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TRANSCRIPT
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Chapter 6Chapter 6
Branch Office Branch Office
Remote Access Remote Access TechnologiesTechnologies
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
WAN Designer WAN Designer ConsiderationsConsiderations
Number of users per locationNumber of users per location Number of simultaneous usersNumber of simultaneous users Number of hours per day each user Number of hours per day each user
connectsconnects What type of access is required What type of access is required Is access required continuous or Is access required continuous or
intermittentintermittent
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Leased LinesLeased Lines Permanent telephone connection Permanent telephone connection
between two pointsbetween two points Set up by a telecommunications carrierSet up by a telecommunications carrier Secure private line owned exclusively by userSecure private line owned exclusively by user Used to connect geographically distant Used to connect geographically distant
officesoffices Direction connection from network to Direction connection from network to
Internet POPInternet POP Connection fee required monthly Connection fee required monthly Variable costs based on distance and circuit Variable costs based on distance and circuit
speedspeed
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Leased LineLeased Line
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Multidrop and MultipointMultidrop and Multipoint
Multidrop allows split use of single dedicated Multidrop allows split use of single dedicated lineline Corporations leverage use of leased line to many Corporations leverage use of leased line to many
locationslocations Several DTEs can share one line connectionSeveral DTEs can share one line connection Only two DTEs can converse at one timeOnly two DTEs can converse at one time Each location requires DCE for connection to telcoEach location requires DCE for connection to telco
Multipoint has several point-to-point Multipoint has several point-to-point connectionsconnections Combinations are used to connect multiple sitesCombinations are used to connect multiple sites Multidrop and Multipoint are integrated into network Multidrop and Multipoint are integrated into network
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Multidrop ConnectionMultidrop Connection
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Multipoint ConnectionMultipoint Connection
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Voice-Only ApplicationsVoice-Only Applications
CSU used exclusivelyCSU used exclusively Voice calls carried between PBXs at two Voice calls carried between PBXs at two
locations in same companylocations in same company Using T1 line saves long-distance chargesUsing T1 line saves long-distance charges
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
T1 Line InformationT1 Line Information LAN data is carried between locationsLAN data is carried between locations T1 lines are connected directly to T1 CSU/DSUsT1 lines are connected directly to T1 CSU/DSUs DSU needed to convert data coming from DSU needed to convert data coming from
routerrouter Router supports connection to LANsRouter supports connection to LANs Fractal T1 service allows bandwidth/cost Fractal T1 service allows bandwidth/cost
sharingsharing Costs include distance charges from telcoCosts include distance charges from telco Charges based on bandwidth selectedCharges based on bandwidth selected
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
T1 Voice & DataT1 Voice & Data
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
T1 Switched T1 Switched ConnectionsConnections
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
ISDN BRIISDN BRI Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
Provides for sending digital data on phone network Provides for sending digital data on phone network Supports three concurrent separate conversations Supports three concurrent separate conversations
Basic Rate Interface (BRI)Basic Rate Interface (BRI) Supports two (B channels) to carry user traffic.Supports two (B channels) to carry user traffic. B channel is “Bearer Channel” – carries 64 Kbps eachB channel is “Bearer Channel” – carries 64 Kbps each D Channel used for call setup/ network signaling –D Channel used for call setup/ network signaling –
16Kbps16Kbps Total Bandwidth = 144 KbpsTotal Bandwidth = 144 Kbps
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
ISDN BRI ISDN BRI
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
NT1NT1 Serves as network interface for BRI Serves as network interface for BRI
connectionconnection Has physical/electrical termination Has physical/electrical termination
functions for T1functions for T1 Requires a standard power supply source Requires a standard power supply source U-interface port used to connect to RJ-11 U-interface port used to connect to RJ-11
cable for phonecable for phone Back of unit supports two S/T RJ-45 interface Back of unit supports two S/T RJ-45 interface
postsposts
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Terminal Adapter (TA)Terminal Adapter (TA)
Protocol converter Protocol converter Adapts equipment not designed for ISDNAdapts equipment not designed for ISDN Usually a card that plugs into a PCUsually a card that plugs into a PC External TA boxesExternal TA boxes
Used to connect analog telephone, faxes Used to connect analog telephone, faxes and modems to an ISDN lineand modems to an ISDN line
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Call RoutingCall Routing
Used at CO to connect local/ long-Used at CO to connect local/ long-distance servicesdistance services
All carriers granted POPs to provide long All carriers granted POPs to provide long distance servicesdistance services
Customer can choose long distance Customer can choose long distance carrier to complete connectioncarrier to complete connection
Carrier ID numbers maintained Carrier ID numbers maintained dynamicallydynamically
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
ISDN PRIISDN PRI Primary Rate Interface (PRI)Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
Dedicated trunks to connect corporate Dedicated trunks to connect corporate locations to COlocations to CO
Designed to support multiple individual BRIDesigned to support multiple individual BRI Internal and external voice-data Internal and external voice-data
communicationscommunications United States PRIUnited States PRI
Total bandwidth 1.544 MbpsTotal bandwidth 1.544 Mbps 23 (64 Kbps.) Bearer (B) channels and 1 D (64 23 (64 Kbps.) Bearer (B) channels and 1 D (64
Kbps.) channelKbps.) channel PAC RIM and European PRIPAC RIM and European PRI
2,048 Mbps E1 channels2,048 Mbps E1 channels E1channel consists of 31 B channels (64 E1channel consists of 31 B channels (64
Kbps.) and1 D channel (64 Kbps.)Kbps.) and1 D channel (64 Kbps.)
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
ISDN PRIISDN PRI
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
ISDN PRI & PRI-E1ISDN PRI & PRI-E1
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
ISDN Terminal ISDN Terminal EquipmentEquipment
TE1TE1 An end-user ISDN terminal type 1 device that An end-user ISDN terminal type 1 device that connects to the ISDN line through a twisted connects to the ISDN line through a twisted pair four-wire digital link.pair four-wire digital link.
TE2TE2 An ISDN terminal type 2 device that is used An ISDN terminal type 2 device that is used to connect to a terminal adapter.to connect to a terminal adapter.
NT1NT1 Network termination device that connects Network termination device that connects the four-wire subscriber wiring to the the four-wire subscriber wiring to the conventional two-wire local loop.conventional two-wire local loop.
NT2NT2 A device typically found in a digital PBX, A device typically found in a digital PBX, which is capable of performing concentration which is capable of performing concentration services.services.
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
ISDN BRI & NT1ISDN BRI & NT1
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
ISDN InterfacesISDN InterfacesR R InterfaceInterface
Defines the relationship between Defines the relationship between the terminal equipment (TE2) the terminal equipment (TE2) device and a non-ISDN-ready device and a non-ISDN-ready device. device.
S/T S/T InterfaceInterface
S-interface is between ISDN user S-interface is between ISDN user equipment (TE1 or TE2) and NT1 equipment (TE1 or TE2) and NT1 device. T-interface is between the device. T-interface is between the local switching device (NT2 and the local switching device (NT2 and the PBX. An S/T interface cannot be PBX. An S/T interface cannot be plugged directly into a ISDN line plugged directly into a ISDN line without an NT1 device.without an NT1 device.
U U InterfaceInterface
U-loop because it represents the U-loop because it represents the loop between the user’s premises loop between the user’s premises and the local telco CO. A U-and the local telco CO. A U-interface device can plug into S/T interface device can plug into S/T interface & analog devices.interface & analog devices.
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Benefits of ISDN PRIBenefits of ISDN PRI
Reduced call setup timeReduced call setup time Reduced costsReduced costs High-speed switched access to High-speed switched access to
low-volume remote locationslow-volume remote locations Uses both local and interexchange Uses both local and interexchange
carrier servicescarrier services Provides bandwidth on demandProvides bandwidth on demand
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Comparison PRI & T1Comparison PRI & T1SpeedSpeed 64 Kbps on each 64 Kbps on each
channelchannel
2424thth channel used channel used for signalingfor signaling
Call setup time: Call setup time: 300 ms.300 ms.
64 Kbps. on each channel64 Kbps. on each channel
Uses 16 Kbps. for in-band Uses 16 Kbps. for in-band signalingsignaling
Call setup time: 3-5 Call setup time: 3-5 secondsseconds
FlexibilitFlexibilityy
Any channel can Any channel can be used for inward be used for inward calls, outward calls, outward calls, WATs calls, calls, WATs calls, or 800 calls.or 800 calls.
Channels are pre-assigned Channels are pre-assigned for the type of call. Some for the type of call. Some channels sit idle while channels sit idle while other channels ring busy.other channels ring busy.
CostCost ISDN PRI is less ISDN PRI is less expensive than T1 expensive than T1 (HiCap) service.(HiCap) service.
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Topic ReviewTopic Review
1.1. Name some considerations when Name some considerations when designing remote access WAN designing remote access WAN connections.connections.
2.2. How many B and D channels are in a How many B and D channels are in a BRI?BRI?
3.3. How many B and D channels are in a T1?How many B and D channels are in a T1?
4.4. How many B and D channels are in a E1?How many B and D channels are in a E1?
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Communication ServersCommunication Servers Universally managed platforms for network Universally managed platforms for network
servicesservices Contains communication processors & softwareContains communication processors & software A communication server is a collection of A communication server is a collection of
independent servers.independent servers. Processor cardsProcessor cards
Central processing unit (CPU)Central processing unit (CPU) Installed memoryInstalled memory Serial RS-232 portSerial RS-232 port SNMP built in to provide remote application SNMP built in to provide remote application
management.management.
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Communication ServersCommunication Servers (cont.)(cont.)
Controller componentsController components Video circuitsVideo circuits Hard drives (SCSI and EIDE)Hard drives (SCSI and EIDE) Dual Ethernet controllers.Dual Ethernet controllers. Serial connections Com1, Com2 and USBSerial connections Com1, Com2 and USB
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Racking Communication Racking Communication ServersServers
Rack can accommodate Rack can accommodate Eight Celeron-based Web servers Eight Celeron-based Web servers 24 Pentium III-based application servers24 Pentium III-based application servers
Eight Dual SMP Pentium III-based Eight Dual SMP Pentium III-based clustered data resource servers can clustered data resource servers can be supported in one standard 19” rackbe supported in one standard 19” rack
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Microwave TechnologyMicrowave Technology
Considered a form of radio Considered a form of radio transmissiontransmission Uses very high frequency rangeUses very high frequency range Susceptible to interference, jamming, Susceptible to interference, jamming,
weather and eavesdroppingweather and eavesdropping Licensing is required to use most Licensing is required to use most
microwaves microwaves Curvature of the earth issuesCurvature of the earth issues
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Categories of Categories of TransmissionTransmission
Two categories of unbounded transmissionTwo categories of unbounded transmission Both require no underground installationBoth require no underground installation Signals can radiate freely or as neededSignals can radiate freely or as needed
OMNI-Directional or BroadcastOMNI-Directional or Broadcast Signals broadcast in all directions at onceSignals broadcast in all directions at once Guarantees wide-coverage with high dispersalGuarantees wide-coverage with high dispersal
Line of SightLine of Sight Signals transmitted from point toSignals transmitted from point to Antenna dishes require exact focusing at each Antenna dishes require exact focusing at each
sitesite
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Microwave TransmissionMicrowave Transmission
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Microwave ComponentsMicrowave Components Dish antennaDish antenna
Commonly used in microwave systemsCommonly used in microwave systems Used for satellite communicationsUsed for satellite communications Used in space communications, radio Used in space communications, radio
astronomy, radarastronomy, radar Horn antennaHorn antenna
Active element in a dish antenna Active element in a dish antenna Resembles an acoustic hornResembles an acoustic horn
WaveguideWaveguide Cylindrical tube or metal pipeCylindrical tube or metal pipe Connects antenna to transmitter or receiver Connects antenna to transmitter or receiver
systemsystem Feeder pathway for transmissions.Feeder pathway for transmissions.
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Satellite SignalsSatellite Signals Used to transmit signals and data over Used to transmit signals and data over
long distances long distances Weather forecastingWeather forecasting Television broadcastsTelevision broadcasts Internet communicationsInternet communications Global Positioning SystemsGlobal Positioning Systems
Space orbit allows more surface Space orbit allows more surface coveragecoverage Used to communicate:Used to communicate:
Satellite to SurfaceSatellite to Surface Surface to SatelliteSurface to Satellite Satellite to SatelliteSatellite to Satellite
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Types of SatellitesTypes of Satellites
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
GeostationaryGeostationary (GEO) (GEO) Used to transmit data and TV Used to transmit data and TV
signalssignals Transoceanic - Atlantic and PacificTransoceanic - Atlantic and Pacific Appears to be always in same place Appears to be always in same place
from Earthfrom Earth 22,238 miles from Earth 22,238 miles from Earth Transmits at speeds up to 155 Mbps.Transmits at speeds up to 155 Mbps.
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Middle Earth Orbit Middle Earth Orbit (MEO) (MEO)
Used for global wireless Used for global wireless communication coveragecommunication coverage Maintain orbit 8,000 miles from EarthMaintain orbit 8,000 miles from Earth Orbits Earth about every 2 to 12 hoursOrbits Earth about every 2 to 12 hours Transmit data rate 9.6Kbps. to 38.4 Transmit data rate 9.6Kbps. to 38.4
Kbps.Kbps. Transmission delay is only 0.10 secondsTransmission delay is only 0.10 seconds
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Low Earth Orbit (LEO)Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Launched like a large flock of “birds”Launched like a large flock of “birds”
Orbits at constant altitude 400 to 1,000 milesOrbits at constant altitude 400 to 1,000 miles Must travel very fast to avoid gravity forcesMust travel very fast to avoid gravity forces Low orbit allows for transmit 2.4 to 9.5 KbpsLow orbit allows for transmit 2.4 to 9.5 Kbps Travels at 17,000 miles per hourTravels at 17,000 miles per hour Circles earth approximately every 90 minutesCircles earth approximately every 90 minutes Used for mobile voice, low and high speed dataUsed for mobile voice, low and high speed data Internet Access via mobile phone, PDAs, GPSInternet Access via mobile phone, PDAs, GPS
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Satellite ComponentsSatellite Components Flight computerFlight computer
Brain of satelliteBrain of satellite Controls antenna, transmitter receiver, digital camera Controls antenna, transmitter receiver, digital camera
and image sensorsand image sensors Image sensorsImage sensors
Process pictures captured by digital cameraProcess pictures captured by digital camera TransmitterTransmitter
Sends large amounts of data between the satellite and Sends large amounts of data between the satellite and EarthEarth
A thermal blanketA thermal blanket Covers entire satellite with a thin foil material.Covers entire satellite with a thin foil material. Foil keeps satellite warm in cold and cool in extreme Foil keeps satellite warm in cold and cool in extreme
heatheat
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Satellite Ground Satellite Ground EquipmentEquipment
VSAT TerminalsVSAT Terminals Used to transmit data signals to and Used to transmit data signals to and
from satellites. from satellites. Defined as very small aperture terminalDefined as very small aperture terminal Opening for microwave beam is very Opening for microwave beam is very
narrownarrow Stations use different frequencies for Stations use different frequencies for
transmitting and receiving datatransmitting and receiving data
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
VSAT TerminalsVSAT Terminals
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
SummarySummary
Satellites provide a wide geographic reachSatellites provide a wide geographic reach Can transmit to places cable cannot reachCan transmit to places cable cannot reach Satellites are a good transmission Satellites are a good transmission
method.method. Especially useful for run same technology Especially useful for run same technology
to multiple site regardless of location.to multiple site regardless of location.
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Submarine ConnectionsSubmarine Connections
First transatlantic cable installed 1858First transatlantic cable installed 1858 Cable ran between United States and EuropeCable ran between United States and Europe
Submarine coaxial cableSubmarine coaxial cable Used to replace high-frequency radio schemeUsed to replace high-frequency radio scheme Life expectancy is 20-plus yearsLife expectancy is 20-plus years
Optical submarine cable used for networksOptical submarine cable used for networks Internet voice, data and video communicationsInternet voice, data and video communications
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Wave Division Wave Division MultiplexingMultiplexing
Frequency division multiplexing Frequency division multiplexing techniquetechnique Used for fiber optic cableUsed for fiber optic cable Multiple optical signal channels carried Multiple optical signal channels carried
across a single fiber strandacross a single fiber strand Different wavelengths of light utilizedDifferent wavelengths of light utilized Each wavelength is in the infrared Each wavelength is in the infrared
rangerange
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Submarine Cable Submarine Cable HazardsHazards
Designed to perform without repair for Designed to perform without repair for 20 years20 years
Does not have long signal propagation Does not have long signal propagation delaydelay
Trawling gear damages submarine Trawling gear damages submarine cablecable
Optical fiber installed to minimize Optical fiber installed to minimize hazardshazards
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Optic Fiber CableOptic Fiber Cable
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Optical FibersOptical Fibers
Optical fibers are encased with many Optical fibers are encased with many steel wires to protect them from steel wires to protect them from external and mechanical stress.external and mechanical stress.
Optically amplified repeaters are Optically amplified repeaters are used to strengthen the signal as it used to strengthen the signal as it travels across the depths of the travels across the depths of the ocean.ocean.
CIS – 122 – Wide Area Networks
Topic ReviewTopic Review
1.1. What advantages are there to rack What advantages are there to rack mounting network devices?mounting network devices?
2.2. What are the disadvantages of What are the disadvantages of microwave technology?microwave technology?
3.3. What are the 3 general type of What are the 3 general type of satellites?satellites?
4.4. Which has less signal delay, submarine Which has less signal delay, submarine or geostationary satellite links?or geostationary satellite links?