Is There “Room in it”?Is There “Room in it”?

A Symbiotic Journey Inside The CowA Symbiotic Journey Inside The CowBy Jackie Garfield & Matt MicariBy Jackie Garfield & Matt Micari

In the next 20 minutes, we’ll…In the next 20 minutes, we’ll…

Define RuminantDefine Ruminant Examine digestive system of cattleExamine digestive system of cattle Discuss the symbiontsDiscuss the symbionts Describe the new metabolismDescribe the new metabolism Explain how Infection occursExplain how Infection occurs

What is a Ruminant?What is a Ruminant?Ruminant: (n.) any of the various cud-chewing mammals Ruminant: (n.) any of the various cud-chewing mammals having a stomach divided into four compartments. having a stomach divided into four compartments.

Cows, sheep, moose, goats, antelope, and camelsCows, sheep, moose, goats, antelope, and camels

Follow the food…Follow the food…

The Reticulum…The Reticulum…

Has thick walls and is Has thick walls and is puncture resistantpuncture resistant

Acts as a sieve Acts as a sieve

Food is separated into layers Food is separated into layers of liquid and solid material of liquid and solid material

The solids, known as cud, The solids, known as cud, are regurgitated, rechewed, are regurgitated, rechewed, & reswallowed 500 & reswallowed 500 times/daytimes/day

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The RumenThe Rumen

A Fermentation Vat

Volume: 180-240L Temp: 38- 42º C pH: 6.4 to 7.2

Rumen MicrofloraRumen MicrofloraUnlike other symbioses, the focus is not the

specificity but the variety of microbial symbionts

Rumen BacteriaRumen Bacteria All three types of bacteria - Cocci, Rod, & Spirllia - are present

Use cellulose, hemi-cellulose, starch, sugars, intermediate acids, proteins, and lipids.

They regulate overall fermentation by reducing CO2 with H2 gas to form methane.

Attachment of rumen bacteria on rice

ProtozoaProtozoa Ingest bacteria for their protein sourceIngest bacteria for their protein source Control bacteria numbers in the rumenControl bacteria numbers in the rumen

Genera of ProtistsEu  EudiplodiniumEp  EpidiniumEn  EntodiniumD  DaystrichiaO  OstracodiniumEl  Enoplastron.

Rumen FungiRumen Fungi

Degrade cellulose and xylans Degrade cellulose and xylans Aid in fiber digestionAid in fiber digestion

Anaeromyces

New Metabolism of the New Metabolism of the RuminantRuminant

Almost all glucose produced by Almost all glucose produced by breaking down cellulose is used breaking down cellulose is used by the symbiotic bacteria. by the symbiotic bacteria.

Ruminants get their energy from Ruminants get their energy from the volatile fatty acids the volatile fatty acids produced by bacteria: produced by bacteria: acetateacetate, , propionate propionate & & butyratebutyrate..

Interconnected environmentsInterconnected environments

Contents in the rumen Contents in the rumen are not homogenousare not homogenous

New and old material New and old material are pushed by muscular are pushed by muscular contractions & settle in contractions & settle in the different layersthe different layers

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Microbial EnvironmentsMicrobial Environments

liquid phasesolid phasemicrobial attachment

Liquid PhaseLiquid Phase

Free living microbes feed on soluble Free living microbes feed on soluble carbohydrates and proteincarbohydrates and protein

25% of microbial mass25% of microbial mass

Solid PhaseSolid Phase

Microbes digest insoluble polysaccharides like Microbes digest insoluble polysaccharides like starch and fiberstarch and fiber

70% of microbial mass70% of microbial mass

Microbial AttachmentMicrobial Attachment

Microbes attach to rumen epithelial cells or Microbes attach to rumen epithelial cells or protozoaprotozoa

Ensures consistant population numbersEnsures consistant population numbers 5% of microbial mass5% of microbial mass

Bacterial attachment to the bovine rumen epithelium

http://www.ncl.ac.uk/camb/research/

The OmasumThe Omasum Only small particles of food Only small particles of food

pass into the omasumpass into the omasum

Also called the Butcher’s Also called the Butcher’s BibleBible

Contains many folds to Contains many folds to increase the surface areaincrease the surface area

Water, electrolytes & more Water, electrolytes & more VFA’s are absorbedVFA’s are absorbed

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The AbomasumThe Abomasum

The true stomachThe true stomach Walls of the stomach Walls of the stomach

secrete enzymes & HClsecrete enzymes & HCl pH around 2.5pH around 2.5 Proteins from microbes Proteins from microbes

and remaining feed are and remaining feed are broken downbroken down

The Final JourneyThe Final Journey

To the small and large intestines To the small and large intestines

and beyond……and beyond……

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The next generation….The next generation….

Does not have a Does not have a developed rumendeveloped rumen

Becomes infected with Becomes infected with microbes from drinking microbes from drinking from udders of mother from udders of mother and grooming and grooming

Rumen develops due to Rumen develops due to microbe activity as diet microbe activity as diet changeschanges

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In ReviewIn Review

What are VFA’s and why are they important to What are VFA’s and why are they important to the ruminant?the ruminant?

Name 2 ruminants.Name 2 ruminants.

What are the four compartments of the What are the four compartments of the ruminant stomach?ruminant stomach?

Antelopes, goats, sheep, camels, & mooseAntelopes, goats, sheep, camels, & moose

Reticulum, Rumen, Omasum, & AbomasumReticulum, Rumen, Omasum, & Abomasum

Volatile fatty acids / Energy source for cowVolatile fatty acids / Energy source for cow

The EndThe End

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