is-ought fallacy slippery slope fallacy part to whole fallacy whole to part fallacy week 10

12
IS-OUGHT FALLACY SLIPPERY SLOPE FALLACY PART TO WHOLE FALLACY WHOLE TO PART FALLACY Week 10

Upload: corey-osborne

Post on 03-Jan-2016

233 views

Category:

Documents


3 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: IS-OUGHT FALLACY SLIPPERY SLOPE FALLACY PART TO WHOLE FALLACY WHOLE TO PART FALLACY Week 10

IS -OUGHT FALLACYSLIPPERY SLOPE FALLACYPART TO WHOLE FALLACYWHOLE TO PART FALLACY

Week 10

Page 2: IS-OUGHT FALLACY SLIPPERY SLOPE FALLACY PART TO WHOLE FALLACY WHOLE TO PART FALLACY Week 10

IS OUGHT FALLACY

The is-ought fallacy occurs when the assumption is

made that because things are a certain way, they

should be that way. It can also consist of the

assumption that because something is not now

occurring, this means it should not occur.

Page 3: IS-OUGHT FALLACY SLIPPERY SLOPE FALLACY PART TO WHOLE FALLACY WHOLE TO PART FALLACY Week 10

EXAMPLE

Just because murder exists among humans does

not mean that it ought to exist...

The 2nd Amendment states that we have the right

to bear arms. It is fact that we have the right to bear

arms. Does that mean we ought to bear arms? Not

necessarily... Not everyone chooses to own gun even

if they have the right to do so

Page 4: IS-OUGHT FALLACY SLIPPERY SLOPE FALLACY PART TO WHOLE FALLACY WHOLE TO PART FALLACY Week 10

SLIPPERY SLOPE FALLACY

When a relatively insignificant first event is suggested to lead

to a more significant event, which in turn leads to a more

significant event, and so on, until some ultimate, significant

event is reached, where the connection of each event is not only

unwarranted, but with each step it becomes more and more

improbable.

Exception: When a chain of events has an inevitable cause and

effect relationship, as in a mathematical, logical, or physical

certainty, it is not a fallacy.

Page 5: IS-OUGHT FALLACY SLIPPERY SLOPE FALLACY PART TO WHOLE FALLACY WHOLE TO PART FALLACY Week 10

EXAMPLE

We cannot unlock our child from the closet

because if we do, she will want to roam the house.  If

we let her roam the house, she will want to roam the

neighborhood.  If she roams the neighborhood, she

will get picked up by a stranger in a van, who will

sell her into a slave ring in some other country. 

Therefore, we should keep her locked up in the

closet.

Page 6: IS-OUGHT FALLACY SLIPPERY SLOPE FALLACY PART TO WHOLE FALLACY WHOLE TO PART FALLACY Week 10

EXAMPLE

Page 7: IS-OUGHT FALLACY SLIPPERY SLOPE FALLACY PART TO WHOLE FALLACY WHOLE TO PART FALLACY Week 10

PART TO WHOLE FALLACY

The fallacy is committed when a conclusion is drawn about a

whole based on the features of its constituents when, in fact, no

justification provided for the inference. There are actually two

types of this fallacy, both of which are known by the same name

(because of the high degree of similarity).

Also known as The fallacy of composition

Exception: If the whole is very close to the similarity of the

parts, then more assumptions can be made from the parts to the

whole. 

Page 8: IS-OUGHT FALLACY SLIPPERY SLOPE FALLACY PART TO WHOLE FALLACY WHOLE TO PART FALLACY Week 10

EXAMPLE

Atoms are colorless. Cats are made of atoms, so

cats are colorless

Page 9: IS-OUGHT FALLACY SLIPPERY SLOPE FALLACY PART TO WHOLE FALLACY WHOLE TO PART FALLACY Week 10

EXAMPLE

Page 10: IS-OUGHT FALLACY SLIPPERY SLOPE FALLACY PART TO WHOLE FALLACY WHOLE TO PART FALLACY Week 10

WHOLE TO PART FALLACY

Where someone asserts that what is true of part of something must also

be true of the whole thing together.

Also known as stereotyping

Tip:When faced with this in a debate or discussion one will have to

persistently funnel the talk back to the division from the original truth.

The tricky thing about this is that it starts with a true statement, often

times both people will agree on the premise. Then a conclusion is made,

believed to be logical in nature, but it is actually a logical fallacy. Just

focus on the division, the focal point at where truth becomes “not truth”.

Page 11: IS-OUGHT FALLACY SLIPPERY SLOPE FALLACY PART TO WHOLE FALLACY WHOLE TO PART FALLACY Week 10

EXAMPLE

"The ball is blue, therefore the atoms that make it

up are also blue."

Page 12: IS-OUGHT FALLACY SLIPPERY SLOPE FALLACY PART TO WHOLE FALLACY WHOLE TO PART FALLACY Week 10