of public administration alternatives more sensitive to values (not just facts) to subjective human meaning (not just objective behavior) and the full range of emotions and feelings involved in relationships between and among real people

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In the twentieth century hierarchical government bureaucracy was the predominant organizational model used to deliver public services and fulfil public policy goals1048713 Public managers won acclaim by ordering those under them to accomplish highly routine albeit professional tasks with uniformity but without discretion1048713 Today increasingly complex societies force public officials to develop new models of governance

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The traditional hierarchical model of government simply does not meet the demands of this complex rapidly changing age1048713 Rigid bureaucratic systems that operate with command-and-control procedures narrow work restrictions and inward-looking cultures and operational models are deemed to be particularly ill-suited to addressing problems that often transcend organizational

Boundaries

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In many ways twenty-first century challenges and the means of addressing them are more numerous and complex than ever before1048713 Problems have become both more global and more local as power disperses and boundaries become more fluid1048713 One-size-fits-all solutions have given way to customized approaches as the complicated problems of diverse and mobile populations increasingly defy simplistic solutions

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The hierarchical model of government persists but its influence is steadily waning pushed by governments needs to solve ever more complicated problems and pulled by new tools that allow innovators to fashion creative responses1048713 This push and pull is gradually producing a new model of government in which executives core responsibilities no longer center on managing people and programs but on organizing resources often belonging to others to produce public value

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 2: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Agenda for Todaybull Preview of the last Lecturebull Public Administration the way forwardbull Development Catalysts bull Re-inventing Governmentbull New Public Managementbull Principal Themes and Roots of NPMbull Governance and its challenges and Outcomesbull E-governance bull Broader Issues of Public Administrationbull Quote of the Day

2

Public Administration the Way Forward

Public administrative culture is changing to be more flexible innovative Problem solving entrepreneurial and enterprising as opposed to rule-bound process-oriented and focused on inputs rather than results

1048713 By the final two decades of the twentieth century a number of forcesmdashintellectual political and fiscalmdashwere making themselves felt within governments These forces included the emergence

Of large high performance corporations innovations undertaken to reduce national deficits rapid technological changes the end of the cold war with its attendant refocusing by citizens in many nations on domestic issues a declining faithmdasha ldquotrust deficitldquomdashin the governments and new restrictions on public administrators that led to their seeking new ways of managing

1048713 These kinds of social trends resulted in an EXPLOSION OF PUBLICATIONS IN THE EARLY 1990s THAT called for a new kind of government reform The most famous of these critiques was the national best seller

ldquoReinventing Government how the Entrepreneurial spirit is transforming the public Sector

(David osborn and ted gaebler 1992)

1 Catalytic governmentSteering rather than rowing

2 Community owned governmentEmpowering rather than serving

3 Competitive governmentInjecting competition into service delivery

4 Mission-driven governmentTransforming rule-driven organizations

5 Results-oriented governmentFunding outcomes no inputs

6 Customer-driven governmentMeeting the needs of the customer not the

Bureaucracy

7 Enterprising governmentEarning rather than spending

8 Anticipatory governmentPrevention rather than cure

9 Decentralized governmentFrom hierarchy to participation and teamwork

10 Market-oriented governmentLeveraging change through the market

THE NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT (NPM)

1048713 IN THE EARLY 1990s A NEW MANAGERIAL APPROACH TO

Public administration began to take hold Like the traditional managerial approach at its inception the new approach is reform-oriented and seeks to improve public sector performance1048713 1048713 Managerialism refers to an entrepreneurial approach to public management one that emphasizes the rights of managers to run the organization and the application of reinvigorated scientific-management

techniques

1048713 It called for among others Putting Customers first making service organizations Compete creating market dynamics Using Market mechanisms to solve problems

Empowering employees to get results

Decentralized decision making power

Streamlining the budget process

Decentralized personnel policy and

Streamlining procurement

1048713 Today the NPM is becoming the dominant managerial approach1048713 Its key concept-somewhat evolutionary a decade ago- are now the standard language of public administration1048713 Terms such as results oriented customers focused employee empowerment ldquoentrepreneurship and outsourcing have dominated the mainstream

CHRISTOPHER HOOD (1991) NPMlsquos

PRINCIPAL THEMES TO INCLUDE1048713

A shift away from an emphasis on policy toward an emphasis on measurable performance1048713 A shift away from reliance on traditional bureaucracies toward loosely coupled quasi-autonomous Units and competitive services1048713 A shift away from an emphasis on development and Investment toward cost-cutting1048713 Allowing public managers greater freedom to manage according to private sector corporate practice and1048713 A shift away from classic command-and-control regulation toward self-regulation

The roots of the new public management

1048713 Government should be entrepreneurial and improve the quality of its service1048713 Government should collaborate and work with other government and the non-profit and private sectors to achieve social goals1048713 Government should judge its performance with measurable result1048713 Government should improve its accountability to the public interest which should be understood in terms of law community and shared values1048713 Government should empower citizens and public employees alike1048713 Government should anticipate and solve problems

(Henry)

Toonen (2001) devised an analytical model of NPM as1048713 A business-oriented approach to government1048713 A quality and performance oriented approach to public management1048713 An emphasis on improved public service delivery and functional responsiveness1048713 An institutional separation of public demand functions public provision and public service production functions

Models of community and civil society1048713 Citizens felt great frustration and anger that they had been pushed out of the political system by a professional political class of powerful lobbyists politicians campaign managers and a mediaelite They saw the system as one in which votes no Longer made any difference They saw a system with its doors closed to the average citizen (mathews 1994) As a consequence citizens felt alienated and Detached

How are public administrators affected by and how do they affect community and civil society

ORGANIZATIONAL HUMANISM AND THE NEW PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION1048713 Over the past twenty-five years public administration theorists have joined other disciplines in suggesting that traditional hierarchical approaches to social organization are restrictive in their view of human behavior and they have joined in a critique of bureaucracy and a search for alternative approaches to management and organization1048713 Collectively these approaches have sought to fashion public organizations less dominated by issues of authority and control and more attentive to the needs and concerns of internal and external constituents

NPM

1048713 Through approaches such as these scholars hoped to build alternatives approaches to the study and practice of public administration alternatives more sensitive to values (not just facts) to subjective human meaning (not just objective behavior) and the full range of emotions and feelings involved in relationships between and among real people

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In the twentieth century hierarchical government bureaucracy was the predominant organizational model used to deliver public services and fulfil public policy goals1048713 Public managers won acclaim by ordering those under them to accomplish highly routine albeit professional tasks with uniformity but without discretion1048713 Today increasingly complex societies force public officials to develop new models of governance

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The traditional hierarchical model of government simply does not meet the demands of this complex rapidly changing age1048713 Rigid bureaucratic systems that operate with command-and-control procedures narrow work restrictions and inward-looking cultures and operational models are deemed to be particularly ill-suited to addressing problems that often transcend organizational

Boundaries

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In many ways twenty-first century challenges and the means of addressing them are more numerous and complex than ever before1048713 Problems have become both more global and more local as power disperses and boundaries become more fluid1048713 One-size-fits-all solutions have given way to customized approaches as the complicated problems of diverse and mobile populations increasingly defy simplistic solutions

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The hierarchical model of government persists but its influence is steadily waning pushed by governments needs to solve ever more complicated problems and pulled by new tools that allow innovators to fashion creative responses1048713 This push and pull is gradually producing a new model of government in which executives core responsibilities no longer center on managing people and programs but on organizing resources often belonging to others to produce public value

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 3: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Public Administration the Way Forward

Public administrative culture is changing to be more flexible innovative Problem solving entrepreneurial and enterprising as opposed to rule-bound process-oriented and focused on inputs rather than results

1048713 By the final two decades of the twentieth century a number of forcesmdashintellectual political and fiscalmdashwere making themselves felt within governments These forces included the emergence

Of large high performance corporations innovations undertaken to reduce national deficits rapid technological changes the end of the cold war with its attendant refocusing by citizens in many nations on domestic issues a declining faithmdasha ldquotrust deficitldquomdashin the governments and new restrictions on public administrators that led to their seeking new ways of managing

1048713 These kinds of social trends resulted in an EXPLOSION OF PUBLICATIONS IN THE EARLY 1990s THAT called for a new kind of government reform The most famous of these critiques was the national best seller

ldquoReinventing Government how the Entrepreneurial spirit is transforming the public Sector

(David osborn and ted gaebler 1992)

1 Catalytic governmentSteering rather than rowing

2 Community owned governmentEmpowering rather than serving

3 Competitive governmentInjecting competition into service delivery

4 Mission-driven governmentTransforming rule-driven organizations

5 Results-oriented governmentFunding outcomes no inputs

6 Customer-driven governmentMeeting the needs of the customer not the

Bureaucracy

7 Enterprising governmentEarning rather than spending

8 Anticipatory governmentPrevention rather than cure

9 Decentralized governmentFrom hierarchy to participation and teamwork

10 Market-oriented governmentLeveraging change through the market

THE NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT (NPM)

1048713 IN THE EARLY 1990s A NEW MANAGERIAL APPROACH TO

Public administration began to take hold Like the traditional managerial approach at its inception the new approach is reform-oriented and seeks to improve public sector performance1048713 1048713 Managerialism refers to an entrepreneurial approach to public management one that emphasizes the rights of managers to run the organization and the application of reinvigorated scientific-management

techniques

1048713 It called for among others Putting Customers first making service organizations Compete creating market dynamics Using Market mechanisms to solve problems

Empowering employees to get results

Decentralized decision making power

Streamlining the budget process

Decentralized personnel policy and

Streamlining procurement

1048713 Today the NPM is becoming the dominant managerial approach1048713 Its key concept-somewhat evolutionary a decade ago- are now the standard language of public administration1048713 Terms such as results oriented customers focused employee empowerment ldquoentrepreneurship and outsourcing have dominated the mainstream

CHRISTOPHER HOOD (1991) NPMlsquos

PRINCIPAL THEMES TO INCLUDE1048713

A shift away from an emphasis on policy toward an emphasis on measurable performance1048713 A shift away from reliance on traditional bureaucracies toward loosely coupled quasi-autonomous Units and competitive services1048713 A shift away from an emphasis on development and Investment toward cost-cutting1048713 Allowing public managers greater freedom to manage according to private sector corporate practice and1048713 A shift away from classic command-and-control regulation toward self-regulation

The roots of the new public management

1048713 Government should be entrepreneurial and improve the quality of its service1048713 Government should collaborate and work with other government and the non-profit and private sectors to achieve social goals1048713 Government should judge its performance with measurable result1048713 Government should improve its accountability to the public interest which should be understood in terms of law community and shared values1048713 Government should empower citizens and public employees alike1048713 Government should anticipate and solve problems

(Henry)

Toonen (2001) devised an analytical model of NPM as1048713 A business-oriented approach to government1048713 A quality and performance oriented approach to public management1048713 An emphasis on improved public service delivery and functional responsiveness1048713 An institutional separation of public demand functions public provision and public service production functions

Models of community and civil society1048713 Citizens felt great frustration and anger that they had been pushed out of the political system by a professional political class of powerful lobbyists politicians campaign managers and a mediaelite They saw the system as one in which votes no Longer made any difference They saw a system with its doors closed to the average citizen (mathews 1994) As a consequence citizens felt alienated and Detached

How are public administrators affected by and how do they affect community and civil society

ORGANIZATIONAL HUMANISM AND THE NEW PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION1048713 Over the past twenty-five years public administration theorists have joined other disciplines in suggesting that traditional hierarchical approaches to social organization are restrictive in their view of human behavior and they have joined in a critique of bureaucracy and a search for alternative approaches to management and organization1048713 Collectively these approaches have sought to fashion public organizations less dominated by issues of authority and control and more attentive to the needs and concerns of internal and external constituents

NPM

1048713 Through approaches such as these scholars hoped to build alternatives approaches to the study and practice of public administration alternatives more sensitive to values (not just facts) to subjective human meaning (not just objective behavior) and the full range of emotions and feelings involved in relationships between and among real people

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In the twentieth century hierarchical government bureaucracy was the predominant organizational model used to deliver public services and fulfil public policy goals1048713 Public managers won acclaim by ordering those under them to accomplish highly routine albeit professional tasks with uniformity but without discretion1048713 Today increasingly complex societies force public officials to develop new models of governance

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The traditional hierarchical model of government simply does not meet the demands of this complex rapidly changing age1048713 Rigid bureaucratic systems that operate with command-and-control procedures narrow work restrictions and inward-looking cultures and operational models are deemed to be particularly ill-suited to addressing problems that often transcend organizational

Boundaries

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In many ways twenty-first century challenges and the means of addressing them are more numerous and complex than ever before1048713 Problems have become both more global and more local as power disperses and boundaries become more fluid1048713 One-size-fits-all solutions have given way to customized approaches as the complicated problems of diverse and mobile populations increasingly defy simplistic solutions

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The hierarchical model of government persists but its influence is steadily waning pushed by governments needs to solve ever more complicated problems and pulled by new tools that allow innovators to fashion creative responses1048713 This push and pull is gradually producing a new model of government in which executives core responsibilities no longer center on managing people and programs but on organizing resources often belonging to others to produce public value

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 4: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

1048713 By the final two decades of the twentieth century a number of forcesmdashintellectual political and fiscalmdashwere making themselves felt within governments These forces included the emergence

Of large high performance corporations innovations undertaken to reduce national deficits rapid technological changes the end of the cold war with its attendant refocusing by citizens in many nations on domestic issues a declining faithmdasha ldquotrust deficitldquomdashin the governments and new restrictions on public administrators that led to their seeking new ways of managing

1048713 These kinds of social trends resulted in an EXPLOSION OF PUBLICATIONS IN THE EARLY 1990s THAT called for a new kind of government reform The most famous of these critiques was the national best seller

ldquoReinventing Government how the Entrepreneurial spirit is transforming the public Sector

(David osborn and ted gaebler 1992)

1 Catalytic governmentSteering rather than rowing

2 Community owned governmentEmpowering rather than serving

3 Competitive governmentInjecting competition into service delivery

4 Mission-driven governmentTransforming rule-driven organizations

5 Results-oriented governmentFunding outcomes no inputs

6 Customer-driven governmentMeeting the needs of the customer not the

Bureaucracy

7 Enterprising governmentEarning rather than spending

8 Anticipatory governmentPrevention rather than cure

9 Decentralized governmentFrom hierarchy to participation and teamwork

10 Market-oriented governmentLeveraging change through the market

THE NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT (NPM)

1048713 IN THE EARLY 1990s A NEW MANAGERIAL APPROACH TO

Public administration began to take hold Like the traditional managerial approach at its inception the new approach is reform-oriented and seeks to improve public sector performance1048713 1048713 Managerialism refers to an entrepreneurial approach to public management one that emphasizes the rights of managers to run the organization and the application of reinvigorated scientific-management

techniques

1048713 It called for among others Putting Customers first making service organizations Compete creating market dynamics Using Market mechanisms to solve problems

Empowering employees to get results

Decentralized decision making power

Streamlining the budget process

Decentralized personnel policy and

Streamlining procurement

1048713 Today the NPM is becoming the dominant managerial approach1048713 Its key concept-somewhat evolutionary a decade ago- are now the standard language of public administration1048713 Terms such as results oriented customers focused employee empowerment ldquoentrepreneurship and outsourcing have dominated the mainstream

CHRISTOPHER HOOD (1991) NPMlsquos

PRINCIPAL THEMES TO INCLUDE1048713

A shift away from an emphasis on policy toward an emphasis on measurable performance1048713 A shift away from reliance on traditional bureaucracies toward loosely coupled quasi-autonomous Units and competitive services1048713 A shift away from an emphasis on development and Investment toward cost-cutting1048713 Allowing public managers greater freedom to manage according to private sector corporate practice and1048713 A shift away from classic command-and-control regulation toward self-regulation

The roots of the new public management

1048713 Government should be entrepreneurial and improve the quality of its service1048713 Government should collaborate and work with other government and the non-profit and private sectors to achieve social goals1048713 Government should judge its performance with measurable result1048713 Government should improve its accountability to the public interest which should be understood in terms of law community and shared values1048713 Government should empower citizens and public employees alike1048713 Government should anticipate and solve problems

(Henry)

Toonen (2001) devised an analytical model of NPM as1048713 A business-oriented approach to government1048713 A quality and performance oriented approach to public management1048713 An emphasis on improved public service delivery and functional responsiveness1048713 An institutional separation of public demand functions public provision and public service production functions

Models of community and civil society1048713 Citizens felt great frustration and anger that they had been pushed out of the political system by a professional political class of powerful lobbyists politicians campaign managers and a mediaelite They saw the system as one in which votes no Longer made any difference They saw a system with its doors closed to the average citizen (mathews 1994) As a consequence citizens felt alienated and Detached

How are public administrators affected by and how do they affect community and civil society

ORGANIZATIONAL HUMANISM AND THE NEW PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION1048713 Over the past twenty-five years public administration theorists have joined other disciplines in suggesting that traditional hierarchical approaches to social organization are restrictive in their view of human behavior and they have joined in a critique of bureaucracy and a search for alternative approaches to management and organization1048713 Collectively these approaches have sought to fashion public organizations less dominated by issues of authority and control and more attentive to the needs and concerns of internal and external constituents

NPM

1048713 Through approaches such as these scholars hoped to build alternatives approaches to the study and practice of public administration alternatives more sensitive to values (not just facts) to subjective human meaning (not just objective behavior) and the full range of emotions and feelings involved in relationships between and among real people

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In the twentieth century hierarchical government bureaucracy was the predominant organizational model used to deliver public services and fulfil public policy goals1048713 Public managers won acclaim by ordering those under them to accomplish highly routine albeit professional tasks with uniformity but without discretion1048713 Today increasingly complex societies force public officials to develop new models of governance

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The traditional hierarchical model of government simply does not meet the demands of this complex rapidly changing age1048713 Rigid bureaucratic systems that operate with command-and-control procedures narrow work restrictions and inward-looking cultures and operational models are deemed to be particularly ill-suited to addressing problems that often transcend organizational

Boundaries

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In many ways twenty-first century challenges and the means of addressing them are more numerous and complex than ever before1048713 Problems have become both more global and more local as power disperses and boundaries become more fluid1048713 One-size-fits-all solutions have given way to customized approaches as the complicated problems of diverse and mobile populations increasingly defy simplistic solutions

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The hierarchical model of government persists but its influence is steadily waning pushed by governments needs to solve ever more complicated problems and pulled by new tools that allow innovators to fashion creative responses1048713 This push and pull is gradually producing a new model of government in which executives core responsibilities no longer center on managing people and programs but on organizing resources often belonging to others to produce public value

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 5: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

1048713 These kinds of social trends resulted in an EXPLOSION OF PUBLICATIONS IN THE EARLY 1990s THAT called for a new kind of government reform The most famous of these critiques was the national best seller

ldquoReinventing Government how the Entrepreneurial spirit is transforming the public Sector

(David osborn and ted gaebler 1992)

1 Catalytic governmentSteering rather than rowing

2 Community owned governmentEmpowering rather than serving

3 Competitive governmentInjecting competition into service delivery

4 Mission-driven governmentTransforming rule-driven organizations

5 Results-oriented governmentFunding outcomes no inputs

6 Customer-driven governmentMeeting the needs of the customer not the

Bureaucracy

7 Enterprising governmentEarning rather than spending

8 Anticipatory governmentPrevention rather than cure

9 Decentralized governmentFrom hierarchy to participation and teamwork

10 Market-oriented governmentLeveraging change through the market

THE NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT (NPM)

1048713 IN THE EARLY 1990s A NEW MANAGERIAL APPROACH TO

Public administration began to take hold Like the traditional managerial approach at its inception the new approach is reform-oriented and seeks to improve public sector performance1048713 1048713 Managerialism refers to an entrepreneurial approach to public management one that emphasizes the rights of managers to run the organization and the application of reinvigorated scientific-management

techniques

1048713 It called for among others Putting Customers first making service organizations Compete creating market dynamics Using Market mechanisms to solve problems

Empowering employees to get results

Decentralized decision making power

Streamlining the budget process

Decentralized personnel policy and

Streamlining procurement

1048713 Today the NPM is becoming the dominant managerial approach1048713 Its key concept-somewhat evolutionary a decade ago- are now the standard language of public administration1048713 Terms such as results oriented customers focused employee empowerment ldquoentrepreneurship and outsourcing have dominated the mainstream

CHRISTOPHER HOOD (1991) NPMlsquos

PRINCIPAL THEMES TO INCLUDE1048713

A shift away from an emphasis on policy toward an emphasis on measurable performance1048713 A shift away from reliance on traditional bureaucracies toward loosely coupled quasi-autonomous Units and competitive services1048713 A shift away from an emphasis on development and Investment toward cost-cutting1048713 Allowing public managers greater freedom to manage according to private sector corporate practice and1048713 A shift away from classic command-and-control regulation toward self-regulation

The roots of the new public management

1048713 Government should be entrepreneurial and improve the quality of its service1048713 Government should collaborate and work with other government and the non-profit and private sectors to achieve social goals1048713 Government should judge its performance with measurable result1048713 Government should improve its accountability to the public interest which should be understood in terms of law community and shared values1048713 Government should empower citizens and public employees alike1048713 Government should anticipate and solve problems

(Henry)

Toonen (2001) devised an analytical model of NPM as1048713 A business-oriented approach to government1048713 A quality and performance oriented approach to public management1048713 An emphasis on improved public service delivery and functional responsiveness1048713 An institutional separation of public demand functions public provision and public service production functions

Models of community and civil society1048713 Citizens felt great frustration and anger that they had been pushed out of the political system by a professional political class of powerful lobbyists politicians campaign managers and a mediaelite They saw the system as one in which votes no Longer made any difference They saw a system with its doors closed to the average citizen (mathews 1994) As a consequence citizens felt alienated and Detached

How are public administrators affected by and how do they affect community and civil society

ORGANIZATIONAL HUMANISM AND THE NEW PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION1048713 Over the past twenty-five years public administration theorists have joined other disciplines in suggesting that traditional hierarchical approaches to social organization are restrictive in their view of human behavior and they have joined in a critique of bureaucracy and a search for alternative approaches to management and organization1048713 Collectively these approaches have sought to fashion public organizations less dominated by issues of authority and control and more attentive to the needs and concerns of internal and external constituents

NPM

1048713 Through approaches such as these scholars hoped to build alternatives approaches to the study and practice of public administration alternatives more sensitive to values (not just facts) to subjective human meaning (not just objective behavior) and the full range of emotions and feelings involved in relationships between and among real people

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In the twentieth century hierarchical government bureaucracy was the predominant organizational model used to deliver public services and fulfil public policy goals1048713 Public managers won acclaim by ordering those under them to accomplish highly routine albeit professional tasks with uniformity but without discretion1048713 Today increasingly complex societies force public officials to develop new models of governance

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The traditional hierarchical model of government simply does not meet the demands of this complex rapidly changing age1048713 Rigid bureaucratic systems that operate with command-and-control procedures narrow work restrictions and inward-looking cultures and operational models are deemed to be particularly ill-suited to addressing problems that often transcend organizational

Boundaries

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In many ways twenty-first century challenges and the means of addressing them are more numerous and complex than ever before1048713 Problems have become both more global and more local as power disperses and boundaries become more fluid1048713 One-size-fits-all solutions have given way to customized approaches as the complicated problems of diverse and mobile populations increasingly defy simplistic solutions

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The hierarchical model of government persists but its influence is steadily waning pushed by governments needs to solve ever more complicated problems and pulled by new tools that allow innovators to fashion creative responses1048713 This push and pull is gradually producing a new model of government in which executives core responsibilities no longer center on managing people and programs but on organizing resources often belonging to others to produce public value

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 6: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

1 Catalytic governmentSteering rather than rowing

2 Community owned governmentEmpowering rather than serving

3 Competitive governmentInjecting competition into service delivery

4 Mission-driven governmentTransforming rule-driven organizations

5 Results-oriented governmentFunding outcomes no inputs

6 Customer-driven governmentMeeting the needs of the customer not the

Bureaucracy

7 Enterprising governmentEarning rather than spending

8 Anticipatory governmentPrevention rather than cure

9 Decentralized governmentFrom hierarchy to participation and teamwork

10 Market-oriented governmentLeveraging change through the market

THE NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT (NPM)

1048713 IN THE EARLY 1990s A NEW MANAGERIAL APPROACH TO

Public administration began to take hold Like the traditional managerial approach at its inception the new approach is reform-oriented and seeks to improve public sector performance1048713 1048713 Managerialism refers to an entrepreneurial approach to public management one that emphasizes the rights of managers to run the organization and the application of reinvigorated scientific-management

techniques

1048713 It called for among others Putting Customers first making service organizations Compete creating market dynamics Using Market mechanisms to solve problems

Empowering employees to get results

Decentralized decision making power

Streamlining the budget process

Decentralized personnel policy and

Streamlining procurement

1048713 Today the NPM is becoming the dominant managerial approach1048713 Its key concept-somewhat evolutionary a decade ago- are now the standard language of public administration1048713 Terms such as results oriented customers focused employee empowerment ldquoentrepreneurship and outsourcing have dominated the mainstream

CHRISTOPHER HOOD (1991) NPMlsquos

PRINCIPAL THEMES TO INCLUDE1048713

A shift away from an emphasis on policy toward an emphasis on measurable performance1048713 A shift away from reliance on traditional bureaucracies toward loosely coupled quasi-autonomous Units and competitive services1048713 A shift away from an emphasis on development and Investment toward cost-cutting1048713 Allowing public managers greater freedom to manage according to private sector corporate practice and1048713 A shift away from classic command-and-control regulation toward self-regulation

The roots of the new public management

1048713 Government should be entrepreneurial and improve the quality of its service1048713 Government should collaborate and work with other government and the non-profit and private sectors to achieve social goals1048713 Government should judge its performance with measurable result1048713 Government should improve its accountability to the public interest which should be understood in terms of law community and shared values1048713 Government should empower citizens and public employees alike1048713 Government should anticipate and solve problems

(Henry)

Toonen (2001) devised an analytical model of NPM as1048713 A business-oriented approach to government1048713 A quality and performance oriented approach to public management1048713 An emphasis on improved public service delivery and functional responsiveness1048713 An institutional separation of public demand functions public provision and public service production functions

Models of community and civil society1048713 Citizens felt great frustration and anger that they had been pushed out of the political system by a professional political class of powerful lobbyists politicians campaign managers and a mediaelite They saw the system as one in which votes no Longer made any difference They saw a system with its doors closed to the average citizen (mathews 1994) As a consequence citizens felt alienated and Detached

How are public administrators affected by and how do they affect community and civil society

ORGANIZATIONAL HUMANISM AND THE NEW PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION1048713 Over the past twenty-five years public administration theorists have joined other disciplines in suggesting that traditional hierarchical approaches to social organization are restrictive in their view of human behavior and they have joined in a critique of bureaucracy and a search for alternative approaches to management and organization1048713 Collectively these approaches have sought to fashion public organizations less dominated by issues of authority and control and more attentive to the needs and concerns of internal and external constituents

NPM

1048713 Through approaches such as these scholars hoped to build alternatives approaches to the study and practice of public administration alternatives more sensitive to values (not just facts) to subjective human meaning (not just objective behavior) and the full range of emotions and feelings involved in relationships between and among real people

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In the twentieth century hierarchical government bureaucracy was the predominant organizational model used to deliver public services and fulfil public policy goals1048713 Public managers won acclaim by ordering those under them to accomplish highly routine albeit professional tasks with uniformity but without discretion1048713 Today increasingly complex societies force public officials to develop new models of governance

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The traditional hierarchical model of government simply does not meet the demands of this complex rapidly changing age1048713 Rigid bureaucratic systems that operate with command-and-control procedures narrow work restrictions and inward-looking cultures and operational models are deemed to be particularly ill-suited to addressing problems that often transcend organizational

Boundaries

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In many ways twenty-first century challenges and the means of addressing them are more numerous and complex than ever before1048713 Problems have become both more global and more local as power disperses and boundaries become more fluid1048713 One-size-fits-all solutions have given way to customized approaches as the complicated problems of diverse and mobile populations increasingly defy simplistic solutions

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The hierarchical model of government persists but its influence is steadily waning pushed by governments needs to solve ever more complicated problems and pulled by new tools that allow innovators to fashion creative responses1048713 This push and pull is gradually producing a new model of government in which executives core responsibilities no longer center on managing people and programs but on organizing resources often belonging to others to produce public value

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 7: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

6 Customer-driven governmentMeeting the needs of the customer not the

Bureaucracy

7 Enterprising governmentEarning rather than spending

8 Anticipatory governmentPrevention rather than cure

9 Decentralized governmentFrom hierarchy to participation and teamwork

10 Market-oriented governmentLeveraging change through the market

THE NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT (NPM)

1048713 IN THE EARLY 1990s A NEW MANAGERIAL APPROACH TO

Public administration began to take hold Like the traditional managerial approach at its inception the new approach is reform-oriented and seeks to improve public sector performance1048713 1048713 Managerialism refers to an entrepreneurial approach to public management one that emphasizes the rights of managers to run the organization and the application of reinvigorated scientific-management

techniques

1048713 It called for among others Putting Customers first making service organizations Compete creating market dynamics Using Market mechanisms to solve problems

Empowering employees to get results

Decentralized decision making power

Streamlining the budget process

Decentralized personnel policy and

Streamlining procurement

1048713 Today the NPM is becoming the dominant managerial approach1048713 Its key concept-somewhat evolutionary a decade ago- are now the standard language of public administration1048713 Terms such as results oriented customers focused employee empowerment ldquoentrepreneurship and outsourcing have dominated the mainstream

CHRISTOPHER HOOD (1991) NPMlsquos

PRINCIPAL THEMES TO INCLUDE1048713

A shift away from an emphasis on policy toward an emphasis on measurable performance1048713 A shift away from reliance on traditional bureaucracies toward loosely coupled quasi-autonomous Units and competitive services1048713 A shift away from an emphasis on development and Investment toward cost-cutting1048713 Allowing public managers greater freedom to manage according to private sector corporate practice and1048713 A shift away from classic command-and-control regulation toward self-regulation

The roots of the new public management

1048713 Government should be entrepreneurial and improve the quality of its service1048713 Government should collaborate and work with other government and the non-profit and private sectors to achieve social goals1048713 Government should judge its performance with measurable result1048713 Government should improve its accountability to the public interest which should be understood in terms of law community and shared values1048713 Government should empower citizens and public employees alike1048713 Government should anticipate and solve problems

(Henry)

Toonen (2001) devised an analytical model of NPM as1048713 A business-oriented approach to government1048713 A quality and performance oriented approach to public management1048713 An emphasis on improved public service delivery and functional responsiveness1048713 An institutional separation of public demand functions public provision and public service production functions

Models of community and civil society1048713 Citizens felt great frustration and anger that they had been pushed out of the political system by a professional political class of powerful lobbyists politicians campaign managers and a mediaelite They saw the system as one in which votes no Longer made any difference They saw a system with its doors closed to the average citizen (mathews 1994) As a consequence citizens felt alienated and Detached

How are public administrators affected by and how do they affect community and civil society

ORGANIZATIONAL HUMANISM AND THE NEW PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION1048713 Over the past twenty-five years public administration theorists have joined other disciplines in suggesting that traditional hierarchical approaches to social organization are restrictive in their view of human behavior and they have joined in a critique of bureaucracy and a search for alternative approaches to management and organization1048713 Collectively these approaches have sought to fashion public organizations less dominated by issues of authority and control and more attentive to the needs and concerns of internal and external constituents

NPM

1048713 Through approaches such as these scholars hoped to build alternatives approaches to the study and practice of public administration alternatives more sensitive to values (not just facts) to subjective human meaning (not just objective behavior) and the full range of emotions and feelings involved in relationships between and among real people

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In the twentieth century hierarchical government bureaucracy was the predominant organizational model used to deliver public services and fulfil public policy goals1048713 Public managers won acclaim by ordering those under them to accomplish highly routine albeit professional tasks with uniformity but without discretion1048713 Today increasingly complex societies force public officials to develop new models of governance

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The traditional hierarchical model of government simply does not meet the demands of this complex rapidly changing age1048713 Rigid bureaucratic systems that operate with command-and-control procedures narrow work restrictions and inward-looking cultures and operational models are deemed to be particularly ill-suited to addressing problems that often transcend organizational

Boundaries

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In many ways twenty-first century challenges and the means of addressing them are more numerous and complex than ever before1048713 Problems have become both more global and more local as power disperses and boundaries become more fluid1048713 One-size-fits-all solutions have given way to customized approaches as the complicated problems of diverse and mobile populations increasingly defy simplistic solutions

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The hierarchical model of government persists but its influence is steadily waning pushed by governments needs to solve ever more complicated problems and pulled by new tools that allow innovators to fashion creative responses1048713 This push and pull is gradually producing a new model of government in which executives core responsibilities no longer center on managing people and programs but on organizing resources often belonging to others to produce public value

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 8: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

THE NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT (NPM)

1048713 IN THE EARLY 1990s A NEW MANAGERIAL APPROACH TO

Public administration began to take hold Like the traditional managerial approach at its inception the new approach is reform-oriented and seeks to improve public sector performance1048713 1048713 Managerialism refers to an entrepreneurial approach to public management one that emphasizes the rights of managers to run the organization and the application of reinvigorated scientific-management

techniques

1048713 It called for among others Putting Customers first making service organizations Compete creating market dynamics Using Market mechanisms to solve problems

Empowering employees to get results

Decentralized decision making power

Streamlining the budget process

Decentralized personnel policy and

Streamlining procurement

1048713 Today the NPM is becoming the dominant managerial approach1048713 Its key concept-somewhat evolutionary a decade ago- are now the standard language of public administration1048713 Terms such as results oriented customers focused employee empowerment ldquoentrepreneurship and outsourcing have dominated the mainstream

CHRISTOPHER HOOD (1991) NPMlsquos

PRINCIPAL THEMES TO INCLUDE1048713

A shift away from an emphasis on policy toward an emphasis on measurable performance1048713 A shift away from reliance on traditional bureaucracies toward loosely coupled quasi-autonomous Units and competitive services1048713 A shift away from an emphasis on development and Investment toward cost-cutting1048713 Allowing public managers greater freedom to manage according to private sector corporate practice and1048713 A shift away from classic command-and-control regulation toward self-regulation

The roots of the new public management

1048713 Government should be entrepreneurial and improve the quality of its service1048713 Government should collaborate and work with other government and the non-profit and private sectors to achieve social goals1048713 Government should judge its performance with measurable result1048713 Government should improve its accountability to the public interest which should be understood in terms of law community and shared values1048713 Government should empower citizens and public employees alike1048713 Government should anticipate and solve problems

(Henry)

Toonen (2001) devised an analytical model of NPM as1048713 A business-oriented approach to government1048713 A quality and performance oriented approach to public management1048713 An emphasis on improved public service delivery and functional responsiveness1048713 An institutional separation of public demand functions public provision and public service production functions

Models of community and civil society1048713 Citizens felt great frustration and anger that they had been pushed out of the political system by a professional political class of powerful lobbyists politicians campaign managers and a mediaelite They saw the system as one in which votes no Longer made any difference They saw a system with its doors closed to the average citizen (mathews 1994) As a consequence citizens felt alienated and Detached

How are public administrators affected by and how do they affect community and civil society

ORGANIZATIONAL HUMANISM AND THE NEW PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION1048713 Over the past twenty-five years public administration theorists have joined other disciplines in suggesting that traditional hierarchical approaches to social organization are restrictive in their view of human behavior and they have joined in a critique of bureaucracy and a search for alternative approaches to management and organization1048713 Collectively these approaches have sought to fashion public organizations less dominated by issues of authority and control and more attentive to the needs and concerns of internal and external constituents

NPM

1048713 Through approaches such as these scholars hoped to build alternatives approaches to the study and practice of public administration alternatives more sensitive to values (not just facts) to subjective human meaning (not just objective behavior) and the full range of emotions and feelings involved in relationships between and among real people

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In the twentieth century hierarchical government bureaucracy was the predominant organizational model used to deliver public services and fulfil public policy goals1048713 Public managers won acclaim by ordering those under them to accomplish highly routine albeit professional tasks with uniformity but without discretion1048713 Today increasingly complex societies force public officials to develop new models of governance

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The traditional hierarchical model of government simply does not meet the demands of this complex rapidly changing age1048713 Rigid bureaucratic systems that operate with command-and-control procedures narrow work restrictions and inward-looking cultures and operational models are deemed to be particularly ill-suited to addressing problems that often transcend organizational

Boundaries

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In many ways twenty-first century challenges and the means of addressing them are more numerous and complex than ever before1048713 Problems have become both more global and more local as power disperses and boundaries become more fluid1048713 One-size-fits-all solutions have given way to customized approaches as the complicated problems of diverse and mobile populations increasingly defy simplistic solutions

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The hierarchical model of government persists but its influence is steadily waning pushed by governments needs to solve ever more complicated problems and pulled by new tools that allow innovators to fashion creative responses1048713 This push and pull is gradually producing a new model of government in which executives core responsibilities no longer center on managing people and programs but on organizing resources often belonging to others to produce public value

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 9: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

1048713 It called for among others Putting Customers first making service organizations Compete creating market dynamics Using Market mechanisms to solve problems

Empowering employees to get results

Decentralized decision making power

Streamlining the budget process

Decentralized personnel policy and

Streamlining procurement

1048713 Today the NPM is becoming the dominant managerial approach1048713 Its key concept-somewhat evolutionary a decade ago- are now the standard language of public administration1048713 Terms such as results oriented customers focused employee empowerment ldquoentrepreneurship and outsourcing have dominated the mainstream

CHRISTOPHER HOOD (1991) NPMlsquos

PRINCIPAL THEMES TO INCLUDE1048713

A shift away from an emphasis on policy toward an emphasis on measurable performance1048713 A shift away from reliance on traditional bureaucracies toward loosely coupled quasi-autonomous Units and competitive services1048713 A shift away from an emphasis on development and Investment toward cost-cutting1048713 Allowing public managers greater freedom to manage according to private sector corporate practice and1048713 A shift away from classic command-and-control regulation toward self-regulation

The roots of the new public management

1048713 Government should be entrepreneurial and improve the quality of its service1048713 Government should collaborate and work with other government and the non-profit and private sectors to achieve social goals1048713 Government should judge its performance with measurable result1048713 Government should improve its accountability to the public interest which should be understood in terms of law community and shared values1048713 Government should empower citizens and public employees alike1048713 Government should anticipate and solve problems

(Henry)

Toonen (2001) devised an analytical model of NPM as1048713 A business-oriented approach to government1048713 A quality and performance oriented approach to public management1048713 An emphasis on improved public service delivery and functional responsiveness1048713 An institutional separation of public demand functions public provision and public service production functions

Models of community and civil society1048713 Citizens felt great frustration and anger that they had been pushed out of the political system by a professional political class of powerful lobbyists politicians campaign managers and a mediaelite They saw the system as one in which votes no Longer made any difference They saw a system with its doors closed to the average citizen (mathews 1994) As a consequence citizens felt alienated and Detached

How are public administrators affected by and how do they affect community and civil society

ORGANIZATIONAL HUMANISM AND THE NEW PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION1048713 Over the past twenty-five years public administration theorists have joined other disciplines in suggesting that traditional hierarchical approaches to social organization are restrictive in their view of human behavior and they have joined in a critique of bureaucracy and a search for alternative approaches to management and organization1048713 Collectively these approaches have sought to fashion public organizations less dominated by issues of authority and control and more attentive to the needs and concerns of internal and external constituents

NPM

1048713 Through approaches such as these scholars hoped to build alternatives approaches to the study and practice of public administration alternatives more sensitive to values (not just facts) to subjective human meaning (not just objective behavior) and the full range of emotions and feelings involved in relationships between and among real people

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In the twentieth century hierarchical government bureaucracy was the predominant organizational model used to deliver public services and fulfil public policy goals1048713 Public managers won acclaim by ordering those under them to accomplish highly routine albeit professional tasks with uniformity but without discretion1048713 Today increasingly complex societies force public officials to develop new models of governance

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The traditional hierarchical model of government simply does not meet the demands of this complex rapidly changing age1048713 Rigid bureaucratic systems that operate with command-and-control procedures narrow work restrictions and inward-looking cultures and operational models are deemed to be particularly ill-suited to addressing problems that often transcend organizational

Boundaries

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In many ways twenty-first century challenges and the means of addressing them are more numerous and complex than ever before1048713 Problems have become both more global and more local as power disperses and boundaries become more fluid1048713 One-size-fits-all solutions have given way to customized approaches as the complicated problems of diverse and mobile populations increasingly defy simplistic solutions

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The hierarchical model of government persists but its influence is steadily waning pushed by governments needs to solve ever more complicated problems and pulled by new tools that allow innovators to fashion creative responses1048713 This push and pull is gradually producing a new model of government in which executives core responsibilities no longer center on managing people and programs but on organizing resources often belonging to others to produce public value

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 10: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

1048713 Today the NPM is becoming the dominant managerial approach1048713 Its key concept-somewhat evolutionary a decade ago- are now the standard language of public administration1048713 Terms such as results oriented customers focused employee empowerment ldquoentrepreneurship and outsourcing have dominated the mainstream

CHRISTOPHER HOOD (1991) NPMlsquos

PRINCIPAL THEMES TO INCLUDE1048713

A shift away from an emphasis on policy toward an emphasis on measurable performance1048713 A shift away from reliance on traditional bureaucracies toward loosely coupled quasi-autonomous Units and competitive services1048713 A shift away from an emphasis on development and Investment toward cost-cutting1048713 Allowing public managers greater freedom to manage according to private sector corporate practice and1048713 A shift away from classic command-and-control regulation toward self-regulation

The roots of the new public management

1048713 Government should be entrepreneurial and improve the quality of its service1048713 Government should collaborate and work with other government and the non-profit and private sectors to achieve social goals1048713 Government should judge its performance with measurable result1048713 Government should improve its accountability to the public interest which should be understood in terms of law community and shared values1048713 Government should empower citizens and public employees alike1048713 Government should anticipate and solve problems

(Henry)

Toonen (2001) devised an analytical model of NPM as1048713 A business-oriented approach to government1048713 A quality and performance oriented approach to public management1048713 An emphasis on improved public service delivery and functional responsiveness1048713 An institutional separation of public demand functions public provision and public service production functions

Models of community and civil society1048713 Citizens felt great frustration and anger that they had been pushed out of the political system by a professional political class of powerful lobbyists politicians campaign managers and a mediaelite They saw the system as one in which votes no Longer made any difference They saw a system with its doors closed to the average citizen (mathews 1994) As a consequence citizens felt alienated and Detached

How are public administrators affected by and how do they affect community and civil society

ORGANIZATIONAL HUMANISM AND THE NEW PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION1048713 Over the past twenty-five years public administration theorists have joined other disciplines in suggesting that traditional hierarchical approaches to social organization are restrictive in their view of human behavior and they have joined in a critique of bureaucracy and a search for alternative approaches to management and organization1048713 Collectively these approaches have sought to fashion public organizations less dominated by issues of authority and control and more attentive to the needs and concerns of internal and external constituents

NPM

1048713 Through approaches such as these scholars hoped to build alternatives approaches to the study and practice of public administration alternatives more sensitive to values (not just facts) to subjective human meaning (not just objective behavior) and the full range of emotions and feelings involved in relationships between and among real people

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In the twentieth century hierarchical government bureaucracy was the predominant organizational model used to deliver public services and fulfil public policy goals1048713 Public managers won acclaim by ordering those under them to accomplish highly routine albeit professional tasks with uniformity but without discretion1048713 Today increasingly complex societies force public officials to develop new models of governance

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The traditional hierarchical model of government simply does not meet the demands of this complex rapidly changing age1048713 Rigid bureaucratic systems that operate with command-and-control procedures narrow work restrictions and inward-looking cultures and operational models are deemed to be particularly ill-suited to addressing problems that often transcend organizational

Boundaries

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In many ways twenty-first century challenges and the means of addressing them are more numerous and complex than ever before1048713 Problems have become both more global and more local as power disperses and boundaries become more fluid1048713 One-size-fits-all solutions have given way to customized approaches as the complicated problems of diverse and mobile populations increasingly defy simplistic solutions

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The hierarchical model of government persists but its influence is steadily waning pushed by governments needs to solve ever more complicated problems and pulled by new tools that allow innovators to fashion creative responses1048713 This push and pull is gradually producing a new model of government in which executives core responsibilities no longer center on managing people and programs but on organizing resources often belonging to others to produce public value

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 11: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

CHRISTOPHER HOOD (1991) NPMlsquos

PRINCIPAL THEMES TO INCLUDE1048713

A shift away from an emphasis on policy toward an emphasis on measurable performance1048713 A shift away from reliance on traditional bureaucracies toward loosely coupled quasi-autonomous Units and competitive services1048713 A shift away from an emphasis on development and Investment toward cost-cutting1048713 Allowing public managers greater freedom to manage according to private sector corporate practice and1048713 A shift away from classic command-and-control regulation toward self-regulation

The roots of the new public management

1048713 Government should be entrepreneurial and improve the quality of its service1048713 Government should collaborate and work with other government and the non-profit and private sectors to achieve social goals1048713 Government should judge its performance with measurable result1048713 Government should improve its accountability to the public interest which should be understood in terms of law community and shared values1048713 Government should empower citizens and public employees alike1048713 Government should anticipate and solve problems

(Henry)

Toonen (2001) devised an analytical model of NPM as1048713 A business-oriented approach to government1048713 A quality and performance oriented approach to public management1048713 An emphasis on improved public service delivery and functional responsiveness1048713 An institutional separation of public demand functions public provision and public service production functions

Models of community and civil society1048713 Citizens felt great frustration and anger that they had been pushed out of the political system by a professional political class of powerful lobbyists politicians campaign managers and a mediaelite They saw the system as one in which votes no Longer made any difference They saw a system with its doors closed to the average citizen (mathews 1994) As a consequence citizens felt alienated and Detached

How are public administrators affected by and how do they affect community and civil society

ORGANIZATIONAL HUMANISM AND THE NEW PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION1048713 Over the past twenty-five years public administration theorists have joined other disciplines in suggesting that traditional hierarchical approaches to social organization are restrictive in their view of human behavior and they have joined in a critique of bureaucracy and a search for alternative approaches to management and organization1048713 Collectively these approaches have sought to fashion public organizations less dominated by issues of authority and control and more attentive to the needs and concerns of internal and external constituents

NPM

1048713 Through approaches such as these scholars hoped to build alternatives approaches to the study and practice of public administration alternatives more sensitive to values (not just facts) to subjective human meaning (not just objective behavior) and the full range of emotions and feelings involved in relationships between and among real people

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In the twentieth century hierarchical government bureaucracy was the predominant organizational model used to deliver public services and fulfil public policy goals1048713 Public managers won acclaim by ordering those under them to accomplish highly routine albeit professional tasks with uniformity but without discretion1048713 Today increasingly complex societies force public officials to develop new models of governance

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The traditional hierarchical model of government simply does not meet the demands of this complex rapidly changing age1048713 Rigid bureaucratic systems that operate with command-and-control procedures narrow work restrictions and inward-looking cultures and operational models are deemed to be particularly ill-suited to addressing problems that often transcend organizational

Boundaries

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In many ways twenty-first century challenges and the means of addressing them are more numerous and complex than ever before1048713 Problems have become both more global and more local as power disperses and boundaries become more fluid1048713 One-size-fits-all solutions have given way to customized approaches as the complicated problems of diverse and mobile populations increasingly defy simplistic solutions

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The hierarchical model of government persists but its influence is steadily waning pushed by governments needs to solve ever more complicated problems and pulled by new tools that allow innovators to fashion creative responses1048713 This push and pull is gradually producing a new model of government in which executives core responsibilities no longer center on managing people and programs but on organizing resources often belonging to others to produce public value

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 12: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

The roots of the new public management

1048713 Government should be entrepreneurial and improve the quality of its service1048713 Government should collaborate and work with other government and the non-profit and private sectors to achieve social goals1048713 Government should judge its performance with measurable result1048713 Government should improve its accountability to the public interest which should be understood in terms of law community and shared values1048713 Government should empower citizens and public employees alike1048713 Government should anticipate and solve problems

(Henry)

Toonen (2001) devised an analytical model of NPM as1048713 A business-oriented approach to government1048713 A quality and performance oriented approach to public management1048713 An emphasis on improved public service delivery and functional responsiveness1048713 An institutional separation of public demand functions public provision and public service production functions

Models of community and civil society1048713 Citizens felt great frustration and anger that they had been pushed out of the political system by a professional political class of powerful lobbyists politicians campaign managers and a mediaelite They saw the system as one in which votes no Longer made any difference They saw a system with its doors closed to the average citizen (mathews 1994) As a consequence citizens felt alienated and Detached

How are public administrators affected by and how do they affect community and civil society

ORGANIZATIONAL HUMANISM AND THE NEW PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION1048713 Over the past twenty-five years public administration theorists have joined other disciplines in suggesting that traditional hierarchical approaches to social organization are restrictive in their view of human behavior and they have joined in a critique of bureaucracy and a search for alternative approaches to management and organization1048713 Collectively these approaches have sought to fashion public organizations less dominated by issues of authority and control and more attentive to the needs and concerns of internal and external constituents

NPM

1048713 Through approaches such as these scholars hoped to build alternatives approaches to the study and practice of public administration alternatives more sensitive to values (not just facts) to subjective human meaning (not just objective behavior) and the full range of emotions and feelings involved in relationships between and among real people

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In the twentieth century hierarchical government bureaucracy was the predominant organizational model used to deliver public services and fulfil public policy goals1048713 Public managers won acclaim by ordering those under them to accomplish highly routine albeit professional tasks with uniformity but without discretion1048713 Today increasingly complex societies force public officials to develop new models of governance

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The traditional hierarchical model of government simply does not meet the demands of this complex rapidly changing age1048713 Rigid bureaucratic systems that operate with command-and-control procedures narrow work restrictions and inward-looking cultures and operational models are deemed to be particularly ill-suited to addressing problems that often transcend organizational

Boundaries

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In many ways twenty-first century challenges and the means of addressing them are more numerous and complex than ever before1048713 Problems have become both more global and more local as power disperses and boundaries become more fluid1048713 One-size-fits-all solutions have given way to customized approaches as the complicated problems of diverse and mobile populations increasingly defy simplistic solutions

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The hierarchical model of government persists but its influence is steadily waning pushed by governments needs to solve ever more complicated problems and pulled by new tools that allow innovators to fashion creative responses1048713 This push and pull is gradually producing a new model of government in which executives core responsibilities no longer center on managing people and programs but on organizing resources often belonging to others to produce public value

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 13: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Toonen (2001) devised an analytical model of NPM as1048713 A business-oriented approach to government1048713 A quality and performance oriented approach to public management1048713 An emphasis on improved public service delivery and functional responsiveness1048713 An institutional separation of public demand functions public provision and public service production functions

Models of community and civil society1048713 Citizens felt great frustration and anger that they had been pushed out of the political system by a professional political class of powerful lobbyists politicians campaign managers and a mediaelite They saw the system as one in which votes no Longer made any difference They saw a system with its doors closed to the average citizen (mathews 1994) As a consequence citizens felt alienated and Detached

How are public administrators affected by and how do they affect community and civil society

ORGANIZATIONAL HUMANISM AND THE NEW PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION1048713 Over the past twenty-five years public administration theorists have joined other disciplines in suggesting that traditional hierarchical approaches to social organization are restrictive in their view of human behavior and they have joined in a critique of bureaucracy and a search for alternative approaches to management and organization1048713 Collectively these approaches have sought to fashion public organizations less dominated by issues of authority and control and more attentive to the needs and concerns of internal and external constituents

NPM

1048713 Through approaches such as these scholars hoped to build alternatives approaches to the study and practice of public administration alternatives more sensitive to values (not just facts) to subjective human meaning (not just objective behavior) and the full range of emotions and feelings involved in relationships between and among real people

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In the twentieth century hierarchical government bureaucracy was the predominant organizational model used to deliver public services and fulfil public policy goals1048713 Public managers won acclaim by ordering those under them to accomplish highly routine albeit professional tasks with uniformity but without discretion1048713 Today increasingly complex societies force public officials to develop new models of governance

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The traditional hierarchical model of government simply does not meet the demands of this complex rapidly changing age1048713 Rigid bureaucratic systems that operate with command-and-control procedures narrow work restrictions and inward-looking cultures and operational models are deemed to be particularly ill-suited to addressing problems that often transcend organizational

Boundaries

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In many ways twenty-first century challenges and the means of addressing them are more numerous and complex than ever before1048713 Problems have become both more global and more local as power disperses and boundaries become more fluid1048713 One-size-fits-all solutions have given way to customized approaches as the complicated problems of diverse and mobile populations increasingly defy simplistic solutions

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The hierarchical model of government persists but its influence is steadily waning pushed by governments needs to solve ever more complicated problems and pulled by new tools that allow innovators to fashion creative responses1048713 This push and pull is gradually producing a new model of government in which executives core responsibilities no longer center on managing people and programs but on organizing resources often belonging to others to produce public value

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 14: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Models of community and civil society1048713 Citizens felt great frustration and anger that they had been pushed out of the political system by a professional political class of powerful lobbyists politicians campaign managers and a mediaelite They saw the system as one in which votes no Longer made any difference They saw a system with its doors closed to the average citizen (mathews 1994) As a consequence citizens felt alienated and Detached

How are public administrators affected by and how do they affect community and civil society

ORGANIZATIONAL HUMANISM AND THE NEW PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION1048713 Over the past twenty-five years public administration theorists have joined other disciplines in suggesting that traditional hierarchical approaches to social organization are restrictive in their view of human behavior and they have joined in a critique of bureaucracy and a search for alternative approaches to management and organization1048713 Collectively these approaches have sought to fashion public organizations less dominated by issues of authority and control and more attentive to the needs and concerns of internal and external constituents

NPM

1048713 Through approaches such as these scholars hoped to build alternatives approaches to the study and practice of public administration alternatives more sensitive to values (not just facts) to subjective human meaning (not just objective behavior) and the full range of emotions and feelings involved in relationships between and among real people

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In the twentieth century hierarchical government bureaucracy was the predominant organizational model used to deliver public services and fulfil public policy goals1048713 Public managers won acclaim by ordering those under them to accomplish highly routine albeit professional tasks with uniformity but without discretion1048713 Today increasingly complex societies force public officials to develop new models of governance

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The traditional hierarchical model of government simply does not meet the demands of this complex rapidly changing age1048713 Rigid bureaucratic systems that operate with command-and-control procedures narrow work restrictions and inward-looking cultures and operational models are deemed to be particularly ill-suited to addressing problems that often transcend organizational

Boundaries

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In many ways twenty-first century challenges and the means of addressing them are more numerous and complex than ever before1048713 Problems have become both more global and more local as power disperses and boundaries become more fluid1048713 One-size-fits-all solutions have given way to customized approaches as the complicated problems of diverse and mobile populations increasingly defy simplistic solutions

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The hierarchical model of government persists but its influence is steadily waning pushed by governments needs to solve ever more complicated problems and pulled by new tools that allow innovators to fashion creative responses1048713 This push and pull is gradually producing a new model of government in which executives core responsibilities no longer center on managing people and programs but on organizing resources often belonging to others to produce public value

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 15: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

ORGANIZATIONAL HUMANISM AND THE NEW PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION1048713 Over the past twenty-five years public administration theorists have joined other disciplines in suggesting that traditional hierarchical approaches to social organization are restrictive in their view of human behavior and they have joined in a critique of bureaucracy and a search for alternative approaches to management and organization1048713 Collectively these approaches have sought to fashion public organizations less dominated by issues of authority and control and more attentive to the needs and concerns of internal and external constituents

NPM

1048713 Through approaches such as these scholars hoped to build alternatives approaches to the study and practice of public administration alternatives more sensitive to values (not just facts) to subjective human meaning (not just objective behavior) and the full range of emotions and feelings involved in relationships between and among real people

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In the twentieth century hierarchical government bureaucracy was the predominant organizational model used to deliver public services and fulfil public policy goals1048713 Public managers won acclaim by ordering those under them to accomplish highly routine albeit professional tasks with uniformity but without discretion1048713 Today increasingly complex societies force public officials to develop new models of governance

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The traditional hierarchical model of government simply does not meet the demands of this complex rapidly changing age1048713 Rigid bureaucratic systems that operate with command-and-control procedures narrow work restrictions and inward-looking cultures and operational models are deemed to be particularly ill-suited to addressing problems that often transcend organizational

Boundaries

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In many ways twenty-first century challenges and the means of addressing them are more numerous and complex than ever before1048713 Problems have become both more global and more local as power disperses and boundaries become more fluid1048713 One-size-fits-all solutions have given way to customized approaches as the complicated problems of diverse and mobile populations increasingly defy simplistic solutions

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The hierarchical model of government persists but its influence is steadily waning pushed by governments needs to solve ever more complicated problems and pulled by new tools that allow innovators to fashion creative responses1048713 This push and pull is gradually producing a new model of government in which executives core responsibilities no longer center on managing people and programs but on organizing resources often belonging to others to produce public value

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 16: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

NPM

1048713 Through approaches such as these scholars hoped to build alternatives approaches to the study and practice of public administration alternatives more sensitive to values (not just facts) to subjective human meaning (not just objective behavior) and the full range of emotions and feelings involved in relationships between and among real people

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In the twentieth century hierarchical government bureaucracy was the predominant organizational model used to deliver public services and fulfil public policy goals1048713 Public managers won acclaim by ordering those under them to accomplish highly routine albeit professional tasks with uniformity but without discretion1048713 Today increasingly complex societies force public officials to develop new models of governance

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The traditional hierarchical model of government simply does not meet the demands of this complex rapidly changing age1048713 Rigid bureaucratic systems that operate with command-and-control procedures narrow work restrictions and inward-looking cultures and operational models are deemed to be particularly ill-suited to addressing problems that often transcend organizational

Boundaries

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In many ways twenty-first century challenges and the means of addressing them are more numerous and complex than ever before1048713 Problems have become both more global and more local as power disperses and boundaries become more fluid1048713 One-size-fits-all solutions have given way to customized approaches as the complicated problems of diverse and mobile populations increasingly defy simplistic solutions

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The hierarchical model of government persists but its influence is steadily waning pushed by governments needs to solve ever more complicated problems and pulled by new tools that allow innovators to fashion creative responses1048713 This push and pull is gradually producing a new model of government in which executives core responsibilities no longer center on managing people and programs but on organizing resources often belonging to others to produce public value

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 17: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In the twentieth century hierarchical government bureaucracy was the predominant organizational model used to deliver public services and fulfil public policy goals1048713 Public managers won acclaim by ordering those under them to accomplish highly routine albeit professional tasks with uniformity but without discretion1048713 Today increasingly complex societies force public officials to develop new models of governance

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The traditional hierarchical model of government simply does not meet the demands of this complex rapidly changing age1048713 Rigid bureaucratic systems that operate with command-and-control procedures narrow work restrictions and inward-looking cultures and operational models are deemed to be particularly ill-suited to addressing problems that often transcend organizational

Boundaries

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In many ways twenty-first century challenges and the means of addressing them are more numerous and complex than ever before1048713 Problems have become both more global and more local as power disperses and boundaries become more fluid1048713 One-size-fits-all solutions have given way to customized approaches as the complicated problems of diverse and mobile populations increasingly defy simplistic solutions

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The hierarchical model of government persists but its influence is steadily waning pushed by governments needs to solve ever more complicated problems and pulled by new tools that allow innovators to fashion creative responses1048713 This push and pull is gradually producing a new model of government in which executives core responsibilities no longer center on managing people and programs but on organizing resources often belonging to others to produce public value

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 18: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The traditional hierarchical model of government simply does not meet the demands of this complex rapidly changing age1048713 Rigid bureaucratic systems that operate with command-and-control procedures narrow work restrictions and inward-looking cultures and operational models are deemed to be particularly ill-suited to addressing problems that often transcend organizational

Boundaries

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In many ways twenty-first century challenges and the means of addressing them are more numerous and complex than ever before1048713 Problems have become both more global and more local as power disperses and boundaries become more fluid1048713 One-size-fits-all solutions have given way to customized approaches as the complicated problems of diverse and mobile populations increasingly defy simplistic solutions

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The hierarchical model of government persists but its influence is steadily waning pushed by governments needs to solve ever more complicated problems and pulled by new tools that allow innovators to fashion creative responses1048713 This push and pull is gradually producing a new model of government in which executives core responsibilities no longer center on managing people and programs but on organizing resources often belonging to others to produce public value

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 19: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

GOVERNANCE

1048713 In many ways twenty-first century challenges and the means of addressing them are more numerous and complex than ever before1048713 Problems have become both more global and more local as power disperses and boundaries become more fluid1048713 One-size-fits-all solutions have given way to customized approaches as the complicated problems of diverse and mobile populations increasingly defy simplistic solutions

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The hierarchical model of government persists but its influence is steadily waning pushed by governments needs to solve ever more complicated problems and pulled by new tools that allow innovators to fashion creative responses1048713 This push and pull is gradually producing a new model of government in which executives core responsibilities no longer center on managing people and programs but on organizing resources often belonging to others to produce public value

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 20: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

GOVERNANCE

1048713 The hierarchical model of government persists but its influence is steadily waning pushed by governments needs to solve ever more complicated problems and pulled by new tools that allow innovators to fashion creative responses1048713 This push and pull is gradually producing a new model of government in which executives core responsibilities no longer center on managing people and programs but on organizing resources often belonging to others to produce public value

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 21: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

GOVERNANCE

1048713 Government agencies bureaus divisions and offices are becoming less important as direct service providers but more important as generators of public valueThe new use of governance does not point at state actors and institutions as the only relevant institutions and actors in the authoritative allocation of values1048713 They all to some extent focus on the role of networks in the pursuit of common goals

1048713

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 22: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Quote of the Day

bull Coming together is a beginning keeping together is progress working together is success

Henry Ford

22

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 23: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Practice Problems amp Prospects

The challenges1048713 The accountability problem presents networked government with its most difficult challenge1048713 When authority and responsibility are parcelled out across the network who is to blame when something goes wrong How does government relinquish some control and still ensure results

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 24: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

1048713 How do network managers balance the need for accountability against the benefits of flexibility1048713 Governments have traditionally tried to address most of these issues of governance and accountability through narrow audit and control mechanisms Although such tools help they should not constitute the greater part of an accountability regimeAdditionally traditional accountability mechanisms which rely on process standardization clash with the very purpose of the network to provide a decentralized flexible individualized and creative response to a public problem

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 25: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

1048713 Whereas the governance discussions in the public sectors is relatively recent the term governance is much more common in the private sector where a debate about

corporate governance has been going on for quite some time1048713 Corporate governance refers to issues of control and decision-making powers within the private (corporate) organizations

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 26: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

1048713 Corporate governancersquo is the watchword of those who wish to improve the accountability and transparency of the actions of management but without fundamentally

altering the basic structure of firms

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 27: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

1048713 Another development is the globalization of the economy and the growing importance of transnational political institutions like the European union (EU) World Trade Organization (WTO) Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 28: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 New demands of accountability to international markets and standards may clash with the traditional lines of accountability1048713 Some commentators (rhodes 1994 1997 davis

1997) have characterised these trends as a Hollowing out of the state in which the combined effects of globalization

International obligations privatisation and reduced regulation deplete the capacity of government to shape and organise society

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 29: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Outcomes of Globalization

1048713 Pessimist suggest that globalization means that government everywhere have become powerless and that managing globalization is impossible since

Globalization is shaped by markets not by government

Some have suggested that this powerlessness is reinforced by the coming of the internet age ndashthat there is no governance against the electronic herd

(Friedman 2000)1048713 In a nutsheel global governance is about how to cope with problems which transcend the borders (such as air pollution narcotics terrorism or the exploitation of child workers) given the lack of a world government

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 30: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Current issues in Public Administration

1048713 Question do governments know what they are doing Why should we trust them

1048713 The demand for good governance has a long history But seldom have the forms of governance been under

greater challenge

1048713 Dissatisfaction and disillusionment about political solutions are rife

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 31: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

1048713 Problem of modern governance is not so much an insufficiency of instruments relative to the changing on objectives but rather the degree of incompatibility

between objectives 1048713 why governance and not merely government1048713 Governance is a broader and more fundamental concept than that of government alone1048713 The concern is with the links between parts of the political system as with the institutions themselves

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 32: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

1048713 1048713 It accepts that the management of the Nations affairs might need more than government to ensure effectiveness it sees parties courts and interest groups

not as problems that governments must overcome but as part of the broader process

1048713 Governance is the exercise of political power to manage a nations affairs (the World bank 1992)

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 33: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

1048713 The characteristics of good governancelsquo1) an efficient public service

2) an independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts

3) the accountable administration of public funds

4) an independent public auditor responsible to a representative legislature

5) respect for law and human rights at all levels of government

6) a pluralistic institutional structure and

7) a free press (rhodes 1997)

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 34: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Good governance emphesis

1048713 The current public governance debate places a new emphasis on lsquowhat matters is not what we do but how people feel about what we dorsquo and that lsquoprocesses matterrsquo or put differently lsquothe ends do not justify the meansrsquo

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 35: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Personal ethics1048713 Often personal ethics are an issue in decision making1048713 The temptation to divert some of public funds or resources to personal use can be great and the risk of exposure often small1048713 The main reason for the worldwide presence of public administrative corruption is that public administrators

have something to allocate that other people want

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 36: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Corruption and Public Administration1048713 The problem of corruption is endemic to politics and to government simply because its decisions involve so much power and wealth1048713 It becomes commonplace at all levels of government--in the ways contracts are awarded jobs are created and filled people are hired offices are sold favored political allies are rewarded power is exerted and the needs or plight of others are ignored

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 37: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 The demand for governments rewards frequently exceeds the supply and routine decision-making processes are lengthy costly and uncertain in their outcome1048713 For these reasons legally sanctioned decision making processes constitute a bottleneckldquo between what people want and what they get1048713 The temptation to get around the bottleneckmdashto speed things up and make favorable decisions more probablemdashis built into this relationship between government and society1048713 To get around the bottleneck one must use political influencemdashand corruption which by definition cuts across established and legitimate processes is a most effective form of influence(Michael johnston 1982)

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 38: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Corruption and Public Administration

1048713 Corruption is a form of privileged indulgence by those in power It concentrates power in the hands of a few who can make decisions based not on the good of the whole but on the interests of the few

Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 39: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ADEMOCRACY

39

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 40: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

40

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 41: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 Above figure presents a conceptual framework that sees public administration taking the central role or stage in a broader political system1048713 The model emphasizes the interrelated nature of the parts and how change in an external Environment (cultural economic political social) causes change in the structures and internal processes of public administration1048713 These changes in turn influence the outputs of the bureaucracy that is what goods services policy programs rules and regulations are implemented by bureaucracy

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 42: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

New Role of Public Administration

1048713 As in any system a feedback loop develops in which the outputs affect the environment which causes further change and often new demands from the environment to continue increase or decrease modify or occasionally even cease a public policy or program

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 43: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

THE FUTURE OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION E-GOVERNMENT

Reinventing government 1048713 information is a central resource for all activities1048713 In pursuing the democraticpolitical processes in

Managing resources executing functions measuring performance and in service delivery information

is the basic ingredient (isaac-henry 1997)

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 44: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Reinventing government

1048713 Information age reform means an increasing role for information systems In public sector change1048713 Information technology (IT) can be defined as computing and telecommunication technologies that

Provide automatic means of handling information1048713 Information systems (IS) can be defined as systems of human and technical components that accept store process output and transmit information

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 45: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Information systemndashSupported Reform

1 Information to support internal management This includes information about staff for personnel management and Information about budgets and accounts for financial management2 Information to support public administration and regulation ThisIncludes information that records the details of the main entities in any country People business enterprises buildingsland importsexports etc3 Information to support public services This includes education (school records) health (patient records) transport (Passenger movement information) and Public utilities (customer billingInformation)

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 46: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Information systemndashSupported Reform

4 Information made publicly available

1048713 Information government wishes to disseminate such as press releases consultation papers details of policies laws regulations and details of benefits and entitlements1048713 Information government collects that it may make available such as demographic or economic statistics1048713 Information government is required to supply such as performance indicators audited accounts internal policy documents and correspondence and responses to requests from citizens or journalists or politicians

(See richard heeks Reinventing Government in the Information age International practice in

IT-enabled public sector reform 1999)

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 47: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Role of Information system

1048713 The role of information technology is much wider that just public administration reform1048713 E-government refers to the delivery of information and services online through the internet or other digital means1048713 The e-government promises a new horizon in public administration as it will cut costs and improve efficiency meet citizen expectations improve citizen relationship

Enhance citizen participation in administrative processes increase effectiveness of public control and facilitate economic development

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 48: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Conclusion

1048713 Information is no longer ldquowalled inrdquo no longer constrained by time and space

Information is widely available to people regardless of status position wealth location race ethnic or culture1048713 Information technology gives a new impetus to democracy as it opens up and widens the way and means for popular participation in public decision making

processes

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49

Page 49: Issues in Public Administration MPA 509 New Developments in Public Administration Perspectives, Approaches & Critiques

Quote of the Day

bull Learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow The important thing is not to stop questioning

Albert Einstein

49