islamic civilization. islamic traders linked af., euro., & asia muslims absorbed culture from...
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Islamic Civilization
• Islamic traders linked Af., Euro., & Asia• Muslims absorbed culture from others – Math from India; Technology from China
• Cultural umbrella (common religion & language)
I. Cultural Diffusion
• Islam combined & spread cultures:– 1. geographic location – 2. character of Islamic religion• a. tolerated other religions• b. made pilgrimages to Mecca• c. had to learn Arabic• d. valued trade
A. Religious Toleration
• Other faiths lived w/out persecution & contributed their culture to society – Christians & Jews were employed by the govt.
B. The Pilgrimage
• The hajj brought people together (cultures blend)• Exchanged ideas & learned about other ways of
life• Hajji – title earned after making the hajj – Carried ideas back to native lands
C. The Arabic Language
• Qur’an = Arabic • Official language of religion & govt. • Aided in cultural diffusion • Euros?
D. Muslim Trade
• Islamic civ. = trading activity• Controlled the Med. Sea & Indian Ocean – From China = spices, silk, & paper– From India = coconuts, tin, rubies, spices, tropical
woods
• Muslims acted as “middle man” betw. East & West
II. Muslim Scholarship
• Many excellent scholars• “The ink of the scholar is holier than the blood of
the martyr.” (Muhammad) • 476: Rome fell (Islam preserved knowledge)• Scholars collected & translated scientific &
philosophical texts• 800s: Caliph al-Ma’mun – House of Wisdom– Combination library, academy, & translation center
A. Muslim Literature
• Literature started w/Bedouins• Qur’an = standard for all Arabic lit. & poetry – Sang praises of the Prophet & of Islam
• The Thousand and One Nights – King Shahryar – married & murdered wives – Scheherezade – began stories, never finished them– After 1001 nights – Shahryar allowed her to live
• Collection of fairytales of Arabic, Egyptian, Indian, E. Asian, & Persian origin = A Thousand Tales
B. Muslim Art & Architecture
• Muslims adapted others’ architecture to suit Islamic beliefs & practices– Ex. Only Allah can create life, thus, no images of
living beings• Calligraphy • Arabesque (detailed geometric patterns)
– Architecture = major Islamic artform • Mosques
• Textiles – silk “taftah” (Persian) became taffeta (Euro.)
• Wool carpets (Persian, Egyptian, Turkish)
C. Music
• “the devil’s call to damnation” • Important part of ordinary life• 7th cent.—Tways created Islamic music • Later influenced music in Spain & the Americas
D. Medical Advances
• al-Razi (Persian scholar) –greatest physician – Comprehensive Book (medical encyclopedia)– Treatise on Smallpox & Measles (infectious diseases)
• Introduced use of animal gut for stitches • Treated diseases of the eyes (cataracts) • Borrowed from Greeks, Indians, & others • Discovered healing drugs & ointments • First school of pharmacy
E. Math & Science
• Mathematics = basis of all knowledge• al-Khwarizimi – Mathematician (late 700s)– Studied Indian sources– Wrote textbook explaining “the art of bringing together
unknowns to match a known quantity”• “al-jabr” (algebra)
• Astronomy – Ibn al-Haytham – wrote “Optics” –revolutionized ideas
about vision
• Muslims learned decimal system from India– “Arabic numerals”
• Ibn-Batuta
the Ka’aba• 35’ X 40’, and 50’• Built by Abraham & Ishmael • Black embroidered cloth• S.E. corner = sacred black stone– From heaven– Gabriel gave to Abraham– White?
• Replica of the House of God in the 7th heaven– Heaven = 7 levels– Hell = 7 levels (punishment fits the sin)