is-ought fallacy slippery slope fallacy part to whole fallacy whole to part fallacy week 10
TRANSCRIPT
IS -OUGHT FALLACYSLIPPERY SLOPE FALLACYPART TO WHOLE FALLACYWHOLE TO PART FALLACY
Week 10
IS OUGHT FALLACY
The is-ought fallacy occurs when the assumption is
made that because things are a certain way, they
should be that way. It can also consist of the
assumption that because something is not now
occurring, this means it should not occur.
EXAMPLE
Just because murder exists among humans does
not mean that it ought to exist...
The 2nd Amendment states that we have the right
to bear arms. It is fact that we have the right to bear
arms. Does that mean we ought to bear arms? Not
necessarily... Not everyone chooses to own gun even
if they have the right to do so
SLIPPERY SLOPE FALLACY
When a relatively insignificant first event is suggested to lead
to a more significant event, which in turn leads to a more
significant event, and so on, until some ultimate, significant
event is reached, where the connection of each event is not only
unwarranted, but with each step it becomes more and more
improbable.
Exception: When a chain of events has an inevitable cause and
effect relationship, as in a mathematical, logical, or physical
certainty, it is not a fallacy.
EXAMPLE
We cannot unlock our child from the closet
because if we do, she will want to roam the house. If
we let her roam the house, she will want to roam the
neighborhood. If she roams the neighborhood, she
will get picked up by a stranger in a van, who will
sell her into a slave ring in some other country.
Therefore, we should keep her locked up in the
closet.
EXAMPLE
PART TO WHOLE FALLACY
The fallacy is committed when a conclusion is drawn about a
whole based on the features of its constituents when, in fact, no
justification provided for the inference. There are actually two
types of this fallacy, both of which are known by the same name
(because of the high degree of similarity).
Also known as The fallacy of composition
Exception: If the whole is very close to the similarity of the
parts, then more assumptions can be made from the parts to the
whole.
EXAMPLE
Atoms are colorless. Cats are made of atoms, so
cats are colorless
EXAMPLE
WHOLE TO PART FALLACY
Where someone asserts that what is true of part of something must also
be true of the whole thing together.
Also known as stereotyping
Tip:When faced with this in a debate or discussion one will have to
persistently funnel the talk back to the division from the original truth.
The tricky thing about this is that it starts with a true statement, often
times both people will agree on the premise. Then a conclusion is made,
believed to be logical in nature, but it is actually a logical fallacy. Just
focus on the division, the focal point at where truth becomes “not truth”.
EXAMPLE
"The ball is blue, therefore the atoms that make it
up are also blue."