island evolution. geospiza magnirostris magnirostris geospiza magnirostris strenua geospiza fortis...
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Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islands
Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris
Geospiza magnirostris strenua
Geospiza fortis
Geospiza nebulosa nebulosa
Camarhynchus parvulus parvulus
land surface of the world
islands: 3%
mainland: 97%
islands: 13.5% (35 500 spp)
mainland: 86.5%
higher plant species(263 000 spp)
Higher plant species
total nr endemic nr %species species endemic
New Zealand 2371 2480 81.9Madagascar 8000-10000 5000-8000 68.4
Hawaii 1180 906 89.9
Cook Islands 284 3 1.1
Land snail species
total nr endemic nr %species species endemic
Madagascar 380 361 95
Hawaii ca. 1000 ca. 1000 99.9
Canary Islands 181 141 77.9
Insect species
Drosophila species: 511 + 300
Hawaii
Insect species
Drosophila species: 511 + 300 spp.Tree crickets: 3 genera, 68 spp.
Hawaii
Insect species
Drosophila species: 511 + 300 spp.Tree crickets: 3 genera, 68 spp.Sarona plant bug: 40 spp.
Hawaii
Insect species
5700 spp., 2200 spp. endemic
Canary islands
Insect species
285 spp.
Tropical Pacific Lepidoptera
100 spp. one island endemics 28 spp. regional endemics
Lizard species
23 genera, 100 spp.
Tropical Pacific Scincidae
66 spp. one island endemics 13 spp. regional endemics
9 endemics
Lizard species
1 endemic genus: 7 extant spp.
Canary Islands Lacertids
Lizard species
400 spp. of Anolis
Caribbean Anolis
150 spp. on Caribbean islands
Bird species
10300 spp. of birds
1750 spp. confined to islands (17%)
402 threatened (23%)
1132 threatened (11%)
Mammal species
84 genera, 170 spp.
Philippines (7000 islands)
24 endemics (29%)
111 endemics (64%)
Comparisons among taxaPacific Ocean Islands (26-30 islands)
regional endemics local endemics
butterflies 10% 35%birds 10% 65%skinks 13% 66%mammals 6% 54%
large, high, remote islands
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Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islandsDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciation
allopatricspeciation
allopatricspeciation
"sympatric"speciation
allopatricspeciation
Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islandsDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemism
Scaly fern trees, Cyathaceae, Madagascar Janssen et al. 2008
Scaly fern trees, Cyathaceae, Madagascar Janssen et al. 2008
bipinnate clade
tripinnate clade
gymnosphaera
Miocene-Pleistocene
bipinnate clade
gymnosphaera
tripinnate clade
Pleistocene
bipinnate clade
tripinnate clade
gymnosphaera
Pleistocene
Laurel forest, Teneriffe, Canary Islands
Laurel, Seub franco
Barbusano, Appollonias barbujana Isoplexis canarienis
Azores
Madeira
Canaries
Azores
Madeira
Canaries
Azores
Madeira
Canaries
Azores
Madeira
Canaries
Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islandsDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismMechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidy
colonisation ofisland 1 in oneevent (>30ind)
colonisation ofcolonisation ofisland 1 in oneisland 1 in oneevent (>30ind)event (>30ind)
rapid expansion,adaptive changes,drift
colonisation ofcolonisation ofisland 1 in oneisland 1 in oneevent (>30ind)event (>30ind)
rapid expansion,rapid expansion,adaptive changes,adaptive changes,driftdrift
memberscolonizeisland 2
colonisation ofcolonisation ofisland 1 in oneisland 1 in oneevent (>30ind)event (>30ind)
rapid expansion,rapid expansion,adaptive changes,adaptive changes,driftdrift
membersmemberscolonizecolonizeisland 2island 2
drift and adaptive changes to different environment
colonisation ofcolonisation ofisland 1 in oneisland 1 in oneevent (>30ind)event (>30ind)
rapid expansion,rapid expansion,adaptive changes,adaptive changes,driftdrift
membersmemberscolonizecolonizeisland 2island 2
drift and adaptive drift and adaptive changes to different changes to different environmentenvironment
members of aderived populationarrive at occupied island
colonisation ofcolonisation ofisland 1 in oneisland 1 in oneevent (>30ind)event (>30ind)
rapid expansion,rapid expansion,adaptive changes,adaptive changes,driftdrift
membersmemberscolonizecolonizeisland 2island 2
drift and adaptive drift and adaptive changes to different changes to different environmentenvironment
members of amembers of aderived populationderived populationarrive at occupied arrive at occupied islandisland
competition,character displacement,reinforcement
Blue chaffinch, Fringilla teydea, Canary Islands
Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islandsDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismMechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidy
disruptive sexual selection
disruptive natural selection
discrete habitat models
continuous resource models
bekhoogte
frequentie
vruchtgrootte
frequentie
frequentie
Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islandsDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismMechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidy
Polyploid plants
Juan Fernandez Islands 0%Canary Islands endemics 25.5%Canary Islands non-endemicsCanary Islands non-endemics 36.4%36.4%New Zealand gymnosperms 0%New Zealand angiosperms 63%
~ latitude island ~ age island~ taxon
Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islandsDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismMechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidyMechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidyPhylogeny: anagenesis, anacladogenesis, cladogenesis
anagenesis
progenitor speciesbecomes extinct
anacladogenesis
progenitor surviveswith little change alongside the derivedspecies
cladogenesis
progenitor speciesis partitioned in twolines and becomes extinct in its originalform
Hawaiian honeycreepers, Drepanidinae, Hawaii
Anolis radiation, Caribbean Islands
Juan Fernandez Islands
148 endemic species
anagenesis71%
progenitor speciesbecomes extinct
cladogenesis5%
progenitor speciesis partitioned in twolines and becomes extinct in its originalform
anacladogenesis24%
progenitor surviveswith little change alongside the derivedspecies