irrigation management for cotton · 3/8/2018 · dg 3757 498 643 572 767 804 625 501 935 865 884...
TRANSCRIPT
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Guy D. Collins, Ph.D.
Cotton Extension Associate Professor
Irrigation Management for
Cotton
March 6-7th, 2018
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Variety 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13AVG
Yield
DP 1646 555 642 752 773 761 913 953 1066 891 1000 1063 1201 2188 981
NG 3522 609 724 733 804 709 783 840 843 950 981 927 1008 1957 913
PHY 312 626 653 776 807 721 755 898 880 843 967 931 984 1843 899
ST 4848 572 616 656 631 650 732 783 884 899 1005 955 1234 1961 891
DG 3526 552 785 440 740 759 775 551 855 889 977 946 1061 2038 874
PHY 444 502 630 690 632 736 683 710 869 847 843 973 1000 1956 852
NG 3405 536 540 686 606 663 714 810 795 887 906 850 1055 1811 835
DG 3757 498 643 572 767 804 625 501 935 865 884 875 930 1929 833
Trial AVG 556 654 647 720 725 748 756 891 884 945 940 1059 1960
2016 NC On-Farm Trials (TOP 3 of 8 Varieties - Statewide)
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100 % UGA Checkbook (in/week)
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Irrigation Considerations• Know efficiency of irrigation system (60-95%) and soil water holding
capacity (0.6-1.8 inches per foot)– High pressure Impact sprinklers (75-85%), Low pressure Spray sprinklers with
drop hoses (90-95%) (Vellidis 2014), travelling gun = 50%...maybe 60% (Bednarz)
• Keep close track of growth stages – 1st square
– 1st bloom
– 1st open boll (length of bloom period may vary)
• Utilization of sensors in concert with weekly checkbook– Adjust for soil type and retention of moisture (20-60 kPa) (Vellidis, 2014)
– Account for rainfall….when to resume irrigation
– Quantify when stress may be encountered
• ET, Heat, boll demands, etc
• Wilting indicates you are WAY too late
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Irrigation Considerations
• Split apply weekly rates into 2-3 applications– System capacity and time required for application
– Adjust for rainfall (any meaninful rainfall > 0.2-0.3 inches)
– Soil uptake, runoff, slope, depth to subsoil
– Prevent complete depletion of soil moisture
– Short-lived drought can have significant negative effects on yield
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Root health
hard pan, acid subsurface, tillage
Maximizing root
development prebloom
relieves stress during
bloom – early stress may
position the crop for better
productivity if stress
occurs during the bloom
period
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Seedling diseases and nematodes
Seedling diseases affect root
development – wilt sooner
Nematodes affect root development and water uptake
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TillageIn addition to root growth,
tillage affects water
holding capacity, longevity
of rain events (retention),
and water availability
No-till, crop residue
Strip-till, cover crop
Conventional tillage,
no cover
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Symptoms of water stress
Wilting – during bloom, also maybe serious if
occurs during prebloom
Non-insect-induced
square shed
- prebloom
Large terminal squares
– prebloom
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Symptoms of water stress
K deficiency
and leafspot
N deficiency
and defoliation
If you know that
you applied
adequate
nutrients and no
leaching has
occurred…..
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What about…….?
• Cloudy weather = severe square shed
• Plant bugs
• Bollworm
• Top Crop (for whatever reason)
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Nodes Above White Bloom
Optimal plant growth:
• 8-11 nodes @ 1st bloom
• 7-9 nodes @ peak bloom
• < 5 nodes @ cutout
Affected by:
• Water availability (drought)
• N availability (deficiency)
• PGR applications
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Start Middle End
Sled weight Light Moderate Heavy
Speed Fast Slower Stopped
Nodes Above White Bloom
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Nodes Above White BloomPrebloom drought:
• fewer nodes at first bloom
• boll load quickly restrains terminal growth
• premature cutout if stress is not immediately
relieved very soon after first bloom
• poor boll load ( yield, regrowth potential)
(short staple, high mike)
• square shed if drought is severe
(squares = lower water demands)
• if stress is mild and relieved by first bloom = better root
development, less aggressive plants / vegetative
water demands, better growth control, less late-season drought problems
• variety = full season varieties….less distinct cutout, recover from dry
periods and form a top crop better than early varieties which fruit up quickly
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Lint yield/m2 Bolls/m2 Bolls/plant Lint / boll Lint / plant
Total water 0.34 0.35 0.37 0.12 0.36
Planting to
square initiation- 0.32 - 0.18 - 0.08 - 0.24 - 0.22
Square initiation
to 1st flower0.73 0.58 0.54 0.65 0.68
1st flower to
peak bloom0.32 0.55 0.23 0.04 0.13
Peak bloom to
maturity- 0.43 - 0.45 - 0.23 - 0.56 - 0.27
Water demands and growth stage
(Physiology Today, 1999 vol 11, no. 2)
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Effects of prebloom drought
Dry prior to first bloom and soon after Adequate prebloom soil moisture
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Effects of prebloom drought
Dry prior to first bloom and soon after Adequate prebloom soil moisture
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Effects of prebloom drought
Dry prior to first bloom and soon after Adequate prebloom soil moisture
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Effects of prebloom drought
Dry prior to first bloom and soon after Adequate prebloom soil moisture
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Effects of prebloom drought
Dry prior to first bloom and soon after Adequate prebloom soil moisture
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Effects of prebloom drought
Dry prior to first bloom and soon after Adequate prebloom soil moisture
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Effects of prebloom drought
Dry prior to first bloom and soon after Adequate prebloom soil moisture
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Effects of prebloom drought
Dry prior to first bloom and soon after Adequate prebloom soil moisture
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Effects of prebloom drought
Dry prior to first bloom and soon after Adequate prebloom soil moisture
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Effects of prebloom drought
Dry prior to first bloom and soon after Adequate prebloom soil moisture
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Effects of prebloom drought
Dry prior to first bloom and soon after Adequate prebloom soil moisture
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Effects of prebloom drought
Dry prior to first bloom and soon after Adequate prebloom soil moisture
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Effects of prebloom drought
Dry prior to first bloom and soon after Adequate prebloom soil moisture
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Effects of prebloom drought
Dry prior to first bloom and soon after Adequate prebloom soil moisture
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Effects of prebloom drought
Dry prior to first bloom and soon after Adequate prebloom soil moisture
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Effects of prebloom drought
Dry prior to first bloom and soon after Adequate prebloom soil moisture
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Effects of prebloom drought
Dry prior to first bloom and soon after Adequate prebloom soil moisture
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Effects of prebloom drought
Dry prior to first bloom and soon after Adequate prebloom soil moisture
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Effects of prebloom drought
Dry prior to first bloom and soon after Adequate prebloom soil moisture
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Effects of prebloom drought
Dry prior to first bloom and soon after Adequate prebloom soil moisture
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Suspended cutout
Dry prior to first bloom but wet soon after
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Suspended cutout
Dry prior to first bloom but wet soon after
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Suspended cutout
Dry prior to first bloom but wet soon after
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Suspended cutout
Dry prior to first bloom but wet soon after
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Suspended cutout
Dry prior to first bloom but wet soon after
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Suspended cutout
Dry prior to first bloom but wet soon after
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Suspended cutout
Dry prior to first bloom but wet soon after
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Suspended cutout
Dry prior to first bloom but wet soon after
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Suspended cutout
Dry prior to first bloom but wet soon after
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Suspended cutout
Dry prior to first bloom but wet soon after
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Suspended cutout
Dry prior to first bloom but wet soon after
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Suspended cutout
Dry prior to first bloom but wet soon after
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Suspended cutout
Dry prior to first bloom but wet soon after
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100 % UGA Checkbook (in/week)
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100 % UGA Checkbook (in/week) – No Irrigation During Squaring
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100 % UGA Checkbook (in/week) – 2” Per Week During Squaring
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Total Water Applied 2012 (in/week)
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Irrigation During Squaring
PHY 499 WRF
FM 1944 GLB2
1” per week 2” per weekNo Irr during squaring
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2012 Plant Height (in) – PHY 499
LSD (p < 0.05) = 3.6
A
5.04 6.29 4.77
B
CBC
A
B
BCC
A
B B
C
A
BCB
C
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2012 NAWF – PHY 499
LSD (p < 0.05) = 0.54
A
0.72 0.99 1.72
B
CC
A
B B
C
A
BB
C
NS
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2012 Lint Yield (lbs/A)
A
A
BB
B B
LSD (p < 0.05) = 285
A
LSD (p < 0.05) = 331
A
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Total Water Applied 2012 (in/week)
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Boll demands for water
Water demandsPeak demands = peak bloom
Demands begins to decrease once bolls reach full size
lower higher
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Chris Main, TN May 22, 2009
When to cease irrigation???
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SSDI vs OVHD Beyond 1st Open Boll
• FM 1944 GLB2 & PHY 499 WRF
• Irrigated using 100% UGA Checkbook via SSDI throughout season
• Irrigation Treatments from 1st Open Boll until defoliation (regardless of rainfall)
– None
– 1” per week applied via SSDI in 0.5” increments
– 1” per week applied via OVHD in 0.5” increments
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
week 1 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 5
Rainfall
Irrigation
Total Water Applied
Rainfall and Irrigation (in/week) Each Week Beyond 1st
Open Boll in Both SSDI and OVHD
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Lint Yield (lbs/A)
NS
LSD (p < 0.05) = 280LSD (p < 0.05) = 104
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Uniformity
NS
LSD (p < 0.05) = 0.98LSD (p < 0.05) = 0.958
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Effects of excessive water during
late season
Boll rot, lint mold / discoloration,
regrowth, but soil water should be
near field capacity to fill out bolls
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Resources for You
Cotton Portal Website: http://cotton.ces.ncsu.edu/
NC Variety Calculator: https://trials.ces.ncsu.edu/cotton/
Facebook: North Carolina Cotton
facebook.com/groups/344058599029946
Twitter:List: NCSU Cotton
Keith Edmisten: @NCcottonGuy Collins: @Cotton_Guy
Dominic Reisig: @DominicDReisig