isbn: 978-602-72935-2-6

ISBN: 978-602-72935-2-6

PROSIDING SEMINAR NASIONAL

PENGELOLAAN DAN PENINGKATAN KUALITAS LAHAN SUB-OPTIMAL UNTUK MENDUKUNG TERWUJUDNYAKETAHANAN DANKEDAULATAN PANGAN NASIONAL(Pemanfaatan Biochar Untuk Perbaikan Kualitas Tanah Dan PertanianBerlanjut)

Tim Penyusun :1. Prof. DR. Ir. Rahmatullah Rizieq, M. Si2. DR. Ir. Agusalim Masulili, MP3. Ir. Agus Suyanto, MMA4. Sutikarini, SP, M. Sc5. Donna Youlla, SP, MEM6. Mustika, A, Md

Diterbitkan oleh :Universitas Panca Bhakti Pontianak

Alamat :Jalan Kom. Yos SudarsoTelp. (0561) 780051, 772627 Fax. (0561) 774442PO BOX 78113Pontianak – Kalimantan Barat

KATA PENGANTAR

Assalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.

Salam sejahtera bagi kita semua.

Syukur Alhamdulillah ke hadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, yang senantiasa

melimpahkan rahmat dan karunia-Nya, sehingga Buku Prosiding Seminar Nasional

dapat terselesaikan atas kerjasama antara Fak Pertanian UPB, UNITRI, UNRAM dan

ABI (Asosiasi Biochar Indonesia).

Buku prosiding tersebut memuat sejumlah artikel hasil penelitian dengan tema

Pengelolaan Dan Peningkatan Kualitas Lahan Sub-Optimal Untuk Mendukung

Terwujudanya Ketahanan Dan Kedaulatan Pangan Nasional (Pemanfaatan Biochar

Untuk Mendukung Pertanian Berlanjut) yang telah dilakukan oleh Bapak/Ibu dosen

UPB, UNITRI, UNRAM dan ABI (Asosiasi Biochar Indonesia), serta pihak lainnya

yang terkait.

Terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah berperan aktif sehingga Prosiding

Seminar Nasional ini dapat terselesaikan. Mudah-mudahan apa yang kita lakukan,

memberikan manfaat bagi kita semua. Kami menyadari, dalam penyusunan yang

kami berikan, banyak terdapat kekurangan dan kekeliruan, untuk itu kami mohon

maaf yang sebesar-besarnya.

Wabillahi taufik walhidayah, wassalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.

Salam sejahtera bagi kita semua.

Pontianak, 3 Mei 2016

Ttd

Tim Penyusun

DAFTAR ISI

BIOCHAR UNTUK PENGELOLAAN HARA NITROGEN1)Wani Hadi Utomo 2) dan Titiek Islami 3)…………………………………………………………... 1

OPTIMALISASI KINERJA ALAT PENGHASIL ASAP CAIR DARI BAHAN BAKULIMBAH PERTANIANS.P. Abrina Anggraini, Tiya Nurhazisa ......................................................................................... 12

APLIKASI BIOCHAR, PUPUK KANDANG DAN CAMPURAN KEDUANYA PADA BEDENGPERMANEN YANG DITANAMI CABAI MERAH (Capsicum annum L.)Raden Unangga Jaya W1, IGM Kusnarta2, Sukartono2, dan Padusung2 ........................................... 20

IMMOBILISATION OF AS AND CU IN GOLD MINE TAILINGS AMENDED WITHEMPTY FRUIT BUNCH AND RICE HUSK BIOCHARS PYROLYSED ATDIFFERENT TEMPERATURESClaoston Nardon, 1 Samsuri Abdul Wahid, 1 Ahmad Husni Mohd Hanif,1 and Mohd AmranMohd Salleh2,3 ...................................................................................................................................... 30

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN BIOCHAR DAN KOMPOS KULIT KAKAOTERHADAP KUALITAS TANAH DAN PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KAKAOE.R. Indrayatie1) dan W.H. Utomo2 ................................................................................................... 39

PEMANFAATAN BIOCHAR SERASAH TEBU DAN LIMBAH TEBU LAINNYAUNTUK PERBAIKAN KUALITAS TANAH BERPASIRBudi Hariyono1,2, Wani Hadi Utomo3,4, Sri Rahayu Utami3 dan TitiekIslami34………………………………………………………............................................................ 46

USING BIOCHAR TO IMPROVE THE SOIL QUALITY, GROWTH AND YIELD OFSOYBEAN (Glycine max L.) IN THE SUB-OPTIMAL LAND OF LOMBOKMulyati1), Sukartono1), Baharuddin, A.B.1), Tejowulan, R. S.1) ..................................................... 54

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN ARANG DAN CUKA KAYU TERHADAPPERTUMBUHANCABAI DAN SAWIHeru S. Wibisono, Novitri Hastuti, Gustan Pari, R. Esa Pangersa G., dan Nela Rahmati Sari150 ..... 62

THE USE OF PYROLYSIS CHARCOAL (BIOCHAR) ORIGINATED FROM PALMKERNEL SHELLFOR NUTRIENT AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN LITHICHAPLUDULTS AT OIL PALM MAIN NURSERYLaksmita Prima Santi ........................................................................................................................... 68

HETEROSIS, PERAN GEN, DAN SIFAT KUALITATIF HASIL PERSILANGAN IPB3S DAN FATMAWATI DENGAN PADI BERAS MERAH DALAM PEMBENTUKANPADI GOGORANCAH TIPE IDEALI Gusti Putu Muliarta Aryana , AAK Sudharmawan dan Bambang B Santoso ................................ 76

KEEFEKTIFAN BIOCHAR SERBUK GERGAJI DAN PUPUK SUPER(PETRO) GANIKYANG DIPERKAYA DENGAN Fe DAN Zn TERHADAP SIFAT TANAH DANPERTUMBUHAN JAGUNG PADA TANAH INSEPTISOLBaharuddin, Mulyati, Tejowulan, dan Sukartono ................................................................................ 88

RESPON PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN KEDELAI TERHADAPPEMBERIAN BIOCHAR DAN BERBAGAI DOSIS BIOAKTIVATOR YANGDIFERMENTASI DENGAN JAMUR Trichoderma spp. DI LAHAN KERINGI Made Sudantha dan Suwardji ............................................................................................................ 97

PERUBAHAN SIFAT-SIFAT KIMIA TANAH DAN HASIL PADI PADA LAHAN RAWAPASANG SURUT DENGAN APLIKASI PEMBENAH TANAHJunita Barus1 dan Novilia Santri1 ....................................................................................................... 106

ANALISIS KOMPERATIF PENDAPATAN PETANI PENGGUNAAN VARITASUNGGUL NASIONAL DAN LOKAL DI LAHAN KERING (STUDI KASUS DI DESATANGGERANG KECAMATAN JELAI HULU)Ellyta dan Saleh Andreas ..................................................................................................................... 111

DINAMIKA PENYULUHAN PERTANIAN DALAM MENDUKUNG USAHATANIPETANIDI LAHAN SUB-OPTIMAL KALIMANTAN BARATGontom C. Kifli1), Dadan Permana1) dan Nurul Ekawati2) .............................................................. 118

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI SAGU (Metroxylon Sp.)(FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PRODUCTION OF SAGO (Metroxylon Sp.) Starch)Sitti Aida Adha Taridala1, Satriana Mollah2, Ansharullah3 ............................................................... 128

KARAKTERISTIK 3 JENIS BIOCHAR DENGAN LAMA WAKTU PIROLISISBERBEDA SEBAGAI AMELIORAN TANAH GAMBUTUrai Suci Y.V.I1, Uray Edi Suryadi2, Azwar Maas3, Sri Nuryani H .U4, Eko Hanudin5 .................. 137

PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT JERUK DENGAN APLIKASI BIOCHAR PADA TANAHANDOSOL DAN ALUVIALReza Prakoso Dwi Julianto1), Septian Eko Ardiansyah2), Widowati 3) ............................................. 148

POTENSI BIOCHAR YANG DIFERMENTASI JAMUR Trichoderma spp. SEBAGAIBAHAN PEMBENAH TANAH UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PERTUMBUHAN DANHASIL BEBERAPA GENOTIPE JAGUNG DI TANAH ENTISOLSuwardji dan I Made Sudantha ............................................................................................................ 153

RESIDU HARA KALIUM DAN BIOCHAR PADA HASIL TANAMAN JAGUNGMUSIM TANAM KEDUAWidowati dan Wahyu Fikrinda ............................................................................................................ 161

RESPON BIOFERTILIZER TERHADAP SERANGAN HAMA PENYAKIT DANPRODUKSI BUAH NAGAAzri………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 173

PENGARUH PEMBENAH TANAH PROCAL TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS PADIPADA LAHAN SUB OPTIMAL DI KALIMANTAN BARATPratiwi1, Panut1 dan Erison2……………………………………………………………………….. 181

KONTROVERSI TENTANG DAN STANDAR MUTU BIOCHARControversy on and Quality Standard BiocharDidiek Hadjar Goenadi 1) dan Laksmita Prima Santi 2)……………………………………………. 187

PENGELOLAAN DRAINASE DAN PEMBERIAN ARANG HAYATIUNTUK MENINGKATKAN PRODUKTIVITAS PADI LAHAN PASANG SURUTBUKAAN BARU DI KALIMANTAN BARATMuhammad Hatta……………………………………………………………………………………. 192

PENGARUH BUSUKAN IKAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL KEDELAIPADA TANAH ALLUVIALSutikarini…………………………………………………………………………………………… 201

PEMUPUKAN KALIUM UNTUK PERBAIKAN HASIL DAN UKURAN UMBITANAMAN UBIJALARSri Umi Lestari1) dan Nur Basuki2)………………………………………………………………. 211

PENGARUH BIOCHAR SEKAM PADI YANG DIPERKAYA HARA DANKETEBALAN MULSA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL SELADA DARAT (Lactuca sativa L.)Kristina Irna Sari Naikofi, Arnoldus Klau Berek dan Eduardus Yosef Neonbeni….. 218

PENGELOLAAN AIR DAN PEMBERIAN BAHAN ORGANIK UNTUKMENINGKATKAN PRODUKTIVITAS PADI DI LAHAN PASANG SURUTMuhammad Hatta……………………………………………………………………………………. 226

Prosiding Seminar Nasional Asosiasi Biochar Indonesia, Pontianak Mei 2016 ISBN 978-602-72935-2-6

54

USING BIOCHAR TO IMPROVE THE SOIL QUALITY, GROWTH

AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max L.) IN THE

SUB-OPTIMAL LAND OF LOMBOK

Mulyati1), Sukartono1), Baharuddin, A.B.1), Tejowulan, R. S.1)

Lecturer and Researcher at Faculty of Agriculture, Mataram University

Email : [email protected]

ABSTRAK

Most of the agricultural soil in Lombok are Sandy soils with very course in texture, low soil organic carbon (SOC),

fertility and poor water holding capacity (WHC). Using biochar would improve the soil quality in sub optimal (dryland) and

degraded land. Two set of experiments were carried out to evaluate the soil chemical properties after incubating for 15 and

30 days; and to investigate the response of growth and yield of soybean plants. Two factors were tested : the first factor was

three types of biochar ( without biochar, B0; tobacco stem, B1; rice husk, B2; and coconut shell, B3), and the second factor

consisted three rates of nitrogen fertilizers ( 0, 50, 100 kg urea ha-1). Pots were arranged in a Completely Randomized

Design (CRD) in the pattern of factorial, with three replicates under glass house condition. Data obtained were analyzed by

analysis of variance at 5% significance level. Results show that the application of biochar significantly enchanced the

changes of soil chemical properties or improve the soil quality especially for soil pH, soil carbon organic (SOC), cation

exchange capacity (CEC) at 15 days incubation. Soil without biochar added had the lowest levels of total N and the highest

total N was obtained in adding tobacco stem biochar. There was no interaction between the biochars and nitrogen rates on

soybean growth and yield. Adding biochar increased the number of leaves and seeds, but no significant effects on plant

height, days of flowering, shoot dry weight, number of pods and the weight of seeds. Therefore, further research should be

done to investigate if the application of biochar had a residual effect for the next cropping.

____________________________________________________

Keywords : biochar, soil quality, growth, yield,

INTRODUCTION

Soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. is one of the major cash crop which is usually used as human food

and row material for food processing. The use of soybean product as human food has increased steadly, it is

due to their product is associated with their high nutrition quality and medicinal value. They are play an

important role in the human diet throughtout the world, they are recognized as an excellent source of dietary

protein and amino acids, which generally containing between 20 – 30% of energy, dietary fiber, and a variety

of micronutrients and phyto-chemicals (Onor, et al., 2014). Due to the high protein content it is highly suited for

infants and children growth and also for people who have chronic diseases such as HIV/Aids (Gandhi. 2006).

In addition, soybeans have a concentrated source of isoflavons, which have potential role in preventing and

treateing cancer and osteoporosis and also may decrease the risk of prostate (Onor et al., 2014).

Besides that, soybeans are a source of the isoflavons which have beneficial effect on heart and bone,

including cholesterol reduction and improve vascular health, preserved bone mineral bone density and

reduction of menopausal symptoms. A study by Umpieerrez et al. (2012) indicated that there is no different

effect between soybean oil and olive oil on clinical attention such as infectious and noninfectious

complications. Futhermore, soybeans are an excellent source of folate, it is also high in micronutrients content

such as iron, zinc and calcium. However, it is low in fat, with the predominant fatty acid is linoleic acid is about

5%. This fatty acid particularly eicosa pentaenoic acid (EPA) and decosa hexaenoic (DHA) have an important

role for health benefits (Gandhi, 2006).

Until now, the soybean production still low and national demand can not be covered by local

production, therefore soybeans are imported. To overcome this problem, there are several ways can be

conducted to increase the production. In West Nusa Tenggara, soybeans are mainly grown in dryland area with

very low in production due to the low soil fertility. Dryland farming system can be potentially used to increase

the soybean production by integrated nutrient management by using the anorganic and organic fertilizers to

increase the soil quality. There are many constraints for the use of these soil. Sandy soils are dominated in the

dryland of West Nusa Tenggara. The soil characteristics are low in nutrient content such as nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnecium, low in carbon organic content with less than 1%, cation

exchange capacity (CEC), poor soil aggregate and low in water and nutriens retention (Mulyati et al., 2014a;

mailto:[email protected]


55

Sukartono et al., 2014). These soils characteristics mainly indicate a very poor for growth and yield of

soybean, which lead to low in nitrogen (N) fertilizer use efficiency. Hence, to overcome this constraint,

alternative can be used is soil management to increase and to maintain soil organic carbon (SOC) and improve

crop water and nutrients use efficiency (Lehmann et al., 2003).

The use of organic matter such as compost and manure to improve the sandy soil fertility in Northern

Lombok has been reported elsewhere. The result shows that the effects are very short-lived under cropping

system in dryland, therefore, there have to be applied in a large amount generally between 20 to 40 ton ha-1

and it means that famers have to spend more money. This practices are also become more expensive due to

the rapid and easely to decomposition and mineralization of organic substances in the tropical regions.

Recently, Glaser et al., (2002) propose the use of more stable substances and has the longterm effect such as

biochar, which can be used to sustain soil organic C sequestration, in order to improve the soil quality.

Biochar is a type of charcoal which is rich in carbon material and obtained from heating organic

biomass (agriculture waste) under limited oxygen conditions, which refers to a solid product that derived

from biomass pyrolysis (Lehman, 2007). Biochar contains an aromatic structure, therefore it is chemically

and biologically more stable in soil and it is resistant to decompose, as a result the use of biochar has the

longterm effect in the soil and would be stable for hundreds to thousands of years (Woolf, 2008). Application of

biochar into soil would change the soil physical (Glaser et al., 2002; Chan et al., 2008) and soil chemical

properties (Lehman et al ., 2003). Previous study showed that biochar can be used as soil amendment and will

be enchaned soil nutrients availability which lead to increase the soil productivity (Steiner et al., 2008; Mulyati

dkk., 2014).

Biochars can be made from a range of agriculture waste which under vary condition producing

difference characteristic that will influence the different of soil amendment value for soil. There are sufficient

amounts and types of biomass materials /agriculture waste (residue) to produce biochar. The characteristics of

biochar is depended on the source of agriculture waste (biomass) being used such as rice strow, maize stover,

wood biochar, tobacco stem, rice husk biochar and coconut shell biocahar. Biochar that produces from organic

materials from plant waste are usually low in nutrients content especially nitrogen compare with animal

waste. Hence, in order to obtain the optimal growth and yield of soybean, nitrogen fertilizers it should be

added.

Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient generally required in the greatest amounts by plants.

Nitrogen plays an important role for plant development , growth and yield production (Machsner, 2002).

Lehmann et al., (2003) found the use of biochar can increase the nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and for

leguminous plant such as soybean the use of biochar can course the biological changes in the soil especial can

improve the ability of to aquire N for growth through N fixation (Rondon et al., 2007). The advantages effects

of biochar on soil and crop growth have been reported widely, however, the responses of biochar from some

agriculture waste (biomass) and the nitrogen supply efficiency on growth and the uptake of nitrogen by

soybean plant in the dryland Northern Lombok has not been investigated.

This study was conducted to evaluate the changes of soil chemical properties after incubating for 15 and 30 days; and also to investigate the response of growth and nitrogen content and uptake by soybean plants.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A glasshouse experiment was conducted in Faculty of Agriculture, Mataram University. Two set of

experiments were done, which the first set was incubation and the second set was to grow soybean plants. The

design was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with consisted of two factors under three different biochars type namely :

B0 = without biochar as control,

B1 = tobacco stem biochar,

B2 = coconut shell biochar

B3 = rice husk biochar

Each pot was treated by the same level of biochar (40 kg ha-1) and a treatment without biochar as a control; the second factors was nitrogen rates, which consisted of three rates were as follow :

N0 = without urea fertilizer

N1 = 50 kg urea ha-1

N2 = 100 kg urea ha-1


56

Both of these factors were combined, and obtain 12 treatment combinations. Each treatment

combination comprised of three replications, so that 36 pot experiment were obtained. Pots were arranged in a

factorial completely randomized design (CRD). Representative soil were collected from the field on 0 – 20 cm

depth. Air dried soil were sieved with a 5 mm screen and mixed thoroughly, the place in 2.5 kg portion of the

plastic bags fitted inside plastic pots. All treatment (the first and the second sets) were received basic fertilizers of

150 kg SP36 ha-1 and 100 kg KCl ha-1 according to the famer practices. Each pot was added the water until

reached of the field capacity, then incubated for 15 and 30 days. Soil sampel was taken from each pot to test the

soil chemical properties. After that, Grobogan variety of soybeans were grown until their reached maximum

vegetative growth for measurement of nitrogen uptake by soybean plants. Some soil chemical properties of

soil that used in this experiments were presented in Table 1 and biochars in Table 2.

Table 1. Initial Soil Chemical Properties For The Experiment.

Parameter Method Unit Value Status

Organic-C Walkley & Black % 0.81 very low*

Total-N Kjeldahl % 0.07 very low*

P2O5 Bray I Ppm 20.77 very high*

K IAAS me% 5.49 very low *

CEC

NH4 acetic 1 mol

pH=7 me% 8.21

low*

pH pH meter

6.1 slightly acid*

EC EC meter µS/cm 44.53

Soil Moisture Gravimetry % 1.63

Field Capcity Gravimetry % 36.12

BV Gravimetri g cm-3

1.23

BJ Picnometer g cm-3

3.31

Texture Sedimentation

% Sand % 59.82 Texture class :

% Silt % 30.17 Sandy loam**

% Clay % 10.02

Keterangan: *Soil Research Centre (1983) in Rosmarkam dan Yuwono (2002)

**Triangular Texture USDA in Hardjowigeno (2006)

Table 2. The Karacteristic Of Several Biochars That Used In This Experiment.

Biochar Types pH

1 : 2.5

C

(%)

N

(%

)

C : N P

(%

)

K

(cmol kg-

1)

CEC

(cmol kg-

1)

Tobacco Stem 9.90 34.34 0.63 54.51 0.72 17.40 41.20

Coconut Shell 7.65 15.85 0.36 44.03 0.84 1.62 29.20

Rice Husk 7.41 17.00 0.28 60.71 0.97 6.07 21.20

Soil 6.1 0.81 0.07 11.57 0.21 5.49 8.21

The method used for data analyzed were: pH (H2O, measured by using pH meter; organic carbon,

determined with the the Walkley and Black (Soil Survey Laboratory Staff, 1992); total N, analyzed by using

Kjeldahl method; available-P, extracted with Bray I solution and the concentration was measured with a

spectrophotometer; CEC, extracted with 1M NH4Oac (buffered at pH 7.0), and exchangeable K was measured

using AAS (Shimatzu). Shoot dry weights were determinated by cutting plant on above ground, and after that

shoot dry weights were oven dried at temperature of 70o C until constant weight was reached.


57

Data collected were analyzed statistically using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the significant

difference among the treatments was tested by Honestly significant difference (P=0.05) using MINITAB program.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Change in Soil Chemical After Incubation

Three type of biochars (Tobacco stem, coconut shell and Rice husk) and nitrogen rates (0, 50, 100 kg

urea ha-1) were incorporated in to 2.5 kg air-dried soil. Each treatment was set up in triplicate, water then mixed

into each treatment to obtain a soil moisture content representing of the field capacity. This treated soils were

laboratory incubated for 15 and 30 days. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for the soil chemical properties (Table 3), including soil pH, CEC, total organic carbon and nitrogen total in the soil after incubation.

Table 3. The Change Of Soil pH and CEC At 15 And 30 Days After Incubation

Treatments

Incubation (15 days)* Incubation (30 days)*

pH (H2O) CEC (cmol kg-) pH (H2O) CEC (cmol kg

-1)

B0

B1

B2

B3

BNJ (5%)

6.44 a

7.23 a

6.49 b

6.69 b

0.20

70.13 a

68.36 a

71.23 a

41.64 b

10.89

6.30 b

7.30 a

6.32 b

6.48 b

0.22

39.46 a

48.16 a

43.96 a

41.79 a

Ns

N0

N1

N2

BNJ (5%)

6.52 b

6.65 b

6.97 a

0.17

67.61 a

61.61 a

59.29 a

ns

6.57 a

6.60 a

6.63 a

Ns

45.62 a

42.72 a

41.68 a

ns * Means followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different by HSD test at

5%.

Data on soil chemical changes in 15 and 30 days after incubation indicated that under the different

biochar types and nitrogen rates had different soil chemical characteristics, hence, it will be have different

response in plant growth. There was a significant difference between the biochar types. The use of biochar can

increase the soil pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The increase of soil pH through biochar applications

can be used to ameliorate the soil properties especially for soil with low in pH and also improved the CEC.

Due to the sandy soil in Northen Lombok which has very course in texture, therefore, the application of

biochars attributed to the increase of water and nutrient retention (Mulyati et al., 2014a). The increment of the

CEC in rice husk biochar was higher than in coconut shell and tobacco stem biochar. Hence, rice husk biochar

has a high potential in improving soil physical and chemical properties. Recent study reveal that the organic

carbon was increased by the use of biochar.

The mean values of soil carbon organic total and nitrogen total in the soil after incubation between the

treatments were different depend on the kind of agriculture residues (Table 3), due to the characteristics of each

biochar. Application of biochars indicated a significantly different on C-organic total. Tobacco stem biochar

had the highest contribution of C-organic and N-total to the soil. On the other hand, there were quite similar or

no significantly different between coconut shell and rice husk biochars. However, similar soil organic carbon

concentrations was also present in the soil after 15 and 30 days after incubation. These fenomenon indicated

that no significant loss of biochars during the incubation. It was evidence that biochars had high stability and

long term effect in the soil with respect to C sequestration (Glaser et al., 2002).


58

Table 4. Effect of biochar types and nitrogen rates on soil organic carbon (%) and nitrogen

total (%) at in 15 and 30 days after incubation (DAI).

Treatments

Incubation (15 days)* Incubation (30 days)*

C-org (%) Total-N (%) C-org (%) Total-N (%)

B0

B1

B2

B3

BNJ (5%)

8.64 c

19.55 a

13.87 b

15.71 b

2.03

0.1367 c

0.1711 a

0.1544 b

0.1478 bc

0.0072

10.95 b

16.60 ab

14.81 a

14.83 a

2.29

0.13 c

0.17 a

0.15 b

0.15 b

0.001

N0

N1

N2

BNJ (5%)

13.59 b

13.74 b

15.99 a

1.75

0.15 a

0.15 a

0.15 a

ns

17.29 a

15.69 a

16.78 a

Ns

0.14 a

0.15 a

0.15 a

Ns

* Means followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different by HSD test

at 5%.

Growth and Sympton Development

Visible N deficiency symptoms was observed at soybean growth with absence of N and without

biochar supply. Plant height and the leaf numbers at maximum vegetative growth were shown in Table 5.

Both indicated that no significant difference among the treatment.

There were no significant difference among treatments for plant height and number of leaves both at

15 and 30 days after incubation ( Table 5). However, shoot dry weights for 15 and 30 DAI indicated that there

were a significant difference between the treatments. Application of coconut shell biochar has the highest shoot

dry weight compared with tobacco stem and rice husk biochars. On the other hand, application of N rates did

not affect the shoot dry weight.

Response of biochar applications and N rates on the number of soybean pods by day 15 and 30 after

incubation (DAI) can be seen at the Figure 1. Analysis variance indicated that there was no significant effect

between the number of soybean pods at 15 and 30 DAI. The lowerst number of soybean pods was found at

treatment without N application both at with or without biochar applied.

Table 5. Response of biochar applications and N rates on soybean growth at maximum

vegetative growth by day 15 and 30 after incubation (DAI).

Treatments

Growth componens

Plant heght (cm) Leaf numbers Shoot dry weight (g)

15 DAI 30 DAI 15 DAI 30 DAI 15 DAI 30 DAI

B0

B1

B2

B3

HSD 5%

65.2 a 74.1 a 17.8 a 19.8 a 2.03 b 2.71 ab

71.5 a 76.6 a 20.8 a 20.7 a 2.75 a 2.31 b

67.2 a 78.2 a 18.7 a 22.7 a 2.36 ab 3.03 a

69.4 a

ns

76.6 a

ns

20.9 a

ns

20.4 a

ns

2.38 ab

0.43

2.82 ab

0.23

N0

N1

N2

HSD 5%

65.8 a

71.9 a

67.3 a

ns

71.8 a

78.4 a

76.0 a

ns

20.3 a

18.8 a

19.5 a

ns

20.3 a

18.8 a

19.5 a

ns

2.33 a

2.54 a

2.26 a

Ns

2.67 a

2.96 a

2.53 a

ns * Means followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different by HSD test at

5%.


59

Based on the statistically analysis showed that there was no interaction between biochars

application and N rates on the soybean pod weights (Figure 2). It is clearly shown that the highest soybean

pod weight was 10.74 g obtained at the combination treatment of rice husk biochar (B3) and 50 kg urea ha-1

(N1) and showed no different with B0N2. In these regard, biochars application can increase N use efficiency

by plans.

These results similar to previous study conducted by Glaser et al., (2002) and Lehmann et al., (2003),

implied that biochar had an important role in lowering N-rates for soybean growth and yield. It is possible that N

use efficiency occurred due to the better by applying biochar which the soil quality and enchanced the formation

of noodles, eventually increased the N fixation. The formation of soybean noodles is affected by the nutrients

concentration in the soil such as P, K, Ca, S and Mo (Collino, 2000).

CONCLUSIONS

1 The application of biochar significantly improved the soil quality especially for soil pH, soil organic carbon

(SOC), cation exchange capacity (CEC) both at 15 days after incubation.

2 Soil without biochar added had the lowest levels of total N and the highest total N was obtained in tobacco

stem.

3 There was no interaction between the biochars and nitrogen rates on soybean growth and yield. Soil

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Nu

mb

er

of

soyb

ean

po

d

Treatments

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Soyb

ean

po

d w

eigh

ts (

g)

Treatments

15 DAI

30 DAI

Figure 1. Effect of biochar application and N rates on the number of soybean

pods at 15 and 30 days after incubation.

Figure 2. Effect of biochar application and N rates on the weight of

soybeands.


60

without biochar added has the lowest levels of total N and the highest total N was obtained on tobacco

stem.

4 Adding biochar had significant effects on the number of leaves and seeds, but no significant effects on plant

height, shoot dry weight, number of soybean pods and the weight of pods.

Therefore, further research should be done to investigate if the application of biochar had a residual

effect for the next cropping.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors gratefully thanks for financial support from the directorate of higher education of

Indonesia for the research grant to conduct this research.

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