islamska scena u bosni i hercegovini - naučni kolokvij 5. i 6. juli 2011. god. na fakultetu...

8/3/2019 Islamska scena u Bosni i Hercegovini - nauni kolokvij 5. i 6. juli 2011. god. na Fakultetu islamskih nauka u Sarajevu

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O R

J L

O R

J L


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ORHKARIK RBG@KW JMR@O O LGZBGCMUO@O

ORHKAOB RBG@GO@ JMR@OK K@D LGZ^GCMUO@K

Ozdkvk/ VujhoslgrWDZWG@NG OHAONNG ORHKARIG ^KNGD@OBG W JOL

EM@DKBONK IM@ZKD KDG@KWGZ

^kOzdkvkk / Emr Vujhoslgr

Rkjo`k Shi`grAg`sur Vkkho

Wvmd`okro / KutlmrsG`gs Ikro, Eoirgt Ikro, Dgvkd Lmdo, Austkek Rpklo, Klagt Khojko,

Aulkagd Nuso, Girga ubkimvo

Rkam zk o`tgr`u upmtrgjuEmr o`tgr`kh usg m`hy

Rkrkngvm, :6;;.


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ORHKARIK RBG@KW JMR@O O LGZBGCMUO@O

DUMD@GU@O @KW@O IMHMIUON

WDZWG@NG OHAONNG ORHKARIG ^KNGD@OBG W JOLO EM@DKBONK IM@ZKD KDG@KWGZ

EKIWHG ORHKARIOL @KWIK7. O 5. NWHO, RKZKNGUM


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VZGDCMUMZ

W irucmvoak agu`krmdòl zvkòòik ikm o strkòl dophmaktku JoL, agu `mvo`kroak o drucoa agdonsioa dnghktòboak, uùtkrpmhobonsim-socur`msòl shujo u JoL, im`k`m u jl nkv`msto pmstmno

`gspmrkzua ikdk ng rong m pmnkvkak `mvmck tuakg`nk o prkitobork`nkoshkak. Ikim pmnamvo òsu nks`m dgòrkò, gstm sg dgkvk dk cmvmroam mrkzhootoa stvkroak k oagùngam ol ostoa tgrao`ma. W mpga ng o`tgrgsudk sg mvk imèuzonk o `gspmrkzuao uihm`g.

Ungrungam dk ng mpg mprgdnghng`ng drkvg JoL, Oshkasig zkngdòbg uJoL ikm o svol crkk`k dk sg zktotg dvong vk`g vrongd`msto `kgck drutvk.Vrvm, dk sg zktotg uòvgrzkh`k hnudsik prkvk svkimc pmngdo`bk, pmsgj`m

m`k imnk sg md`msg k vngrsiu propkd`mst o k vngrmospmvongst ikm o prkvm khoù socur`mst svkimc crkkò`k. Drucm, dk sg nkv`mst tk`m, prkvmvrgag`mo ostoòtm oèmraork m drutvgòa pmnkvkak o prmbgsoak ikdk su u potk`nupmnkvg rkdoikhozak svkig vrstg u `kga drutvu.

Wdrug`ng ohaonng O^-g u JoL, u surkd`no sk Em`dkbonma Im`rkdKdg`kugr oz Rkrkngvk, ng mrckòzorkhm dvmd`gvò z`k`stvgò siup mtgao ORHKARIK RBG@K W JoL. Bohn `ku`mc imhmivnk ng jom dk sg

mjngitov`m o z`k`stvg`m prgzg`tork cg`gzk `kstkìk oshkaostoiol pmirgtku aushoak`sima svongtu s pmsgjòa msvrtma `k rggisonu pmnkvk mvkivolug`nk o prkiso u JoL u pmshngd`nol :6 cmdo`k. Imhmivon ng jom `kaong`ng`prgdstkvòboak dophmaktsiol shujo o drucol agu`krmdòl mrckòzkbonk uJoL, prgdstkvòboak agdonk, pmhobonsim-socur`msòl kcg`bonk ikm o sudstvko tuohktkvk JoL.

W mvma zjmrùiu mjnkvhnungam o`tgcrkhò tgist svol 3 rgegrktk imnosu prgzg`torkò `k mvma z`k`stvg`ma siupu ikm o uvmdò rgegrkt Zgosu-h-uhgag imnoa ng imhmivon mtvmrg`.


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EM@DKBONK IM@ZKD KDG@KWGZ>DONKHMC RK AWRHOAK@OAK W JMR@O O LGZBGCMUO@O

Dnghkt`mst Em`dkbong Im`rkd Kdg`kugr (IKR) tn. agu`krmd`ksurkd`nk IKR-k mjulvktk o bongho òz zgakhnk u imnoak aushoakòdknu pgkt nkv`ma ovmtu o mjohngkvknu ck. W toa zgahnkak rkstgo`tgrgs o sprga`mst IKR-k dk sg jkvo potk`noak o tgaktsioa mjhkstoakspgboòa zk oshka. Dosiusonu pmtog o chmjkhozkbonk, imnk uzrmiungprmang`g u pmhotobo, provrgdo o drutvu orma svongtk. mau nm trgjk

dmdkto pmvgk` z`kkn rghoconk pmsgj`m oshkak, imng utngu k ikrkitgrpmhotoig, `k amcu`msto rngkvk`nk imòiktk.

Rpmagùtk dosiusonk ng u prmtgihoa cmdo`kak imd ormig nkv`mstoprmjudohk svongst m rkz`mhoimsto pmnkvòl mjhoik oshkak.

Vrgak tmag, dmvgho josam otktghnk u zkjhudu, kim josamagu`krmdù surkd`nu Em`dkbong rgduborkho `k mdrgg`g kjhm`g m`kvmd`m prkvma oshkau imrostgo sg amtma oshka prmtov amdgr`g,oshka prmtov dgamirktong oho ki oshka prmtov prmsvngtotghnstvk.Wangstm tmck amrkam zklvktoto o nkkto pmvgzunug ghgag`tg. Ao ghoamprmaobkto dgamirktonu, hnudsik prkvk o shmjmdù prkvù drkvu sk`koa pkrt`groak, svudk cdng sg o mò zkhku zk tg bohngvg.Vro tmag `kuagu`krmdù surkd`nu ikrkitgrozorknu tgag agu imnoak ng k prvmaangstu hojgrkh`k o shmjmdkrsik dgamirktonk. Rtmck sg IKR orma svongtk

jkvo struòa pmhotoioa tgakak. m su prong svgck prkv`k potk`nk,pmgvo md ms`mvòl o hnudsiol prkvk, prgim dgamirktong o ustkvk, svg dmtgak oz mjhksto provkt`mc prkvk, tg potk`nk smbonkh`mc pmrgtik, svngtsiggim`maong o agu`krmd`g zkngdòbg drkvk.

Ao ùdoam amcu`mst rkzcmvmrk o dosiusong m toa tgakak.ghoam stupoto u egr donkhmc m toa tgakak, u imnga nks`m o mtvmrg`m

amgam zkstupkto vhkstotg pmzobong. K tkikv donkhmc, u zkvos`msto md


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ikim Oshkasik zkngdòbk u Jmsòo Lgrbgcmvoò rgkcork `k mvg ozkzmvg= Rvg su tm potk`nk imnk u dosiusonom oshkau u Gurmpu ocrknu svg z`kknònu uhmcu. m sg md`mso o `k Jmsùo Lgrbgcmvoù. Mvk zgahnk oak pgrspgitovu prostupk Gurmpsimn uònoo mjkvgzkhk sg dk g shongdoto gurmpsig stk`dkrdg. Agutoa `grongtimsg nkvhnk imèuzonk mim potk`nk u imnmn angro ng oshka imapktojohk`

sk ovmtòa emrakak amdgròl gurmpsiol drutkvk. @gdmstktki


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z`k`nk m tmag hkim amg dmvgsto dm stvkrk`nk prgdrksudk, imng oshkauskama oho pmngdoòa aushoak`sioa crupkak `gprmaohng`m proposunu

`gpmdmj`mst zk dgamirktonu . Dmdug, o u oshkau, ikm o u drucoarghoconkak, trgjk mzjohn`m slvktoto gistrgaostoig pmnkvg, tg dnghmvktoprgvg`tov`m oaknuo u vodu rozoig zk drutvm. Kho pkukhozork`ng ocg`grkhozork`ng uvongi ng pmcrg`m. Mvk pujhoikbonk gho dkto dmpro`msjmrjo prmtov `gz`k`nk m oshkau, tg dkto dmpro`ms o pmtko donkhmc skaushoakòak, kho o sk `g-aushoakòak. gistmvo oz mvg pujhoikbong`kstkho su u mivoru rkòng sam`gutmc sgao`krk. @nolmvo kutmro su vmdgo

oshkasio `kuòbo oz Jms`g o Lgrbgcmvo`g. Kutmro msvngthnkvknu rkzhootkug`nk oshkak oz pmhotoig, iuhtur`g o lostmronsig pgrspgitovg, k otktghnuùdg ormi spgitkr tgak o pmzobonk. ghoam Uka ucmd`m otk`ng!

Rkjo`k Shi`gr,

dorgitmrobk Vrgdstkvòtvk

Em`dkbong Im`rkd Kdg`kugr u Jmsò o Lgrbgcmvoò


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WUMD@O CMUMZ

Josaohhklor-rklakòr-rkloa

Rvo hnudo oaknu `gim vog`ng, `giu vozonu, svo ovg u `gimasvongtu, ak`ng-vog urgg`ma oho zkputg`ma, ak`ng vog `gozvngs`mao prmturng`ma, kho òikd pmtpu`m kamre`ma oho `gkrtoiuhork`ma.Wgò hnudo, uhgak, o`tghgitukhbo su to md imnol sg mgiung, md`ms`m

zkltngvk dk tkn svongt krtoiuhorknu. Rkdk`nk oho mvmvrgag`k vozonk g saongjoto skam `kshongg. Uozonk sg amrk uvongi oz`mvk krtoiuhorkto tkim dksvkima ugòiu/studg`tu judg prolvkthnovk ikm `ngcmvk/`ng`k vhkstotk.@krkv`m, ugò hnudo, uhgak, o`tghgitukhbo oaknu prkvm, pmd uvngtma dksu lrkjro o upmrò, dk prguzau dulmv`m o o`tghgitukh`m `kshongg, kho omjkvgzu dk tm dulmv`m o o`tghgitukh`m `kshongg (aorkz) dkhng rkzvonknuprgak pmtrgjkak vrgag`k o angstk.

Okim òikd òng johm hklim joto osto`sio shmjmdk` hoa oho

o`tghgitukhkb, kho ao sg oò dk ng tm dk`ks `kntgg. Lmu rgo dk oakautoski dk dk`ks òng `k vghoimn bongò prmaohng`m, pmtg`m o mdcmvmr`mostrkovk`ng oho `kuimvk`ng. W `giu ruiu ostrkovkio ua ng mtug` mdusvmngòl `kvoik o uvngrg`nk. Mzjohn`m prmaohnk`ng o pmtgò prostupstk`nu u zkngdòbo oho drutvu dmvmdo u potk`ng aor o stkjoh`mst mdrggòlbg`tkrk amo pk ng, stmck, socuròng drkto sg pmstmngol prkvohk ocrg o`g tkhkskto òtk tm rgagto tkn ucmdò aor. @krkv`m, zkpotkò ua ng

uvongi jom mdjkbovk` `k strkù zktm tm sg m` ska ozdvknkm md mjo`mco umjokng`mc stk`nk uak o dulk. Jrktstvm uhgag, md`ms`m uaòl oaudrol hnudo sg tgaghno `k tmn zkngdòimn vrhoò shmjmdmua`msto imnupmsngdunu lrkjro o osto`mhnujovo hnudo.

W tma prmbgsu zkpotk`msto uotghnk, ugòbo/studg`to amcu jotouz`gaorgò o `gzkdmvmhnò, ngr `g dmjonknu mdcmvmrg `k potk`nk, imnkamdk o uotghn g z`k, k g amcu sg ko o u i`nockak. W tma shuknuugòi/studg`t ng mstkvhng` dk ska trko mdcmvmrg `k potk`nk, imnk `grkzuaonu ò uotghno zktm tm su amtovo potk`nk mpsiurò o udò tg o


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skaoa ugòboak/studg`toak `gnksò. @m, ò tgik potk`nk sg `g saonuzk`gakroto skam zktm tm su tgik o zktm tm sg k nol gak lotk` o nksk`

mdcmvmr. Wgò hnudo, uhgak, o`tghgitukhbo amrknu oakto m`m tm druco`gaknu, k tm ng uvngrhnov stkv o aohng`ng utgaghng`m `k kpmdoitoioakrcuag`toak jgz protosik pmpuhostoig rgtmroig. m ng chkvò rkzhmc dkugò hnudo, uhgak o o`tghgitukhbo amcu oakto utngbkn k drucg hnudg, tn.,dk amcu mjhoimvkto nkv`m aòng`ng. Dkihg, lrkjrmst ug`nkik ng m`m tmau dm`mso proz`k`ng, kho o kvhko k ngck hnujmamru md ak`ng lrkjroluamvk. @gak `kuig tkam cdng sg uo skam pm doitktu o`struibong `k

`ko` dk su svk potk`nk prgdvodovk o svo mdcmvmro u`kprongd pmz`kto.W shmjmd`mn zkngdòbo o u dgamirktsima drutvu pmtrgj`m ng dksg mshmjmdoam `kvoig imnk amg rgduborkto svg hnudg `k agdomirotgtsiodul. Rhmjmd`k zkngdòbk amrk sg tgaghnoto `k pro`bopu agusmj`mcuvkkvk`nk o pmtovk`nk, k `g `k emrsork`mn dulmv`mn o o`tghgitkukh`mnurkvòhmvio. @gak `kprgtik zkngdòbg kim u `nmn `gak rkz`mhoimsto,òto zkngdòbk oak saoshk kim rkz`mhoimst òng ustk`mvhng`k `k pro`bopuskamsvngs`mc ostrkovk`nk.

W jto shmjmd`k zkngdòbk z`ko tmhgrk`bonu rkzhootol uvngrg`nk,zktm tm sg hnudo dmostk mzjohn`m rkzhoiunu u pmchgdoak o aohng`noak.Wùtkr skaol sgjg aushoakò oaknu rkzhootg pmchgdg m vkòatgmhmioa potk`noak, dmi sg ikm bngho`k rkzhoiunu md irk`k o Ngvrgnk.W shmjmd`ma drutvu vngròbo sg rkdoikh`m rkzhoiunu md imauòstk,`kbom`khosto md o`tgr`kbom`khostk, pktromtg md pkbostk. Mò sg `grkzhoiunu skam mim tglòig mstvkrovk`nk zkdk`mc bohnk9 mò sg rkzhoiunu

mim skamc bohnk, mim odgkhk imnga tgg, mim nolmvmc pmchgdk k hnudsimpmstmnk`ng. W `giu ruiu tm su `gpmaorhnovk chgdotk. Vk opki, o u toaprmturong`mstoak trgjk trkoto ms`mvu zk suovmt, `g irmz imòit, vgirmz tmhgrk`bonu. @m, tmhgrk`bonk oak svmn hoaot. @koag, ikd rkzhoik uvngro o uvngrg`nu pmstk`g prmcrka kibong zk kcrgsovù `gckbonu vngrg ouvngrg`nk drucmck, m`dk sg `g amg jot o`doegrg`tk` prgak tmn pmnkvo.W tma shuknu amrk sg zkuzgto nksk` o vrst stkv u zktoto prkvk drucmck.

W stvkro, pmstmno trkdobom`khò mdcmvmr zk m`g imno svknk uvngrg`nk


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sohma `kagu, k tm ng dk g osto`k `k irknu pmjongdoto, ikm tm `ka sgu Iurkù stkh`m pm`kvhnk> - Khhkl g vka `k irknu pmikzkto tk ng osto`k

u vgzo svol vkol rkzohkg`nk. Mvk Jmk`sik uputk z`ko dk ng kibonk ohokcrgsonk orghgvk`t`k zk ostoù. m z`ko dk osto`k oak svmn put u`ktmsvoa hnudsioa prmcrkaoak.

@m, zklvkhnunuo, rgihm jo sg, `gprostrks`ma `ku`ma ostrkovk`nuzkd`nol tro stmhngk ùdo `ka sg mcrma`m z`k`ng imno jo vg mvdng`k mvma svongtu amchm ustk`mvoto ostoù zk imnma tgoam `k tgaghnuo`ngòbk imng `ka sg pmikzunu. ^ktm su `gio `gstrphnovo dk giknu mù

Jmnu im`kù ostoù. Mò tvrdg dk oaknu `gprostrks`g o`ngòbg imngdmikzunu `gupotù ostoù mvdng o skdk o òng oa pmtrgj`k Jmonk pmamo Jmonk krjotrkk. Mò, agutoa, zkjmrkvhnknu `knvkònu o`ngòbu,k tm ng dk z`k`ng m o`ngòbkak òng o z`k`ng m vrongd`mstoak. O ikmtm Jg`gdgtm Irms (Jg`gdgttm Brmbg) s prkvma proangung> Dk ng zhmo`ngòbk (ekbt), zhm jo johm pmòtg`m ikm tm su pmòtgò iagtstvm ormpstvm. @m, zhm òng z`k`stvg`k o`ngòbk. Urongd`msto òsu prormdòmjngito. Rhmot gam sg dk gduikbonk ocrk uhmcu u irgork`nu tmhgrk`bong,kho tm `g rkdo z`k`stvg`k gduikbonk.

^`k`mst ikm z`k`ng m o`ngòbkak prmamvork mdrggù vrstupkbozak. Uog md tro stmhngk o`tghgitukhò odgkh ng o`zostorkm `kghoao`kbono ho`mc oho msmj`mc md o`ngòbk. Rucgrorkhm `ka sg dkuangstm Jmong mjnkvg prolvktoam mjnkvu oho rgvghkbonu prormdg. Zgg`m`ka ng dk sg dmcak pmjngung o`ngòbkak, oho prmtov dmcag trgjk sgjmroto o`ngòbkak. m jo johm amcug ikd jo skak dmcak johk ngd`k

md o`ngòbk. ^`k`mst ngst mspmsmjhng`k dk o`ngòbkak pmjongungdmcag, kho z`k`mst òng spmsmj`k dk sg `mso sk dmcakak vrongd`msto,oho vrongd`msòa dmcakak. Wstvkro, z`k`mst `g amg dk dgòrkvrongd`msto. ^ktm su u prkvu mò imno iku dk uangstm tmhgrk`bongz`k`mst oho `gprostrks`k `kuik prmamvork o`doegrg`t`mst. Ngr prmjhgatmhgrk`bong sg pmnkvhnung ikd su u potk`nu hnudsig gambong, ghng osihm`msto. m potk`ng sg g rngkvk gcork`nga oho pmòtkvk`nga hnudsiol

gambonk, ghnk o sihm`msto, vg sg tm rngkvk tkim dk sg tk hnudsik dugv`k


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stk`nk urkv`mtgg o pmaorg putga mdcmnk o mjrkzmvk`nk. @koag, mdcmno mjrkzmvk`ng amcu mtihmòto prgdrksudg, kho tm amrk joto mdcmn o

mjrkzmvk`ng m vrongd`mstoak k `g m o`ngòbkak. m amrk joto mdcmn omjrkzmvk`ng vmhng, k `g o`tghgitk.

Ngr, hnudo òsu òikd joho kpsmhut`m ngdo`stvgò u skdrknu `nolmvoluvngrg`nk. @oto su u chkvo ngd`mc mvngik svk `ngcmvk uvngrg`nkskvrg`m im`zostg`t`k. @m, ù`m ng dk u svoa chkvkak hnudo pmstmnguvngto zk aormhnujov md`ms prgak rkzhootoa uvngrg`noak. m ngpmstuhkt tmhgrk`bong. @ong ozvngs`m dk sam ng ikm tkivu prolvktoho. Ngr,

tmhgrk`bonk òng o`doegrg`t`mst, òng rkv`mdu`mst. mhgrk`bonu òsuozuaoho o`doegrg`tò uamvo. mhgrk`bonk `gg prgovngto `k tkikv `ko`.mhgrk`bonk oak svmnu krakbonu. m ng druck strk`k tmhgrk`bong.

Jgz tmhgrk`bong `gak shmjmdg. m ng prkvohm `k imnga pmovkshmjmd`k zkngdòbk o dgamirktsim drutvm. K tm z`ko dk mvngi gg jotohmnkhk` ò zkngdòbo ò drutvu kim `ngcmvg ho`g ksporkbong, vngrmvk`nko uvngrg`nk `gaknu pmtmvk`ng o kim m` ikm hk` zkngdòbg o drutvk`gak prohoiu dk pmikg svmng spmsmj`msto. Rvg tm `krukvk provkt`mst,`krukvk o shmjmd`m prolvktk`ng kutmrotgtk, md`ms`m vhksto. W tmagng rkzhoik ozagu shmjmdg o mprgsong. Rhmjmdk òng `gckbonk kutmrotgtk,md`ms`m vhksto, vg ng tm pmtvrovk`ng tkivmc zkim`k imno ng ùk` zkuspmstkvu o uvk`ng provkt`msto. m ng svmnstvgò prgrmcktov shmjmdg dkzkcmvkrk vhkdkvoù prkvk oho pmstmnk`ng zkim`k imno rgcuhork crkòbgshmjmdg. Rhmjmdk` mvngi prozovk zkim` oho vhkdkvoù prkvk ikm dmikz`ngcmvg sprga`msto dk pmstkvo crkòbg zk ngcmv vhkstoto ikprob, lor o o`kt

tg tkim motung svmnu mdcmvmr`mst, svmn ikpkbotgt zk skamirotoiu. kim`ng dmikz `ngcmvg shmjmdg. Vrolvktoto dk ovo pmd stroitoa zkimòak ngrmpstvm, kho ovngto jgz zkim`k ng lkms o jrutkh`mst. @m, prolvktoto zkimòho vhkdkvoù prkvk ng mvngimvk shmjmdk. @ong shmjmdk dk `gim oakprkvm `k `gmcrkòg`g strksto. mvngi ng shmjmdk` ikd amg vhkdktosvmnoa strkstoak, ghnkak o sihm`mstoak irmz skamprmihkamvkò zkim`,imno au msocurkvk shmjmdu provkt`msto o shmjmdu skvngsto. ^ktm ng vk`m

uvongi `kchkkvkto dk ng gronkt z`ko `mamirktonu k `g tgmirktonu, dk


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osha z`ko tmhgrk`bonu ikm `knvoo stupk`n aormhnujovmsto, dk oa`z`ko socur`mst ikm `knvoo stupk`n hnudsig shmjmdg tg dk ols` z`ko

skamrtvmvk`ng ikm knvoo stupk`nu smhodkr`msto sk svoa hnudoak dmjrgvmhng. m ng m`m tm `ka trgjk u mdcmnu o mjrkzmvk`nu dk jo sg sumohosk pmnkvkak rkdoikhozak, gistrgaozak o `ksohnk, jmhgsto md imnol dk`ksskao aushoak`o `knvog pktg, k zjmc imnol ol druco chgdknu ikm uzrmi`gaork o `gstkjoh`msto u svongtu.

Wvngrg` ska dk g mvkn mirucho stmh dkto mdcmvmrg `k `gik md mvolvruol potk`nk. W tm oag ghoa vka uspngl u rkdu o zklvkhnuna sg svoa

sudom`oboak `k trudu o dmjrmn vmhno. Rghka!Zgosu-h-uhgak dr. Austkek Bgro


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Vrme. dr. G`gs Ikro

ZGEMZAKMZRIG CZWVG O

ZKDOIKH@O VMIZGO

W AWRHOAK@RIMN VMUONGRO


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ORHKARIK RBG@K W JOL

;- Klhu s-su``k wk h-kakl (oho aushoak`sik vgo`kimnk ng prostkhk `k khektu Dkaksiu, prostkhk ng dk sg kheg`kshngunu proamcgòturma, saktrknu dk sprka khoek trgjkoakto hmnkhk` md`ms). Vrkitoio mvk aushoak`sik vgo`k su

: Kjdu h-kad Kakd KjRuhkya` ng u svmag dnghu Iur`sik vozonk(Kr-Zuyktuh-quròyyktu h-ikwòyykl) pmikzkm dk ng uòvgrzkhostoio dul rk`mck khektk prvg

gtvgrobg khek oz Agdo`g sphksùm pmd Gagvonkak u Dkaksiu (md 55;-376.). Wsp.`k prongvmd mvg KjRuhkya`mvg i`nocg, ozd. Gh-Ikhga, Rkrkngvm, :6;6. cmdo`g.


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prmamtmro pmhotoimc ivongtozak oho ozjngckvk`nk suimjk skvhkstoak. Klho s-su``ktsig do`kstong su uchkv`ma mjohngohg

bnghmiup`u pmvongst oshkak, klho s-su``ktsig do`kstong su johgo kjjsonsik u Jkcddu (376-;:7


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:2

G`gs IKZOZgemraktmrsig crupg o rkdoikhò pmirgto u aushoak`simn pmvongsto

jmrbo prmtov svol `kshngdòl khektk, otd. O tm ng rkzhmc zktm sgdk`ks rkdoikhù crupu kh-[ odu`grongtim `kzovk kroonkak

amdgr`mck dmjk. @k proangr, skvrgagò skudonsio prmegsmrgronktsimc prkvk kyhol Rkdh` ng kroonkak`kzvkm krkp-sig vgtgrk`g pmvrktòig oz Keckòstk`k, imng ng mjukvkhk BOKu jmrjo prmtov smvngtk. @koag, `kzvkm ol ng kroonkakngr susg joho pmgho nkvhnkto sk svmnoa rkdoikhòa zkltngvoak prgakirkhngvsima rgoau u Rkudonsimn Krkjono.2

Zkz`g drucg shngdjg o imhg aohng`nk

u oshkau aostoig,gzmtgroig, gczmtgroig...

@krkv`m, u oshkasimn pmvongsto `kstkhg su o a`mcg drucg shngdjg osgitg, pmsgj`m `k phkù tuakg`nk Iur`k o drucol ozvmrk oshkak.

Kho, okim ng s`k`k `nolmvk vngrsik, iuhtur(kh)`k o bovohozkbonsikuhmck, nolmv pmhotoio utngbkn ng zk`gakrov u md`msu k jkz`g pmhotoigshngdjg oshkak. @k proangr, u pmvongs`ma oshkau oak pgt chkvòl agz-

lgjk (oho imhk tuakg`nk gronktsimc/vngrsimc prkvk). W tma saoshuoaknu aushoakò k`gng, ahoiong, k`jkhong, ng, kekrong...

Vmvongsò oshka oak o a`mcmjrmn`g loronsig (gczmtgroig) ojoònsig (gzmtgroig) shngdjg, tu su o a`mcmjrmnò ensio rgdmvo okrqkto, `k stmto`g `nol, otd.

W vgzo s mvkivoa shngdjkak o imhkak aohng`nk trgjk rgo dkpmstmng a`mck prgihkpk`nk. @pr. amg sg ostmvrgag`m joto k`gnk

(u proangò gronktsimc prkvk) o agvhgvonk pm suensimamprgdnghng`nu.kimgr, amg sg joto ostmvrgag`m k`gnko autkzohk(oho pmsgj`k vrstkrkbom`khostg u tuakg`nu Iur`k). @k mvma ng phkù uùtkr mvkivolshngdjo tmima pmvongs`mc oshkak uvongi pmstmnkhk copik tmhgrk`bonk.

2 M mvmag org vodo> ky ho Rkdh`, Vmtrgj`m ng dk sg pmvrktòbo oz Keckòstk`kdugv`m proprkvg, mjnkv. ikm o`tgrvnu u skudonsima sgdao`ma ksmposu kh-Akkhhkl,jrmn


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Kho, u pro`bopu, `g amg sg ostmvrgag`m joto o kroonko onk, ohokroonko klho suònk, otd. u su sg nkvohg mtrong rkzhoig o nkzmvo.

Ughoio dom oshkasiol shngdjo, crupkbonk o pmirgtk nkvom sg s bohnga rg-emraork`nk oho mj`kvhnk`nk rkòngc ozvmr`mc `kshngku oshkau. @k proa-ngr, shngdjgòbo Aulkaagdk jo` Kjd kh-Sklljk (uarm ;3?3.) tvrdgdk ng `nolmv pmirgt rgemraktmrsio ngr `kvmd`m mò md oshkak mdstrk`-nunu tursim-msak`sig aostoig o drucg prorksho`g.

Agutoa, imd svol rgemraktmrk `gao`mv`m sg pmstkvhnk potk`ng>oag sg rgemraorkto=

Cmtmvm svg skvrgag`g rkdoikh`g sgitg imng sg pmzovknu `k oshka u svmag prmcrkau oaknu kcg`du pmvrktik `k ozvmrò o `gpktvmrgòoshka.

Mvkivg crupkbong ghg rgemraorkto dk`k`ng stk`ng aushoak`k im`-bgpbonkak prkvmck oshkak oz prmhmsto.

Dkikim, pmstmng o rgemraktmro imno aushoak`g dk`ks ghg rgemrao-rkto o pmzotovòa tgimvo`kak gvrmpsimc `kshngk. Gcopktsio rgemraktmrAukaagd Kjdul(uarm ;?67.) oak a`mck tkivk angstk u svmnoadnghoak. O rgemraktmro ikm tm su kahudd` kh-Keò (ua. ;


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rovkhotgto rkzhootg vrstg o o`tg`zotgtk. Rvg tro shngdjg proz`knu ngdk` tg ostoIur`, kho ck rkzhootm tuakg. g rkzhoig oaknu vgmak vk`g pmhotoig

rgpgriusong.Klho s-su`òngsaktrknu dk aushoakò trgjknu pmtmvkto vhkstjohk m`k do`kstonsik oho jork`k k ozjmroak.kroongsu vgmak kchkg`mzk oshkasio rgpujhoikòzka o gckhotkrozka, saktrknu dk su do`kstonsiomjhobo vhksto ozdknk oshkak, otd. onsig crupkbong zkltongvknu dk vhkdkraushoakòak judg ungd`m o oaa imno ng oz Vmshkòimvg hmzg prgim`ngcmvg igrig Eoag o zgtk Khong j. Kjhojk, oho dk ng ozdk`ki tgtrkdobong, otd.

Mvdng josam amcho sktoak `kjrknkto a`mcg klho s-su``ktsig, onsig o kroonsig ozdkìg o aoirm-sgitg tmima cmtmvm pgt`kgststmhngk pmvongs`mc oshkak.

Kim sg mcrkòoam skam `k tro oho gtoro pmshngd`ng dgbgòng \\.stmhngk o prvu dgbgònu \\O. stmhngk amgam spmagùto shngdggcrupkbong oho shngdjg zk imng sg tvrdo dk su rkdoikh`g> (u`du hhl)oho Jmonk vmnsik, imnk ng md zvkò`mc Ork`k cdng o`kg dnghung -

prmchkg`k ikm tgrmrostoik mrckòzkbonk, pm `koòak svmck dnghmvk`nkng topo`k `gmkroonsik aoirm-sgitk, imnk `kstmno uihmòto vgo`siuonsiu vhkst. ^k kh-[ odu sam vg ikzkho dk ng md skaol skudonsiolkutmrotgtk mz`kg`k ikm `gmkroonsikcrupkbonk, kho imnk sg jmro prmtovsvol krkpsiol klho s-su``ktsiolrgoak (joho mò rgpujhoik`sim-pkrtons-io, am`mpkrtonsio oho irkhngvsio). kimgr, rkzhootg crupkbong oshkasimcdolkdk (kh-oldu h-osha) `k Jhosima o Rrgd`nga ostmiu u svmnoarkdoikhòa `kstupoak oaknu a`mcg `gmkroonsigagtmdg dnghmvk`nk, 7ngr u svmnoa dnghmvk`noak o prmcrkaoak g ironu dk ghg mrukòa kibo-nkak uihmòto pmstmngg klho s-su``ktsigoho onsigrgoag, jmrg sg prmtovuphovk ^kpkdk o Rngdo`ngòl Kagroiol Drkvk `k Jhosima o Rrgd`ngaostmiu, otd. R drucg strk`g, ozjuhhl (Jmonk pkrtonk) oz Hojk`k ngtopo`k onsik crupkbonk, `k ^kpkdu o md strk`g Ozrkghk mz`kg`k ng

7 Wspmrgdo Nmlk``gs N. C. Nk`sg`,Zkò oshkasio pmirgt lkrodonk o amdgrò aushoak`sio

gistrgaozka> sho`msto o rkzhoig, prgvgm s g`chgsimc G`gs Ikro, mjnkv. u lrgstmaktonoIur` u skvrgag`ma dmju, OO, ostm, str. :?2 267.


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ikm gistrga`k o rkdoikh`k shngdjk. Agutoa, hojk`sio ozjuhhlng md onsimcstk`mvòtvk nu`mck Hojk`k s`k`m pmdrkvk`k emrakbonk.

Rtmck ng `k mvmn domòbo `kgck gsgnk vgmak vk`m spmagùto dksg amrk prkvoto rkzhoik ozagu mshmjmdohkiol o mdjrkajgòl pmirgtk sngd`g, o rkdoikhòl o tgrmrostoiol crupkbonk, s drucg strk`g.

Nmlk``gs Zgos`gr ng u svmag tgistu Aohotk`t`g oshkasig crupg5(imno ng posk` mskadgsgtol cmdo`k prmhmc stmhngk) ikzkm shngdgg>

YW mvmn rksprkvoQ`gg joto mjrkg`g oshkasig crupg mtpmrk, ikmm`g u Keckòstkù md ;?3?. oho Amrm-pmju`ngòbo `k Eohopoòak, onkaohotk`t`mst `g pmovk pm`knprong `k tmtkh`ma odgmhmima zkltngvu9crkòbg su, krkv`m, pmangrhnovg, pm`gikdk su mvkivg crupg mtpmrk pmt-pmamcùtg, oho su pmd utngbknga, aohotk`tòl oshkasiol mrckòzkbonk.3

Drucoa rongoak, prgak Nmlk``gsu Zgoss`gru, dk jo sg `gik oshka-sik crupkbonk prmchksohk aohotk`t`ma pmtrgj`m ng dk oshka, tgaghng``k Iurù, su`ò o uzmru pmjmòl shngdjgòik, saktrk tmtkh`ma odg-mhmconma imnk o dk`ks vko zk svg mjhksto ovmtk. mtkhotkr`mst o rkdo-

ikh`mst nolmvol zkltngvk dknu oa aohotk`tò ikrkitgr, jgz mjzork imrostgho m`g zk mstvkrovk`ng svmnol bohngvk sohu oho aor`g agtmdg. kaktu t-tkier wk h-lorklms`mvk`k u Gcoptu, ozjut-tkrro h-oshaimno oak mcrkìg o `k ^kpkdu o `k Jhosima ostmiu,k au h-oldu Cmr`nga Gcoptu, o a`mcg drucg.?

R drucg strk`g, pmstmng crupkbong imng ng tgim svrstkto pm stkroaihognoak. Keckòstk`sio o pkiostk`sio khojò su ngd`k rkdoikh`k emr-

5 Wsp. Nmlk``gs Zgoss`gr,Aohotk`t`g oshkasig crupg, s `ngakimc prgvgm Rodoi Rpklo,mjnkv. u lrgstmaktono Iur` u skvrgag`ma dmju, OO, ostm, str.


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akbonk, kho imnk ng vrstm provrg`k klho s-su``nsimaoshkau, okim oak`gmkroonsigghgag`tg o agtmdg dnghmvk`nk, otd.

kimgr, u ihksoikbonkak imng oaknu u vodu rkdoikh`mst o aoho-tk`t`mst, gstm sg `ku o Aushoak`sik jrkk (kh-owù h-aushoa`),imno dnghunu pm bonghma Jhosima o Rrgd`nga ostmiu, o u zkpkd`mn Gvrmpo.Agutoa, chkvò tmimvo mvmc pmirgtk òikdk òsu joho rkdoikhò, pmcm-tmvm `g aohotk`tò, vg su aohotk`t`mst o rkdoikhozka prolvktoho mtpkdòbomd Aushoak`sig jrkg.

Dk`ks su Aushoak`sik jrkk `k Jhosima o Rrgd`nga ostmiu prg-

pmz`kto ikm im`struitovk` pkrt`gr u drutvu, `gcdng ikm hk`mvo pkr-hkag`ktk, k `gcdng, mpgt, ikm vgmak rkdo`k `gvhkdo`k mrckòzkbonk.;6

Dmostk ng dk`ks vghoio jrmn aushoak`siol o oshkasiol crupkbonkmz`kg` u hotgrkturo ikm rkdoikhk` oho aohotk`tk`, `k proangr>doy`-oosha(Ork`), kakto osha (Vkiostk`), kaktu h-old(Gcopkt), tk-au h-old(Gcopkt), otd. otd.

Zkzhmzo zktm sg mvg o prgtlmd`g spmagùtg crupkbong nkvhnknu

tmima \\. o \\O. stmhngk, o protma `knggpmzovknu `k oshka, `klmdgsg u shngdgga>

Ughoioa donghmvoak sormak`mc hnudstvk krkpsimc o oshkasimcsvongtk vg md dmjk imhmònkhozak vhkdk dul pmrkzk o pmhotoimcjgz`kk. Vmrkzo u rktu sk Ozrkghma dmvgho su dm rgkitovòlpmnkvk òbk`nk rkz`mhoiol odgmhmconk imng su mz`kg`g ikmoshkasig o ikm rkdoikh`g. Oshkasio rkdoikhozka ng ua`m-

cmag rgkitov`k pmnkvk. @guspngl krkpsiol ghotk, rgoak o drkvk dk rongg pmhotoig o

gim`masig prmjhgag svmnol zgakhnk ngstg vghoio ozvmr rkdoikho-zkbong stk`mvòtvk. (M`dng cdng ng drkvk uspng`k o cdng pms-tmno dgamirktsim urgg`ng, tu `g bvngtknu rkdoikh`g crupg.@pr. nkv`mst Zgpujhoig ursig, oho Akhgzong oho O`dm`gzong òng

;6 Wspmrgdo Klagt Khojko, Oshkasik mpmzobonk u skvrgagòa pmhotoioa sostgaoak o

`ng`k uhmck u pmhotoima rkzvmnu krkpsiol drkvk(dmitmrsik dosgrtkbonk), `gmjnkvhng`m,Rkrkngvm, :6;6.


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: Oshkasik prongt`nk, aot ohostvkr`mst, Nml` H. Gspmsotm, ovo`obg, :66;., Slkt Sg`t Srm`c= Sgstgr` Oapkbtk`d Aoddhg Gkstgr` Zgspm`sg, Jgr`krd Hgwos, Hm`dm`, :664., Tg VmhotobkhHg`cukcg me Oshka, Jgr`krd Hgwos, oikcm o Hm`dm`, ;??;., Oshkasio gistrgaozka,Dgnk` Huio, Rkrkngvm ;?


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Aulkagd NWROOshkaostoio pmirgto u \\ stmhngu o `nolmvm prosustvm u Jmsò o Lgrbgcmvoò

kim `pr., prgak Nmlù Gspmsotu, oshkaozka ng zkprkvm oshkao`tgrprgtork` ikm odgmhmconk ikim jo sg pmdrkm pmhotoio o drutvgò

kitovozka.Vrmegsmr ostrkovk `k Wòvgrzotgtu gh Kvov Akrto` Irkagr pki

tvrdo dk ng tm oshka imno ng prgemrauhosk` ikm amdgr`k odgmhmconk. Dming oshka trkdobom`kh`m kstkm u ihkso nudkozak o irk`stvk, oshkaozka ngmdcmvmr `k odgmhmcong imng su `kstkhg `k amdgr`ma zkpkdu ikm tmsu imauòzka, smbonkhozka oho ikpotkhozka.

Crulka Euhhgr, skvngtòi u ZK@D Bmrpmrktom`saktrk ikim ng os-

hkaozka `knvgoa donghma so`mòa zk pmhotoio oshka pmiukn dk sgoz oshkak ozvgdu rngg`nk zk skvrgag`g drkv`g, drutvg`g o pmhotoigprmjhgag.2

Vmstmng o mò, `krmotm agu skaoa oshkaostoak, imno saktrknu dksg `g rkdo ò m ikivmn `mvmn odgmhmcono `gcm puima pmiuknu rgemragoshkak imno prgak `noak òikdk òng jom skam rghoconk, `gcm bnghmiu-pk` sostga ovmtk, tm pmdrkzuaongvk o drkv`m o drutvg`m urgg`ng

zks`mvk`m `k `ngcmvoa pro`bopoak. m ng `gao`mv`m ozrmdohm m`m tmsg `kzovk pmhotoio oshka sk svoa `ngcmvoa amdghoak md m`mck imnozkcmvkrk rgemrau ozùtrk (irmz pmstmngg pmhotoig sostgag) dm m`mckimno ng vog rgvmhubom`krk` o sprgak` pmsgcùto zk `ksohnga ikim jopmstockm svmn bohn .

Vmsgj`m ng zkòahnovm rkzaohnk`ng ngd`g drucg siupo`g stru`nkikimno, pmput Mhovgrk Zmyk, pmnkvu oshkaostoiol pmirgtk pk o mòl `k-

nrkdoikhònol agu `noak, cdng mò svrstkvknu `gig sghgstoig pmirgtg,mjnk`nkvknu vgstgròzkbonma o chmjkhozkbonma oshkak.

kim m` saktrk ikim ng pmcrg`m prgtpmstkvoto dk su pmnkvg rg-hocomz`mc rkdoikhozak (pmd imnoa m` prvg`stvg`m aosho `k sghgzka)o pmhotoimc rkdoikhozak (Kh [kgdk) tgi uvmz oz iuhturk o imòiktkJhosimc Ostmik. Mvg pmnkvg su prvg`stvg`m pmshngdobk chmjkhozkbong opmzkpkd`nkg`nk oshkak. Dk`k`ng movhnkvk`ng rghocomz`msto prong svgck

2 Os Oshkaosa k Trgkt= (dgjktk) Tg Aoddhg Gkst [ukrtgrhy dgbgajkr ;???. tma UO,jrmn 4


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ng mjohngg`m rkzdvknk`nga iuhturg o rghocong, m imnmn cmd rghocono dk sgrkdo. Mvm mjnk`nkvk uzknkaò kòtgt kagroimc prmtgstk`tsimc eu`-

dkag`tkhozak o oshkasimc sghgzak> o ngdk` o druco mdjkbunu iuhturu,hmzmnu, ki o tgmhmconu, u imrost siropturkh`mc ootkvk`nk vngrsioltgistmvk o `gpmsrgd`mc rkzuaongvk`nk osto`g irmz vngru pmngdo`bk, k`kutrj mjrkzmvòl o rghocomzòl o`stotubonk.4

Ikdk ng rong m rkzhmzoak org`nk utngbknk oshkaostoiol pmirgtkjrmnò su k`khotokro imno chkv`g rkzhmcg vodg u sormaktvu, jgz`ku,`gdgamirktsioa tork`sioa rgoaoak imnoak su ducm, svg dm `gdkvòl

dgkvk`nk u tzv. krkpsima prmhngu, ngdo`k stvkr`k khtgr`ktovk o mpmz-obonk joho jrmnò oshkaostoio pmirgto, imno su svmnoa luakòtkròa, mjrk-zmvòa o mpmzobomòa dnghmvk`nga grongtim dmjonkho z`kknù pmdriuaushoak`siol aksk imng su nm uvongi trkdobom`khostoio mdcmng`g oghn`g drutvg`g prmang`g imnk g oa dmòngto jmhnotki jgz prmpotovk`nktgaghnòl drutvgòl vrongd`msto.

***

Aushoakò u imauòstoimn Nucmshkvono su sg `khkzoho pmd `gimavrstma odgmhmimc stkihg`mc zvm`k imng ol ng u vghoimn angro drkhmozmhmvkòa md odgmhmiol o oòl prgvork`nk u mstktiu aushoak`simcsvongtk. m stkihg`m zvm`m ng rkzjong`m u phkagù rktk imno ng zkdgsomjovu Nucmshkvonu `kim` prmpksto imauòstoimc rgoak. Aushoakòmvol prmstmrk, prong svgck Jm`nkbo imno su oòho z`kknk` dom tkdk`ngO^, o `nolmvk vngrsik zkngdòbk òsu oakho dmvmhn`m vrgag`k dk stgiù

`gmplmd`k osiustvk o z`k`nk ikim dk sg `msg sk `kngzdma odgnk, odg-mhmconk, sgito o drucol drutvgòl eg`mag`k o`sporoskòl oshkama imnosu zkphnusùho rktma rkzmrg`m jmsk`simlgrbgcmvkim drutvm. ^jmcozmhkbong pmd imnma su sg pmhk stmhngk khkzoho, jmsk`sio aushoakò ikmzkngdòbk u prvoa cmdo`kak rktk o pmrkk osu uspngho rkzvoto giu vrstu

4 Zmy, Mhovgr Oshka u Gvrmpo- Rudkr rghoconk oho im`vgrcg`bonk rghocomz`msto, prvo putmjnkvhng`m u o` Irzysztme Aoblkhsio (gd.), Bm`dotom`s me Gurmpgk` Rmhodkroty, vmh.

OO> Zghocom` o` tlg @gw Gurmpg, Bg`trkh Gurmpgk` Wòvgrsoty Vrgss :665 / Rkrkngvm@mtgjmmi :3-:< (:6;6


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oauòtgtk `k odgmhmiu o`tgrprgtkbonu oshkak, kho ò emraorkto nksk`stkv prgak phurkhozau uùtkr oshkasig aosho. kn prmbgs ng skdk uvg-

hoim u tmiu o `k O^ ng dk, ikim u dmamvoò tkim o u donkspmro, cdng sugvodg`torkò simrm odg`toò prmbgso, oz`kg amdghg imnoak g u dulupro`bopk oshkasimc phurkhozak opki skuvkto vhkstoto odg`totgt o skuvktoaushoak`g md vngrsimc o odgmhmimc gczojobomòzak. Urongag g pmik-zkto dk ho g o `k imno `ko` u tmag uspngto.

@gak sua`ng dk ng md svol pmirgtk o sgito oz oshkasimc svongtk ongug`ng ng zkphnusùhm mjkhg trkdobom`kh`mc jmsk`simc oshkak `knvgu

pk`nu `k sgjg sirgùm pmirgt sghgnk (u `krmdu pmz`ktol ikm vg-lkjong). ^jmc jrmnk svmnol prostkhobk, kho o o`bodg`tòl sotukbonk u im-noak su mò u pmshngd`nol dgsgtki cmdo`k ugstvmvkho, pmirgt ng sirgùmz`kknù agdonsiu pk`nu `k svmng kitov`msto.

Rghgng (kr. sghge, prgtlmdòbo, prvg cg`grkbong aushoak`k) oho oshka-sio trkdobom`khosto su pmirgt `kstkm mim ug`nk o dnghmvk`nk rgemraktmrksk Krkjonsimc pmhumtmik Aulkaagdk jo` Ugllkjk (;362. - ;3


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ng tk odgmhmik trk`semrakbonk johk ushmvhng`k jmsk`simlgrbgcmvkioadrutvgòa mimh`mstoak, dkhgim vgo utngbkn oakho su chmjkhò trg`dmvo,

`krmotm dgkvk`nk uùtkr akto`mc pmirgtk u Rkudonsimn Krkjono.Okim sg sghgng dmovhnkvknu ikm ngdo`stvg`k o am`mhot`k zkngdòbk,

dk`ks su mò ngdk` md oshkaostoiol pmirgtk sk `knvgoa jrmnga suim-jhngòl erkibonk md imnol vgo`k oak vhkstotu vozonu oshkaozkbong svongtk odrutkvk u imnoak dnghunu. Ngd`m ng zkngdòim zk svg `nol, k tm ng dkskam sgjg saktrknu ngdoòa dmshngdòa shngdjgòboak su``gtk (prkisgpmshkòik Aulkagdk k.s.), k svmnu o`tgrprgtkbonu oshkasig trkdobong

ngdo`ma vkhnk`ma.Dgtkhn`ma k`khozma amgam rkspmz`kto gtoro ms`mv`g erkibo-

ng imng sg u aushoak`sioa zgahnkak (k tm sg rggitung o `k mcrkìgpmirgtk u JoL) jmrg zk prgvhkst uùtkr pmirgtk `kstkhmc mim ug`nk odnghmvk`nk rgemraktmrk sk Krkjonsimc pmhumtmik, gnlk Aulkaagdkjo` Kjduh-Ugllkjk.

^vkòù o mbonghù strunu imnk uovk pmdriu vhkdknug pmrmdobg

u Rkudonsimn Krkjono o`g gs-sghgnngtu gt-tkihodonnu` trdkdobom`khòim`zgrvktovbo imno su ozrkzotm kpmhotoò o imno zk aohotk`t`g sghgng pmp-ut Wskag jo` Hkdo`k tvrdg dk skam o`g `grgd `k zgahno.

Rghgnngtu-s-sklvk (sklvk jug`ng) oho rgemraostoig sghgng suprkvkb imno uovk `knvgu pmdriu agu sghgnkak ikim u Irkhngvoò,tkim o vk` `ng. Mò sg zkhku zk oshkaozkbonu drutvk putga pmstgpgòlrgemrao, mdcmnk, mjrkzmvk`nk o odgmhmimc sughnkvk`nk sk sgiuhkrostoak

o hojgrkhoak zkpkd`mc imvk. Vrmtov su `ksohòl agtmdk o im`stk`t`mgvmhuorknu u svmnoa stkvmvoak usvknknuo svg vog mtvmrg`g o hojgrkh`gvrongd`msto `gtopo`g zk trkdobom`kh`g sghgng.

Rghgnngt-h-dolkdo-- grfo oho dolkdostohgckh`mc dolkdk su aoho-tk`t`m irohm sghgzak imno zkcmvkrknu jmrju ikm strmcu vngrsiu du`mstsvkimc aushoak`k, kho skam tkam cdng su aushoakò `kpkdùto o cdngng `gpronktghn nks`m dgòsk` (ikivk su iroz`k krotk orma svongtk o u

imnk su ujrknkho o JoL tmima prmtgihmc rktk).


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@kngistrgaòno mjhoi sghgnsig odgmhmcong rkzvom sg pmd utngbkngaaohotk`tòl oshkaostoiol pmirgtk oz Gcoptk imno su `k keckòstk`sioa

rktotoak o u ikapmvoak zk mjuiu imajoòrkho sghgnsio vngrsio im`z-grvktozka sk odgnkak tgirk (prmchkg`nk aushoak`siol zkngdòbk opmngdo`kbk imno u `noak ovg `gvngròioa, md`ms`m `gvngròboak) ksvrstkvkam ol u crupu sghgnngtu gh-dolkd gt-tgirooho o`tgr`kbom`khòdolkdosto sihmò tgiru.

@kim` ;;. sgptgajrk mvo aohotk`tò su uz `gsvngsù pmdriuchmjkhòl agdonk pmstkho ngdoò gispm`g`to oshkaostoimc aohotk`tozak

o simrm u pmtpu`m pmtosùho odgnu audklodk hgcotoa`mc dolkdk`gsihm`mc tgrmrozau imno su sg dm tkdk saktrkho skam jmrboak zk shm-jmdu. Ro`mòa zk `nol ng pmstkhk ekamz`k mrckòzkbonk Gh-Ikodk.

Rvk mvk prgvork`nk u akto`ma pmirgtu su sg mdrkzohk o k sghgng uJoL o jm`nkimn donkspmro, tkim dk dk`ks oakam agu `noak u ak`-nga oho vgga jrmnu prgdstkvòig svkig md cmrg spmagùtol erkibonk.

***W zkd`ng vrongag zjmc svg vggc protosik socur`msòl kcg`bonk sghg-nngtu gh-dolkd gt-tgirosg svg vog emiusorknu skam `k pmhgaoig rks-prkvg sk drucoa sghgnsioa mcrk`boak, kho o sk drucoa aushoak`sioakutmrotgtoak mim potk`nk tgirko prolvktk`nk oho `gprolvktk`nk zkim`kimno òsu Jmk`sio md`ms`m imno su dm`gsgò u dgamirktsimn zkim`m-dkv`mn prmbgduro, k skaoa toag o otkvmc md`msk aushoak`k prgakdgamirktsima drutvu o `ngcmvoa o`stotubonkak.

^kcmvmròbo tgirk mvkn im`bgpt `kzovknu tgvloduh-lkioaong ohovngrmvk`ng u Jmono am`mtgozka u vhksto, tn. vngrmvk`ng dk aushoakò gsaonu prolvktkto oono sud msoa Jmongc, pk skaoa toag o pmtovkto johmimng zkim`g imno òsu md @ngck.

Wg`ng m tgvloduh-lkioaongpmovk `k vrhm ngd`mstkv`mn o tgmhmiosoaphostoio pmstkvhng`mn krcuag`tkbono prgak imnmn oshka `kukvk dkng Jmc ngdk`, kpsmhutò Uhkdkr o Cmspmdkr, imno ngdoò prmposung tk ng


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dmjrm, k tk zhm. Joto aushoak` z`ko joto prgdk` Jmonmn vmhno o usihkdotosvmn ovmt sk mrakak dmjrk o zhk imng Jmc prmposung. Mvm usihkovk`ng

òng skam `k òvmu gtoimc o amrkh`mc, ho`mc o provkt`mc `gcm o imhg-itov`mc ovmtk, tm pmdrkzuaongvk osihnuovo ustrmn drutvk tn. drkvgu sihkdu sk `mrakak gronktk, k zk `nol ng gronkt skam siup isòltrkdobom`khòl ikzò (kr. Lududk) k `g sostga vrongd`msto oz imngc sgrkzhootoa prkvòa agtmdkak ozvmdg prmposo pk o zkimò. Oz mvmc prmo-zhkzo dk svkio aushoak` imno ng zkdmvmhnk` dk ovo u drutvu urgg`ma`k mrakak druckonoa md mòl imno mò vodg ikm oshkasig, prgstkng joto

aushoak`, ngr ng mdkjrkm sostga vrongd`msto imno òng oshkasio. kikv ngprolvktom dk au `gim druco pmrgd Jmck prmposung `mrag dmjrk o zhk,tm ng rkv`m lgrgzo o mjmkvk`nu `gimc drucmc msoa Ngd`mc Jmck. Os-tmvrgag`m, svkim ugstvmvk`ng u dgamirktsioa o pmhotoioa prmbgsoakjohm irmz mao`mvk`ng u pmhotoioa pkrtonkak oho puim pmdrkvk`ng sos-tgak irmz chksk`ng oho prolvktk`ng sudk drkvg imnk `g pmovk k gronktuprgdstkvhnk uzurpork`ng Jmongc prkvk dk prmposung tk ng dmjrm, k tk zhmmd`ms`m dk dm`mso zkim`g (tm sg oò u pkrhkag`tkr`mn prmbgduro irmzdm`mg`ng zkim`k m tmag tk sg saong k tk `g saong rkdoto).

@gio kutmro imno su poskho m mvma ug`nu imrong`g mvkivg o`tgrprg-tkbong vngrg vodg nm u prvoa cmdo`kak kim` Vmshkòimvg sarto u prvmnsgito imnk sg pmnkvohk uùtkr oshkak, k `kim` Vmshkòimvg sarto. Joho sutm lkrodongimno su prgak vhkstotmn tgmhmimn dmitroò vgoù aushoak`kprmchksoho `gvngròboak zjmc o`ng`nk vghoiol cronglk. Rkvrgagò zkcm-vmròbo tgirk g saktrknu gvngròboak pmoòmbg vghoiol cronglk `gcm,

ikm tm sam tm mjnksòho m`g aushoak`g imno `g vngrunu u tgvloduh-lkioaongikim ck mò tuakg. ^ktm `khkzoam dk sg uùtkr sghgnsiol khoo uùtkr `kuòl irucmvk mò `kzovknu lkrodonkak oho `gmlkrodonkak,`kngg s bohnga `nolmvg dosivkhoikbong.5

Druco sg prosngknu dk ng srgdo`ma sgdkadgsgtol cmdo`k prmhmc

5 Uog m prmjhgau oag`mvk`nk eg`mag`k tgirk o pmirgtu `kstkhma mim mvmc ug`nk

vodo> Aohotk`tò gistrgaosto> LKZODONG @KGC DMJK, Klagt Khojko,Vrgpmrmd, cmd. \H, jr. ;4/?:


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vongik, gcopktsik o svngtsik nkv`mst johk miork`k jrutkh`mu dmtkdk`knrkdoikhòngc aohotk`t`mc pmirgtk Dgakt gt-tgir vg-h-lodrk, u

imnga druco vodg imrong`g skvrgag`mc pmirgtk tgirk. Vropkdòbo mvgmrckòzkbong su svmng aushoak`sig su`krmd`nkig o dm`gdkv`g vngrsigostmaohngòig prmchksoho `gvngròboak o irgùho u mtvmrgù jmrju uimnmn òsu prgzkho md imrotg`nk `knsurmvonol agtmdk tgrmrosk`nk bovohk.Joho su tm mdagtùto propkdòbo pmhotoimc o odgmhmimc pmirgtk Ausho-ak`sig jrkg, imno su oz pmiuknk gcopktsimc rgoak dk ucuo `nolmvumpmzobonu ozkho, grongtim kim` ducol cmdo`k prmvgdgòl u strkvoòa

ikzkaktoak, uvngrgò ikim sg drutvm u imnga ovg tmhoim udkhnohm mdoshkasiol pro`bopk dk sg vog òng amchm saktrkto aushoak`sioa, ikm omò imno su ovmtma u tkim urgg`mn drkvo joho zkdmvmhnò. @kim` irvk-vmc pork ujostkvk gostmaohngòik o mdhu`g kibong gcopktsig drkvg o orgdrutvg`g nkv`msto pmirgt ng donkjmhozork` o pmtosùt oz drutvg`g zjohng.Ikm mrckòzmvk`k struiturk ng prgstkm dk pmstmno. Ugo`k shngdjgòikng ujong`k oho sg nkv`m mcrkdohk md stkvmvk msòvkk pmirgtk, ahkdmco`g`ngrk kcrm`maong uiro Austkeg, kho ng odgnk tgirk tn. saktrk`nkdrucol aushoak`k `gvngròboak zjmc prolvktk`nk dk ovg u drkvkakimng pm `noak òsu oshkasig, prgovnghk.

gir ng prgovom u odgmhmima prthnkcu krkpsiol audklgdo`kimno su ugstvmvkho u keckòstk`simn jmrjo prmtov smvngtsimc miupktmrk.Wprkvm u jmrjgòa rmvmvoak jrdmvotol keckòstk`siol vrhgto tk odgnk ng`khk phmd`m thm agu propkdòboak ngd`mc drucmc pmirgtk imno ng skAushoak`sima jrkma oakm nkim akhm zkngdòimc, tn. agu propkd-

òboak sghgnsimc pmirgtk oz Rkudonsig Krkjong imno su ikm dmjrmvmhnbodmho dk sg prodrug keckòstk`simn jrko u dolkdu prmtov Rmvngtk.gir sg rgoìkròrk mvkn put u mdagtòboak md mbongh`mc sghgnsimcug`nk oho sg `k `gio `ko` `k `ngck ikhgao, k `ngcmvo shngdjgòbo zk sgjgpmo`nu tvrdoto dk su ngdoò o osto`sio zkcmvmròbo jgsimaprmaos`mc sg-hgzak o shngdjgòbo Aulkagdk oj` Kjduh-Ugllkjk o prvol `ngcmvolshngdjgòik pmz`ktol ikm olvkò zk imng vngrunu dk ol ng skudonsik

vhkdknuk pmrmdobk osimrostohk ikim jo dmhk `k vhkst k zktoa pmtosùhk.


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23:). ktm ng shmjmdk prvksupstk`bk, prvk mdhoik, ikrkitgrostoik o mdrgdòbk mvngik o hnudo> Dktvmn Cmspmdkr lmg, uzvngrmvkhk jo svk stvmrg`nk `k ^gahno! ^kr gm`dk to (Aulkaagdg) sohoto hnudg dk sg mjrktg u prkvmvngròig=! Ngr

òngd`k duk g vngrung jgz Khhklmvg dmzvmhg, k M` uoò gostoak m`gtm `gg dk prmaoshg (Iurk`, ;6> ?? o ;66). Iko md Cmspmdkrkvkgck ng Osto`k, pk im lmg `gik vngrung u shmjmdo, k im lmg `gik `gvngrung. Ao sam proprgaoho mck`n zk `ksohòig. (Iur k`, ;:?). Wvngro o vngrmvk`nu `gak òikivg prosohg, zkostk sg nks`m rkzhoiung put rkz-jmrk md zkjhudg, o zktm m`kn im kvmhk zkòngg, k u Khhklk vngrung - tknsg ulvktom zk ug o vgzu knvru - prgioùto sg oikdk gg, k Khhkl svgung o svg z`k. (Iur k`, :> :75). ^johnk mvm ng Mpmag`k o Mjnkvk, pkim ltngd`g u shmjmdo ozkjrkt g put dm Cmspmdkrk svmck. K vo gtg ltngtoskam m`m tm judg Khhklmvk vmhnk, Khhkl svg z`k o zkostk ng Vrgaudro.(Iur k`, 35>:?2). Crkdma mvoa zkiho`nga sg Aulkaagdg, to g u`ngau joto shmjmdk`. (Iur k`, ?6>;). Vrvo o krlgtopsio ozvmr rkdoikhoz-ak ngstg suprmtstkvhnkto Mjnkvu shmjmdo, vngru Mjnkvo, rghoconu vngro,gtoiu o mjrgdg rghocono o gstgtoiu o pmhotoiu gtobo. Vrvm tm Jmc dkrovkshmjmdo, dk ng uirkso o upmtpuò, ngstg Mjnkvk. Dkihg, ikm tm ng skdrkn

svkig Mjnkvg Osto`k, tkim ng shmjmdk emrak, mjhoi, mivor o `ko` `k imnosg osto`k md Khhklk u Mjnkvo ùdo. Vrvk supstk`bk, prvo skdrkn, prvmpmpu`ng`ng, prvk jot, srbg o duk shmjmdg ngsu Mjnkvk o vngrk utgaghng`k`k `nmn. Osihnuovo skdrkn Mjnkvg o vngrg imno sg ùdg u emrao o oero shm-jmdg ngsu> osto`k, prkvdk, prkvo`mst, rgd, sostga, pmrgdki, zkim`, vro-ngd`msto, pro`bopo, `kghk, irotgrono, iktgcmrong, sudmvo, dmjrm, uputk,mpmag`k, skvngt, hongi, putmikz, pmdstrgi, amtov, bohn, svrlk, o rngg`ng zk

mvngik o hnudg. Rhmjmdk u svma ostma prkosim`sima o proamdonkh`ma


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Austkek RVKLORmbomhmim-pmhotoik k`khozk pmnkvg rkdoikhozak

mdrgg`nu ngstg Jmonk emrak, mivor, mjhoi o prmstmr imnmn sg `kdkng osputk Mjnkvk, k Mjnkvk sk svmnma osto`ma o uputma ospu`nkvk o mphg-

ag`nung prmstmr shmjmdg. Rhmjmdk ng, ustvkro, emrak, mjhoi, mivor, prms-tmr oho zrki ovmtk, k vngrk ng skdrkn, saoskm o mdrgg`ng ovmtk. M`m tmng hnusik zk nkng mrkl o hng`noi, imk zk tonghm, tonghm zk duu, zrki, iok,svngthmst, vrongag o prmstmr zk svk ovk jok o stvmrg`nk, tm ng shmjmdk zkMjnkvu, vngru, rghoconu, gtoiu, iuhturu, prkvm, pmhotoiu o gstgtoiu. Jgzshmjmdg o Mjnkvk o vngrk o rghoconk o gtoik o iuhturk o prkvm o pmhotoik oustkv o zkimò o gstgtoik su artvo ikpotkho, dujmim zkimpkò u zgahnu,

imng hnudo `g amcu prm`ko oho kim ol o prm`ku, `g amcu ol `k prkvo omd Jmck mdrggò `ko` prmaobkto o svngdmoto. ^ktm= ^ktm tm jgz shm-jmdg ò Mjnkvk, ò vngrk, ò rghoconk, ò mjrgdo, ò gtoik, ò vngrmzkim``gaknu zrkik zk dosk`ng o prmstmrk zk irgtk`ng. @kchkkvkam, osto`k ngskdrkn o uùtrk`nk doag`zonk Mjnkvg k shmjmdk ng emrak, mivor, prms-tmr, oho vk`nsik doag`zonk tg ostg Mjnkvg. Jgz Mjnkvg o vngrg imnk shongdooz `ng, shmjmdk òikdk `gak osto`g o skdrknk ^K ovmt `gcm skdrkn MDovmtk, k jgz shmjmdg Mjnkvk o vngrk `gaknu emrag, mjhoik, zrkik, prms-tmrk o vk`nsig doag`zong. ^ktm ng shmjmdk uvngt Mjnkvg, k Mjnkvk ngskdrkn shmjmdg, Mjnkvk ng ozvmr osto`g o uvngt vngrg, vngrk ng uvngt rghocong,rghoconk ng uvngt mjrgdk, gtoig o iuhturg, k gtoik ng uvngt pmhotoig o gstgtoig.Osto`k utgaghng`k `k rghocono dkng ovmt svkimn iuhturo, k hk ozkzovk sartsvkig iuhturg. Rvo aguhnudsio md`mso, vgzg o imauòikbong pmovknu kostoò, k hk trung, rkzkrk o prgiodk md`msg, vgzg o imauòikbong aguhnudoak. W prkvu ng osto`k ms`mv`k o `knvok `mrak oz`kd imng vog

`mrag `gak. @k ostoò pmovk prkvdk ikm tgaghn prkvk, prkvo`msto,prkv`g zkngdòbg o zdrkvmc drutvk. Ikim ng cmvmrom oaka Gju Lkaodgh-Ckzkho skam ng osto`k hongpk, zktm tm ng `gprmhkz`k, `gozjrosovk, o`guòtovk, k stvkr`mst ak imhoim vghoik o rkz`mhoik, imros`k ng skamzktm tm ng prmhkz`k. Ikim ng proaongtom Oj` Lkza hnudo amcu spkhotopkporg, i`nocg o dmiuag`tg, kho oikdk g amcu uòtoto odgng k imnoakovmt pmovk. Mjngitov`k lostmronk mvngk`stvk prgak Mcostu Im`tu

ngstg lostmronk odgnk. Vmvongst svongtk o hnudstvk zk Lgcghk ong òtk drucm


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`gcm irgtk`ng svngtsimc dulk ik shmjmdo, u imag tkn dul prmhkzo irmz trodmjk> dngkim, u imag ng shmjmdk` skam pmngdo`kb, ahkdoim dmjk

dulk, u imag su shmjmd`g crupg pmvhktgòl o mdkjrkòl hnudo o zrghmdmjk dulk u imag su shmjmdò crkkò. Ikm tm ng u zobo suto`k ak-tgrong tgo`k o zkprgao`k, tkim ng zk Lgcghk supstk`bk dulk shmjmdk.Vrgak ug`nu rghocong vngrk ng skdrkn, bohn, saoskm o vrongd`mst ovmtk kshmjmdk ng prmstmr, mivor, emrak, mjhoi o zrki ovmtk. ^ktm ng prvo, ms-`mvò, `kntgo o `knmpksòno ozvmr pmngdo`k`mc, dukh`mc, pmsgj`mc(crup`mc) o mpgc (drutvg`mc) rkdoikhozak rkstkvhnkto o suprmstkvhnkto

shmjmdu ikm prmstmr, mivor, mjhoi o zrki ovmtk Mjnkvo, imnk prgim osto`g,uputg o vngrg dkng skdrkn, vrongd`msto, bohn o saoskm ovmtk. Jgz shmjmdgvngrk òikdk `gak prmstmrk o zrkik, k jgz vngrg shmjmdk òikdk `gakskdrknk, bohnk, saoshk o vrongd`msto. Mswkhd Rpg`chgr u Vrmpksto ^kpk-dk proangung dk sg krlgtop svkig iuhturg khkzo u rghocono o dk ng rghoconkduk svkig iuhturg. Jgz mjzork tm ng osto`k o vngrk uùtrk`nk, k shmjmdkvk`nsik doag`zonk Mjnkvg, hnudstvm dk`k`nobg ikm prgtg`k vgo`k ovodgddkhsim /ngd`mdoag`zom`kh`m oho ngd`mmim dmjk. ^kpkd md lu-akòzak, `gpmjot`m ng o mochgd`m ngr sg tm sg md`mso `k z`kknk` jrmnhnudo, ovo mdsustvm mjnkvg, vngrg, rghocong, vngrmzkim`k, mjrgdk, gtoigutgaghng`g `k vngro, k imnk sg `gao`mv`m prgtkg skam u jm`tm`. ^k-pkd ovo mdsustvm trk`sbgdg`bong, agtkzoig o gslktmhmcong. m `gao-`mv`m vmdo ik zkjmrkvu Jmck, zkjmrkvu jotik, zkjmrkvu sudjo`g, zkjm-rkvu jgsim`k`msto, zkjmrkvu ngdo`stvk svongtk o ovmtk, ngr sg zjohnmasaktrk skam m`m tm sg ozrkkvk aktgaktoioa emrauhkak o prmvngrkvk

gispgroag`toak u hkjmrktmronkak, zkjmrkvu skdrknk, saoshk, svrlg obohnk, svongtk o ovmtk imno prgak Akisu Sgjgru dkng skam rghoconk, zkjm-rkvu m`mc vogc drucmc svongtk o ovmtk, zkjmrkvu johm ikivg `kd`krk-v`msto o agtkzoimc osim`k o saoshk ovmtk. m ng shmjmdk md shmjmdg skstknkhotk svguiup`g doag`zong uùtrk`ngc ovmtk. M`k ikm tkivk oakzk pmshngdobu svg uùtrk`ng rkdoikhozag> kpmtgmzu (mjmcmtvmrg`ng), o`-dovodukhozak o gcmozak, pmzotovozak o sbong`tozak, pmlhgpg, crkazov-

msto, sgjo`msto, pmudg o `kcm`k. Akjho tvrdo dk su hnudo pmstkho shongpo


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mtikim su svmno`k o o`tgrgso spmngò sk zkjhudkak. Ozvmr ng rkzòl rkdo-ikhozkak, kpsmhutozkbonk provkt`mc vhksòtvk u rk`ma o ostma ikpotkh-

ozau o kpsmhut`k `gckbonk provkt`mc vhksòtvk putga gisprmpronkbong o`kbom`khozkbong u tkimzvk`m drutvg`m oho imhgitov`m vhksòtvm jgz totu-hkrk u ostma imauòzau. ^k oamvoù jgz totuhkrk Krostmtgh ng uirktimmdcmvmrom uotghnu Vhktmù - tm ng svkong, tm ong oong. W drutvoakimhgitov`g oho zkngdòig oamvo`g chkvò ozkzmv oho prmjhga òng irkk`gcm uòtkvk`ng oamvo`g, zktm tm sg `g saong pm zkimù pmsngdmvkto.Chkvò ozkzmv, rkdoikhozka o gistrgaozka u imnoak ng provkt`m vhksòtvm

o oamvo`k `gupot`mst, svgtmst o dom ms`mvòl prkvk ngstg crkazovmst,pmlhgpk o sgjo`mst. W kjgbgdu smbomhmig tgmrong spkdk tvrd`nk dk sg urkzvongòa drutvoak o bovohozkbonkak sormaktvm nkvhnk o rkk oz ozmjohnko im`bg`trkbong ikpotkhk imd pmngdo`kbk o sormaktvk imd vgo`g. Mjnkvkoshkak Iurk` `krgung> W oamvoò oauòl svmng prkvm (lkii) oaksormto`nk, prmsnkbo o mjgsprkvhngò (Iurk`, 36>:4, :7). Rk stknkhotk os-hkak oikdk jmckto g dknu, òto sormto`nk, sormakò, sormkd, mjgsprkv-hngò o `gspmsmjò proaknu, `gcm oauò imno su svmnu oamvoù `k lkhkh(dmzvmhng` ko` stgiho) u mivoru oapgrktov`g o o`stotubom`kh`g skrkd`ng,smhodkr`msto o pmtpmakck`nk, ostg o svmng vngrmzkim`sig o drutvg`gmjkvgzg ozvrkvknu k sormto`nk, sormkd, mjgsprkvhngò, prmsnkbo o gamòsvmnk prkvk md Jmck zkckrk`tmvk`k mstvkrunu. W svkima vrgagù o johmimnga `krmdu smbonkh`k oho ihks`k pmhkrozkbonk `k vgoù sormakòl oak`noù gistrk jmcktol ng phmd`m thm zk rkz`g vrstg rkdoikhozkak, pmju-`k o ihksòl rgvmhubonk imng su trknkhg u dgvgt`kgstma o dvkdgsgtma

stmhngu. Rumg` sk pmtmboak irvo o lohnkdkak artvol chkvk, imng su johgrgzuhtkt o pmshngdobk Erk`busig jurmksig pmhotoig rgvmhubong ;3


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4 m`mck tm ng Jmcozrootm zkjrkòm, zktoa svgtmst, `gupot`mst, `gdmdorhnovmst. Rk stknkhotk

oshkak `gupotò su> ovmto hnudo, vngrk hnudo, ua, rkzua o svongst hnudo.^ktm oshka zkjrk`nung khimlmh, drmcu o pmrmig. ^ktoa, `gupotò su ksto dmstmnk`stvm hnudo, oagtki, pmtmastvm, prkvm `k rkd o provrgovk`ng,`k irgtk`ng, mjrkzmvk`ng, `kuiu o spmz`knu. Ms`mv`k tg`nk o o`tg`bonkzkjrk`g u md`msoak agu hnudoak, sk stknkhotk oshkak ngstg dk sg`go`ng`nga zkjrk`ng`mc ozjngcù o sprongg hmg o mpks`g pmshngdobg pmmvngik o drutvm u mvmsvngtsimn o m`msvngtsimn pgrpsgitovo, dk sg

`go`ng`nga zkjrk`ng`mc zktotg prkvk, dmjrk o vrongd`msto, hnudo ngdòl


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md drucol. @guhkg`nga u pmhng zkjrk`ng`mc, mvngi uvk sgjg mdskamc sgjg, uvk drucg md sgjg o uvk sgjg md drucol. Vroangrk rkdo,

mvngi zk imck ng prmstotubonk zkjrk`k lkrka, òikdk ò sgjg ò drucghnudg ò g`g `gg zkrkzoto ò tropgrma ò sohosma, ò cm`mrgnma, òsodma. R drucg strk`g, prmstotubonk, gz-zo`k dvk o`sk`k u m`toimasaoshu svmdo skam k dvk spmh`k mrck`k imnoak ong k uau o pmtma-stvm ò `kstkvki hnudsig vrstg. R trgg strk`g chgdk`m svg iuhturg svo-ngtk pmovknu `k rmjmvk`nu Jmcu, mjrgdoak o zkjrk`kak. Md dgsgtJmonol zkpmvngdo u Rtkrma zkvngtu, sgdka su zkjrk`g> g iuò sg hk`m,

`g ujon, `g oò prghnujg, `g irkdo, `g svngdmo hk`m `k jho`ngck svmck,`g pmgho g`g jho`ngck svmck o `g pmgho oagtik jho`ngck svmck. Vrgakoshkau g saong sg svngdmoto hk`m k johm imck, g saong sg ghngto oonkg`k msoa svmng o `g saong sg ghngto òono oagtki msoa svmck. Vmstkvhnksg potk`ng dk ho su svongt o ovmt hnudo amcuo jgz mvol zkjrk`k u Rtkrmazkvngtu o svoa mjnkvhngòa i`nockak= Dk dmdkam, ovmto`nkak zktm tmsu ovmto`ng òtk sg `g zkjrk`nung, kho m`g zk rkzhoiu md hnudo `gaknuiuhturu. Dk`k`no kpkd, u vghoima jrmnu ovo ovmt jgz skdrknk, sroigo ngzcrg shmjmdg, tm ngst jgz vngrg o gtoig k aushoakò jgz emrag, mivork,prmstmrk o zrkik vngrg, tm ngst jgz shmjmdg. Ikm tm aushoakò `g z`knutk g sk shmjmdma kim oa sg dmpusto, sk pmhotoima, `kuima, bovohozkbo-nma, ustk`mvkak, sostgama, prkvòa rgdma o pmrgtima, tkim ^kpkd`g z`k tk g sk vngrma, gtoima o vrongd`mstoak, okim oaknu o`stotubong,ngr svg sg rghktovozork. Dmi ^kpkd ovo ovmt u shmjmdo jgz Jmonol mraosk zgakhnsioa o`stotubonkak o pmhotoima, aushoakò ovg ovmt jgz shm-

jmdg, pmhotoig, rgdk, sostgak, pmrgtik o zgakhnsiol emrao. ovmt jgzemrao o mjhoik oho utvrg`g prmbgdurg ng gozvngstk`, tgki o `gprgdvodov.Dkihg, ^kpkd `g ovo vngru o gtoiu utgaghngù `k `nmn, k aushoakò `govg shmjmdu o pmhotoiu utgaghngù `k `nmn. ^ktm pmivkrg`nkboak odgakcmzoak òng tgim phkoto aushoak`g zkpkdòa shmjmdkak, pmho-toima, dgamirktonma, ustk`mvkak o o`stotubonkak, k zkpkd`nkig oshka-sima vngrma o gtoima. K rkdo sg, ustvkro, skam m uùtrk`nmn o vk`nsimn

doag`zono Mjnkvg vngro o shmjmdo. m o ngstg pmskm o vrongag zk Dgddkhk


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ngd`mdoag`zom`kh`mc mvngik, dk phko hnudg ngd`g drucoak skuùtrk`nma o vk`nsima doag`zonma Mjnkvg. Zkdoikhozkbonk mvngik ng

`gamcuk dmi sg m` `g svgdg skam `k ngdù doag`zonu pk sg m`dkikg> mvngi ng skam jog vngrg, rghocong, imègsong, rmdk, jrktstvk, phg-ag`k, krmdk, kbong, rksg, zgahng, im`to`g`tk, ngzoik, iuhturg, gambonk,msngk`nk, sngk`nk, pkag`nk, rkzuak, uak, pkagto, svongsto, skvngsto,amrkhk, gtoig, pmhotoig, rkdk, prkisg, drutvg`g prmzovmd`ng, msngtohk,pgrbgpbong, kpgrbgpbong, oakco`kbong, aktg, vozong, krtoiuhork`mc cmvmrk,jog uprkvhnk`nk, ruimvmg`nk, vhkdk`nk, skamsvongsto, o`stoiktk, strksto,

pmudk, pmrmik, o`vg`bong, o`mvkbong, irgkbong, o`tuobong, o jog zkngdòbgo drutvk. m su skam mdhoig, ikrkitgrostoig o pmnkv`g akòegstkbong imdmvngik o hnudo imng imd rkzòl `krmdk, u rkzhootoa vrgagòak o `krkzòa angstoak, ak`ng oho vog dmhkzg dm ozrkknk, k òsu ms`mv`g ojot`g mdrgdòbg o suto`k mvngik. mvngi ng u joto Jmong stvmrg`ng.Rtvmrg` ng dk ovo u zkngdòbo o drutvu sk toa dkrmvkòa mdhoikak.vrd`ng u`kzkd tro stmhngk dk ng mvngi pm`knprong oho ki skam jogmsngtohk, uak, rkzuak, vmhng o drutvg`g prkisg irmz rkd o jog o`stoiktk,pmrmik o strksto òng mz`kohm òikikv osimrki o uzdocùg mvngik, `gcmkpmtgmzu msngtohk, rkzuak, uak, vmhng, pmrmik o strksto. Ikd sg mvngisvgdg skam `k johm imno pmngdo`kò dkr o mdhoiu> vngru, rghoconu, gtoiu,ua, rkzua, o msngtohk m` sg `g rkzvonk o `g mphgag`nung `gcm potjuhozork.W mivoru smbomhmim-pmhotoig k`khozg pmnkvg rkdoikhozak, pmsgj`magu aushoakòak, ù`m sg msvrùto `k eg`mag` vhksto, amo o up-rkvhnk`nk s ngd`g o pmhotoig s drucg strk`g. Vrvm, vhkst am o uprkvhnk`ng

su a`mcm stkrono, dujhno o trknòno md pmhotoig. Uhkst ng johk, skdk ngstg ouvongi g joto vhkdk`ng, uprkvhnk`ng o ruimvmg`ng, pm`knprong `kd hnu-doak kho o `kd drucoa stvmrg`noak. Drk o shkst vhksto osikzung sg skam`kd hnudoak. Md `kncmrgc mjhoik vhksto ngdo`m ng cmro mjhoi pmtpu`mcjgzvhkk oho k`krlong. Oakao knk ng ikzkm dk ng cmdo`k jgzvhkk pmpmshngdobkak tgk o cmrk md 53 cmdo`k doitkturg. R drucg strk`g, vhkst ngam kd hnudoak o m`k jrzm pmstkng ivkr`k o ivkro hnudg. ktm vhkst imnk

vkhnk amrk joto mcrkòg`k o im`trmhosk`k. Uhkst sg prvm mcrkòkvk ustk-


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vma o zkim`ma. tm ustkv, zkim` ikm o `kuik oaknu ak`ng gtòiol,`kbom`khòl, rksòl, odgmhmiol o pkrtonsiol monu mò jmhng vodg. Drucm,

vhkst sg mcrkòkvk o im`trmhork pmdnghma vhksto k zkim`mdkvù, sudsiuo ozvrù. kim zkim`mdkv`k vhkst dm`mso zkim`g, prgdstkvhnk svgcrkk`g u vhksto o im`trmhog ozvrù vhkst. W vgoò aushoak`siol zga-khnk tk sg pmdnghk `g umkvk. rgg, vhkst sg mcrkòkvk o im`trmhork jkh-k`sma, tm ngst `gproims`mvg`ma kutm`maonma o rkv`mtgma ozaguzkim`mdkv`g, sudsig o ozvr`g vhksto. @o ngdk` md mcrk`kik vhksto òsungdk` drucma ò `kdrggò ò pmdrggò `gcm svg `nol irmz ustkv o zk-

im` mjngdo`nkvk osto ustkv`mprkvò pmrgdki. @kkhmst, akhm ng ausho-ak`k imd imnol pmstmno o euìbomòrk jkhk`s vhksto. m oak zk rgzuhtkt opmshngdobu rkz`g ozag o rkdoikhozag. gtvrtm, prmvngrk vhksto sg `kntg-aghnotong vro `k nkvòa, shmjmdòa o dgamirktsioa ozjmroak. W imnoaaushoak`sioa zgahnkak, pmstmng nkvò, shmjmdò o dgamirktsio ozjmro,o u imnoak tm g`g umpg oaknu prkvm pmhotoimc chksk= Wangstm tmck u`gioak md tol zgakhnk, dgsgthngoak vhkdk vk`rgd`m stk`ng. ^kr tk ghg-ag`tkr`k pmhotoik o`ngòbk, imnk pu`m g sagtk kpkdu, ong pmdhmckzk pmhotoio rkdoikhozka o gistrgaozka= Vgtm, gprgstkù pmhotoiu ivkh-oimvkù im`trmhu vhksto vro pmhotoik mpmzobonk imnk ng `gprgstkòpmhotoio imrgitov vhksto o irotoim-pmhotoim mim crkk`sig nkv`msto.gstm, mdakl ozk mpmzobong shongdo, `g johm imnk `gcm pmhotoik o irotoiknkv`mst. Nkv`msto u ngd`mn zgahno `gak jgz pmvngrg`nk vhksto u crkk`g ojgz zkimòtmsto, prmbgdurkh`msto, mjngitov`msto o trk`spkrg`t`msto rkdkmd strk`g vhksto. ^k irotoiu, pmhotoiu nkv`mst, pmngdo`k`m `knjotòno

su o`tghgitukhbo imno su kdvmikto osto`g o prmaobktghno mpgc dmjrk. Vmrgdo`tghgitukhkbk u im`trmho o prmvngro vhksto uhmcu oaknu o svg vrstg agdonk>pro`tkò, ghgitrm`sio o tv, kho o sgitmr bovoh`mc drutvk o svg `gvhkdo`gmrckòzkbong. @kkhmst, u aushoak`sioa zgahnkak pmhotoik mpmzobonksg saktrk `gpronktghnga, mtvmrgò, shmjmdò o irotoò agdono `gaknuamcu`msto o prmstmrk zk rkd, k o`tghgitukhbo, imno irotoio prmaktrknudrutvm, saktrknu sg oho judkhkak oho ozdknòboak oho strkòa phkgòboak.

Dkihg, imd aushoak`siol `krmdk rkdo sg pm`knprong o pm`knvog m


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pmhotoioa irozkak. Vrgak Kaoù Akhueu u i`nozo Vmrgagg`mst svo-ngtk rkdo sg m struiturkh`mn irozo mvngk`stvk. Rvongtma ng zkvhkdkhk

vghoik pmrgagg`mst o tm u vog pmdrunk ostmvrgag`m> o`tghgitukh`kpmrgagg`mst, `k`sonsik pmrgagg`mst, ihoaktsik pmrgagg`mst,gtoik pmrgagg`mst. Kim kstkvoam prktoto Akhuek pmrgagg`m ng opgt ms`mvòl md`msk `k imnoak o`sostrk Imèuong> pmrgaggò sumd`mso ozagu vhkdkrk o `kmrmdk, mbk o so`k, auk o g`g, ozagu stkro-ngc o ahkgc o md`mso ozagu pronktghnk. Vmrgaggò su md`mso ozagushmjmdg o mdcmvmr`msto. Hnudo lmg shmjmdu k `gg mdcmvmr`mst. ^k

Lgcghk ng shmjmdk spmz`ktk u`mst, tm ngst ostmvrgag`m o mdcmvmr`mst.@kuòbo lmg shmjmdu ostrkovk`nk jgz crkòbk k `gg òikivu mdcm-vmr`mst zk pmshngdobg svmnol rgzuhtktk. Opki, crkòbg shmjmdg su crkòbgmdcmvmr`msto. Dmihg su hnudo shmjmdò, dmthg su mdcmvmrò. Vmrgaggòsu md`mso ozagu amcu`msto o du`msto. Hnudo ghg `gmcrkòg`gamcu`msto, k svg ak`ng ghg imìrgt`g du`msto. Crkòbg amcu`mstosu crkòbg du`msto. Vmrgaggò su o md`mso ozagu z`k`nk o `gz`k`nk.Hnudo dk`k`nobg oaknu uaohnkn dk svg z`knu. Rmirkt ng tvrdom dk ngivkhotgt ngcmvmc z`k`nk dk ng spmz`km dk z`k dk g z`k. Dkihg, crkòbgz`k`nk su crkòbg `gz`k`nk. Gvm ikim tu pmrgagg`mst osikzung pngsòiUohonka Ikrhms Uohonkas> mvngi ng dmskdk prgovom zktm tm ng jom prgv-ghoik `gz`khobk. Rkdk ikdk amg dk ol mstvkro, m` amrk dk ol prmaongòoho dk pmco`g. Rk stknkhotk vngrg, `kuik mposung svongt o ovmt k rghoconkprmposung ovmt, dkrovk vrongd`msto o mdrgung tghgmhms, svrlu, bohn o saoskmovmtk. Vmrgagg`mst svongtk `kstkng ikdk rghoconk pmg mposovkto ovmt o

dkvkto srgdstvk ovmtk k ikdk `kuik pmg prmposovkto ovmt, mdrgovktovrongd`msto, svrlu o saoskm ovmtk. Vmrgaggò su md`mso ozagu prkvko mjkvgzk. Ugo`k trko svmnk zkaohng`k prkvk jgz oikivmc rkzaohnk`nkm mjkvgzkak. Crkòbg prkvk su crkòbg mjkvgzk. W prmtov`ma rkdo sg maohmsto`no, irko oho ksohnu. Vrkvk hnudo su u crkòbkak nolmvol mjkvgzk.Vmrgaggò su md`mso ozagu gtoig o gstgtoig. Vm svkiu bongù lmg sgjoto hongp, zcmdk` o provhkk`. Crkòbk gtoig amrk joto crkòbk gstgtoig.

W prmtov`ma gstgtoik g zkvroto u pmr`mcrkno, s`mjozau, u`du o


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iou. Vmrgaggò su u `knvgmn amcumn angro o md`mso ozagu gtoig opmhotoig. Gvm tk Ik`t proangung `k rghkbono gtoik - pmhotoik, botorka>

Osto`sik pmhotoik, dkihg, `g amg dk uoò ò ngdk` imrki, k dk sg prongtmck `g pmimro amrkhu. O akdk ng pmhotoik skak zk sgjg tgik vngto`k,`ng`m sngdo`ng`ng sk amrkhma ng òikivk vngto`k. Ngr amrkh prgsongbkvmr imno pmhotoik `g amg dk rongo oa òng s `noa u skchks`msto. Im-hoim ng Ik`t u prkvu (akdk ng @kpmhgm` tvrdom Lgcghu dk ng pmhotoikzkaongòhk sudjoù), `knjmhng sg vodo `k proangru mvmvrgag`g Crig.Criu md jkìrmtk òng spksohk ò gim`maonk ò provrgdk, ò pmhotoik,

`gcm smhodkr`mst, md`ms`m gtoik uùtkr Gvrmpsig uòng. Vmrgaggò sumd`mso ozagu z`k`nk, tglòig o oèmrakbong s ngd`g o spmz`kng s drucgstrk`g vog `gcm oikdk. Lgcgh `kchkkvk ikim m`m tm `ka ng pmz`ktmjgiik`t(`k krkpsima oha) òng o `g amrk joto spmz`ktm grik``t(`kkrkpsima agkroek). @oikdk ikm dk`ks hnudo òsu vog z`kho, k ak`ngspmz`kvkho stvkr`mst. m ng ozkzmv rkdoikhozak imd hnudo pk o imd ausho-ak`k. tk z`ko pmz`kvk`ng stvkr`msto prgim tv girk`k o `grkzuaong-vk`ng `krmdk, iuhturk o odg`totgtk proangung Kao` Akhkue uVmrgagg`msto svongtk `k strkòbo :3> Rvkim iruo svmnma mrjotmaprgd svmnma pujhoima, imnk ck rkzuaong u pmhk rongo o imnk `g ungprmtovòio cmvmr. Nk jol opki amrkm zjmc svmc pmrongihk, zjmc svmcovmt`mc putk, dk sg pmzovka `k mjng mvg mrjotg (zkpkdù o aushoak`-siu) u osto akl, kho svkioa dk`ma sg msngka pmakhm dkhng o md ngd`g omd drucg. Wstvkro, tglòik o tgl`mhmconk dk`k`nobg, mamcukvk svoahnudoak dk chgdknu ostg shoig u ostm vrongag, kho mò chgdknu k `g vodg,

oho vodg rkzhootg o `gpmaorhnovg shoig. Vmshong irklk imauòzak, rkspkdkRmvngtsimc skvgzk o `gstkìk Ukrkvsimc pkitk, Gvrmpk ng dujmim zk-chojohk u irozu. Dmhm ng dm cujhng`nk rgpgrk oho prgpmz`kthnovol im`gi-bonk tg su Gvrmpk, Keroik o Kzonk u irozo odg`totgtk, k RKD o aushoak`sigzgahng oz rkzhootol rkzhmck o `k rkzhootg `ko`g `khkzg sg u irozo hgcotoa-otgtk.

Ruak suakrua, svongt prgovhnkvk o ovo irozu svol pmz`ktol

o proz`ktol emrao, hoimvk o mjhoik ovmtk. Oz ovmtk sg u mknu srhnk u


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uovk`ng, k oz uovk`nk sg `gpmvrkt`m srhnk u oovhnkvk`ng oho pgrvgrzonu(pgdmhonk, lmamsgisukhozka, drmck). Hnudo sg umptg vog `g svkknu o

`g tuiu gcm sg skam jgz rongo o rkzhmck ujonknu. W gim`maono o provrgdoostmvrgag`m `kstupk> rgbgsonk, rgstroibonk, o`kbonk, dgkbonk, stkckbonk,prmpkdk`ng rao, cujhng`ng rkdòl angstk, `gzkpmshg`mst o mpk `g-socur`mst. Irozk prgak proz`k`nu ngd`mc md prvkik GW ozkzovk strklu hnudoak. Mduvongi sg z`k dk strkl, strkst, pmrmi, `kcm`, pmudk oo`tgrgs ozvk`k otgikim am`m utngu o mdrgunu pm`kk`ng hnudo. @gu-tgaghng` strkl, uimhoim ng mvngi uskahng` k `krmd ozmhork`, hklim

prghkzo u kutkrlonu o zktvkrk`ng dm kutozak. Oz tkivmc strklk, pmtpm-amcùtmc `k`sonsima irozma, stmpma `gzkpmshgòl o jrmnga svkioadk`ma mtputgòl sk pmshk, irozma zktotg mvngimvg mimho`g, chmjkho-zkbonma, svg shkjonoa mjrkzmvk`nga, svguiup`k u svoa hoimvoak irozkbovohozkbong u imnmn sg aushoakò `knspmrong o `knshkjong s`khkzg, jrzm ohklim sg rkzvonk u aoskm o odgnu> pkikm tm su druco, zhm tm su drucoo mpks`mst tm su druco. W strklu sho`msto prghkzg u rkzhoig, rkzhoigu suprmt`msto, suprmt`msto u osihnuovmsto, osihnuovmsto, uimhoim sg `ktgaghnu ustkvk o zkim`k o`stotubom`kh`m `g rngkvknu, prgrkstknu u su-imjg. m su svg pmdhmcg zk rkz`g ozag, rkdoikhozag o gistrgaozag. Ikdksg gstgtoik pmtpu`m mtiko md gtoig m`k sg, ushngd imìurg`bong, sk gs-tgtoig sputk `k rgihkau, sk rgihkag `k pmr`mcrknu, k pmr`mcrknk,ltngho `g ltngho, ghngho `g ghngho, `k prmstotubonu. Ngdk` md mjhoikpmrgagg`msto agu hnudoak ngstg svmdoto ms`mv`g md`msg agu hnudo-ak o `krmdoak `k dmao`kbonu, ksoaohkbonu, sgcrgckbonu, dosiroao`kbonu

o kpkrtlgnd. @gakho jrmn aushoak`k oaknu aohng`ng oho uaohnkn dk supmdvrcùto dmao`kbono, ksoaohkbono, dosiroao`kbono, sgcrgckbono, k u pm-ngdoòa donghmvoak svongtk, ikm pr. u Ckzo, o kpkrtlgndu. ol pgt irovolo `gosprkvòl md`msk agu hnudoak ozkzovknu ikm rgkibonu rkdoikhozkao pmjuù. Wangstm tkivol md`msk amrk sg zkcmvkrkto proz`k`ng aguhnudoak o `krmdoak, imgczostg`bonk, o`tgcrkbonk, kiuhturkbonk o tmhgrk`-bonk. Ngdk` md mjhoik pmrgagg`msto svongtk o md`msk agu hnudoak ngstg

tgmronk ekitmrk> tg prormdk, tg cgmcrknk, tg dgamcrknk, tg jomhmconk, tg


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psolk prgsud`m emraorknu o dgtgraoòrknu drutvg`g md`msg, prmbgsgo pmnkvg oho ihksò pro`bop o md`ms dmaoòrk svongtma, rksò pro`bop o

md`ms dmaoòrk svongtma, ikpotkhostoik miupkbonk, dmao`kbonk o gisp-hmktkbonk ng irovk zk svg prmjhgag svongtk, aksm`sim-odmvsik zkvngrkcg`grork vgoù prmjhgak u svongtu, `k sbgò ng pmshong suimjk jhmimvk,suimj bovohozkbonk o iuhturk utgaghngòl `k rkzhootoa rghoconoak o md ;;.sgptgajrk :66;. cmdo`g ikm chkvò prmjhga svongtk `kstupk oshkasioeu`dkag`tkhozka, gistrgaozka, rgvovkhozka o tgrmrozka. Vro tmag sgakhm im mzjohn`m msvrg k stvkr`m stk`ng u oshkasioa zgahnkak o agu

aushoak`sioa `krmdoak. Md odgmhmim-pmhotoiol osto`k, im`struibo-ng o prmngibong stk`nk u toa zgahnkak akhm im amg dmiuoto dk sg utoa zgahnkak `khkzo `knvgo jrmn o prmbg`kt ozjngchobk u svongtu, dk tgzgahng o `krmdo spkdknu u `knsormakòng zgahng svongtk, dk su u toazgahnkak knvgg stmpg gzkpmshgòl, gposagòl o gimhmvkòl hnudo.Dk u akhma jrmnu md tol zgakhnk pmstmno pmdnghk vhksto `k ustkvù,zkim`mdkvù o ozvrù, dk ng vhkst mcrkòg`k ustkvma o zkim`ma dkpmstmno jkhk`s vhksto, dk pmstmno prmvngrk o im`trmhk vhksto prgim rgdmvòlozjmrk, prgim mpmzobong, prgim nkv`msto, prgim agdonk o o`tghgitukhkbk.Rvg mvg mimh`msto su phmd`m thm zk rkz`g ozag o rkdoikhozag imno sg`g amcu òoa mprkvdkto. Akho jrmn dmjrm`kangròl hnudo u svongtupmstkvhnk potk`ng ikim su tm aushoak`sig zgahng sk jmcktoa prrormdòargsursoak o sormakòa stk`mvòtvma u vgoò. Rvg su tm potk`nk imnktrkg mdcmvmrg, k `g odgmhmig pkagtg o gtoigtg. Aushoak`sio `krmdo`gupot`m o `gmpmzovm ngsu irovo zk stk`ng u imag sg `khkzg, kho `g skam

mò, `gcm o druco imno su `k johm imno `ko` dmvgho dm tmc stk`nk. Khoirozk oho pmrgagg`mst svongtk ng struiturkh`k o svgmjulvkt`k. m ng irozkpmupkòl rgpgrk oho ozcujhngòl odg`totgtk o uprmpktgòl hgcotoaotgtk.Gvm ikim tu irozu ;?24. cmdo`g `kshuung maks Ghomt u pngsao Rto-ng`k> Cdng ng ovmt imno sam ozcujoho u ovhng`nu= Cdng ng audrmst imnusam ozcujoho u z`k`nu= O cdng ng z`k`ng imng sam ozcujoho u oèmrakbono=Boihuso `gjk u dvkdgsgt vngimvk udkhnunu `ks md Jmck o projhokvknu

prkoò.


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Eoirgt Ikro

KHGZ@KOU@G AWRHOAK@RIG

CZWVG O^AGW GZONKK O

RGIWHKZ@MC VZKUK


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7//www.gssu``g.bma/Egtvg-uhgag (prostuphng-`m 63. 65. :6;;.) `khkzo sg potk`ng Dk ho ng dmzvmhng`m stknk`ng osprgdjohm imng drkv`g zkstkvg oho crjk, vghoknuo ol `k tkn `ko`=

Votk`ng ng pmprkg`m ohustkbonma zkstkvg JoL o emtmcrknma pro-pkdòik Mrukòl s`kck JoL imno stmng u strmnu osprgd drkv`g zkstkvg.

Mdcmvmr imno ng dkt chkso>Aushoakù òng dmzvmhng`m dk stmno osprgd johm imng drkv`g zk-

stkvg ò crjk vghoknuo ol, ngr ng tm pmiug`k o `mvk stvkr u vngro imnkòng johk zk vrongag Vmshkòik, skhhkhhklu khgnlo vg sghhga, òto ng johkzk vrongag gtvmrobg prkvgdòl lkhoek (vhkdkrk) `gik ng Khhkl, dghhgkùlu, zkdmvmhnk` `noak...

@k irknu shongdo johngik dk ng tm egtvk Rtkh`g imaosong zk egtvg

o `ku`g studong. Kim ng mvk johngik tk`k, m`dk sg rkdo m tonghu zktuakg`ng oshkak u Rkudonsimn Krkjono. @g z`kam dk ho ng mvm tuakg`ngprolvkg`m md strk`g drkvòl mrck`k zgahng u imnmn ng ozdktm kho z`k-am o mptg pmz`ktk ng stvkr dk svg drkvg oaknu svmng drkv`g soajmhg k`nolmvm pmtmvk`ng ng stvkr agu`krmdòl uzusk o bovohozmvkòl md`msku svongtu.

@k ostmn wgj strkòbo khkzoam o shngdgg potk`ng> Dk ho pm gronktu

dmzvmhng`m dk rkdoa imd kdvmiktk ikm sgirgtkr= W mdcmvmru sg,ozagu mstkhmc ikg> ... K tm sg tog pmshk kdvmiktk u hkoioa drkvkak`ngcmv prmpos ng shngdgo> @ong dmzvmhng`m uimhoim sg (kdvmikt) vgg zkmdrgg`g zkim`g o sostgag imno su mprgò gronktu.

^kimò sgiuhkròl drkvk sg mz`kkvknu ikm hkoio, dklohsio (mòimno propkdknu dmju prong oshkak mp. EI) zkimò.

@k ostmn wgj strkòbo khkzo sg o shngdgg potk`ng> Amg ho pmngdo`kb

oho crupk uzgto u svmng ruig dk sprmvmdo gronkt u svmag angstu, crkdu oho


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Eoirgt IKZOKhtgr`ktov`g aushoak`sig crupg ozagu gronktk o sgiuhkr`mc prkvk

52

drkvo ikm tm ng JoL= Kutmr pmtposk` ikm Gju Kao`k mdcmvkrk dkuspmstkvk gronktk òng irktki prmbgs, dk ng skdk vrongag dkvg (aosong

mp. EI), dk trgjk ozjngckvkto irovg pmtgzg, tg zkihnuung>@g amg sg o `gamcug ng dmo dm Khhklmvmc zkim`k hnudsioa

zkimòak, ngr sg toag Khhklmvk i`nock jkbk u strkù o ikm dk sg gho rgo(Khhklmv zkim` òng trgùt`m zk proangù zjmc mvmc oho m`mc rkzhmck.M` ng ir`nkv `gcm skd ng vrongag dk ao ozaoshoam zkim`g ngr saktrkamdk ng tm jmhno o hkio put dk dmgam dm gronktk). Mvm ng gntk`mvk mj-ak`k.

@k wgj strkòbo lttp>//www.gh-ksr.bma/potk`ng(prostuphng`m 63.

65. :6;;.) mdcmvkrk sg `k potk`ng dk ho ng dmzvmhng`m ozko `k ozjmrg ochkskto (`pr. imd `ks u Jmsò). W mdcmvmru sg `kducm rksprkvhnk m mvmapotk`nu o `k ms`mvu aohng`nk vgo`g sghgnsiol ug`nkik dk`k`nobgdkng mdcmvmr imno sg amg svgsto `k tm dk ng chksk`ng dmzvmhng`m, stvkrodtolkdk (shmjmd`mc aohng`nk mp. EI) svkimc aushoak`k o ù`mzhm.

@k ostmn strkòbo `khkzo sg o shngdgg potk`ng Jmrkvoa u ngd`mn gv-rmpsimn inkrsimn drkvo vg dug vrgag`k o skdk oaka prohoiu dk stgi-`ga drkvhnk`stvm tg drkvg. oag jol dmjom a`mcm vgk prkvk `gcmtm ol o`kg oaka, k svkikim ovoa mvdng sk pmrmdobma o phkòrka nmmstkto. Vk dk ho ao ng dmzvmhng`m dk uzaga tm drkvhnk`stvm= Dkihg,`gim im mochgd`m uovk jhkcmstk`ng o cmstmproastvm gvrmpsig inkr-sig drkvg oak dohgag mim tmck ng ho aushoakù dmputg`m dk judg o

drkvhnkò` tg drkvg.Rhongdo mdcmvmr imno `kducm o `kormim rkzaktrk potk`ng tk ngdrkvhnk`stvm, oz`msg sg stkvmvo rkzhootol krkpsim-aushoak`siol kutmrkm mvma potk`nu (msoa kutmrk oz JoL) o `k irknu zkihnuung>

Vrgak tmag, rkdol (mdkjrk`m) aohng`ng pm mvma potk`nu ng dkng ms`mvk u uzoak`nu drkvhnk`stvk md inkrsig drkvg zkjrk`k oz gcksg ozuzoaknu aushoak`sig ak`no`g o stk`nk proùdg. @k mvm upuunu

nksò o `gdvmsaoshgò dmikzo cmrg spmagùto. R drucg strk`g, imrosto


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imno sg mstvkrunu uzoak`nga drkvhnk`stvk sg `g amcu ò u imngasaoshu pmrgdoto sk `gcktovòa pmshngdobkak pm vngru o du`nkhui skag

msmjg o `ngcmvg pmrmdobg. K Khhkl z`k `knjmhng.@k irknu ngdk` proangr sk wgj strkòbg Aushoak`sig mahkdo`g

@mrrimpo`c (crkd u vgdsimn mp. EI) kdrgsg lttp>//www.`-ua.bma(prostuphng`m 63. 65. :6;;.), potk`ng jrmn ;35 pmd `kshmvma Rtudo-rk`ng prkvk o jkvhng`ng kdvmikturma.

Votk`ng chkso> Gssghkau khgniua, ng ho dmzvmhng`m dk sg u Dk`simnstudork prkvm/nurk (z`ko svg pm `nolmvoa prkvohoak/zkimòak) dk sg

judg kdvmikt oho nurostk=Mdcmvmr ng dkm ozvngsò ar. ônkd Hnkio k m` sg amg skgto u

shngdgga>

K tm sg tog mòl imno studorknu Vrkvò ekiuhtgt, md`ms`m ek-iuhtgt `k imag sg ozukvknu hnudsio ozaohngò zkimò, ikm o mòl imnopmukvknu drucg mvmn `kubo, mò sg amcu pmdonghoto u tro siupo`g.

Vrvk siupo`k> m`kn imno studork ozaohng`g hnudsig zkim`g (Vrkvòekiuhtgt) oho pmukvk ostma ikim jo spmz`km `nolmvu sutoù, oho ikimjo utvrdom prgd`mst gronktsiol prmposk u md`msu `k `nol, oho ikim josg mimrostom md tol zkim`k u m`mag tm òng mprg`m gronktu, u tmag`gak sagt`ng òto m`mag im studork òto m`mag im prgdkng...

Druck siupo`k> m`kn im studork ozaohng`g zkim`g (Vrkvò ekiuh-tgt) oho pmukvk ostma ikim jo sg prgsudnovkhm pm noak oho ikim jo drucgpmakckm u tmag, uz ostmvrgag`m vrstm vngrmvk`ng dk ng zkjrk`ng`m

sudoto pm m`mag tm Khhkl òng mjnkvom, agdnutoa `k mvm ck `kvghk`ngcmvk strkst oho hnujkv prgak oagtiu oho du`nkhuiu. gronktsio stktusmvg siupo`g ng dk su mò vghoio crngòbo, u `nolmvoa dnghoak ng iuer(`gvngrmvk`ng mp. EI), zuhua (`ksohng mp. EI) o si (crongg`ng mp.EI)...Voskb mdcmvmrk opki proz`kng dk tm `g ozvmdo oz vngrg.

rgk siupo`k> M`kn im studork ozaohng`g hnudsig zkim`g (Vrkvòekiuhtgt) oho pmukvk ostma mlkhkhnunuo (prmchkkvknuo dmzvmhngòa

mp. EI) sug`ng pm `noak svngdg`m jom uvngrg` dk ng gronkt jmhno oho `g


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Eoirgt IKZOKhtgr`ktov`g aushoak`sig crupg ozagu gronktk o sgiuhkr`mc prkvk

57

jom uvngrg` u tm. Vrmpos mvg siupo`g ng dk su sk mvoa ozkho oz oshkak pmodaku ug`nkik. Ngr mjkvgzk sug`nk pm m`mag tm ng Khhkl mjnkvom ng

ù`m pmz`ktk stvkr u oshkau, pk m`kn im mlkhkho dk sg sudo pm `ggauaoam m`mck tm ng Khhkl mjnkvom pmtpkdk pmd prmpos m`mck im mlkhkhozo`khui, khimlmh, ikaktu o sho`m k tm ng dnghm imng ozvmdo oz oshkak pmodaku ug`nkik.

Amgam skam zkaoshoto ikivu vozonu ovmtk aushoak`k k kpkduvodg mvkivo tuako tg ikivm ng `nolmvm z`k`ng m drkvkak o prkvoakzkpkdòl zgakhnk md imnol amcu mlkhkhoto proak`ng smbonkh`g pmamo

o kzoh kho `g o `nolmvg ozaohng`g hnudsig zkim`g.@k ms`mvu mvol proangrk amg sg zkihnuoto dk sg o `k oshkasimn kh-

tgr`ktov`mn sbgò u JoL o donkspmro nkvhnknu gsitrga`k aohng`nk m tmagdk ng oshka `gspmnov sk sgiuhkr`ma drkvma o sgiuhkròa prkvma. Vrotmag sg imrosto prgpmz`kthnovo vmikjuhkr gistrgaostoiol crupk sk Jho-simc ostmik m dklohonsioazkimòak, tkcutu(odmhmpmihm`sio, ksohòiokutmrotgt mp. EI) o `ngcmvoa sudmvoak, ozaohngòa hnudsioa zk-

imòak (rmcmjktò prgvmd so`tkcag gh-ikù` gh-vkdo, tm z`ko sgiu-hkr`m, pmzotov`m prkvm) otd.

Ikim trgjk rgkcmvkto Oshkasik zkngdòbk `k mvkn ozkzmv=

Vm `kga aohng`nu `k dvk `ko`k>

;. Im`toùork`m o sostgaktsio prktoto irgtk`nk k phkù tuakg`ngoshkak agu jmsk`sioa aushoakòak u zgahno o donkspmro.Vrkvmvrgag`m dkvkto `ku`m utgaghng`g mdcmvmrg `k potk`nk

imnk sg nkvhnknu o dnghmvkto kutmrotgtma z`k`nk (oha) o crkdototkikv uchgd u moak aushoak`k. Wzgto mvk potk`nk ikm promro-tgt o `kpustoto dmskdk`nu pkrkdocau emiusork`nk `k pmhotoiu uJoL o m`m zk tm sg gak hgcotoaotgt o tm ong pmshk`ng Oshkasigzkngdòbg (ikm tm ng jkvhng`ng kbom`khòa potk`noak Jm`nkiko ozcrkd`nma `kbom`khòl o`stotubonk).

:. gmronsima ghkjmrkbonma vkòl potk`nk ikm tm ng md`ms aus-

hoak`k prgak svngtmv`ma prkvu, crkk`stvu, dgamirktsima


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prmbgsu o sh. tm trgjk dk judg promrotgt oshkasiol `ku`m-mjrkzmvòl ustk`mvk.

@k tkn `ko` jo sg suzom prmstmr zk `gimapgtg`t`m tuakg`ng os-hkasiol prmposk oho `girotoim prg`mg`ng gistrgaòl tuakg`nk `kjmsk`simlgrbgcmvkio o gvrmpsio prmstmr, sak`nohg oho ghoaoòskhg pmtg`-bonkh`g `gcktov`g pmshngdobg tkivol tuakg`nk pm o`tgrgsg aushoak`k uJoL o Gvrmpo o mnkkm kutmrotgt Oshkasig zkngdòbg u JoL.


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Dgvkd Lmdo

ZGHOCONK O VMHOOIK W

RGIWHKZ@MA DZWUW


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5 md skdk amrktg o amgtg skao, mshk`nknuo; Wspmrgdo> Lghaut Dujogh, @gozvngs`mst o pmhotoik, s `ngakimc prgvgm Ruhgnak`Jmstm, Zkjob gbhd, Rkrkngvm, :665. str. ;::

: Uodngto> Nurcg` Lkjgraks, Ozagu `kturkhozak o rghocong hmzmesio hk`bo, s`ngakimc prgvgm Ruhgnak` Jmstm, ucrk, Rkrkngvm, :66?. Rtr. ;43. o dkhng


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3;

Dgvkd LMDOZghoconk o pmhotoik u sgiuhkr`ma drutvu

sg `k rkzua. Mstkng vka mjnkvk, kho zk `ng`m imrotg`ng vog `k rkspm-hkck`nu `gaktg amcu`msto krjotrork`nk sk stk`mvotk `gimc rghoconsimc

kutmrotgtk o hgcotoaotgtk. O trgg, oim gak prkvm dk sg pmstkvhnk ozaguhnudo o Jmck. m u pmhotoima saoshu z`ko dk òim `gak ak`dkt dkhnudg zkstupk prgd Jmcma òto Jmck prgd hnudoak. Kim u oshkau `gakbrivg m`dk tm z`ko dk ng oshka `k drutvg`ma phkù sgiuhkr`k rghoconk.

Nm ngd`ma, oshka `g prolvktk sgiuhkr`mst u m`tmhmima saoshutg rongo. Vmshkòi Aulkaagd, khgnlossghka, ikg> Bonghk ng zga-hnk agsdod. Vrormdk oak skirkhù doag`zonu. Kho, ozòa`m ng vk`m

umoto ngdù mpu ikrkitgrostoiu oshkasig iuhturg> lkrga ikm svgto,skirkhò prmstmr. Kim sg prmstmr dkaonk, agsdodk, agzkrnk, tgionk odrucol vngrsiol mjngiktk o `gpmsrgdò prmstmr mim `nol mz`kkvk ikmsvgto, skirkhò prmstmr, m`dk ng prmstmr ozvk` lkrgak svngtmvò prmstmr.Dkihg, u m`tmhmima saoshu `gak angstk zk sgiuhkr`mst, bonghk ng zga-hnk agsdod, u pmvongs`ma saoshu, `k drutvg`ma phkù, ozvk` crkòbklkrgak `khkzo sg prmstmr zk sgiuhrkù svkimd`gvobu o ovmtò svongt.

Vmhotoio o`tgrgs

Rk stk`mvotk pmhotoig hmzmng zk hojgrkhù drkvu u pmchgdumd`msk rghocong o pmhotoig u sgiuhkr`ma drutvu vk`k su shngdgk potk`nk.Imnk imcòtov`k zkuzoak`nk stknkhotk o mraktov`k mgiovk`nk amrk mdvngrunuol o gvngrunuol crkk`k u nolmvma agusmj`ma mplmg`nuzkltongvkto hojgrkh`k drkvk= O, ikim sg dk`ks, kim` shmak imauòzak,u vrongag vghoiol aocrkbonsiol pmangrk`nk o irgtk`nk, u drutvgòa

mimh`mstoak svg vggc phurkhozork`nk kho o chmjkhozkbonsimc uòbork`nk, uvrongag ikdk sam suumgò s, ak`ng oho vog, `gmgiovkòa pmvrktimarghoconsimc, u drutvgù kho o pmhotoiu segru, im`k`m u jomtglòimngro u imnmn sg irmz svg dujhng zkdork`ng u dm skdk `grksphmovg, md`ms-`m, prormd`g supstrktg hnudsig msmjg o`struag`tkhozork ska mvngi usvmnmn hnudsimn prormdo, ikim sg, dkihg, u tkivoa mimh`mstoak amcuiuhtur`m-lgrag`gutoig o gaporonsig pgrspgitovg agtmdoio pmvgzkto s


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3:

`mraktovòa `koòak pmstkvhnk`nk potk`nk=2^kprkvm, potk`ng rghocongu pmstsgiuhkr`ma drutvu vkhnk rkzuaongvkto ikm potk`ng sgiuhkrozork`-

nk, imng sg skstmno u dvmstruima prmbgsu ug`nk, prmbgsu imno trkdobonuprmsvngtotghnstvk ikm o rghoconsik ug`nk mjkvgzung `k rggisonu `nolmvolagusmjòl crkòbk.4

Zghoconk o pmhotoik u jmsk`simlgrbgcmvkima drutvu

W `koa jmsk`simlgrbgcmvkioa drutvgòa mimh`mstoak opmhotoioa md`msoak, `k dmstocùtmn rkzoò dgamirktsig o pmhotoig

iuhturg u `kmn zgahno o pmsgj`m u prmbgsoak imno g sg `kstkvoto o imngtrgjk o dkhng msaohnkvkto, pmtobkto o usangrkvkto k gvrmpsima putu kgdrkvg o kgc drutvk, md`ms rghocosiol zkngdòbk o drkvg, prgak kgauvngrg`nu, trgjk dk sg tgaghno, crkdo o prmhork `k shngdgoa `kghoak,stk`dkrdoak, o`tgrgsoak o mjzoroak.

2 Ostm, str. ;4;. ;3?.4 kim Lkjgraks, zkltongvknuo md rghocomzòl hnudo imapgtg`bonu zk prgvmg`ngrghoconsiol pmtg`bonkhk saoshk u iktgcmrong o emrauhkbong o`tgrsujngitov`g rkbom`kh`msto usvma dnghu Ozagu kturkhozak o rghocongu ozvngs`mn angro, oò sg, rgvodork svmng chgdk`ng`k rghoconu oz `ngcmvmc chkv`mc dnghk Tgmrog dgs imaauòiktovg` Lk`dgh`soz ;? W angro u imnmn ng skirkh`m pmdrung johm im`stotutov`mzk drutvm, `kshngg rghocong (skdk) `g prguzoak dkikim ò z`k`mst ò uangt`mst. Rkamdm dosiurs`g gtoig imauòiktov`m rkstmg` amrkh amg u mvma pmchgdu supstotuorktokutmrotgt svgtmc. (N. Lkjgraks> Tgmrog dgs imaauòiktovg` Lk`dgh`s Jd. :. ûrIrotoi dgr euìtom`khostosblg` Ugrùèt, Erkìeurt/Ako`, ;? Rkao prkitoò ua `g amg vog joto socurk` dk ng ikdkrskam sk uvodoak tgmrong prkvo`msto u `ngcmvoa cmhoa ruikak dnghmvkto prmtovosihozkvk`nk Amdgr`g. Mvmn `gdmstkng irgktov`mst cmvmr`g mtvmrg`msto svongtk, dk jo ozsgjg rgcg`grorkhk svudk mimhm irhnknuu mraktovù svongst. (N. Lkjgraks, Dog Crg`zgzwosblg` Chkujg` u`d Sossg`. ûr Soriu`cscgsblobltg u`d kitughhg` Jgdgutu`cvm` Ik`ts Zghocom`splohmsmplog, o`> L. @kch-Dmbgikh/Z. Hk`ctlkhgr (LZsc.), Zgblt

Cgdsblobltg Zgdhocom`, Dog Jgdgutu`c Ik`ts eur dog Cgcg`wkrt, Jgrho` :664., s.;4;.-;56. logr s. ;4:.)


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@k drkv`mn rkzoò ustkv`m-prkvòl o prkv`m-pmhotoiol md`msk,`kghm mdvmng`msto drkvg o vngrsiol zkngdòbk o brikvk, md`ms`m o`stotu-

bom`kh`k mdvmng`mst pmhotoig o rghocong ikm z`kkn`k tgimvo`k gvrmpsimcpmhotoimc o drkv`m-prkv`mc amdgròtgtk trgjk dk prgdstkvhnk `kg tg-aghn`m o vrstm pmhotoim uvngrg`ng o mprgdnghng`ng.

Drkvk vhkst vro `k svngtm`kzmr`m `gutrkhk` `ko`. m `g z`koòtk vog kho ò òtk ak`ng md tmc dk svg mdhuig imng drkvk sprmvmdou vrg`nu vhksto amrknu joto mjrkzhmg`g u ngzoiu zkngdòima svoapropkdòboak pmhotoig zkngdòbg, u krcuag`tkbonkak o emrauhkbonkak

prolvkthnovoa svoa crkkòak imno propkdknu rkzhootoa svngtm`kzmrsioao rghoconsioa uvngrg`noak. m dk drkvk trgjk o lmg dk judg svngtm`k-zmrsio `gutrkh`k, tm dk drkvk trgjk dk judg mdvmng`k md vngrsiol zk-ngdòbk òng stvkr `gimc puimc stngbknk shuknòl mimh`msto, `gong kr-jotrkr`g mdhuig dk tkim judg, tm ng stvkr imnk sg ozrkv`m o jot`m togproz`kvk`nk o pmtovk`nk svngtm`kzmr`m, pmhotoio, iuhtur`m o rghoconsiophurkh`mc drutvk. Nm imìrgtòng, dk jo crkkò ngd`g drkvg, imno

propkdknu rkzhootoa rghoconsioa o svngtm`kzmrsioa trkdobonkak joho u tmndrkvo rkv`mprkvò, drkvk amrk joto svngtm`kzmr`m `gutrkh`k, `g saongsg proihk`nkto johm imnga rghoconsima svngtm`kzmru. Amcho josam ikzk-to, tm ng ngd`m drutvm svngtm`kzmrsio o rghoconsio phurkhòng tm ng vgkmjkvgzk drkvg dk judg svngtm`kzmr`m `gutrkh`k.

W svngtm`kzmr`m `gutrkh`mn pmzobono hojgrkh`g drkvg skdrk`m ngo tgaghn`m z`kg`ng pro`bopk sgiuhkr`msto drkvg imnk (sgiuhkr`mst) sgmotung u svngtmv`ma, k tm z`ko svoa hnudoak `k tgaghnu zdrkvmc rk-zuak prolvkthnovma emrauhork`nu mdhuik irmz imng sg vro vhkst.

Md sgiuhkr`g drkvg zkltongvk sg nks`k o strmck `gprostrk`mst umd`msu prgak brivkak o vngrsioa zkngdòbkak. Kim sg pmg md dkòlo`ngòbk, m`dk ng cmtmvm skamrkzuahnovm dk Jms`k o Lgrbgcmvo`k amrkjoto svngtm`kzmr`m `gutrkh`k o sgiuhkr`k drkvk prong o vog md a`mcoldrucol.

R drucg strk`g, `k `knormn pmhotoimn, md`ms`m dgamirktsimn rkzo-ò svg rghoconsig trkdobong pk tkim o oshka zk pmhotoio ovmt prgdstkvhnknu


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vghoig, `gpmrgbovg o drkcmbng`g pmtg`bonkhg drutvg`mc o luakòstoimcsaoshk. m dk JoL trgjk dk sg o dkhng rkzvonk ikm amdgr`k gvrmpsik

svngtm`kzmr`m `gutrkh`k drkvk, u imnmn su brivg o vngrsig zkngdòbg usvma shmjmd`ma o kutm`ma`ma dnghmvk`nu mdvmng`g md drkvg, ò-ikim `g z`ko dk rghoconsig amrkh`g, smbonkh`g, iuhtur`g, o svg drucgpmtg`bonkhg u dgamirktsima mjrkzmvk`nu pmhotoig vmhng trgjk drkto`gvkòa, prgvkzogòa, k`togvrmpsioa, k`topmhotoioa. Mprgd-nghng`mst zk pmhotoio o prkvò pro`bop mdvmng`msto drkvg o vngrsiol zk-ngdòbk `g z`ko dk vngròig ikm tkivg trgjk osihnuovkto oz pmhotoimc

ovmtk. @nolmvg stkvmvg, krcuag`tg, vrongd`msto o mprgdnghng`nk amrksg u pmhotoioa rksprkvkak uzoakto rkv`mprkv`m u mjzor u drutvu uimnga su mò rkv`mprkvò sudomòbo o u imnga sg ustkv`m ckrk`torknu orghoconsig shmjmdg.

W tkivma drutvu, imng sg u rgbg`t`mn pmhotoimn hmzmno svg ggu `mraktov`ma saoshu mdrgung ikm pmstsgiuhkr`m drutvm, `g amgsg mgiovkto, mvdng `kvmdoa emrauhkbonu Nurcg`k Lkjgraksk, md svol

vngròik dk svmnk pmhotoik stknkhotk amcu mjrkzhmoto `gzkvos`m mdsvmnol rghoconsiol oho svngtm`kzmròl uvngrg`nk. Ikdk ng rong m svngtm`k-zmrsimn `gutrkh`msto pmhotoiol stkvmvk o `nolmvmc krcuag`tork`nk tknstroitò zkltngv amg sg uputoto skam pmhotokroak imno uùtkr drkvòlo`stotubonk pmdhongu du`msto prgak svngtm`kzmr`mn gutrkh`msto, dkihg,svoak imno prolvkknu nkv`g ak`dktg oho sg zk `nol ik`dodorknu.7

Drucoa rongoak, rghocomzò crkkò amrknu joto rkv`mprkvò upmhotoioa rksprkvkak mim svol potk`nk zkngdòimc dmjrk o drutvg`mcovmtk. kn ms`mvò saoskm o skdrkn pmstsgiuhkr`mc drutvk ikm ozkzmvprvg`stvg`m amrknu prolvktoto, tm ng skdk ihnu`m, sgiuhkrò crkkòimno su o u svma zkpkd`ma sgiuhkr`ma ag`tkhotgtu o u `ngcmvmnsmbonkhostoimn md`ms`m imauòstoimn odgmhmimn pmdvkronk`to sihmòdk vngròig o rghoconsig trkdobong o zkngdòbg, nm ngd`ma jol sg pmshuomirotoioa zkpkk`nga Lkjgraksk, chgdknu ikm `k krlko`g mstktigprmhmsto imng u `knjmhnga shuknu trgjk dk judu zktogò ikm tm sg

7 Ostm, str. ;73


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zktounu ozuaorug vrstg u prormdo. W `knirkga, u pmstsgiuhkr`madrutvu vngròboak sg `g amg mduzgto rong.

W pmchgdu `k spgboò z`kkn o z`kg`ng oshkasig trkdobong ojudu`msto aushoak`k u JoL o Gvrmpo, vkhnk ikzkto nm ngdù stvkr. @k`kmn jmsk`simlgrbgcmvkimn drutvg`mn sbgò imnk sg, trgjk ho umpg`kchkkvkto, `g amg prmaktrkto ozmhork`m, ozvk` `g skam rgcom`kh`mc,`gcm o orgc gvrmpsimc, pk, kim lmgtg, o agu`krmd`mc o svngtsimc bovo-hozkbonsimc o cgmpmhotoimc im`tgistk, potk`ng oshkak skdro o pmhotoigoaphoikbong md `knvggc z`kknk, prgd imnoak `g vrongdo zktvkrkto mo.

Ikim g aushoakò u JoL ikm o`tgcrkh`ma donghu Gvrmpg pmhotoio prm-amvorkto, krtoiuhorkto o amdghorkto svmng vngrsig zkltngvg, shmjmdg, prkvko odg`totgt tm ng pmhotoio ozkzmvpkr gxbghhg`bgzk svg imno oèmraork`m,imapgtg`t`m o mdcvmr`m chgdknu u sutrk`nobu.

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