is 15054 2001 technical drawings - geometrical tolerancing - tolerancing of form. orientation,...

7/29/2019 Is 15054 2001 Technical Drawings - Geometrical Tolerancing - Tolerancing of Form. Orientation, Location and Run-

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Is 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

TFIT-JTTW@aRmm Tm~~~*-. Wk?ffRim

Indian StandardTECHNICAL DRAWINGS GEOMETRICALTOLERANCING TOLERANCING OF FORM,ORIENTATION, LOCATION AND RUN-OUT VERIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND

METHODS GUIDELINES

Ics 01.100.20

@ BIS 2001BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARGNEW DELHI 110002

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Qrawings Sectional Committee, BP 24

NATIONAL FOREWORDThis Indian Standard which is identical with lSO/TR 5460:1985 Technical drawings Geometricaltolerancing Tolerancing of form, orientation, location and run-out Verification principles andmethods Guidelines issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) wasadopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on the recommendation of Drawings Sectional Committeeand approval of the Basic and Production Engineering Division Council.This standard establishes guidelines for verifying geometrical tolerancing as described in IS 8000(Part 1): 1985 Geometrical tolerancing on technical drawings: Part 1 Tolerances of form, orientation,location and run-out and appropriate geometrical definitions (first revision). The purpose is to outlinethe fundamentals of various verification principles which may be used in order to comply with thedefinitions of IS 8000 (Part 1) :1985. The verification methods described in this standard do notprovide for a unique interpretation of the requirements of IS 8000 (Part 1): 1985 and do differ amongstthemselves. This standard may, however, be used as a reference document for coordination andagreements in the field of geometrical tolerancing verification. The symbology and methods mentionedare not illustrated in detail and are not inclined for application on end-product drawings. Not allverification principles are given in this standard for the different types of geometrical tolerances. Withinthe verification principle one or more verification methods are used. The numbering of verificationprinciples and methods shall not be regarded as a classification of priority within the prescribed typeof geometrical tolerance.The information as given in the introduction of lSO/TR 5460:1985 is given below:In 1972, lSO/TC 10, Technics/ drawings, initiated work on preparing an International Standard onverification principles and methods for geometrical tolerancing. In the early stages of the work itbecame clear that several alternative verification methods for measuring principles were necessaryso as to take account of the different types of workplaces and measuring equipment used. Since thereis little experience in the various countries as to how to apply verification principles and methods ongeometrical tolerances, it was decided that the results of the work would not be published as anInternational Standard for the time being. It was felt, however, that the results of the work should bepublished in the form of a Technical Report as this could be used as a guide towards understandinghow to apply the tolerancing system for form, orientation, location and run-out with respect to varyingmeasurement conditions. For uniformity all figures in this Technical Report are in first angle projection.It should be understood that the third angle projection could equally well have been used withoutprejudice to the principles established. For the definitive presentation (proportions and dimensions)of symbols for geometrical tolerancing, see ISO 7083.The text of ISO Standard has been approved as suitable for publication as Indian Standard withoutdeviations. In this adopted standard, certain terminology and conventions are not identical to thoseused in Indian Standards. Attention is particularly drawn to the following:

a) Wherever the words Technical Report appear referring to this standard, they should be readas Indian Standard.

b) Comma (,) has been used as a decimal marker while in Indian Standards the current practiceis to use a full point (.) as the decimal marker.

(Continued on third cover)


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1S 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

Page

1 Scope and field ofappiication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Establishment ofdatums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Verification principles andmethods. . . . . . . . . .7 Verification of straightness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Verification of flatness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Verification of circularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Verification ofcylindricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Verification ofprofile ofany line.... . . . . . . . . . .12 Verification ofprofile ofany surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Verification of parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Verification of perpendicularity, ..,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Verification of angularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Verification of position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Verification of concentricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Verification ofcoaxiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Verification of symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Verification ofcircular run-out .,..,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Verification oftotal run-out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3345613152025313437404550535661636671

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IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460: 1985

Indian StandardTECHNICAL DRAWINGS GEOMETRICALTOLERANCING TOLERANCING OF FORM,ORIENTATION, LOCATION AND RUN-OUT VERIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND

METHODS GUIDELINES

1 Scope and field of application1.1 This Technical Report establishes guidelines for verifying geometrical tolerancing as described in ISO 1101. The purpose is tooutline the fundamentals of various verification principles which may be used in order to comply with the definitions of I SO 1101. Theverification methods described in this Technical Report do not provide for a unique interpretation of the requirements of ISO 1101 anddo differ amongst themselves, This Technical Report may, however, be used as a reference document for coordination andagreements in the field of geometrical tolerancing verification. The symbology and methods mentioned are not illustrated in detail andare not intended for application on end-product drawings. (See also 6.4. )

1.2 Not all verification principles are given in this Technical Report for the different types of geometrical tolerances. Within theverification principle one or more verification methods are used. (See clause 6.)

1.3 The numbering of verification principles and methods shall not be regarded as a classification of priority within the prescribedtype of geometrical tolerance.

2 ReferencesI SO 1101, Technical drawings Geometrical tolerancing Tolerancing of form, orientation, location and run-out Generalities,definitions, symbols, indications on drawings.I SO 2692, Technical drawings Geometrical tolerancing Maximum material principle. 1}ISO 4291, Methods for the assessment of departure from roundness Measurement of variations in radius.ISO 4292, Methods for the assessment of departure from roundness Measurement by two- and three-point methods.1SO 6469, Technical drawings Geometrical tolerancing Datums and datum systems for geometrical tolerances.1S0 7063, Technical drawings Symbols for geometrical tolerancing Proportions and dimensions.

1) At present at the stage of draft. (Revision of ISO 1101/2-1974. )

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IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

3 Definitions3.1 verification principle : Fundamental geometrical basis for the verification of the considered geometrical characteristic.NOTE The inspection methods may not always fully check the requirements indicated on the drawing. Whether or not such methods are sufficientand acceptable depends on the actual deviations from the ideal form and on the manufacturing and inspection circumstances.

3.2 verification method : Practical application of the principle by the use of different equipment and operations.

3.3 verification equipment : Technical device necessary for a specific method

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IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

4 SymbolsThe symbols shown in table 1 are applied throughout this Technical Report.

Table 1Svmbol I Interswetation,--

1 > //// /-/ Surface plate (Measuring plane)

2A

Fixed support/

3

A

Adjustable support/

4 Continuous linear traverse

5 + + Intermittent linear traverse

6x

cOnthUOUS traverse in several directions

v, ,77 x Intermittent traverse in several directions

L J

8 Turning

9 /\/ A Intermittent turning

100.

Rotation

11?

Indicator or recorder

.4 Meaauring stand with indicator or recorder12

fSymbols for measuring stands can be drawn in different ways in accordance with the verificationequipment used.

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IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

5 Establishment of datums

5.1 Datum indicationThe datum indicated on a drawing is a theoretically exact geometric reference from which required characteristics of related featuresare dimensioned.Thedatumfeature isa real feature of a part which is marked onthedrawing as a datum.The choice of datum and tolerance feature shall be made in accordance with the functional requirements. If the verification can besimplified by changing thedatum andthetoleranced feature, without affecting ttre functional requirements, such achange could bepermitted.When it is difficult toestablish adatumfrom a datum feature, it may beneceseary touseasimulated datum feature.The datum feature shall be sufficiently accurate in accordance with the functional requirements. It is necessary to take these requirements into consideration inthe verification procedure.The datum feature shall be arranged in such way that the maximum distance between it and the simulated datum feature has the leastpossible value. Practically, thedatum feature shall give astable contact either bythedatum feature itself [see figure la)lor byalign-mentof thedatum feature toasimulated datum feature [see figure lb)].

+&---l.~ Simulated datum feature

L_.uppo_/Figure la) Figure 1b)

Figure 1 Contact betwean datum feature and simulated datum feature

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IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

5.2 Apointas the datumApointas thedatum isquite unusual butcanbe used, forexample inconnection with position tolerances, However, itisdifficulttofind outthereal dstumby establishment ofasimulated datum feature. Inmost cases, thedatum isestablished byasimulated verifi-cation equipment (see figure 2).

Datum - centre-pointCentrepoint of a sphere /2\

R:-~oJQrmallest (representingcircumscribed the smallestsphere circumscribedsphere)on the V-block

Figure2 Establishment of a point as the datum

5.3 A line as the datumA line as the datum can bean edge, generating line or an axis. The edge and the generating line can be established in accordance withfigure 1.

5.3.1 A generating line es tha datumIf the datum is a generating line for an internal surface (for example, a hole), the establishment of the simulated datum can be made ina practical way by using a cylindrical mandrel in accordance with figure 3.

P rylindrical mandrelAFigure 3 Practical way of establishing a generating line as the datum

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Insome cases, thealignment ofdatum features istime-consuming andcanbe replaced bymathematical orgraphical evaluation (s=figure 4).

rlNOTE

5.3.2

\ profile of datum feature\

Ii

1Figure4 Profile diegram forgraphical avaluationof datum

When graphical evaluation is used, thedatum andthetoleranced feature can beindicated inthewme diagram.

An axis as the datumAn axis as the datum is always an unreal feature and shall be established by a simulated datum feature or by mathematical calcu-lation.An axis as the datum may well be used for both internal and external features.The datum for an internal feature is usually established b~ an inscribed feature of a geometrically correct form.For cylindrical holes, the datum can be established by a cylindrical mandrel of the largest inscribed size or by an expandable mandrel.If the mandrel cannot achieve a stable position in the hole, the location shall be adjusted in such a way that the possible movement ofit in any direction is equalized (see figure 5).

I.Iratum feature Simulated datum feature= ~Extreme orientations

~Datum

Figure5 Alignment of simulated datum faaturainahola

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IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

A simplified way to establish an axis for internal features can be used by aligning it between two coaxial conical features (see figure 6).In this case, the eventual eccentricity of the chamfer to the hole itself may constitute a serious source of error when establishing thedatum.

Simulsted datum featuresK

1-DatumFigure6 Simplified alignment ofanaxis asthedatum (internal features)

The datum for an external feature should be established by a circumscribing feature of a geometrically correct form,For cylindrical shafts, the datum can be established by a cylindrically encircling gauge of the smallest circumscribed size or bv a colletchuck.If the position of the gauge is not stable, it shall be adjusted in such a way that the possible movement of it in any direction is equaliz-ed. (Same principle asinfigure 5.)Thedatum forcylindrical shaRsmay &established inasimplified way using, for example, V-blocks, V-yokes, L-blocks or L-yokes(see figure 7).

P

A

.

V-block

1.I

7 1-///

L-block

Fa V-yokes L-yokesA8 Figure7 Smptified alignment ofanaxis asthedatum (external features) 9




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Depending on the form deviations of the datum feature, the angle in the V-block and the V-yokes can affect the position of the datum,which also affects the measured value.

An axis as the datum can also be established by graphical evaluation, for example in accordance with figure 8.

c1I

$?I I

Tolerancefeature

Section B +?. - ~II

Section A * &Datumfeature

/ //

- Polar diagram paper

Figure 8a) Measurement of simulated datum featurefrom a fixed axis

Simulated datum axis

Section A

Section B

Figure 8b) Graphical evaluation of the datum axia

5.3.3 A common axis as the datumIn some cases, the datum is a common axis of two separate datums which can be established by internal or external featurea (in-scribed, circumscribing or expandable).

The deviations of form and location of the datum features will affect the position of the common axis which can also affect thetolerance features.

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The guidance of the datum features should be used in such a way that the simulated datum features are coaxial (see figure 9).

Two smallest circumscribing and coaxial

r

cylinders = Simulated datum feature

r-- Datum A-B 1

I1 ./

Datum feature Ad Datum feature B ~

Figure9 Guidanca oftiodatum faaturas when thedatum isa common axisAs it is difficult to establish a common datum in accordance with the method mentioned above, a simplified method using V-blocks,V-yokes, L-blocks and L-yokes may beused(eee also figure 7).

In some cases, thedatum can reestablished byacoaxial pair of conical centres.

It should benoted that thedeviations beWeenthe centres andthe datum shall beadded tothemeasured valueof thetolerancedfeature (see figure 1O).

Substidatum

forure B

Limulated datum feature -/Figure 10 Conical centres usadassubatitutea forcyfindrical datum faaturas5.4 A surface as the datumA surface as the datum can be a plana or have other forms. Whan the datum is a plane, it can be established in accordance withfigure 1.

In practice, the datum will be established in a simplified way by three supports (points) situated as far as possible from each other onthe datum feature.

When certain points or surfaces on the drawing are specified as datum targets, these shall be used for the alignment of the simulateddatum features.

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5.5 Multiple datumsIf the datum consists of two or more datum features, their sequence may be important (see figure 11).

-Primary datum feature/

///////////////////// ////

~Secondary datum feature

L Secondary datum feature L Primary datum featureF@urell influence onthetoleranced feature depending on the sequence

of the datum faaturas usad on tha tolaranced faatura

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If the datum consists of three datum features, it should be noted that the primary datum feature (A) can be aligned in accordance withfigure 12a). The secondary datum feature shall be aligned on two points [see figure 12b)l and the tertiary datum feature on one point[see figure 12c)l.

mp-p?j?J@y- Primary datum plane (3 points}Figure 12a)

90

s

Secondary datum plane (2 points)904

./&.

. i .Tertiary datum plane(l point)

Figure 12b) Figure 12c)Figure 12 Establishment of three plane detum system

6 Verification principles and methods6.1 The verification principles and methods are arranged in such a way that for each tolerance characteristic the correspondingverification principles are used as principal headings.For each verification principle, a number of verification methods are shown in association with particular application examples arrangedin order of tolerance zones. For each method, an example of verification equipment is outlined. Comments are added when required.The resulting tabular arrangement has the following characteristics :Headings

Symbol Tolerance zone and application example Verification method Comments

The column Symbol gives the different geometric characteristics in conformity with ISO 1101.The column Tolerance zone and application example shows, firstly, the tolerance zone, in accordance with ISO 1101, and,secondly, an application example which is the same as that shown in ISO 1101. When this example has been considered insufficient inorder to illustrate the methods fully, further examples have been added.The column Verification method gives

the number of the method; the figure illustrating the verification method; the essential characteristics of the verification methods; the readings to be taken; the required repetitions; the treatment of the readings obtained; the acceptance criteria associated with the measured value.

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The column Commentsg ivessupplementaryi nformation, for example :. a particular application; any restrictions in application; any particular sources of errors; anyparticuiar requirements as to equipment; an example of verification equipment.

6.2 ltshould benoted that theinfluence of the following ksicverification factors are not included : verification equipment accuracy; verification performance accuracy; design (character}of verification equipment.

These factors may sometimes have a greater influence on the measuring result than the difference between the verification methodsdescribed.6.3 ln this Technical Report, theverification principl% areexemplifid bycommonly used verification methods. Most of thesemethods can recarried outwith various verification equipment. Themost commonly used equipment is shown, andit can generallybe found in workshops. ltshould benot4that theexamples ofverification methods donotgive complete information about the in-spection of the object.

6.4 The numbering adopted in this Technical Report was chosen for easy reference purposes. The clauses for the differentgeometrical characteristics have been given a number :

the first digit (starting with 7forstraightnaa.s) denotes thegeometrical tolerance to rechecked; the second digit (starting with 1) denotes the verification principle; the third digit (starting with 1) denotaa the verification method relating to the defined principle.

Verification equipment relevant to the methods is not numbered.Examples:

Verification method forstraightness l.4(clause 7)means verification principle forstraightn~ No. 1, method No.4.Verification method forparallelism 2.1 (clause 13) means verification principle forparalletism No.2, method No. 1.

This referencing method is not to be quoted on end-product drawings, because it could be misinterpreted as a modifier of the toier-ancingraquirements. However, thereferencing method may beu40ndetivd oras~iated documents, asuaad by manufacturingand inspection departments, etc., as an indication of the method usad, for example :

a) straightness, method 7.1.4;b) parallelism, method 13.2.1.

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7 Verification of straightness7.1 Principle 1 Verifying straightness deviations by comparing witha straight element

SymbolTolerance zone andapplication example

ab..

+s,1 0+

Verification method

IMethod 7.1.1

Place the gauge on the object in such a position that themaximum distance between the gauge and the object is aminimum, The straightness deviation is the maximumdistance between the generating line of the object and thatof the gauge.Measure the required number of generating lines,

Method 7.1.2

0

&/Place the object with the upper generating line parallel tothe surface plate,Record the measurements along the entire generatingline. @The straightness deviation is the maximum difference inindicator readings of the measured generating line.Measure the required number of generating lines, @

Comments

Taut wire could beused for large objects(> Ire),

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7.1 Principle 1 Verifying straightness deviations by comparing with a straight element (continued)

Symbol Tolerance zone andapplication example

230,7

---Em 0

Verification method

Method 7.1.3

E&+2!&Placethe object on a surface plate and against a squareplate.Take indicator readings along the entire generating lines andtransfer them to a diagram.The straightness deviation is evaluated from the dia-gram. @Measure the required number of generating lines. @

Method 7.1.4

Mb

/////////////// /4Clamp the object between two coaxial centres parallel to thesurface plate.Record the measurements along the two generatinglines @Record half the difference between the two indicatorreadings at each point in a diagram, that is :

Ma Mb2

The straightness deviation ia evaluated from the diagram.

Measure the required number of axial sections. @The straightness deviation is considered to be the maximumrecorded value of any axial section.

Comments

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7.1 Principle 1 Verifying straightness deviations by comparing with a straight element (continued)


/5,1 I I

Verification method

I Method 7.1.5

Align the object parallel to the surface plate.Record the measurements along the two generating lines.

Record half the difference between the two indicatorreadings at each point in the diagram, that is :

Ma Mb.Carry out the measurement in the two specified directions.@ and@The straightness deviation is evaluated from the diagrams.

Method 7.1.6

Align the telescope parallel to the surface.Measure the deviations with a target which is moved alongthe surface. Transfer the deviations to a diagram andevaluate the straightness from these.Measure the required number of generating lines.

Comments

This method is main-ly used for large ob-iects.A straightness meas-uring laser could alsobe used.

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7.1 Principle 1 Verifying straightness deviations by comparing with a straight element (concluded)


/-EE1[ c

Verification method

Method 7.1.7

\f) ---- q

& L/=/f ./2. /fl

Set the indicator to zero on a surface plate.Move the instrument in specified steps, /, along thegenemtmg line under consideration. Record the indicatorreading at each step. @The straightness deviation is evaluated from a cumulativediagram.Measure the required number of generating lines. @

7.2 Principle 2 Verifying straightness deviations by measuring angle deviations


?3=G01 D

Verification method

Method 7.2.1

/Adjustable spirit level

a @+>

1. 1,.1~. fj= /

Place the adjustable spirit level at one end of the generatingline and set it to zero.Move the spirit level in specified steps along the generatingline under consideration. Record the values at eachstep @The straightness deviation is evaluated from a cumulativediagram, where the incremental straightness devi-ation = / x indication value.Measure the required number of generating lines. @

Comments

This method is main-ly used for large ob-jects.Errors in setting thezero will cumulate bythe repetition ofmeasuring steps.

Comments

This method is main-ly used for large ob-jects.If the spirit level is notadjustable, the objectshall be horizontallyaligned.A pendulum instru-ment with feet mayalso be used.

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7.2 Principle 2 Verifying straightness deviations by measuring angle deviations (concluded)

Symbol I Tolerance zone andapplication example

#Et,1

o+

Verification method

Method 7.2.2Autocollimator

ro @+--+ A--

Align the measuring equipment with the objectMove the autocollimator mirror with feet at a specifieddistance, /, in specified steps along the generating lineunder consideration and record the values. ~The straightness deviation is calculated from a cumulativediagram.Measure the required number of generating lines. @

Comments

This method is mainlyused for large ob-jects.Continuous move-ment may also beused when recordingthe result.An angle measuringlaser device may alsobe used.

7.3 Principle 3 Verifying straightness deviations by finding centres of consecutive cross-sections

Symbol Tolerance zone andapplication example Verification method

Method 7.3.1

Clamp the object between two coaxial centres parallel to thesurface plate.Rotate the object around a fixed axis.Record half the difference of the indicator readings duringone complete revolution in a polar diagram. @

Measure the required number of axial sections. @The straightness deviation of the object axis is considered tobe the maximum deviation between the evaluated centres.

Comments

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8 Verification of flatness8.1 Principle 1 Verifying flatness deviations by comparing with a flat element

Symbol

D

Tolerance zone andapplication examplee \ \ Verification methodMethod 8.1.1M

x/Align the object as a superimposed surface on the surfaceplate.Measure the distance between the object and the surfaceplate at the required number of points.The flatness deviation is the maximum difference betweenthe measured distances.

Method 8.1.2 x

Place the object stably on the surface plate.Measure the distance between the object and the surfaceplate at the required number of points.The flatness deviation is the maximum difference betweenthe measured distances.

Comments

The object is general-ly aligned by bringingthree widely separ-ated points on thesurface to the samedistance from thesurface plate. In thiscase, the measuredvalues shall beentered on thediagram and evalu-ated or correctedmathematically.

The size of the sur-face plate should beat least twice the ob-ject size.For convex surfaces,the object should beadjusted to the sur-face plate in such away that the devi-ation is minimized.


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IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

8.1 Principle 1 Verifying flatness deviations by comparing with a flat element (cone/uded)

Symbol Tolerance zone and Verification methodapplication example Comments

Method 8.1.3

@

.-.--- 4 This method> is\ Ra

&

suitable for large sur-faces.Lx& Alignment telescope

Target The alignment of thePrism rotating axis can becorrected mathe-matically.

Xl Place the alignment telescope on the object, Align therotating axis perpendicular to the superimposed surface ofthe object,The flatness deviation is the maximum difference from thecalculated superimposed surface.

D _

MethodEl, ,r,rog,

his::hismands aref Iective surf ace.

tical only for smallobjects with flatness

@@Zl Place the optical flat on the object and observe it in deviations up to~ ,U monochromaticl~~. 20 pm, depending onthe size of the opticalThe flatness deviation is the number of interference lines flat,counted, multiplied by ;.12 of the light used.

The optical flat

($=03m)should be adjusted tothe object in such away that the devi-ation is minimized.




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8.2 Principle 2 Verifying flatness deviations by comparing with a straight element in severaldirections

Symbol

n

Tolerance zone andapplication example

e---,-L ~,(--@@

Verification method

Method 8.2.1#traight gauge/

II \ IObject[ml

Place a straight gauge diagonally on one adjustable supportand one fixed support, with both ends at the same distancefrom the object.Measure the distance between the object and straightgauge at specified positions along the diagonal (A-B) in rela-tion to the measured value at the centre.Repeat the measurement along the other diagonal (C-D),and record the values in a diagram after correction for themedian point distance.These two diagonals form a reference plane from which allother points are determined.The flatness deviation is evaluated from the diagram.

Method 8.2.2

/=/,. ~./j +ly~

Set the indicator to zero on a surface plate.Move the instrument in steps, 1, in three directions.The flatness deviation is evaluated from a cumulativediagram.

Comments

rhis measurement is;elf-controlling to a:ertain extent, asnany points are~etermined sevaralimes using the;traight gauge in ajifferent direction.Senerally used toneasure surface)Iates.

his method is main-y used for large sur-aces.Errors in setting the!ero will cumulate byhe repetition ofneasuring steps.f another pattern isJSed, the formula will>e changed.

22


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8.3 Principle 3 Verifying flatness deviations by measuring deviations from the horizontal in severa!directions


%29--\/ \c1

e---\/ \.Common zone+==+

p 0,8

1

Verification method

Method 8.3.1+=K///74//////

EEEElIlace an adjustable spirit level of a specified length on the>bject.Take measurements step by step in several sections in one~irection.lecord the deviations from the horizontal in a cumulative~iagram.

?epeat the measurements, as previously described, but atight angles to those already taken and also record them inhe diagram.Fhe flatness deviation is evaluated from the cumulativeiiagram where the incremental deviation = I x indication)f the level.

klethod 8.3.2!sad%Q

Instrument b

&

(moving) Depth micrometerGauge a ~ ,.(fixed) .,,,A-- .!.

Tube water level gauge

he water level gauge a and instrument b are initially locateds shown in the figure.;et gauge a to zero.hen move instrument b along any flat element and recordhe readings on gauge a.he flatness deviation is evaluated from a diagram.

Comments

This method is main-ly used for large sur-faces.The horizontal align-ment is achievedeither by means of anadjustable support oran adjustable spiritlevel.The measurementsare self-controlling asmany points aredetermined twice.A pendulum instru-ment may also beused.

This method is main-Y used for large sur-aces.%actical for horizon-al surfaces only.

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8.4 Principle 4 Verifying flatness deviations by measuring angle deviations in several directions

Symbol

n


5 0,08 c1Verification method

Mathod 8.4.1

TAutocollimator


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IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

9 Verification of circularity9.1 Principle Verify ingcircularity deviations bymeasuring variation inradius from a fixed commoncentre

Symbol

o

Tolerance zone andapplication example Verification method

Mathod9.1.l Minimum zonacentre

%

:@v

Measured section

//////////// ,Align the object with the measuring equipment. Their axesshall be coaxial.Record the radial differences during one complete rev-olution. @Evaluate the minimum zone centre from a polar diagramand/or by computers.Measure the required number of sections. @The circularity deviation is the minimum radial differenceobtained between two concentric circles.

Method 9.1.2 - Leastsquara centra

@-wMaasured section7ZZDLAlign the object with the measuring equipment. Their axes;hall be coaxial.?ecord the radial differences during one complete rev-olution. @)Evaluate the least square centre from a polar diagrammdlor by computers.Measure the required number of sections. @The circularity deviation is the radial difference obtainedwtween inscribed and circumscribing circles with their cen-Ires coinciding with the centre of the mean circle.

Comments

Applicable for bothexternal and internalsurfaces.Equipment for mea-surement of radiusvariation from fixedcentre : rotatingstylus or rotatingtable, with recorderor computer, to beused.

Applicable for bothexternal and internalsurfaces.This method isrecommended fordiagram and/or com-puter evaluation.Equipment for mea-surement of radiusvariation from fixedcentra : rotatingstylus or rotatingtable, with recorderor computer, to beused.

SuppliedbyBookSupplyBureauto

CSIREJOURNALSConsortium

forinternalusebysubscribingmem

beronly.


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9.1 Principle 1 Verifying circularity deviations by measuring variation in radius from a fixed commoncentre {concluded)





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9.2 Principle 2 Verifying circularity deviations by measuring coordinates

iymbol

o


201-Verification method

ulethod 9.2.1Ua & ; Measured section~ ,, /Align the object with the coordinate measuring equipment.Measure distance L in two coordinates at any point on thecircular section.Measure the required number of points on the circum-ference oThe circularity evaluation may be carried out by calculationfrom the least square centre.Measure the required number of sections. @

Comments

applicable for both:xternal and internalurfaces.;oordinate measu r-n9 machine orneasuring micro-scope, with com-wter, to be used.

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9.3 Principle 3 Verifying circularity deviations by profile projection

28





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IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

9.4 Principie4 Verify ingcircularity deviations bytwo-or three-point measurement

Symbol

o


P@

ix)+

Verification method

Method 9.4.l Summit (three-point measurement)(2>

4+

~Meas.red section

Align the object with the measuring equipment, The objectaxis shall be perpendicular to the measuring direction andfixed axially.The indicator reading during one complete revolution isused for the calculation. @Repeat the measurements at the required number of sec-ions @The circularity deviation should be evaluated from the in-dicator readingsr taking into consideration the a-value andthe number of lobes.

Method 9.4.2 Rider [three-point measurement)a

?

Align the object with the measuring equipment. The objectaxis shall be perpendicular to the measuring direction andfixed axially.The indicator reading during one complete revolution isused for the calculation. @Repeat the measurements at the required number of sec-tions. @The circularity deviation should be evaluated from thendicator readings, taking into consideration thewvalue andthe number of lobes.

Comments

The measurement i:carried out to checkodd lobed-form errors, The even lobedform errors can b(checked by twopoint measurement.The most commorangles are :cr = 90 and 120 01

72 and 108This method can b~JSed for rotation 01:ither the object or?quipment.Applicable for both?xternal and internalwfaces.

rhe measurement is:arried out to check>dd lobed-form er-ors. The even lobed-orm errors can be:hecked by two-~oint measurement.he most commonIngles are :r = 90 and 120 or

72 and 108This method can be~sed for rotation of?ither the object or:quipment.Applicable for both?xternal and internalwfaces.

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9.4 Principle 4 Verifying circularity deviations by two- or three-point measurement (conchded)

SymbolTolerance zone and

Verification method Commentsapplication example

Method 9.4.3 (two-point measurement)

\ Q// . .\

~ :~ @$ g

Align the object with the measuring equipment. The objectaxis shall be parallel to the surface plate and in the sameposition as the turning centre.Measure the diameter difference during one complete rev-olution. 0Repeat the measurements at the required number of sec-ions @The circularity deviation is considered to be half of the dif-ference obtained.


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10 Verification of cylindricity10.1 Principle 1 Verifying cylindricity deviations by measuring variation in radius from a fixedcommon axis

Symbol Tolerance zone andapplication axampie Verification method Comments

Method 10.1.1

G

t.:5.F* aThis method is time-consuming without

- ,,. A+\ ,,w

3

sophisticated equip-. / ment.~-- --

Equipment for mea-@

surement of variationin radius from a fixed

A common axis, with a

&

recorder for polar.@ 0, 1 v diagrams and for

computer, to beused.

bAlign the object with the measuring equipment. Their axesshall be coaxial.Record the radial difference during one complete revol-ution @Measure the required number of sections, without resettingthe indicator. @Evaluate the minimum zone cylinder from polar diagramsand/or by computer.The cylindricity deviation is evaluated from polar diagramsand/or by computer as the radial difference of the minimumzone cylinders.

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10.2 Principle2 Verifying cylindricity by measuring three coordinates

Symbol Tolerance zone and Verification methodapplication example Comments

Method 10.2.1

&2

t .+=, z J

&

This method is time-~:-~ , , consuming without/,Y&

$sophisticated equip-------

- ?; yment.

w , :-.. Three-coordinate mea-suring machine, witha recorder and a

n

&

00,1 computer, to bek used.

Align the object with the coordinate measuring equipment.Measure the required number of points on the cylindricalsurface in three coordinates.The cylindricity deviation is evaluated from diagrams and/orby computer as the radial difference of the minimum zonecylinders.


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10.3 Principle 3 Verifying cylindricity deviations by measuring several cross-sections in V- andL-supportsTolerance zone andiymbol Verification method Commerapplication example

Method 10.3.1

~ _@_, The V-block slonger than t

,&~l& asur faceso

ject.Applicable for

1~*/ This methodmines only tt

Place the object in a V- block. lobed cylideviations.Measure the object at a radial section during one completerevolution. @

G

t.+~+- , * ,, Repeat the measurements at the required number of sec-//P& tions, without resetting the indicator. @

------ The cylindricity deviation should be evaluated from the in-

ndicator readings, taking into consideration the a-value andthe number of lobes.

,rm ., ~ Method 10.3.2Applicable fo(


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11 Verification of profile of any line11.1 Principle 1 Verifying profile deviations of any line by comparing with an element of correctprofile

Symbol

n


x 004 HVerification method

Method 11.1.1

11[Copy tip

Profile templateA n////////////

Align the object correctly with the copying system and theprofile template.The indicator records the deviations of the object from thecorrect profile template. The extreme variations are com-pared with the calculated limits of deviations in themeaaured direction.The profile deviation is the maximum value of the indicatorreadings, but corrected to normal to the theoretical profileas the measuring direction is not normal to the surface.

Mathod 11.1.2

!?9rofile tamplateObject iilace the profile template on the object and align it in the;pecified direction.nspect the object and the profile template against a;pecified light.f no light column is observed, the form of the object doeslot deviate by more than 0,003 mm from tha form of the]rofile template (numerical values are not obtainable).

Comments

The indicator tip andthe copy tip shallhave an identicalshape.

or larger deviations,I profile template may]e separated from:he object by a pre-determined distance~t both ends and theesulting space gaug-?d with a step pin]auge.


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11.1 Principle 1 Verifying profile deviations of any line by comparing with an element of correctprofile (conchded)

Tolerance zone and;ymbol application example Verification method Comments

Method 11.1.3

4

Profile template

b

The accuracy can beimproved by usingtwo templates withlimit form.

_ ,,m m :m,$:j,mfi t

ation is uncertain.( Place the profile template on the object and align it in the

specified direction.Compare the profile of the object with the profile template.

nMethod 11.1.4

&

4 / imiti:eines

This method islimited to featureswithin the capacity ofthe projector.Profile projector to beused.

x

n 0,04

ElProject the profile onto a screen.Compare the projected profile with the limiting profile lines.The actual profile shall be contained within the two limitingprofile lines.

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11.2 Principle 2 Verifying profile deviations of any line by measuring coordinates

Tolerance zone andSymbol Verification methodapplication example Comments

Method 11.2.1

4 &_~[ $

The shape of thestylus should betaken into account.Coordinate measur-

\ing machine to be

x

n o,ob used.n 77///// A \H /////Align the object in the correct orientation relative to the sur-face plate.Measure the two coordinates at the required number ofpoints along the profile.Record the measured values and compare them with thelimiting profiles.


forinternalusebysubscribingmembe

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12 Verification of profile of any surface12.1 Principle 1 Verifying profile deviations of any surface by comparing with an element of correctform

Symbol

n


sphere 0 t J

@

.-~---,. \ \,/

sphere 0 t

47~,020-t-

Verification method

Method 12.1.1 xt////

P/////// // /////////

Align the object with the copy system and the formtemplate.The indicator records the deviations of the object.The surface profile deviation is the maximum value of the in-dicator readings, corrected to normal to the theoretical sur-face profile.

Method 12.1.2r==+:---?easrinLa=dPosition the object relative to the rotational axis. Align theprofile template at a required distance from the object.

Comments

The indicating tip andthe copy tip shallIave an identicalshape.

This method is ap-dicable to surfacesof revolution only.Device for the rota-tion of the object orthe template to bemed.

Measure the required number of positions. The form devi-ation is determined by comparing the maximum andminimum readings.

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12.1 Principle 1 Verifying profile deviations of any surface by comparing with an element of correctform (concluded)

Symbol Tolerance zone andapplication example Verification method Comments

Method 12.1.3This method is usual

/eines

Iy applied to externasurfaces and i:limited to feature:within the capacity 01

+ the projector.._ ../

Project the profile onto the screen of a profile projector withlight-cut.Take the projected profiles at the required number of pos-itions and compare them with the limiting profile lines.

-

----,.- %\

/

sphere 0 t

n m

&Method 12.1.4

0

Limiting profile lines

&

This method is

+limited to convex sur-faces.

~...a

Project the required number of profiles onto the screanusing a profile projector (shadowgraph).Compare the projected profiles with the limiting profileIrnea.

\

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12.2 Principle 2 Verifying profile deviations of any surface by measuring coordinatesTolerance zone endSymbol Verification method Commentsexplication example

Method 12.2.1

-

VT---- .? ti/ The form and the size,/ X-Y axes ~, .d\ + of the stylus shouldbe taken into ac-

,/-- + count.

sphere 0 t + Coordinate measur-ing machine to ben / used.///////////////////////7 ,

&

n 0,02Align the object with the measuring surface plate.

o

Measure three coordinates at the required number of points1. on the surface.

Record the measured values and compare them with thecoordinates of the limiting surface profiles.

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13 Verification of parallelism13.1 Principle 1 Verifying parallelism deviations by measuring distance

Symbol

//

Tolerance zone andapplication example+l@-

Verification method

Mathod 13.1.1Cyli

Simulate the datum axis and feature axis with axes of in-scribed cylinders extended outside the holes.Make arrangements to achieve the correct measuring direc-tion (adjustable support).Keep the axial measuring positions under control.The parallelism deviation, Pd, is calculated from the formula

\kfl - q x L,Pd = Lz

Mathod 13.1.2

Cykwo%$k

7 A 1/ l\ lip///////////////////// /

Simulate the datum axis and feature axis with axes of in-scribed cylinders extended outside the holes.Position the object in such a way that the measurementmay be carried out in the two directions indicated on thedrawing.Carry out the measurements on the mandrel in pos-itions @ and @ .The parallelism deviation, Pd, is calculated from the formula

I&fl- A4zlL,Pd =Lz

Comments

The cylindrical man-drels may be eitherexpanded or selectedto fit in the holeswithout clearance.If the upper mandrelcan be orientated inmore than one direc-tion, the orientationshould be such thatthe measured devi-3tion from parallelismbecomes a minimum.

rhe cylindrical man-~rels may be either?xpanded or selected:0 fit in the holesrvithout clearance.f the upper mandrel:an be orientated innore than one direc-ion, the orientation;hould be such that:he measured devi-Nion from parallelism]ecomes a minimum.


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IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

13.1 Principle 1 Verifying parallelism deviations by measuring distance (continued)

Symbol

//


%

/) 00, 1 A-B

dlbl

Verification method

Method 13.1.3Cyli

Simulate the datum axis and feature axis with axes of in-scribed cylinders extended outside the holes.Keep the axial measuring positions under control.Carry out the measurements on the mandrel positions, A41and A42.Repeat the measurements in the required number of angularpositions between 0 and 180The parallelism deviation, At, is calculated from the formula

[Ml - M*[x L1Pd = L2

Method 13.1.4

@

7//////// I \ ///// &// ?

Position the datum axis parallel to the surface plate andsimulate it with the axis of coaxial circumscribing cylinders.Carry out measurements in the required number of angularpositions between 0 and 180 @Record half the difference of the two indicator readings inthe same section. @

Comments

The cylindrical man-drels may be eitherexpanded or selectedto fit in the holeswithout clearance,If the upper mandrelcan be orientated inmore than one direc-tion, the orientationshould be such thatthe measured devi-ation from parallelismbecomes a minimum.Measurement can berestricted to twoperpendicular direc-tions. The squareroot of the sum of thesquares of the twodeviations obtainedshall be less than thespecified tolerancevalue.

Measurement can berestricted to twoperpendicular direc-tions. The squareroot of the sum of thesquares of the twodeviations obtainedshall be less than thespecified tolerancevalue.Precision chuckingdevice to be used.

The parallelism deviation is the maximum deviation of therecorded values.

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13.1 Principle 1 Verifying parallelism deviations by measuring distance (continued)

Symbol

//


0 !00 H8+3EzlZl

R!?!!!i

A

@

-------

P @lBa.

Verification method

Method 13.1.5AVBV AVBV

AV@AV BV~BV w+ , . Qf12vI I 8t4 \

AH !./ ///////////////,7A AH 8 BH M,H

AH t3H M2H

!-==

@

-.Lr

simulate the datum axis and feature axis with the axes of in-;cribed cylinders.;arry out the measurements in horizontal and vertical direc-ions as illustrated in the diagram.


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13.1 Principle 1 Verifying parallelism deviations by measuring distance (concluded)

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13.2 Principle 2 Verifying parallelism deviations by measuring angles

Symbol

//


S/.


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IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

14 Verification of perpendicularity14.1 Principle 1 Verifying perpendicularity deviations by measuring distance


m-

Verification method

Method 14.1.1/ -) m,m

fr2 -- [w

1,1~1~ I

I/// / // / // // // // // // // // // // -7/,/Simulate the datum axis with an inscribed cylinderparallel to the surface plate.Simulate the tolerance axis with another inscribedcylinder extending outside the hole.Then align the object in the correct position relativeto the measuring equipment.Measure the distance from the square (Ml and M+ attwo heights, L2 apart.The perpendicularity deviation, Pd, iscalculated fromthe formula]&fl- M*Ix L,Pd =

L2

Method 14.1.2

i dl I Ml*+- + d2 MJJ

>I I

///////// Y///////////// ///Place the object on a surface plate.Measure the dislance (All and A42) between the cylinderwhich simulates the tolerance feature and the square attwoheighta, L2apart. Measure thedifference between thediameters d, and dz.Perpendicularity deviation in this direction G is

dG=[(M1-M+f*lx2Repeat the measurements in direction H perpendicular todirection Gandcompute the measurements.The perpendicularity deviation, Pd, of the tolerancefeature is

Pd = ~(PdJ2 + (Pd.)z

Comments

The cylindrical man-drel may be either ex-panded or selected tofit in the hole withoutclearance.

If the deviation fromstraightness of theaxis cannot be ignor-ed, measurementsin more than two sec-tions are necessary.When the tolerancefeature is the axis of ahole, it is simulatedby a cylindrical man-drel which may beexpanded or selectedto fit in the holewithout clearanceand which extendsoutside the hole.If the tolerancerequirement is indi-cated in one directiononly, PdG is the per-pendicularity devi-ation (see method14.1.4).

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14.1 Principle 1 Verifying perpendicularity deviations by measuring distance (continued)

;ymbol

J-


[-t

verification method

tlethod 14.1.3 Ilb-@$~Rotating table

lace the object on a rotating table and centre it at an ex-reme end of the cylinder relative to the rotational axia.Measure the radial variation during rotation of the table. @Vleasure the required number of sections. @The perpendicularity deviation is half the full indicatornovement.

Method 14.1.4

,, , Ml n!T++t@uf 1l-!z II

////////// ///+//////// ,/ /

Place the object on a surface plate.Measure the distance (A41and A42) between the cylinder andthe square at two heighta, L.2 apart.Measure the difference between diameters d, and d2.The perpendicularity deviation is, . =[ ( M1 - M2+5 ) ] X2

Comments

Jsually the Ioweiection of the tolemced feature:entred.

When the toleranc~feature is the axis ohole, it is simulat~by a cylindrical madrel which may Iexpanded or selectlto fit in the hcwithout clearanand which extenoutside the hole.


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14.1 Principle 1 Verifying perpendicularity deviations by measuring distance (continued)

rmbol

J_

Tolerance zone andatmlication example

40@jm

4 surface to a datum plane

verification method

Method 14.1.5 xGuide feature

lace the object in a guide feature selected to fit it, Adjustle datum axis perpendicular to the surface plate.leasure the distance between the tolerance feature andle surface plate.he perpendicularity deviation is the full indicator move-lent.

ulethod 14.1.6

Clamp the object to an angle plate which is on a surfacfplate.The tolerance surface shall be adjusted to the surface plat[~rior to measurement.The perpendiculari~ment.

deviation is the full indicator move

Comments

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14.1 Principle 1 Verifying perpendicularity deviations by measuring distance (corrch.ded)


z!0, 14AVerification method

IMethod 14.1.71ITarget ;@

Pentagonal prism !$Telescope Target

[ /x $;vf:=:j------__-l-l----~.+.j;:

IObject ~Adjust the telescope parallel to the datum of the object. @Move the tsrget along the tolerance feature in the verticaldirection and record the valuea. @The perpendicularity deviation is calculated mathematicallyfrom the recorded values.

14.2 Principle 2 Verifying perpendicularity deviations by measuring angles

Symbol Tolerance zone andapplication example I Verification method

%

t

40.06 A I

IMethod 14.2.1% Square level1!1 i~11

-ij L- ~: \t- - .-- -Qll4-l L.-- A Simulate the datum axis with an inscribed cylinderaligned horizontally.Simulate the tolerance axis with another inscribedcylinder extanding outside the hole. The perpen-dicularity deviation between the surface of the

simulating datum axis and the mandrel is measuredas a difference of the inclinations A, and AZ of thefeaturea against the perpendicular sides of a square.The perpendicularity deviation, Pd, is

Pd = (Al - AJ X L,

Comments

This method isgenerally used forlarge objects.

Comments


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14.2 Principle 2 Verifying perpendicularity deviations by measuring angles (concluded)

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15 Verification of angularity15.1 Principle 1 -- Verifying angularity deviations by measuring distance

Symbo

L


4L-

fi

)atum line .1( ,

/ Considere(/ line.

~Projected considered line

I/h./&

Verification method

Method 15.1.1L,?I I

+,ml, l

Place and align the object in an enclosingguide element with the specified angle.Turn the object so that the differenceA41 142 is an algebraic minimum.The angularity deviation, Ad, is :p+ - Af,lx l!,Ad =

L2

IMethod 15.1.2

Place the object on an angle plate with the angle 10(go 800). fit a mandrel in the tolerance hole.Turn the object on the angle plate so that the dif-ference Afl M2 is an algebraic minimum.Measure the distance of the mandrel from a squareon two heights, L2 apart.The angularity deviation, Ad, is

~, - ~zl x L,Ad = L2

Comments


The cylindrical man-drel may be either ex-panded or selected tofi t in the hole without:Iearance.


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15. I Principle 1 Verifying angularity deviations by measuring distance (concluded)

;ymbol

L

Tolerance zone andapplication example Verification mathod

IMethod 15.1.3 x\////////////////

Remove

Simulate the datum axis with an inscribed cylinderand align it parallel to the horizontal surface plateand normal to the lower edge of the inclined sur-face plate.the object until the measured deviation is a

minimum.Measure the distance of the tolerance feature from anangle plate.The angularity deviation is the full indicator movement

Method 15.1.4 -&t\ \\\\\\\\\\\\

Place the object on an angle plate with an angle of 40Adjust the object by turning so that the full indicator move-ment of the tolerance feature is a minimum.The angularity deviation is the full indicator movement.

Comments

rhe cylindrical man-irel may be either ex-]anded or selected toit in the hole without:Iearance.

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15.2 Principle 2 Verifying angularity deviations by measuring angles

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16 Verification of position16.1 Principle 1 Verifying position deviations by measuring coordinates or distances

Symbol

+


Ot

w -+

L-J

fb, @)IIILEd

Verification method

Method 16.1.1hwAlign the object with the coordinates of the measuring

device.Measure the coordinates Xl and Y,.The positional deviation, Pd, is calculated from the twocoordinate readings

Pd = ~(100 - X1)2 + (66 Y,)zThe deviation shall not exceed half the tolerance value.

Method 16.1.2

-x

Align the object with the coordinates of the measuringdevice.Measure coordinates Xl, X2, Y, and Y2.The position of the hole axis in the X direction is calculatedusing the formula

X2+ xlx= 2and in the Y directionusingthe formula

Y* + Y,Y= 2The positional deviation, Pd, is calculated from the derivedX and Y values

Pd=@11-X)2+(66-Y)2The deviation shall not exceed half the tolerance value.

Comments




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IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

16.1 Principle 1 Verifying position deviations by measuring coordinates or distances (continued)

;ymbol Tolerance zone andapplication exampleIiOtIII

1+-kwEL!d.d

Verification method

Vlethod 16.1.3

I !

I - 1, YjIT. I ___\_ Coorclinate system of

measuring equipmentWhen there is more than one hole, repeat the measurementsmd calculation as given in method 16.1.2 for each hole.Move the object in relation to the measuring coordinates inQrder to find the best fit.The deviation shall not exceed half the tolerance value.

Method 16.1.4

Align the object with the coordinates of the measuringdevice. Carry out the measurements Xl, . ., X3 aion9 thelines.The positional deviation is equal to the difference betweenthe maximum and minimum values respectively and thebasic position of each measured line.The deviation shall not exceed half the tolerance value.

Comments

)epending on theIeasuring equip-Tent available, theentres of the holesan be measuredIirectly by usingneasuring plugs.he best fitting pos-:ion can also be ob-ained by a mathe-matical treatment.

54


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IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

16.1 Principle 1 Verifying position deviations by measuring coordinates or distances (coIltilJued)

iymbol Tolerance zone andapplication example

tzT,IIIVerification method

vlethod 16.1.5

I 1Y2L. LL ---i Coordinate system ofmeasuring equipment

41ign the object with the~evice. Place expandablelolee.Take the coordinates Xl,separately.

coordinates of the measuringcylindrical mandrels into the

X2, Y1 and Y2 for each hole

The positional deviation, Pd, in the X direction is calculatedusing the formula

X2+ xlPdx=~- Xtheoretical

and in the Y direction using the formulaY2 + Y,Pdy=y YtheoreticalI

Move the object in relation to the measuring coordinates inorder to find the best fit.The deviation shall not excceed half the tolerance value.

Comments

nstead of expan -~able mandrels,cylindrical mandrelsselected to fit.vithout clearanceSan be used.If the form deviationof the hole does notaffect the result, themeasurements canbe made to the edgesof the hole.The best fitting pos-ition can also be ob-tained by mathe-matical treatment.




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16.1 Principle 1 Verifying position deviations by measuring coordinates or distances (concluded)

Symbol

4+

Tolerance zone andapplication example Verification mathod

Method 16.1.6

IEl

The measuring equipment includes an enclosing guide ele-ment with the specified angle.Set the indicator to zero relative to the master objeat. Turnthe workpiece to be measuted in such a way that themeasured deviation on the surface ia a minimum.Carryout measurements at the required number ofpoints allover the surface.The position deviation is the maximum deviation of the in-dicator relative to the zeroed value.The deviation shall not exceed half the tolerance value.

Comments


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16.2 Principle 2 Verifying position deviations by using the maximum material principle

Symbol Tolerance zone and Verification method Commentsapplication example

Method 16.2.1

m

+ u1 ~TF F:Iw I Check the object in a functional gauge which accepts the I

pin relative to the end surfaces specified by the twotheoretically exact dimensions.




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17 Verification of concentricity17.1 Principle 1 Verifying concentricity deviations by measuring variation in radius from a fixedcommon centre

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17.2 Principle 2 Verifying concentricity deviations by measuring coordinates or distances

Imbol Tolerance zone andapplication example

@tv+I

@t

v +

Verification method

Iethod 17.2.1

,Iign the circular feature under consideration with theteasuring equipment. The plane in which the measurementi required shall be parallel to the X-Y plane.rlove the stylus so that it touches the circumference in at?ast three, preferably equidistant, places.;alculate the positions of centres a (X1, Y,) of the datumeature and b (X2, Y2) of the tolerance feature.he concentricity deviation is the distance between the two:entres calculated using the formulaConcentricity deviation =


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17.3 Principle 3 Verifying concentricity deviations by using maximum material principle

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18 Verification of coexiality18.1 Principle 1 Verifying coaxiality deviations by measuring variation in radius from a fixed commonaxis

Symbol Tolerence zone andapplication example Verification method Comments

Method 18.1.1

IF

Q

%

Applicable for bothI Ot A external and internalI w surfaces.II Q Equipment for meas-urement of radius

@variation from a fixedcommon centre witha recorder for polardiagrams andlor

&

@ 00.07 computer to be used.

@/

Align the object with the measuring equipment so that theaxis of the datum cylinder is coincident with the rotatingaxis. @Determine the axis of the feature by recording the variationin radius at the required number of sections on the toler-ance feature. ~The deviation from coaxialiv ia calculated from the centrasof the recordings, taking into account the position of thesection in the axial direction.The deviation shall not exceed half the tolerance value.

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18.2 Principle 2 Verifying coaxiality deviations by measuring coordinates or distances

Symbol

@

Tolerance zone andapplication example&OtIII@

Verification method

Method 18.2.1X-Y axes++

@4

m.2g/v/

//

Align the object with the measuring equipment. The axis ofthe datum cylinder shall be perpendicular to the X- andY-axes of the measuring device.In every section of the feature, measure the contact pointsof the diameters along the X-axis and Y-axis and record theresults together with the level of the section. By means ofthese points, four generators are constructed, and the co-axiality deviation is determined from the axis of thecircumscribing linscribed element.The deviation shall not exceed half the tolerance value

18.3 Principle 3 Verifying coaxiality deviations by using maximum material principle

Symbol Tolerance zone andapplication example I Verification mathod

t

I @tI/

IMethod 18.3.1? I

Check the object using a functional gauge.L{_,j@@~ I Indicate the datum and feature axis with coaxial cylinders.

Comments

Applicable for bothexternal and internalsurfaces,

Comments


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19 Verification of symmetry19.1 Principle 1 Verifying symmetry deviations by measuring coordinates or distances


tlethod 19.1.1Datum locators

/\

Simulate the datum plane with the median plane of two in-$cribed locators.Determine the position and the size of the locators and ad-ust the common datum plane parallel to the surface plate.Simulate the feature axis with the inscribed cylinder.The symmetry deviation is the difference in distance be-tween the centre of the inscribed cylinder and the commondatum plane.The deviation shall not exceed half the tolerance value.

Comments

rhe cylindrical man-jrel and the datumocators may be?ither expanded orselected to fit in thelole (or in thegrooves) without>Iearance.If the hole deviatesfrom cylindrical formin such a way thatthe mandrel can beplaced in differentdirections, it shouldbe placed in thatdirection where themovement in the ac-tual opposite direc-tions is the same.As the messurements are takeroutside the feature,the actual deviatiorshall be calculated folthe relevant length o{the feature.This method is applicable to both external and internasurfaces.




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19.1 Principle 1 Verifying symmetry deviations by maasuring coordinates or distances (continued)

Symbol

=


Method 19.1.2

Align the object in the following way :Determine the position of the datum features ~ ~ andcalculate and adjust the median planes of the datum parallelto the surface plate.The symmetry dwiation is the difference in distance be-tween the common plane and the calculated feature axis

The deviation shall not exceed half the tolerance value.

Method 19.1.3

/ I1 / I 1

//// ///////

Place the object on a surface plata.Place a flat surface on the opposite surface.Simulate the median plane of the tolerance feature with afeature locator.The symmetry deviation is half the difference in distance~ ~ between thefeaturelocator andthesurfacepbteand the flat surface, respectively.The deviation shall not exceed half the tolerance value,

Comments

This method is applicable to both external and internasurfaces.The adjustment othe datums COUICalso be performed b\mathematical calculation.Coordinate measuring device or measur.ing microscope to bcused.

This method is applicable to both external and internasurfaces.The feature Iocatolmay be either expanded or selected t(fit in the groovfwithout clearance.

As the measurements are taken outside the feature, thtactual deviation shalbe calculated for therelevant length of thefaature.

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19.1 Principle 1 Verifying symmetry deviations by measuring coordinates or distances (conckfded)

Symbol Tolerance zone endapplication example Verification method Comments

Method 19.1.4

Q ,,,~,,~, g:,,:,,e:

Place the object on a surface plate.

B

A = 0,08 AMeasure the distance between the surface plate and thefeature.Turn the object and repeat the measurement.The symmetry deviation is half the difference between thedistances measured.The deviation shall not exceed half the tolerance value.

=

Method 19.1.5

1+

W@

m Calliper to be used.

Measure the distances from the feature surface to points on

a

A ~0,1 A the datum surface.The symmetry deviation is half the difference between thedistances B and C.The deviation shall not exceed half the tolerance value.

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19.2 Principle2 Verifyingsymmetry deviations by using maximum material principle

Symbol Tolerance zoneaapplication examl

ItitrtI

1,t

A

b 1I icjx-

Verification method

Method 19.2.1~Functional gauge&--,!;, , 1). > i

Check the object using a functional gauge.Simulate the datums using two tabs.Check the symmetry deviation using a cylinder of ap-propriate size.

Method 19.2.2Functional gauge

&

-i--,

-rI;, l 1)> Y

Check the object using a functional gauge.Simulate the datums using two tabs.Check the symmetry deviation using a cylinder of ap-propriate size.

Comments

The two tabs shall bfexpanded or selecteeto fit without clearante.The cylindrical mandrel shall have thtminimum size of ththole minus the sym.metry tolerance.

The width of thetwo gauge tabs shallhave the maximummaterial size of theslots minus the sym-metry tolerance. Thecylindrical mandrelshall be expanded orselected to fit with-cwt clearance.

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