islamic civilization. abraham’s genealogy abraham sarah hagarhagar isaac esau jacob 12 tribes of...
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ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION
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Abraham’s GenealogyAbraham’s GenealogyAbraham’s GenealogyAbraham’s Genealogy
ABRAHAMABRAHAM SARAHSARAHHAGARHAGARHAGARHAGAR
IsaacIsaac
EsauEsauJacobJacob
12 Tribes of Israel
12 Tribes of Israel
IshmaIshmaelel
IshmaIshmaelel
12 Arabian 12 Arabian TribesTribes
12 Arabian 12 Arabian TribesTribes
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Arab Life
Descendants of Semitic tribes Bedouins: Arabic nomads
Shiekh – leader of each tribe Raided neighboring tribes to gain livestock, land,
etc. Believed in retaliation: “ eye for an eye…”
Makkah (Mecca): most important Arabic town Religious and economic center
Times of Change Adoption of monotheism (Judaism/Christianity) Islam: “submission to the will of Allah (God)”
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Muhammad
Was troubled by the corruptness of leaders Fasted in order to seek answers
His Revelation Fled Makkah (hijrah); went to Yathrib (622) Decreed that all Muslims be loyal to the
Muslim community Quran: the divine law given by the angel
Gabriel to Muhammad Two achievements of Muhammad
Religious community based on holy writings Set the example of life for Muslims to follow
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THE PROPHETIC TRADITIONTHE PROPHETIC TRADITION
AdamAdam
NoahNoah
AbrahamAbraham
MosesMoses
JesusJesus
MuhammadMuhammad
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Beliefs and Practices The Quran: God’s message to Muhammad
Written 20 years after Muhammad’s death Values
Honor parents, show kindness, protect orphans and widows, and give generously
The Five Pillars of Islam Faith: “There is no God but Allah,
and Muhammad is his prophet.”
Prayer: 5 times a day Alms: giving to charity Fasting: during the month of Ramadan Pilgrimage: to Makkah; once during life
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The Qur’an
Muslims believe it contains the word of God.
114 suras (chapters).
In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful.
Written in Arabic.
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Spread of Islam Caliphs: successors after Muhammad died
Sought to protect and spread Islam Early Conquests:
Converted the Persians, reduced the Byzantines 650 – included Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Persia, Egypt
Divisions within Islam Husayn and Ali were assassinated Sunnis: majority of pop. – anyone could be caliph Shiites: minority of pop. – only Muhammad’s
descendants could be caliph
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Other Islamic Religious Practices
No alcohol or pork.
No gambling.
Sharia body of Islamic law to regulate daily living.
Three holiest cities in Islam:
Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.
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Family Life
Role of Women: Forbade the custom of killing female infants Limited polygamy (maximum of four wives) Had control of personal property Made contributions to the arts
Role of Men: Obligated to politics and military Visited public forums for various activities Entered school at the age of seven Upper-class boys could pursue a theological
degree
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Islamic Achievements
Mathematics: Developed algebra; expanded trigonometry
Astronomy and Geography: Physical and Mathematical models of universe Concluded that the Earth was round
Chemistry and Medicine: Al-Razi: described the origin of disease
Art: Calligraphy writing
Literature: Kalila and Dimna (a collection of animal fables)
Philosophy and History: Religious truths could be analyzed & defended w/ logic