is perceived self-efficacy a universal construct? psychometric findings from 22 cultures ralf...
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Is Perceived Self-Efficacy a Is Perceived Self-Efficacy a Universal Construct?Universal Construct?
Psychometric Findings from 22 Cultures
Ralf Schwarzer & Urte Scholz
Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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Perceived Self-Efficacy is the belief that one can perform a novel or difficult task, or cope with adversity -- in various domains of human functioning
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Perceived Self-EfficacyFACILITATES:
GOAL SETTING
EFFORT INVESTMENT
PERSISTANCE IN FACE OF BARRIERS
RECOVERY FROM SETBACKS
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General Perceived Self-Efficacy ScaleRalf Schwarzer & Matthias Jerusalem (1995)
Examples:
I can always manage to solve difficult problems if I try hard enough.
Thanks to my resourcefulness, I know how to handle unforeseen situations.
If I am in trouble, I can usually think of a solution.
I am confident that I could deal efficiently with unexpected events.
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The General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale
Source of the English Version:
Schwarzer, R. & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, UK: NFER-NELSON.
The full 10-item scale can be copied from the web
http://www.healthpsych.de
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204
970
163 163 144
7423
461
100
1067
159
536
148
430
147
9481029
697568 495 429
264
1633
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Frequency Distribution broken down by Nation
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AGE
95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10
Fre
quen
cy
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Std. Dev = 15.44
Mean = 26
N = 13,461
Age Distribution
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NATION
Me
an
AG
E
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2627
15
26
19
6163
1921
24
16
40
60
2421
Mean Age per Nation (N = 13,461)
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Self-Efficacy
40,0
38,0
36,0
34,0
32,0
30,0
28,0
26,0
24,0
22,0
20,0
18,0
16,0
14,0
12,0
10,0
Fre
que
ncy
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Distribution of Self-Efficacy Sum Scores for the Total Sample
(N= 17,553)
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0,7
0,75
0,8
0,85
0,9
0,95
Belgiu
m
Costa
Rica
Denm
ark
Finla
nd
France
Germ
any
Great
Brit
ain
Greec
e
Hong Kong
Hungaria
Indones
iaIta
ly
Japan
Korea
Nether
lands
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Russia
SpainSyr
iaUSA
Scale Reliabilities (Cronbach’s ) for all Nations
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Unidimensionality of the
General Perceived Self-Efficacy Construct
GSE
SE5SE4 SE6 SE7SE2SE1 SE3 SE9SE8 SE10
.56 .47 .55.37 .40 .50 .56 .50 .48 .53
.43 .55 .50 .36 .30 .43 .36 .38 .31 .38
1.00
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Mean Sum Scores Broken Down by Nation
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
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NATION
Me
an
SU
MS
CO
RE
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
sex
male
female
Mean Sum Scores Broken Down by Nations and Gender
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Correlations Between Self-Efficacy And Other Constructs
Self-Efficacy Sum Score of German Teachers (N = 302)
Proactive Coping .55
Self-Regulation .58
Procrastination -.56
Emotional Exhaustion -.47
Depersonalisation -.44
Lack of Accomplishment -.75
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Correlations Between Self-Efficacy And Other Constructs
Expected Social Support
.43 .30
Self-Efficacy Sum Score of Costa Ricans
Women(N = 393)
Men (N = 258)
Anxiety -.43 -.42
Depression -.46 -.33
Optimism .60 .52
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The Self-Efficacy Scale Is Reliable And Unidimensional Across Cultures.
www.healthpsych.de
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References
Schwarzer, R. (Ed.) (1992). Self-efficacy: Thought control of action. Washington, DC: Hemisphere. Schwarzer, R. & Born, A. (1997). Optimistic self-beliefs: Assessment of general perceived self-efficacy in thirteen cultures. World Psychology, 3, 177-190.Schwarzer, R., Bäßler, J., Kwiatek, P., Schröder, K., & Zhang, J. X. (1997). The assessment of optimistic self-beliefs: Comparison of the German, Spanish, and Chinese versions of the General Self-Efficacy scale. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 69-88.Schwarzer, R., Born, A., Iwawaki, S., Lee, Y.-M., Saito, E., & Yue, X. (1997). The assessment of optimistic self-beliefs: Comparison of the Chinese, Indonesian, Japanese and Korean versions of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient, 40, 1-13.Schwarzer, R. & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, UK: NFER-NELSON.Schwarzer, R. & Jerusalem, M. (Eds.) (1999). Skalen zur Erfassung von Lehrer- und Schülermerkmalen. Dokumentation der psychometrischen Verfahren im Rahmen der Wissenschaftlichen Begleitung des Modellversuchs Selbstwirksame Schulen [Scales for the assessment of teacher and student characteristics.] Berlin, Germany: Freie Universität Berlin. Schwarzer, R., Mueller, J., & Greenglass, E. (1999). Assessment of perceived general self-efficacy on the Internet: Data collection in cyberspace. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 12, 145-161. Schwarzer, R., Schmitz, G. S. & Tang, C. (2000). Teacher burnout in Hong Kong and Germany: A cross-cultural validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 13, 309-326.Zhang, J. X. & Schwarzer, R. (1995). Measuring optimistic self-beliefs: A Chinese adaptation of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Psychologia, 38, 174-181.
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Source of this Presentation:
Scholz, U., Gutiérrez-Doña, B., Sud, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2002). Is general self-efficacy a universal construct? Psychometric findings from 25 countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18, No. 3, 242-251.