irony illustrated: a cross-cultural exploration of situational irony in china and the united states

8/3/2019 Irony Illustrated: A Cross-Cultural Exploration of Situational Irony in China and the United States

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db nk}ljc bddel{h }d onag hl{ bgeeds kl}lpgj{ {gg }hgly dsj lyyn}ldjnel}|* Mynon}lk lydj| l{

khnynk}gylpgm i| n ml{kygvnjk| ig}sggj shn} }hg nwmlgjkg ajds{ }d ig }ywg njm shn} }hg

khnynk}gy vgykglrg{ }d ig }ywg% {wkh n{ Dgmlvw{“ ol{}nagj igelgb{ lj hl{ }ynclk gvlk* Rgyine

lydj| l{ n ml{kygvnjk| ig}sggj shn} n {vgnagy dy syl}gy {n|{ njm shn} hg dy {hg igelgrg{

}d ig }ywg% {wkh n{ }hg w}}gynjkg ―Shn} n {wjj| mn|‟ mwyljc n {}dyo* Bljnee|% {l}wn}ldjne

lydj| ljrderg{ nj ljkdjcywl}| ig}sggj ygnel}| njm gxvgk}n}ldj{ lj n {}n}g db nbbnly{% {wkh

n{ }hg blyghdw{g iwyjljc }d }hg cydwjm (Aygwp " Ydigy}{% ><<;,* Sg slee bdkw{ vylonyle|

dj {l}wn}ldjne lydj| bdy }hg yg{} db }hg vnvgy% iw} sg ow{} bly{} ml{kw{{ }hg {lolenyl}lg{ njm

mlbbgygjkg{ ig}sggj lydj|% {n}lyg% njm {nykn{o*

Lydj| r{* {n}lyg njm {nykn{o

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eg{{ lmgj}lkne* Dj }hg {wybnkg% nee }hygg kdjkgv}{ nyg ygen}gm }d vyg}gj{g (n {wvgyblklne

on{aljc db }ywg lj}gj} dy ognjljc, njm ywj }hg yl{a db igljc ol{wjmgy{}ddm bdy igljc

}nagj {gyldw{e|% iw} }hgyg nyg on`dy ml{}ljcwl{hljc bnk}dy{ }d hgev w{ mgeljgn}g }hgly

mlbbgygjkg{* Shleg lydj| l{ db}gj w{gm i| n {vgnagy lj n {nykn{}lk kdj}gx}% lydj| l{ jd}

jgkg{{nyle| {nykn{o* [nykn{o l{ {}ylk}e| {vdagj (wjeg{{ knv}wygm n{ mlnedcwg lj syl}}gj

el}gyn}wyg, shgygn{ lydj|% n{ ogj}ldjgm vygrldw{e|% knj ig onjlbg{}gm lj owe}lveg bdyo{

db ogmlwo {wkh n{ el}gyn}wyg% {l}wn}ldj{% mynon% g}k* Nmml}ldjnee|% {nykn{o goved|{ n

ml{}ljk}lrg }djg }hn} loogmln}ge| ygrgne{ }hg {vgnagy“{ n}}l}wmg% iw} lydj| }gjm{ }d ljrderg

odyg {wi}eg}| njm sl}* Lj }sd gxvgylogj}{ kdjmwk}gm i| Egg njm An}p% {wi`gk}{ ygnm n

=





{gylg{ db vn{{ncg{ ljrderljc lydj| njm {nykn{o* Djg cydwv yn}gm n }nycg} w}}gynjkg lj

}gyo{ db }hg gx}gj} }d shlkh l} sn{ n cddm gxnoveg db {nykn{o% njm {gkdjm cydwv yn}gm lj

l} }gyo{ db }hg gx}gj} }d shlkh l} sn{ n cddm gxnoveg db lydj|* ]hg yg{we}{ db }hg

gxvgylogj} {wccg{} }hn} ylmlkweg db n {vgklblk rlk}lo ven|{ n {wi{}nj}lnee| enycgy ydeg lj

{nykn{o }hnj lydj| (Egg " An}p% ><<8,* ]hg ylmlkweg kdjrg|gm i| {nykn{o l{ {vgklblk1 n

kgy}nlj rlk}lo l{ ylmlkwegm bdy n vny}lkweny ygn{dj* Lj kdj}yn{}% }hg ylmlkweg kdjrg|gm i|

lydj| {ggo{ }d ig odyg mlbbw{g* Ne}hdwch n {vgnagy on| db}gj w{g lydj| lj n {nykn{}lk

kdj}gx}% lydj| ne{d gxl{}{ lj d}hgy rgyine bdyo{% {wkh n{ `dkwenyl}|% yhg}dylkne ~wg{}ldj{%

h|vgyideg% njm wjmgy{}n}gogj} (Clii{ " Kde{}dj% 9663,*

[n}lyg w{wnee| lovelg{ }hg w{g db lydj| bdy kgj{dyldw{ dy kyl}lkne vwyvd{g{ njm l{ db}gj

odyg elol}gm lj {kdvg }hnj lydj| igknw{g l} l{ od{}e| mlygk}gm n} vwielk blcwyg{%

lj{}l}w}ldj{% hwonj rlkg{% vdel}lk{% g}k* [n}lyg l{ ne{d od{}e| od}lrn}gm }d ylmlkweg l}{

{wi`gk} sl}h }hg mg{lyg db ygbdyo* Bdy gxnoveg% n {n}lyl{} on| mgylmg hwonj bdee| lj nj

gbbdy} }d kdyygk} l}* [n}lyg on| w{g lydj| n{ n }dde% iw} lydj| }|vlknee| enka{ {n}lyg“{

ygbdyoljc lj}gj}*

Sg knj mlbbgygj}ln}g nodjc{} lydj|% {nykn{o% njm lydj| i| }hljaljc db }hg rny|ljc

mlogj{ldj{ nkyd{{ }sd egrge{0 n}}l}wmg }dsnym{ }hg {wi`gk} njm egrge db lj}lonk| sl}h }hg

{wi`gk}* Dj }hg bly{} egrge% n}}l}wmg }dsnym{ }hg {wi`gk}% {nykn{o }gjm{ }d ig }hg od{}

{kdyjljc njm kdj}gov}wdw{* [n}lyg ynja{ {gkdjm igknw{g db l}{ cgjgynee| odyg {wi}eg

bdyo* Dj }hg {gkdjm egrge% lj}lonk| sl}h }hg {wi`gk}% {nykn{o }gjm{ }d ig mlygk} njm

vny}lkwenylpgm }dsnym{ nj lj}lon}g ljmlrlmwne* [n}lyg% dj }hg d}hgy hnjm% }gjm{ }d ygen}g }d

odyg ml{}nj} {wi`gk}{ }hn} nyg ne{d db}gj dj n cynjmgy {kneg* Wjelag {nykn{o njm l}{

{gj}lgj} rlk}lo% {n}lyg knj ne{d ig mlygk}gm }dsnym{ ljnjlon}g lj{}l}w}ldj{ dy {l}wn}ldj{*

Lydj|% dj }hg d}hgy hnjm% l{ ig{} }hdwch} db n{ n og}hdm }hydwch shlkh kgy}nlj

kdoowjlkn}lrg cdne{% {wkh n{ {n}lyg dy {nykn{o% knj ig nkkdovel{hgm (Aygwp " Ydigy}{%

><<;,*

[l}wn}ldjne lydj|

Nkkdymljc }d Clii{% n kdj}gx} }hn} {g}{ wv nj ―lydjlk {l}wn}ldj‟ }hydwch n kdj}yn{}

ig}sggj gxvgk}n}ldj{ njm ygnel}| bnklel}n}g{ lydjlk lj}gyvyg}n}ldj (Clii{% 9669,* Sg knj

ne{d kdj{lmgy {l}wn}ldjne lydj| n{ nj ljkdjcywl}| lj n {l}wn}ldj nyl{ljc bydo }gj{ldj

ig}sggj shn} l{ gxvgk}gm dy lj}gjmgm njm shn} nk}wnee| hnvvgj{* ]hg ljkdjcywl}| l{ db}gj

7





bleegm sl}h n {gj{g db ol{bdy}wjg dy wjbnlyjg{{ bdy ncgj}{ ljrdergm lj }hg {l}wn}ldj* ]hg

ljkdjcywl}| lj }hg {l}wn}ldj l}{geb l{ jd} lj}gjmgm njm l{ db}gj dw} db }hg hnjm{ db }hg

ncgj}{ shd on| ig rlk}lo{ db }hg {l}wn}ldjne lydj|* [l}wn}ldjne lydj| mlbbgy{ bydo d}hgy

bdyo{ db lydj| lj n bwjmnogj}ne sn|0 {l}wn}ldjne lydj| l{ di{gyrgm shgygn{ d}hgy bdyo{ db

lydj| nyg kygn}gm* Owgkag jd}gm }hn} sg onag }hg ml{}ljk}ldj ig}sggj rgyine njm

{l}wn}ldjne lydj| shgj sg {n|% dj }hg djg hnjm% ―Hg dy {hg l{ igljc lydjlkne‟ njm dj }hg

d}hgy hnjm% ―L} l{ lydjlk }hn}•‟ (Owgkag% ><36% vv* 76,* Shleg rgyine lydj| kdj}nlj{ nj

lydjl{}% od{} }|vg{ db {l}wn}ldjne lydj| ogyge| kdj}nlj nj di{gyrgy* Nkkdymljc }d

Algyagcnnym% {l}wn}ldjne lydj| l{ ―jd} vyg{gj} lj jn}wyg bdy djg shd l{ }dd jn}wyne njm }dd

jnärg% iw} dje| gxhlil}{ l}{geb bdy djg shd l{ hlo{geb lydjlknee| mgrgedvgm•]d igkdog

kdj{kldw{ db }hl{ yg~wlyg{ n kdj{kldw{jg{{ shlkh l{ l}{geb lydjlkne‟ (Algyagcnnym% ><22% vv*

93>‛9,* Algyagcnnym“{ njne|{l{ {wccg{}{ }hn} nj lydjlkne kdj{kldw{jg{{ ow{} gxl{} sl}hlj

nj di{gyrgy bdy hlo dy }d {wkkg{{bwee| vgykglrg }hg lydj| db n {l}wn}ldj*

Sl}hlj }hg ygneo db hwody% n }lj| vdy}ldj db el}gyn}wyg hn{ iggj vydmwkgm }d njne|pg

}hg kdjkgv} db lydj|* Elagsl{g% sl}hlj }hg el}gyn}wyg db lydj|% {l}wn}ldjne lydj| hn{ jd}

iggj cynj}gm owkh n}}gj}ldj* Ne}hdwch l} l{ {lolenye| n kdovegx njm kdoodjvenkg

vhgjdogjdj n{ rgyine lydj|% l} hn{ ygkglrgm jdshgyg jgny }hg {nog nodwj} db n}}gj}ldj

bydo {khdeny{* Od{} db }hg nrnlenieg yg{dwykg{ ygcnymljc lydj| nyg {}lee mggve| gj}ygjkhgm

sl}hlj n el}gyny| bynogsdya njm nvvydnkh* Dje| }hygg n}}gov}{ lj ygkgj} el}gyn}wyg hnrg

iggj onmg }d clrg kdcjl}lrge| venw{lieg nkkdwj}{ db {l}wn}ldjne lydj|* ]hg{g gxkgv}ldj{ }d

}hg cgjgyne }ygjm db bdkw{ljc dj rgyine lydj| nyg }hygg {gvnyn}g }ygn}ogj}{ db lydj|

vydvd{gm i| El}}onj njm Og| (><<>,% Ewknylgeed (><<=,% njm [hgeeg| (966>, }hn} mgne

gxkew{lrge| sl}h {l}wn}ldjne lydj|*

Lj }hgly sdya% El}}onj njm Og| n}}gov} }d mgbljg {l}wn}ldjne lydj| lj n sn| }hn}

sdwem needs bdy grgj n kdovw}gy vydcyno }d ygkdcjlpg njm cgjgyn}g l}* Hdsgrgy% }hl{

ygn{djljc drgyedda{ }hg lovdy}njkg db vgy{vgk}lrg lj {l}wn}ldjne lydj|* [ljkg {l}wn}ldjne

lydj| l{ jd} kygn}gm iw} di{gyrgm% }hg vgy{vgk}lrg db }hg di{gyrgy l{ kywklne }d iwlemljc nj

lydjlkne kdj{kldw{jg{{ db }hg {l}wn}ldj* Hds djg vgykglrg{ }hg {l}wn}ldj l{ mgvgjmgj} dj

kdjml}ldj{ {wkh n{ shg}hgy }hg vgy{dj sn{ {love| }dem db }hg {l}wn}ldj dy l{ n vny}lklvnj}

lj }hg lydjlk {l}wn}ldj* Lj d}hgy sdym{% vgy{vgk}lrg onag{ {l}wn}ldjne lydj| {wi`gk}lrg njm

2





gj}lyge| mgvgjmgj} dj }hg di{gyrgy“{ vdlj} db rlgs* ]hw{% n kdovw}gy vydcyno }hn} slee ig

nieg }d di`gk}lrge| cnwcg }hg {l}wn}ldjne lydj| db n {kgjnyld l{ jd} ygnel{}lk lj nvvelkn}ldj*

Lj nmml}ldj% lydj| mgne{ sl}h nj lydjlkne kdj{kldw{jg{{ }hn} l{ ljhgygj}e| ljnkkg{{lieg

}d ny}lblklne lj}geelcgjkg* El}}onj njm Og| n}}gov} }d vyg/gov} }hl{ ljmlk}ogj} i|

ml{}ljcwl{hljc ig}sggj }hg vgykgv}ldj db lydj| njm l}{ nvvygkln}ldj* Hdsgrgy% `w{} n{ sl}h

hwody% }hg vgykgv}ldj db {l}wn}ldjne lydj| on| ne{d rny| nkyd{{ kwe}wyg{* Jgrgy}hgeg{{%

}hg lmgn }hn} ―nvvygkln}ldj db lydj| knj ig mlrdykgm bydo l}{ vgykgv}ldj‟ l{ ljmggm nj

lovdy}nj} ml{}ljk}ldj }d ig onmg (El}}onj " Og|% ><<>% vv* >=2,* Jgrgy}hgeg{{% id}h }hg

vgykgv}ldj njm nvvygkln}ldj db {l}wn}ldjne lydj| nyg {wi`gk} }d djg“{ lj}gyvyg}n}ldj db }hg

grgj}% shlkh l{ n bwjk}ldj db djg“{ vgy{vgk}lrg% inkacydwjm% kwe}wyg% g}k*

El}}onj njm Og| cd dj }d dbbgy }hygg }|vg{ db {l}wn}ldjne lydj|% mgbljgm n{0

lj}gj}ldjne cdne$venj lydj|% {gygjmlvl}dw{ cdne$venj lydj|% njm kdovg}gjkg lydj|*

Nkkdymljc }d }hg{g kn}gcdylg{% kgy}nlj kdoiljn}ldj{ db ved} }sl{}{ njm }hsny}gm lj}gj}ldj{

kdj{}l}w}g lydj|* Hdsgrgy% bny bydo gxhnw{}ljc }hg vd{{lieg }|vg{ db {l}wn}ldjne lydj|%

El}}onj njm Og| clrg gxkg{{lrg sglch} }d ljkdjcywl}lg{ ig}sggj hwonj lj}gj}ldj{ njm

ygnel}| lj }hgly kn}gcdylg{ njm {love| md jd} kdj{lmgy bdyo{ db {l}wn}ldjne lydj| }hn} nyl{g

bydo hwonj gxvgk}n}ldj{ {wkh n{ }hg lydj| lj hnrljc }hg {wccg{}ldj idx dw}{lmg db }hg

KGD“{ dbblkg igljc mlygk}e| gov}lgm lj}d n ygk|keljc ilj i| kegnjljc sdyagy{ nb}gy dbblkg

hdwy{* El}}onj njm Og| onag nj lovdy}nj} kdjjgk}ldj ig}sggj lydj| njm hwody%

n{{gy}ljc }hn} ―hwody njm lydj| nyg lj}lon}ge| ygen}gm‟ (><<>% vv* >=<,* Hdsgrgy% ncnlj

}hg| bnle }d }nag lj}d kdj{lmgyn}ldj }hg lovdy}njkg db hwonj vgy{vgk}lrg njm ljkdyygk}e|

nycwg bdy }hg bwy}hgyljc db }hg {}wm| db hwody }hydwch }hg mgrgedvogj} db ny}lblklne

lj}geelcgjkg }hn} knj ygkdcjlpg njm cgjgyn}g }hg di`gk} db {}wm|% jnoge| hwody*

Ewknylgeed“{ ny}lkeg nmm{ mlogj{ldj{ }d dwy wjmgy{}njmljc db {l}wn}ldjne lydj| i|

lmgj}lb|ljc bdwy bgn}wyg{% n kdoiljn}ldj db shlkh {hg neegcg{ }d ig vyg{gj} lj nee lydjlk

{l}wn}ldj{* Wjgxvgk}gmjg{{ njm hwonj bynclel}| nyg }sd db }hg bdwy bgn}wyg{ vyg{gj} lj n

on`dyl}| db {l}wn}ldjne lydjlg{* Wjgxvgk}gmjg{{ l{ n bgn}wyg {hnygm i| nee lydjlk {l}wn}ldj{%

lj }hn} lydjlk grgj}{ nyg {wyvyl{ljc djg{* Iw} wjgxvgk}gmjg{{ l{ kgy}nlje| jd} n {wbblklgj}

kdjml}ldj bdy lydj| n{ jd} nee {wyvyl{g{ nyg lydjlk* Hwonj bynclel}| knyylg{ }hg lmgn }hn}

lydjlk grgj}{ ―odka‟ }hg jdyone dymgy db }hljc{1 njm gxvd{g n ―}hgdy| db }hg sdyem“{

wjvygmlk}nilel}|% knv}wyljc dwy wjmgy{}njmljc }hn} sg knjjd} yge| dj dwy{gerg{% dj d}hgy{%

3





dy dj grgj}{ }d ywj n {}njmnym kdwy{g•*}hg| {lcjne }hg rwejgynilel}| db }hg hwonj

kdjml}ldj”lj}gj}ldjnel}|% nk}ldj{% {}n}g{% dw}kdog{‟ (Ewknylgeed% ><<=% vv* >9<,*

Lj kdj{lmgyljc {l}wn}ldjne lydjlg{% n vny} db }hg wjgxvgk}gmjg{{ lj klykwo{}njkg{ nyl{g{

bydo n bdyo db grgj} ajdsegmcg ajdsj n{ }hg ―{kylv}%‟ shlkh l{ ―n cgjgyne ajdsegmcg

{}ywk}wyg dy {khgon bdy grgj}{ }hn} ygnelpg n hlch ygelnilel}| db gxvgk}n}ldj‟ (Ewknylgeed%

><<=% vv* >;6,* [kylv}{ wjmgyelg byg~wgj}e| gjnk}gm nk}lrl}lg{ {wkh n{ dymgyljc n} }hg

yg{}nwynj} dy kdjrgj}ldjne djg{ {wkh n{ cg}}ljc onyylgm* [kylv}{ nyg ogj}ne

ygvyg{gj}n}ldj{ db ―shn} l{ {wvvd{gm }d hnvvgj lj n vny}lkweny klykwo{}njkg‟ (N{hkynb}%

><8<% vv* ;;8, njm hnrg }d md sl}h dwy {gj{g db ygcwenyl}| dy kdj}yde lj }hg sdyem* ]hg

nkajdsegmcogj} db {l}wn}ldjne lydjlg{ gogycg{ shgj n {g} db nbbnly{ mgrln}g{ lydjlknee|

bydo dwy {kylv}{* ]hg lydj| lj }hg mgrln}ldj dy wjgxvgk}gmjg{{ ygen}g{ inka }d }hg

{l}wn}ldj“{ odkagy| db hwonj bynclel}| lj dwy lj}gj}ldj{ njm gxvgk}n}ldj{*

Bydo n kdeegk}ldj db ygkdymgm gxnoveg{ db {l}wn}ldj{ ogj}ldjgm n{ lydjlk i|

ljmlrlmwne{ ({wkh n{ jgs{kn{}gy{% dymljny| kdjrgy{n}ldjnel{}{% njm el}gyny| kyl}lk{, n{ sgee

n{ gxnoveg{ vyg{gj}gm i| Owgkag lj hl{ el}gyn}wyg dj lydj|% Ewknylgeed njne|pgm }hg

yg{we}{ njm mgrgedvgm n vygeloljny| }nxdjdo| db lydjlk grgj} }|vg{* Ne}hdwch n slmg

rnylg}| db {l}wn}ldj{ l{ }|vlknee| ken{{lblgm n{ lydjlk% {hg lmgj}lblgm {grgj on`dy }|vg{

nkkdymljc }d }hgly }|vlb|ljc khnynk}gyl{}lk{ (Ewknylgeed% ><<=% vv* >;>,0

>* Loinenjkg{0 ]nc{ kn{g{ db ljkdj{l{}gjk| dy dvvd{l}ldj lj hwonj ighnrldy dy

idyjg i| {l}wn}ldjne gegogj}{*

9* Ed{{g{0 Ljmlrlmwne bnkg{ dje| n ed{{* ]hg ag| bgn}wyg db {wkh ed{{g{ l{ }hgly knw{g%

gl}hgy {geb dy bn}g/ljbelk}gm*

;* Slj{0 Grgj}{ shgyglj nj ljmlrlmwne gjm{ wv sl}h n slj dw}kdog% shgyg }hg

ognj{ }d ed{ljc igkdog{ }hg ognj{ }d sljjljc dy vgy{dj slj{ ljnmrgy}gj}e|*

=* Mdwieg dw}kdog{0 ]hg ljmlrlmwne gxvgylgjkg{ }sd dw}kdog{ }hn} nyg ygen}gm%

gl}hgy ed{{/ed{{ (l*g* n hlche| lovydinieg ed{{ ygkwy{, dy slj/ed{{ (l*g* n slj }hn}

}wyj{ dw} }d nk}wnee| ig n ed{{,*

7* Mynon}lk0 Grgj}{ shgyglj nj di{gyrgy (nwmlgjkg% ygnmgy% g}k*, ajds{ shn} n

rlk}lo hn{ |g} }d bljm dw}*

2* Kn}kh/990 Ed{{ dw}kdog n{ nj wjnrdlmnieg yg{we} db nee nrnlenieg nrgjwg{ db

jgkg{{ny| njm nvvydvyln}g nk}ldj*

8





3* Kdljklmgjkg0 N{{dy}gm grgj}{% {wkh n{ kd/dkkwyygjkg{ dy {g~wgjkg{ db nk}ldj{

hnrljc jd kdjrgj}ldjne dy knw{ne in{l{*

I| }naljc lj}d kdj{lmgyn}ldj lydjlk {l}wn}ldj{ }hn} nyg dw}{lmg }hg ygneo db ljmlrlmwne

lj}gj}ldj{% Ewknylgeed“{ }nxdjdo| db {l}wn}ldjne lydjlg{ l{ owkh odyg kdovyghgj{lrg }hnj

El}}onj njm Og|“{ odmge* Sg slee yg{l{} gxvedyljc }hg {wi}|vg{ }hn} Ewknylgeed ne{d

mgrgedvgm bdy gnkh db }hg onlj {grgj kn}gcdylg{% iw} }hg ygnmgy l{ wycgm }d ygbgygjkg

Nvvgjmlx 9*> bdy bwy}hgy ljbdyon}ldj*

[hgeeg|“{ }ygn}ogj} db {l}wn}ldjne lydj| l{ }hg od{} ygkgj} n}}gov} }d clrg kdcjl}lrge|

venw{lieg nkkdwj}{ db {l}wn}ldjne lydj|* [hgeeg| bly{} ygrlgs{ }hg sdya db El}}onj njm Og|

njm Ewknylgeed* Hg ljmlk}{ El}}onj njm Og|“{ odmge bdy clrljc ―edclkne vyldyl}|‟ }d

rgyine lydj| drgy {l}wn}ldjne lydj| i| idyydsljc }hg el}gyny| kdjkgv}{ db ―ved} }sl{}{ njm

kdoowjlkn}lrg lj}gj}ldj{‟ bydo rgyine lydj| ([hgeeg|% 966>% vv 332,* Ne}hdwch hg

kdj{lmgy{ Ewknylgeed“{ }hgdy| }d ig ―ylkhgy njm odyg venw{lieg }hn} El}}onj njm Og|“{%‟

hg ne{d kyl}lklpg{ Ewknylgeed bdy bnleljc }d gxvenlj }hg mlbbgygjkg ig}sggj lydj| njm jdj/

lydj| n{ sgee n{ jgcegk}ljc }d mgrgedv n }hgdy| }d gxvenlj hgy mn}n*

[hgeeg|“{ ilkdhgygjkg }hgdy| l{ in{gm dj }hg n{{wov}ldj }hn} hwonj kdcjl}ldj l{

dycnjlpgm }d onxlolpg ―kdjkgv}wne kdhgygjkg%‟ dy edclkne lj}gykdjjgk}ldj njm

kdj{l{}gjk|* ]hg }hgdy| ygbgy{ }d }hg {lowe}njgdw{ nk}lrn}ldj db gegogj}{ dy ken{{g{ }hn}

―yg{l{} bl}}ljc }dcg}hgy‟ ([hgeeg|% 966>% vv* 338,* [l}wn}ldjne lydj| l{ nkajdsegmcgm

―shgj }hg nkkgv}gm lj}gyvyg}n}ldj db n {l}wn}ldj ml{ven|{ n ilkdhgygj} kdjkgv}wne {}ywk}wyg%

nbbdym{ nmg~wn}g kdcjl}lrg {nelgjkg% njm grdag{ nj nvvydvyln}g kdjblcwyn}ldj db

god}ldj{‟ ([hgeeg|% 966>% vv* 338,* N ilkdhgygj} kdjkgv}wne {}ywk}wyg ljkewmg{ gl}hgy n

ilkdhgygj} ken{{ dy ilkdhgygj} gegogj} n{ mgbljgm njm gxvenljgm igeds0

>* Ilkdhgygj} ken{{0 N ken{{ kdj}nljljc }sd gegogj}{ }hn} nyg kdjkgv}wnee|

ljkdhgygj} sl}h gnkh d}hgy* Kdj{lmgy n ken{{ db idda{ i| djg nw}hdy sl}h }hg

bdeedsljc }l}eg{0 ]hg }ynrnle db elbg lj nj lovgybgk} sdyem% sh| sdwem Cdm needs

grle4 njm Kwyldw{ Cgdycg cdg{ }d }hg pdd* ]hl{ ken{{ db idda{ l{ ljkdhgygj} lj }hg

{gj{g }hn} l} cydwv{ n elch}/hgny}gm khlemygj“{ idda }dcg}hgy sl}h sglch}| sdya{

dj gxl{}gj}lne nelgjn}ldj ([hgeeg|% 966>,*

9* Ilkdhgygj} gegogj}0 Nj gegogj} igedjcljc }d }sd ken{{g{ }hn} nyg kdjkgv}wnee|

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Cgdycg {gga{ }hg sn|* ]hl{ idda l{ ilkdhgygj} lj }hg {gj{g }hn} idda{}dyg{ slee

{}dka l} lj id}h }hg khlemygj“{ {gk}ldj (bdy l}{ kdedybwe leew{}yn}ldj{, njm }hg

vhled{dvh| {gk}ldj (igknw{g db }hg nkkg{{lieg onjjgy lj shlkh l} nmmyg{{g{

lovdy}nj} elbg l{{wg{, ([hgeeg|% 966>% v* 33<,*

]hg }hgdy| db ilkdhgygjkg ne{d {}go{ bydo Ewknylgeed“{ vydvd{l}ldj db {kylv}{ lj

{l}wn}ldjne lydj|0 ―Shgj vgdveg {n| }hn} }hg| bljm n {l}wn}ldj lydjlk% }hg| ognj }hn} }hgly

kdjkgv}ldj db l} mgblg{ }hg jdyone sn| lj shlkh {l}wn}ldj{ bl} sl}h }hgly ygvgy}dlyg db

kdjkgv}{% }hn} }hl{ ol{bl} l{ jd}gsdy}h| lj {dog sn|% }hn} l} grdag{ n vny}lkweny aljm db

god}ldjne yg{vdj{g% njm vgyhnv{% }hn} l} hn{ n {vgklne% odyne {lcjlblknjkg‟ ([hgeeg|% 966>%

vv* 337,* ]hg lmgn }hn} }hg vgykgv}ldj db lydj| lj n {l}wn}ldj nyl{g{ bydo }hg sn| }hg

{l}wn}ldj mgblg{ dwy jdyone grgj} {kylv}{ l{ {loleny }d Ewknylgeed“{ vydvd{ne% iw} [hgeeg|

cdg{ dj }d nmm }hn} }hl{ ol{bl} ow{} ig {nelgj} gjdwch bdy dwy vgykgv}ldj n{ sgee n{

vdsgybwe gjdwch }d grdag {dog aljm db god}ldjne ygnk}ldj* ]hg{g nyg lovdy}nj}

ml{}ljcwl{hljc bnk}dy{ db {l}wn}ldjne lydj| bydo ogyge| kdljklmgj}ne dy {wyvyl{ljc grgj}{*

Kdcjl}lrg {nelgjkg ogn{wyg{ hds jd}lkgnieg {dog}hljc l{ lj ygen}ldj }d d}hgy }hljc{*

]hg {nelgjkg db n {l}wn}ldj mgvgjm{ dj }hg kdj}gj}{ db }hg {l}wn}ldj njm hds }hd{g

kdj}gj}{ ygen}gm }d }hg ljmlrlmwne kdjkglrljc }hgo* Kdcjl}lrg {nelgjkg l{ n bwjk}ldj db

ildedclkne {nelgjkg (l*g*% {wyrlrne jggm{ mlk}n}g }hn} n {dwjm odrljc ked{gy }d w{ l{ odyg

{nelgj} }hnj n {dwjm odrljc nsn| bydo w{, njm kwe}wyne {nelgjkg (l*g*% hlchgy {nelgjkg bdy

n{|oog}ylkne di`gk}{ lj kgy}nlj kwe}wyg{,*

God}ldjne kdjblcwyn}ldj l{ ne{d kgj}yne }d {l}wn}ldjne lydj| n{ n kdjkgv}wne {}ywk}wyg*

Ygkgj} yg{gnykh lj kdcjl}lrg {klgjkg ljmlkn}g{ }hn} wjeg{{ }hgyg l{ {vgklblk grlmgjkg }d }hg

kdj}yny|% sg {hdwem n{{wog }hn} god}ldj{ nyg nj lj}gcyne bgn}wyg db nj| kdcjl}lrg

vhgjdogjdj* [hgeeg| n{{gy}{ }hn} god}ldj{ ygen}g }d {l}wn}ldjne lydj| lj n} egn{} }sd sn|{*

Bly{}% {dog aljm{ db {l}wn}ldjne lydj| on| grdag vny}lkweny god}ldj{ dje|* Bdy gxnoveg%

{dog aljm{ db lydj| on| grdag oly}h njm jd} {nmjg{{* Lj nmml}ldj% hglch}gjgm god}ldjne

yg{vdj{g }gjm{ }d ljkygn{g }hg {nelgjkg db n {l}wn}ldj njm }hw{ ygljbdykg dy grgj ljkygn{g

}hg {gj{g db lydj|* God}ldjne yg{vdj{g l{ n bwjk}ldj db hds }hg {l}wn}ldj ygen}g{ }d }hg

di{gyrgy“{ cdne{% kdjkgyj{% dy vygbgygjkg{ ([hgeeg|% 966>,* N{ ~wd}gm i| [hgeeg|% Owgkag

gxvyg{{gm }hl{ vdlj} {wkkljk}e| lj n og}nvhdy0 ―D}hgy }hljc{ igljc g~wne% lydjlg{ slee ig

>6





odyg dy eg{{ bdykgbwe lj vydvdy}ldj }d }hg nodwj} db god}ldjne knvl}ne }hg ygnmgy dy

di{gyrgy hn{ ljrg{}gm lj }hg rlk}lo dy }dvlk db lydj|‟ (Owgkag% ><89% vv* 77,*

Jds }hn} sg hnrg g{}niel{hgm n sdyaljc ajdsegmcg db }hg }hgdylg{ ygen}gm }d lydj|

njm {l}wn}ldjne lydj|% sg slee jgx} gxvedyg }hg Khljg{g wjmgy{}njmljc db lydj|*

LLL* LYDJ\ LJ KHLJN

]hg Khljg{g g~wlrnegj} db lydj| rnylg{ bydo {dwykg }d {dwykg% iw} }hg od{} kdoodje|

{ggj mgbljl}ldj{ nyg0叏诟 ( b Ǌ jhwæ,%访到 ( b đ jckå,% 讧访 ( `ġ b đ jc ,% njm叏访 ( b Ǌ jb đ jc ,* Nj

gxnoljn}ldj db gnkh slee ygrgne }hg iewyygm mlbbgygjkg{ lj Khljn ygcnymljc }hg jwnjkg{

nodjc{} lydj|% {nykn{o% njm {n}lyg*

>* 叏诟 ( b Ǌ jhwæ, }ynj{en}g{ el}gynee| n{ ―dvvd{l}g }nea%‟ shlkh l{ nk}wnee| n odyg

bl}}ljc }ynj{en}ldj bdy {nykn{o lj mgbljl}ldj njm nvvelkn}ldj* L} l{ ne{d kdoodje|

w{gm n{ {nykn{o% ne}hdwch {dog {dwykg{ lj Khljn slee {}lee el{} l} n{ nj g~wlrnegj}

bdy lydj|*

9* 访到 ( b đ jckå, }ynj{en}g{ el}gynee| n{ ―{n}lylpg vylka%‟ shlkh lj l}{ Khljg{g mgbljl}ldj

n{ ―}hg gxvd{wyg% kyl}lkl{o% dy odkagy| db n vgy{dj dy }hljc }hydwch }hg w{g db

kdovnyl{dj% gxnccgyn}ldj% g}k‟ l{ {}lee odyg ked{ge| ygen}gm }d {n}lyg }hnj lydj|

(Odmgyj Khljg{g Mlk}ldjny|% ><<8,*

;* 讧访 ( `ġ b đ jc , lj l}{ Khljg{g mgbljl}ldj l{ odyg ked{ge| nelcjgm sl}h ―}d ylmlkweg dy

odka*‟

=* 叏访 ( b Ǌ jb đ jc , l{ }hg ked{g{} mgbljl}ldj }d lydj|% njm }hl{ slee ig dwy sdyaljc

mgbljl}ldj db lydj| lj Khljn bdy }hg vwyvd{g{ db }hl{ vnvgy*

L} l{ ne{d lj}gyg{}ljc }d jd}g }hn} ne}hdwch }hg ljvw} db }hg Khljg{g mgbljl}ldj db lydj| slee

db}gj cgjgyn}g n kdoiljn}ldj db }hg{g nbdygogj}ldjgm sdym{% shgj djg w{g{ }hg {nog

{dwykg }d mgbljg }hg{g Khljg{g }gyo{ lj Gjcel{h% }hg }gyo{ ―{nykn{o%‟ ―{n}lyg%‟ njm

―ylmlkweg‟ nyg db}gj cgjgyn}gm lj venkg db gxvgk}gm yg{we} db ―lydj|*‟ ]hg ljkdj{l{}gjk|

nodjc{} }hg nbdygogj}ldjgm }gyo{ njm }hgly Gjcel{h/Khljg{g njm rlkg rgy{n }ynj{en}ldj{

l{ n }geeljc {lcj db kdjbw{ldj njm iewyyljc nodjc{} }hg kdjkgv}{ db lydj|% {n}lyg% njm

{nykn{o*

>>





Lj }hg {}wm| db hwody lj njklgj} Khljg{g vhled{dvh|% rgyine lydj| l{ n kdoodj

|g} {wi}eg mgrlkg w{gm lj }hg Njnegk}{ njm Phwnjc Pl (Hnyi{oglgy% ><8<,* Ne}hdwch lydj|

hn{ edjc iggj n yhg}dylkne njm el}gyny| mgrlkg lj njklgj} Khljn% }hg }gyo od{} kdoodje|

lmgj}lblgm sl}h lydj| (叏访 ” b Ǌ jb đ jc , l{ nk}wnee| n ygen}lrge| jgs }gyo lj }hg Khljg{g

enjcwncg* L} sn{ jd} wj}le 9669 }hn} }hg }gyo叏访 ( b Ǌ jb đ jc , nvvgnygm wjmgy }hg {gk}ldj

―Jgs Sdym{$Ognjljc{‟ (斶诏斶乌 ” xġ jkï xġ j|å, lj }hg Odmgyj Khljg{g Mlk}ldjny|

(玶仫汌误诏典” Xlæjmæl Hæj|ǝ KïmlǊ j,* Grgj wjmgy l}{ bly{} nvvgnynjkg% l}{ mgbljl}ldj

}ynj{en}g{ }d n olx ig}sggj {n}lyg njm {nykn{o0 ―}d {n}lylpg bydo }hg ygrgy{g {lmg1 }d w{g

{nykn{o }d {n}lylpg‟ (Phdw% 9667% vv* 7=,* Ig|djm Khljn“{ sgna bynogsdya lj

mlbbgygj}ln}ljc lydj| bydo {nykn{o njm {n}lyg% }hgyg l{ ne{d n jd}lkgnieg vygml{vd{l}ldj lj

}hg nkajdsegmcogj} db shn} l{ kdj{lmgygm lydj| lj bnrdy db rgyine lydj| drgy {l}wn}ldjne

lydj|*

Lj nj djeljg {gnykh db ny}lkeg{ nvvgnyljc lj }hg Vgdveg“{ Mnle| (djg db Khljn“{

on`dy jgs{vnvgy{, bydo ><=2 }d 9669% }hg }gyo叏访 ( b Ǌ jb đ jc , mdg{ jd} nvvgny lj nj|

{gnykh yg{we}{ igbdyg ><83* Lj {gnykh yg{we}{ nb}gy ><83% }hg }gyo nvvgny{ lj 9> {gvnyn}g

ny}lkeg{% >< db shlkh nyg nee el}gyn}wyg ygrlgs{ (Phdw% 9667,* Bwy}hgyodyg% }hg cgjgyne

}ygjm {ggo{ }d ig }hn} shgj kdoodj gxnoveg{ db 叏访 ( b Ǌ jb đ jc , nyg kl}gm lj Khljn% od{}

db }hg{g {wvvd{gme| ygvyg{gj}n}lrg gxgoveny{ od{}e| vdlj} }d el}gyny| kn{g{ }hn} nyg db}gj

{}nljgm sl}h {n}lyg1 kn{g{ lj vdlj} nyg }hg db}gj ygbgygjkgm sdya{ i| 鲎过 ( Eǝ Xüj, dy 耎

舏 ( EǊ d [hđ ,*

Grgj {gnykhg{ bdy }hg Khljg{g }gyo db {l}wn}ldjne lydj| (惇晤叏访 ” ~ïjc`ǖ jc

b Ǌ jb đ jc , vygmdoljnj}e| vdlj} }d el}gyny| gxnoveg{ db kygn}gm lydjlg{ lj el}gyn}wyg njm jd}

di{gyrgm lydjlg{ lj elbg* I| kdj}yn{}% W*[* njm Sg{}gyj kwe}wyg nyg yn}hgy bnolelny sl}h

{l}wn}ldjne lydj| ig|djm l}{ gxl{}gjkg lj el}gyn}wyg* Nenjl{ Odyl{{g}}g“{ hl} {djc gj}l}egm

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{l}wn}ldjne lydjlg{ nyl{ljc bydo mnle| klykwo{}njkg{ njm jd} sdya{ db el}gyn}wyg*¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦> ]hgyg l{ kdj{lmgynieg mgin}g drgy }hg ―lydjlg{‟ lj }hg {djc* Onj| igelgrg }hn} }hg {l}wn}ldj{

ogj}ldjgm lj }hg e|ylk{ nyg jd} lydjlg{ iw} yn}hgy ogyge| wjbdy}wjn}g kdljklmgjkg{ dy {wyvyl{ljc

ml{nvvdlj}ogj}{* [gg Nvvgjmlx =*> bdy e|ylk{ }d }hg {djc*9 N {}wm| db kdeegk}gm djeljg jgs{ ny}lkeg{ sl}h {l}wn}ldj{ mg{kyligm dy enigegm n{ lydjlk* Ny}lkeg{

sgyg kdeegk}gm i| n kdovw}gy vydcyno bydo On| ><<3 }hydwch On| ><<8*

>9





LR* H\VD]HG[L[

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shg}hgy lydj| l{ {}ylk}e| n Sg{}gyj vhgjdogjdj* Owgkag n{{gy}{% ―Lb lydj| sgyg enycge|

kdjbljgm }d }hg Sg{}gyj sdyem% n{ L hnrg iggj egm }d igelgrg (iw} L md jd} rdwkh bdy }hn}

bnk},% }hl{ sdwem ig db loogj{g {lcjlblknjkg‟ (><36% vv* >,* Ne}hdwch L md jd} igelgrg

}hn} lydj| l}{geb l{ yg{gyrgm dje| bdy }hg Sg{}gyj hgol{vhgyg% L md igelgrg }hgyg nyg

{lcjlblknj} kwe}wyne rnyln}ldj{ lj }gyo{ db hds lydj| l{ wjmgy{}ddm njm nvvygkln}gm*

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bdy }hg vgykgv}ldj db lydj|*

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kdovnygm }d hds d}hgy vgdveg hnrg ighnrgm lj }hg {nog {l}wn}ldj vygrldw{e| (kdj{gj{w{,

(Jl{ig}} " Yd{{% ><86,* Id}h }hg ilkdhgygjkg }hgdy| njm }hg vyljklveg db knw{ne

n}}yliw}ldj mg{kylig sn|{ lj shlkh vgdveg gxvenlj njm gxvgk} ighnrldy lj n clrgj{l}wn}ldj* ]hg }hlym aljm db ljbdyon}ldj% kdj{gj{w{% l{ enycge| ydd}gm lj n kwe}wyne kdj}gx}

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rnyldw{ bdyo{ db lydj|% njm }hg {nelgjk| db dylcljnee| jd} gn{le| jd}lkgnieg bdyo{ db lydj|

knj ig gjhnjkgm }hydwch gxvd{wyg }d kwe}wyg{ sl}h hlch {nelgjk| lj }hn} {vgklblk bdyo db

lydj|* Lj }hg bdeedsljc {}wm|% L slee }g{} shg}hgy gxvd{wyg }d Sg{}gyj kwe}wyg hdem{

{lcjlblknj} gxvenjn}dy| vdsgy bdy }hg Khljg{g {noveg vdvwen}ldj“{ nilel}| }d wjmgy{}njm

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njm nvvygkln}g {l}wn}ldjne lydj|* L slee ne{d kdovnyg shg}hgy }hgyg nyg {lcjlblknj}

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ig}sggj }hg W*[* njm Khljg{g {noveg vdvwen}ldj{* Kdj{lmgyljc }hg eds nsnygjg{{ db

{l}wn}ldjne lydj| lj Khljn njm }hg ygen}lrge| hlchgy kwe}wyne nsnygjg{{ db {l}wn}ldjne lydj|

lj }hg Wjl}gm [}n}g{% L vygmlk} }hn} }hg Khljg{g slee hnrg n {lcjlblknj}e| edsgy nrgyncg

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lb sg n{{wog }hn} vd{l}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d }hg kny}ddj{ kdyygen}g sl}h nvvygkln}ldj njm

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vygmlk} }hn} }hg W*[* vdvwen}ldj slee hnrg hlchgy byg~wgjklg{ lj vd{l}lrg ygnk}ldj{ njm }hn}

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{n}lyg lj Khljn% L vygmlk} }hn} {l}wn}ldjne lydjlg{ }hn} nyg ygbegk}lrg db ljkdjcywl}lg{

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lj}gj}ldj njm ygnel}|*

R* YG[GNYKH MG[LCJ

]d njne|pg n {noveg Khljg{g vdvwen}ldj“{ nilel}| }d wjmgy{}njm njm nvvygkln}g

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kdj{l{}ljc db n {gylg{ db >7 lydjlk njm jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{ sgyg ml{}yliw}gm gegk}ydjlknee|

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}hg| sdwem yg{vdjm dj }hg in{l{ db ljmgvgjmgj} `wmcogj} njm ajdsegmcg* [grgyne

~wg{}ldj{ sgyg nmmyg{{gm0 Hds md }hg }sd vdvwen}ldj{ kdovnyg lj }hgly wjmgy{}njmljc db

}hg hwody lj }hg kny}ddj{4 Hds md }hg }sd vdvwen}ldj{ kdovnyg lj }hgly ygnk}ldj njm

egrge db now{gogj} njm nvvygkln}ldj bdy }hg lydjlk kny}ddj{4 Njm bljnee|% mdg{ gxvd{wyg

>=





}d Sg{}gyj kwe}wyg kdyygen}g sl}h }hg Khljg{g vdvwen}ldj“{ nilel}| }d wjmgy{}njm dy

nvvygkln}g {l}wn}ldjne lydj|4

[noveg vdvwen}ldj{

]hg {wyrg| sn{ kygn}gm lj id}h Gjcel{h njm Khljg{g% sl}h oljdy mlbbgygjkg{ ig}sggj

}hg }sd (}d ig ml{kw{{gm en}gy,* ]hg Gjcel{h {wyrg| sn{ ml{}yliw}gm gegk}ydjlknee| rln

gonle }d kwyygj} W*[* yg{lmgj}{ njm }hg Khljg{g {wyrg| sn{ ml{}yliw}gm gegk}ydjlknee| rln

gonle }d g}hjlknee| Khljg{g yg{lmgj}{ lj onljenjm Khljn* Clrgj }hg vd{{lilel}| }hn} {dog

yg{vdjmgj}{ on| hnrg ygkgj}e| loolcyn}gm }d }hg kdwj}y| db }hgly ygvyg{gj}n}lrg {noveg%

nj nmml}ldjne ~wg{}ldj sn{ ljkewmgm lj id}h {wyrg|{ }d kdj}yde bdy }hg jwoigy db |gny{ }hg

yg{vdjmgj}{ hnrg yg{lmgm lj }hg Wjl}gm [}n}g{ dy Khljn* ]d nrdlm ljbewgjkg{ db bdyglcj

kwe}wyg{ ml{}ljk}e| mlbbgygj} bydo }hg kwe}wyg {wvvd{gme| ygvyg{gj}n}lrg db }hg yg{vdjmgj}{%

nee mn}n db yg{vdjmgj}{ elrljc lj }hg Wjl}gm [}n}g{ dy Khljn bdy eg{{ }hnj = |gny{ sgyg

gxkewmgm bydo njne|{l{*

Ml{}yliw}ldj

]hg {wyrg|{ sgyg kygn}gm dj [wyrg|Odjag|*kdo njm ml{}yliw}gm rln gonle{ sl}h

elja{ }d }hg {wyrg| n{ vydrlmgm i| [wyrg|Odjag|*kdo* Kdjrgjlgjkg {noveljc sn{ }hg

vylony| bdyo db {noveljc n{ ljl}lne gonle{ sgyg bly{} {gj} dw} }d }hd{g sl}hlj }hg

yg{gnykhgy“{ jg}sdya* Lj hdvg{ db ig}}gy nkhlgrljc n ynjmdolpgm {noveg db id}h }hg W*[*njm Khljg{g vdvwen}ldj{% }hg bly{} gonle{ sgyg {gj} sl}h }hg di`gk}lrg njm gjkdwyncgogj}

}hn} }hg {wyrg| elja{ vydov} rlyne bdysnymljc }d }hg ljl}lne ygklvlgj}{“ vgy{djne jg}sdya*

D}hgy }hnj kenylb|ljc }hn} }hg {wyrg| sn{ bdy }hg yg{gnykhgy“{ {gjldy }hg{l{ dj }hg {wi`gk}

db hwody% jd nmml}ldjne ljbdyon}ldj ygcnymljc }hg {wyrg| sn{ vydrlmgm }d }hg

yg{vdjmgj}{* ]hg in{g cdne db ml{}yliw}ldj sn{ j?>66 bdy gnkh {wyrg|*

Kny}ddj{

N {g} db >7 kny}ddj{ sn{ {gegk}gm bydo n sgi {gnykh% kdovyl{ljc db 2 jdj/lydjlk njm

< lydjlk kny}ddj{ ({gg Nvvgjmlx >*>,* Lydjlk kny}ddj{ sgyg lmgj}lblgm n{ kny}ddj{

{vgklblknee| vdy}yn|ljc {l}wn}ldjne lydj|* Bdy }hg{g yg{gnykh vwyvd{g{% sg slee w{g }hg

mgbljl}ldj db {l}wn}ldjne lydj| n{ mgbljgm i| }hg ilkdhgygjkg }hgdy| lj l}{ od{} in{lk bdyo0

}hg ygkdcjl}ldj db n ilkdhgygj} vn}}gyj n{ lmgj}lblgm i| }hg vyg{gjkg db n ilkdhgygj}

>7





gegogj} dy ken{{ lj n {l}wn}ldj* [vgklblknee| lj }hg ygneo db kny}ddj{ sg nyg njne|pljc% l} l{

nmrl{nieg }d kdovnyg }hg lj}gj}ldj$gxvgk}n}ldj sl}h }hg ygnel}| db }hg kny}ddj* Ilkdhgygj}

gegogj}{ }hn} igedjc }d }sd ken{{g{ }hn} nyg kdjkgv}wnee| ljkdhgygj} sl}h gnkh d}hgy nyg

{dog}log{ vyg{gj} sl}hlj }hg kny}ddj{* Bdy gxnoveg% lj Kny}ddj +7% ienka {odag yl{g{

bydo }hg khlojg|{ db n bnk}dy| }hn} vydmwkg{ vdeew}ldj on{a{* ]hg bnk}dy| (ilkdhgygj}

gegogj}, igedjc{ }d }sd ken{{g{ }hn} nyg ljkdhgygj} sl}h gnkh d}hgy0 >, vydmwkgy{ db

vdeew}ldj njm 9, vyd}gk}dy{ ncnlj{} vdeew}ldj* Lj }gyo{ db ilkdhgygj} ken{{g{% kdj{lmgy nj

gxnoveg bydo Kny}ddj +8% lj shlkh n ―Sn}kh |dwy {}gv‟ {lcj hnjc{ n} }hg in{g db }hg

{}nly{ db n jdd{g ven}bdyo* ]hg ven}bdyo l}{geb l{ n ilkdhgygj} ken{{ }hn} kdj}nlj{ }sd

gegogj}{ ljkdhgygj} sl}h gnkh d}hgy >, n {lcj lj}gjmgm }d gj{wyg vh|{lkne {nbg}| njm 9, n

ognj{ db gxgkw}ldj* Shgj }hg kny}ddj l}{geb l{ }hg ilkdhgygj} ken{{% sg knj }hlja db }hg

gj}lyg kny}ddj n{ kdj}nljljc }sd gegogj}{ (}hg gxvgk}n}ldj$lj}gj}ldj njm ygnel}| db }hg

{l}wn}ldj vdy}yn|gm, }hn} nyg kdjkgv}wnee| ljkdhgygj} sl}h gnkh d}hgy* Bdy gxnoveg% lj

Kny}ddj +9% n hnoodka bedn}{ i| n kn{}nsn| {}ynjmgm dj n {ljceg/}ygg l{enjm* ]hg

lj}gj}ldj sl}hlj }hg kny}ddj l{ }d w{g }hg hnoodka% iw} }hg ygnel}| db }hg {l}wn}ldj ml{ywv}{

}hl{ lj}gj}ldj igknw{g }hg l{enjm hn{ dje| djg db }hg }sd }ygg{ jggmgm }d hnjc }hg

hnoodka* ]hg ilkdhgygj} ken{{ ({l}wn}ldj sl}hlj }hg kny}ddj, kdj}nlj{ }sd ljkdhgygj}

gegogj}{ (lj}gj}ldj db w{ljc hnoodka njm ygnel}| db ol{{ljc }hg jgkg{{ny| lj{}ywogj}{ }d

nk}wnee| w{g }hg hnoodka,*

Jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{ (hgjkgbdy}h ygbgyygm }d n{ JL kny}ddj{, sgyg ne{d ljkewmgm lj }hg

{wyrg| }d {gyrg n{ n in{l{ bdy kdovnyl{dj sl}h }hg lydjlk kny}ddj{* Nee khd{gj kny}ddj{

sgyg ygrlgsgm njm vyg/{novegm i| {grgyne ljmlrlmwne{ d}hgy }hnj }hg yg{gnykhgy hgy{geb }d

gj{wyg n cgjgyne kdj{gj{w{ ygcnymljc }hg kn}gcdylpn}ldj db }hg khd{gj kny}ddj{ n{ lydjlk

dy jdj/lydjlk*

Clrgj }hg kyd{{/kwe}wyne jn}wyg db }hl{ yg{gnykh% kny}ddj{ sgyg khd{gj n{ }hg rghlkeg{

vdy}yn|ljc {l}wn}ldjne lydj| igknw{g db }hgly eds ygelnjkg dj enjcwncg }d kdoowjlkn}g l}{

lydjlk og{{ncg }d }hg yg{vdjmgj}{* Od{} {}wmlg{ vygrldw{e| kdjmwk}gm dj {l}wn}ldjne lydj|

ljrdergm {wi`gk}{ ygnmljc rlcjg}}g{ db lydjlk {l}wn}ldj{ dy ygkneeljc njm }hgj syl}ljc mdsj

{l}wn}ldj{ mggogm }d ig lydjlk (Ewknylgeed% ><<=,* N{ kdovnygm }d ygnmljc dy syl}ljc

nidw} lydjlk {l}wn}ldj{% kny}ddj{ ygmwkg enjcwncg iln{ njm }ynj{en}ldj gyydy{ lj }hg

>2





yg{gnykh* Sl}hdw} }hg ml{}ynk}ldj db enjcwncg% kny}ddj{ nyg }hg od{} ml{}leegm bdyo{ db

{l}wn}ldjne lydj|*

Sl}hlj }hg kn}gcdy| db lydjlk kny}ddj{% }hg kny}ddj{ sgyg bwy}hgy mlrlmgm lj}d }sd

cydwv{ in{gm dj }hgly kdj}gj}* Kny}ddj{ mgneljc sl}h kdoodj njm vny}lkwenylpgm }dvlk{

{wkh n{ }hg sljjljc db }hg ed}}gy| vd{}/ody}go njm }hg mylb}ljc db n hnoodka jgny n

kn{}nsn| dj nj l{enjm sl}h djg }ygg nyg hgjkgbdy}h enigegm n{ LG (lydjlk grgy|mn|,

kny}ddj{* D}hgy kny}ddj{ ygen}ljc }d {dklne gxvgk}n}ldj{ njm lj}gj} }hn} nyg ygbegk}lrg db

iydnmgy {dklne kdoogj}ny| {wkh n{ }dvlk{ db gjrlydjogj}ne vyd}gk}ldj njm iwygnwkyn}lk

nvn}h| nyg hgjkgbdy}h ygbgyygm }d n{ L[ (lydjlk {dklne, kny}ddj{* Djg vd{{lieg sn| db

ml{}ljcwl{hljc ig}sggj L[ njm LG kny}ddj{ l{ }d kdj{lmgy }hg mlbbgygjkg{ ig}sggj

lj}gj}ldj njm gxvgk}n}ldj lj }hg {l}wn}ldjne lydjlg{ db }hg kny}ddj{* Lj}gj}ldj{ }|vlknee|

ygen}g }d ljmlrlmwne{ njm }hgly cdne{% njm }hg lydj| db }hg grgy|mn| kny}ddj }hw{ nyl{g{

bydo }hg sn| ygnel}| dy n }sl{} db grgj}{ }hsny}{ dy odka{ }hg ljmlrlmwne“{ lj}gj}ldj{* Bdy

gxnoveg% sg {gg lj Kny}ddj +>> (Nvvgjmlx >*>, }hn} }hg lj}gj}ldj db }hg }ygn}ogj} sn{ }d

{hylja }hg vn}lgj}“{ }wody% iw} ygnel}| {hds{ }hn} }hg {lpg db }hg vn}lgj}“{ hgnm sn{ ne{d

ygmwkgm n{ n kdj{g~wgjkg* ]hl{ dw}kdog% ne}hdwch jd} }hsny}ljc db }hg ljmlrlmwne“{

lj}gj}ldj lj }ygn}ogj}% l{ kgy}nlje| odkaljc* ]hl{ knj ne{d ig kn}gcdylpgm n{ ―Mdwieg

Dw}kdog{ ” Vylpg Jd} Shn} L}“{ Kynkagm Wv }d Ig‟ nkkdymljc }d Ewknylgeed“{ }nxdjdo|

({gg Nvvgjmlx 9*>,*

Gxvgk}n}ldj{% dj }hg d}hgy hnjm% db}gj ygen}g }d {dklne jdyo{ njm {}njmnym{% njm }hg

lydj| nyl{g{ bydo }hg sn| ygnel}| db}gj odka{ }hg{g {dklne gxvgk}n}ldj{* Bdy gxnoveg%

kdj{lmgy Kny}ddj +; (Nvvgjmlx >*>, shgyg }hg gxvgk}n}ldj }hn} bggminka njm {wccg{}ldj

bdyo{ nyg ygnm i| hlchgy egrge dbblklne{ l{ nk}wnee| odkagm i| }hg ygnel}| db }hg ml{vd{ne db

}hg{g bdyo{ mlygk}e| bydo }hgly kdeegk}ldj idx* Hdsgrgy% }hl{ }|vg db ml{}ljk}ldj l{ jd}

nesn|{ ow}wnee| gxkew{lrg* Njd}hgy sn| }d kdj{lmgy }hg mlbbgygjkg{ ig}sggj L[ njm LG

kny}ddj{ l{ }d kdj{lmgy shg}hgy }hg rlk}lo db }hg lydj| vdy}yn|gm lj }hg kny}ddj{ knj ig

cgjgynelpgm ig|djm }hg ljmlrlmwne njm gjenycgm }d ljkewmg {dklg}|* Bdy gxnoveg% }hg lydj|

db vddye| ygcwen}gm gjrlydjogj}ne vyd}gk}ldj (Kny}ddj +<, l{ n odyg cgjgynelpgm vydiego

db {dklg}| n{ kdovnygm }d }hg lydj| db n onj“{ sljjljc db }hg ed}}gy| }hg jlch} igbdyg hl{

wj}loge| mgn}h (Kny}ddj +2,*

>3





]d nrdlm ljhgygj} mlbbgygjkg{ ig}sggj kny}ddj{ db W*[* dy Khljg{g dylclj% }hg {gylg{

db >7 kny}ddj{ sgyg {gegk}gm n{ n olx ig}sggj W*[* njm Khljg{g dylclj{% sl}h < kygn}gm

i| W*[* kny}ddjl{}{ njm 2 kygn}gm i| Khljg{g kny}ddjl{}{* Nee L[ kny}ddj{ sgyg {gegk}gm

in{gm dj {dklne gxvgk}n}ldj{ njm lj}gj} }hn} sdwem ig ygegrnj} njm bnolelny }d id}h }hg

W*[* njm Khljg{g kwe}wyg{*

Bwy}hgyodyg% nee lyygegrnj} }gx} {wkh n{ }hg nw}hdy{hlv njm {dwykg sgyg mgeg}gm bydo

}hg kny}ddj{ }d mgkygn{g ml{}ynk}ldj bydo }hg kny}ddj l}{geb njm nrdlm ygrgneljc }hg

kdwj}y| njm enjcwncg db }hg kny}ddj“{ dylclj* Kny}ddj{ sl}h sdym{ }hn} sgyg kywklne }d

}hg kdovyghgj{ldj db }hg kny}ddj sgyg }ynj{en}gm i| }hg yg{gnykhgy lj n sn| mggogm ig{}

}d vyg{gyrg }hg dylcljne hwody njm lj}gj}ldj db }hg kny}ddj* Kny}ddj{ sl}h hwody }hn}

sgyg gj}lyge| mgvgjmgj} dj }hg vyg{gyrn}ldj db }hg enjcwncg l}{geb sgyg jd} {gegk}gm*

Kny}ddj +>9% cgjgynee| mggogm di{kwyg njm wjkegny% sn{ lj}gjmgm n{ n slem knym }d

n{{g{{ shg}hgy yg{vdjmgj}{ sgyg yg{vdjmljc }yw}hbwee| nidw} }hgly egrge db

kdovyghgj{ldj*

[wyrg| ~wg{}ldj{

Gnkh kny}ddj sn{ bdeedsgm i| n {g} db ~wg{}ldj{ n{{g{{ljc }hg yg{vdjmgj}“{ ygnk}ldj%

kdovyghgj{ldj% njm nvvygkln}ldj db }hg kny}ddj* ]hg bly{} ~wg{}ldj n{a{ yg{vdjmgj}{ bdy

}hgly ljl}lne ygnk}ldj }d }hg kny}ddj i| vydrlmljc n kdoiljn}ldj db dv}ldj{ ljkewmljc id}h

vd{l}lrg ({oleg njm enwch, njm jgcn}lrg (bydsj% kyljcg% njm {lch, yg{vdj{g{* Yg{vdjmgj}{

ne{d hnm }hg khdlkg db {gegk}ljc ―D}hgy‟ njm {vgklb|ljc nmml}ldjne ygnk}ldj{ lj odyg mg}nle*

]hl{ ~wg{}ldj sn{ od}lrn}gm i| }hg lmgn }hn} bnklne gxvyg{{ldj{ nyg vh|{lkne njm jn}wyne

onjlbg{}n}ldj{ db djg“{ nvvygkln}ldj njm gj`d|ogj} (dy enka }hgygdb, db }hg kny}ddj{* N{

vyg{gj}gm lj }hg ml{kw{{ldj ygcnymljc }hg lovdy}njkg db god}ldjne yg{vdj{g{ }d {l}wn}ldjne

lydj|% }hl{ ~wg{}ldj (n{ l} l{ mlkhd}dolpgm ig}sggj vd{l}lrg njm jgcn}lrg bnklne

gxvyg{{ldj{ }hn} kdyygen}g sl}h vd{l}lrg dy jgcn}lrg god}ldj{, l{ lj}gjmgm }d {gyrg n{ n

~wnel}n}lrg ogn{wyg db }hg yg{vdjmgj}{“ kdovyghgj{ldj njm nvvygkln}ldj bdy }hg kny}ddj*Dj nj lj}gyg{}ljc {lmg jd}g% }hg Khljg{g enjcwncg enka{ nj g~wlrnegj} }d }hg Gjcel{h

kdjkgv} db ―kyljcg‟ dy ―sljkg*‟ ]hw{% }hl{ dv}ldj sn{ gxkewmgm bydo }hg Khljg{g {wyrg|*

]hl{ di{gyrgm vhgjdogjdj db wjvnyneege rdkniweny| ygcnymljc bnklne gxvyg{{ldj{

ig}sggj }hg Khljg{g njm Gjcel{h enjcwncg{ slee ig bwy}hgy ml{kw{{gm lj }hg kdjkew{ldj

njm {wccg{}ldj{ bdy bw}wyg {}wmlg{*

>8





Hn|“{ bdwy/egrge odmge db hwody nvvygkln}ldj l{ dymgygm n{ bdeeds{ (gnkh {}n}g

vyg{wvvd{ljc }hg djg }d l}{ egb},0 ygkdcjl}ldj”wjmgy{}njmljc”nvvygkln}ldj”ncyggogj}

(966>,* ]hl{ odmge od}lrn}g{ }hg en{} }sd ~wg{}ldj{ lj }hg {g} bdeedsljc gnkh kny}ddj*

Ygkdcjl}ldj njm kdovyghgj{ldj db n kny}ddj“{ hwody mdg{ jd} g~wn}g }d l}{ gj`d|ogj}

njm nvvygkln}ldj* ]hg }sd ~wg{}ldj{ ―Hds kdjblmgj} nyg |dw }hn} |dw wjmgy{}ddm }hg

hwody lj }hg kny}ddj4‟ njm ―Hds now{ljc mlm |dw bljm }hg kny}ddj }d ig4‟ sgyg

mg{lcjgm }d knv}wyg }hg jwnjkg{ ig}sggj kdovyghgjmljc njm nvvygkln}ljc }hg hwody lj

gnkh kny}ddj* ]hg bdwy}h {}n}g db Hn|“{ odmge sn{ jd} }nagj lj}d mlygk} kdj{lmgyn}ldj%

ne}hdwch }hg vd{l}lrg njm jgcn}lrg bnklne ygnk}ldj{ (n{ {wyrg|gm lj }hg bly{} ~wg{}ldj,

{gyrg n{ ygelnieg vydxlg{ }d cnwcg ncyggogj}*

]hg yg{gnykhgy ne{d {}ywccegm sl}h }hg lmgn db ljkewmljc n ~wg{}ldj n{aljc bdy }hg

yg{vdjmgj}“{ n{{g{{ogj} db gnkh kny}ddj“{ egrge db lydj|* Hdsgrgy% }hg we}lon}g mgkl{ldj

gxkewmgm }hg ~wg{}ldj igknw{g }hg dylcljne lj}gj}ldj db }hg yg{gnykh sn{ ognj} }d ig n

{wi}eg }g{} db yg{vdjmgj}{“ nilel}| }d wjmgy{}njm njm nvvygkln}g {l}wn}ldjne lydj| wjmgy

wjvydov}gm klykwo{}njkg{* Clrgj }hg nbdygogj}ldjgm bnk} }hn} {l}wn}ldjne lydj| l{

vylonyle| di{gyrgm yn}hgy }hnj kygn}gm% l}{ {vdj}njgdw{ di{gyrn}ldj njm kdovyghgj{ldj lj

}hg kny}ddj{ sdwem ig nbbgk}gm njm$dy vylogm i| n {wyrg| ~wg{}ldj gxvelkl}e| ygbgygjkljc

}hg kdjkgv} db lydj|*

Id}h {wyrg|{ kdjkewmgm sl}h mgodcynvhlk ~wg{}ldj{ ljkewmljc ncg% cgjmgy%

{}n}g$vydrljkg db yg{lmgjkg% venkg db ily}h% egrge db gmwkn}ldj% egrge db ljkdog% dkkwvn}ldj%

njm jwoigy db |gny{ yg{lmljc lj }hg Wjl}gm [}n}g{ dy Khljn* Lj}gjmgm bdy en}gy kdovnyl{dj

sl}h yg{vdjmgj}“{ nilel}| }d wjmgy{}njm njm nvvygkln}g {l}wn}ldjne lydj|% }hg Khljg{g

{wyrg| ne{d ljkewmgm n {g} db }hygg nmml}ldjne ~wg{}ldj{ ogn{wyljc bdy }hg yg{vdjmgj}“{

gxvd{wyg }d njm wjmgy{}njmljc db Sg{}gyj kwe}wyg*

Mgiylgbljc

Clrgj }hg vygrldw{e| wjml{ked{gm lj}gj} db }hg {wyrg|% n mgiylgb mdkwogj} sn{ {gj} }dnee yg{vdjmgj}{ ljmlkn}ljc lj}gyg{} lj }hg yg{gnykh vwyvd{g{ db }hg {wyrg|*

Elol}n}ldj{

[grgyne elol}n}ldj{ lj }hg mg{lcj db }hg {wyrg| gxl{} njm nyg ml{kw{{gm igeds0

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>* [noveg bynog* Clrgj }hg {noveljc bynog db kdjrgjlgjkg {noveljc% }hg mn}n

kdeegk}gm on| jd} ig }hg od{} ygvyg{gj}n}lrg dy mlrgy{g db }hg vdvwen}ldj{

{novegm* ]hg jg}sdya gbbgk}% shgyg }hg {wyrg| l{ bdysnymgm od{}e| }d ljmlrlmwne{

{loleny }d }hg yg{vdjmgj}% on| ig n kdoodj vhgjdogjdj njm }hw{ elol} }hg

ygvyg{gj}n}lrgjg{{ db }hg {noveg* Bydo }hg ljl}lne yg{we}{% cgjmgy njm ncg

loinenjkg{ lj }hg yg{vdj{g{ {ggo }d ig n kdoodj vydiego nkyd{{ id}h {noveg

cydwv{*

9* Ynjcg db lydj|* Ne}hdwch }hg kny}ddj{ khd{gj nyg gl}hgy lydjlk dy jdj/lydjlk% l} l{

mlbblkwe} }d kdj}yde bdy }hg ynjcg njm lj}gj{l}| db }hg lydj| vyg{gj} lj }hg kny}ddj{*

]hg kny}ddj{ khd{gj nyg ljgrl}nie| ynjcljc lj egrge{ db hwody njm lydj|% shlkh

knj ig vydiegon}lk bdy njne|pljc }hg yg{vdjmgj}{“ egrge db nvvygkln}ldj bdy nj

lydjlk njm jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj lb djg kny}ddj l{ cgjgynee| kdj{lmgygm odyg

hwodydw{ }hnj }hg d}hgy* Bdy gxnoveg% lb }hg khd{gj L[ kny}ddj{ nyg ljhgygj}e|

odyg hwodydw{ dy lydjlk }hnj }hg LG kny}ddj{% }hl{ on| n}}yliw}g }d n

ol{lj}gyvyg}n}ldj }hn} }hg {noveg vdvwen}ldj knj ig}}gy nvvygkln}g dy wjmgy{}njm

}hg L[ kny}ddj{* Hdsgrgy% }hl{ elol}n}ldj knj ig drgykdog i| }hg w{g db }sd

mlbbgygj} {noveg vdvwen}ldj{ }d {gyrg n{ n in{l{ db kdovnyl{dj*

;* Kwe}wyne {nelgjk| db L[ kny}ddj{* Ne}hdwch }hg yg{gnykhgy sn{ knygbwe lj khdd{ljc

L[ kny}ddj{ kwe}wynee| ygegrnj} }d id}h }hg W*[* njm Khljg{g {noveg vdvwen}ldj{% l}

l{ rgy| mlbblkwe} }d kdj}yde bdy kwe}wyne mlbbgygjkg{ lj }hg {nelgjk| db }hg lydjlg{

vyg{gj}gm lj }hg kny}ddj{* Bdy gxnoveg% ne}hdwch iwygnwkyn}lk ljgbblklgjk|

(Kny}ddj +;, l{ ygegrnj} }d id}h }hg W*[* njm Khljg{g kwe}wyg{% }hl{ vydiego on|

ig odyg {nelgj} lj Khljg{g kwe}wyg* ]hl{ hlchgy {nelgjk| on| vd{l}lrge| kdj}yliw}g

}d }hg Khljg{g {noveg“{ nilel}| }d ygen}g }d }hg kny}ddj njm vd{{lie| ljkygn{g l}{

{kdyg{ lj kdovyghgj{ldj njm nvvygkln}ldj* ]hl{ mlbbgygjkg on| iln{ dwy yg{we}{

shgj kdovnyljc }hg W*[* yg{we}{ }d }g{} shg}hgy }hg Khljg{g }gjm }d nvvygkln}g L[

kny}ddj{ odyg }hnj LG kny}ddj{% {ljkg }hg W*[* {kdyg{ lj nvvygkln}ldj njm

kdovyghgj{ldj on| ig {love| edsgy igknw{g db n edsgy kwe}wyne {nelgjk| lj

vny}lkweny }dvlk{ db }hg L[ kny}ddj{ njm jd} igknw{g db kwe}wyne mlbbgygjkg{ lj

nvvygkln}ldj db L[ njm LG kny}ddj{* Hdsgrgy% }hg w{g db L[ kny}ddj{ dylcljn}ljc

bydo id}h Khljn njm }hg Wjl}gm [}n}g{ on| hgev }d kdj}yde bdy }hg{g mlbbgygjkg{%

96





{ljkg olxgm dylclj{ {hdwem vyg{wonie| hgev lj ynjmdolpljc nj| iln{g{ lj kwe}wyne

{nelgjk|*

=* Iewyy| ml{}ljk}ldj ig}sggj L[ njm LG kny}ddj{0 ]hg L[ njm LG kn}gcdylg{ nyg jd}

gj}lyge| ow}wnee| gxkew{lrg db djg njd}hgy* [dog kny}ddj{% {wkh n{ Kny}ddj +>>%

on| ig dylcljnee| kn}gcdylpgm n{ L[ kny}ddj{% iw} n{vgk}{ db }hg kny}ddj kdwem ne{d

ygbegk} kdoogj}nylg{ dj {dklne gxvgk}n}ldj{ njm lj}gj}ldj{* Djg vd{{lieg

lj}gyvyg}n}ldj sdwem ig }hn} }hg kny}ddj l{ n kdoogj} dj ogmlkne onevynk}lkg lj

{dklg}|* Ne}hdwch LG kny}ddj{ knj {dog}log{ ne{d ig kyd{{/kn}gcdylpgm n{ L[

kny}ddj{% }hg L[ kny}ddj{ lj }hg {wyrg| nyg bdy}wjn}ge| rgy| ml{}ljk} {dklne

kdoogj}nylg{* ]hg LG kny}ddj{ }hn} on| ne{d ig kdj{}ywgm }d ig L[ kny}ddj{ slee

ig clrgj {vgklne kdj{lmgyn}ldj lj }hg njne|{l{*

RL* YG[GNYKH BLJMLJC[

]hg yg{gnykh mgylrg{ bydo >7< kdoveg}gm Khljg{g {wyrg|{ njm >63 kdoveg}gm W*[*

{wyrg|{* ]d geloljn}g mn}n bydo ygkgj}e| loolcyn}gm yg{vdjmgj}{% shd sdwem vyg{wonie|

ig wjygvyg{gj}n}lrg db }hgly jgs kdwj}y|% mn}n bydo yg{vdjmgj}{ shd hnrg jd} elrgm lj

}hgly ygvyg{gj}n}lrg kdwj}y| bdy odyg }hnj n} egn{} bdwy |gny{ sgyg ne{d ble}gygm dw} db }hg

yg{gnykh*

Kyd{{/kwe}wyne njne|{l{

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n} }hg gbbgk}{ db kdwj}y|% cgjmgy% njm ncg ; dj }hg nrgyncg{ db kdovyghgj{ldj njm

nvvygkln}ldj db lydjlk njm jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{=* ]hw{ }hg mgvgjmgj} rnylnieg{ sgyg0

>* Ognj L K ” Nrgyncg db n yg{vdjmgj}“{ kdovyghgj{ldj db }hg hwody sl}hlj }hg <

lydjlk kny}ddj{*

9* Ognj L N ” Nrgyncg db n yg{vdjmgj}“{ nvvygkln}ldj db }hg hwody sl}hlj }hg <

lydjlk kny}ddj{*

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ncg sn{ mlkhd}dolpgm lj}d }sd egrge{0 >, wjmgy 97 |gny{ db ncg njm 9, 97 |gny{ njm demgy* = Vegn{g {gg Nvvgjmlx ;*> bdy {}n}l{}lkne yg{we}{ }d }hg{g }g{}{*

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;* Ognj J K ” Nrgyncg db n yg{vdjmgj}“{ kdovyghgj{ldj db }hg hwody sl}hlj }hg 2

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Wjl}gm [}n}g{ hnm n {lcjlblknj}e| hlchgy nrgyncg lj kdovyghgj{ldj db }hg hwody sl}hlj

}hg lydjlk kny}ddj{% sl}h v 5 *666>* ]hg demgy ncg cydwv (≧ 97 |gny{ dem, ne{d hn{ n

{lcjlblknj}e| hlchgy nrgyncg lj kdovyghgj{ldj db }hg hwody sl}hlj }hg lydjlk kny}ddj{%

sl}h v ? *6>;>* Cgjmgy mlm jd} hnrg n {lcjlblknj} gbbgk} dj }hg odmge*

Bdy Ognj L N% }hg odmge hnm nj Y/[~wnygm db 6*6<> njm ljmlkn}gm }hn} }hg Khljg{g

hnm n {lcjlblknj}e| hlchgy nrgyncg lj nvvygkln}ljc }hg hwody db }hg lydjlk kny}ddj{% sl}h v

5 *666>* Id}h cgjmgy njm ncg hnm jd {lcjlblknj} gbbgk}{* Bdy Ognj J K% }hg odmge hnm nj

Y/[~wnygm db 6*>;< njm ljmlkn}gm }hn} vgdveg lj }hg Wjl}gm [}n}g{ hnrg n {lcjlblknj}e|

hlchgy nrgyncg lj wjmgy{}njmljc }hg hwody sl}hlj jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{% sl}h v 5 *666>*

Ncg njm cgjmgy mlm jd} hnrg {lcjlblknj} gbbgk}{*

Bdy Ognj J N% }hg odmge hnm nj Y/[~wnygm db 6*>=> njm ljmlkn}gm }hn} }hg Khljg{g

hnrg n {lcjlblknj}e| hlchgy nrgyncg lj nvvygkln}ljc }hg hwody db }hg jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{%

sl}h v 5 *666>* Ncnlj% cgjmgy njm ncg mlm jd} hnrg {lcjlblknj} gbbgk}{7*

Bydo }hg{g ljl}lne kyd{{/kwe}wyne kdovnyl{dj{% kdwj}y| hn{ nesn|{ hnm n {lcjlblknj}

gbbgk} njm vydrg{ }hn} }hgyg l{ n kdj{l{}gj} }ygjm lj }hg kwe}wyne mlbbgygjkg{ ig}sggj

kdovyghgjmljc njm nvvygkln}ljc hwody* Lj nmml}ldj% }hg W*[* vdvwen}ldj hn{ {hdsj n

kdj{l{}gj} vn}}gyj lj {kdyljc {lcjlblknj}e| hlchgy lj kdovyghgj{ldj db }hg hwody lj }hg

kny}ddj{ (id}h lydjlk njm jdj/lydjlk, njm }hg Khljg{g vdvwen}ldj hn{ ne{d {hdsj n

kdj{l{}gj} vn}}gyj lj {kdyljc {lcjlblknj}e| hlchgy lj nvvygkln}ljc }hg hwody db }hg

kny}ddj{ (id}h lydjlk njm jdj/lydjlk,* ]hg{g bljmljc{ kgy}nlje| {wvvdy} }hg h|vd}hg{l{

ygcnymljc mlbbgygjkg{ lj kwe}wyne vgykgv}ldj{ njm nvvygkln}ldj db lydj|* Iw} {ljkg }hg| nyg

jd} gj}lyge| kdjkew{lrg% sg jds }wyj dwy n}}gj}ldj }d }hg byg~wgjk| db vd{l}lrg njm

jgcn}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d lydjlk njm jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{ }d njne|pg }hg mn}n odyg lj mg}nle*

¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦7 Lj}gynk}ldj gbbgk}{ ljrderljc }hg lj}gynk}ldj db kdwj}y| njm {gx% dy kdwj}y| njm ncg% sgyg }g{}gm

njm bdwjm kdj{l{}gj}e| lj{lcjlblknj}*

99





Byg~wgjk| db !$/ ygnk}ldj{

]hygg/sn| NJDRN odmge{ sgyg ne{d kdj{}ywk}gm }d }g{} }hg gbbgk}{ db kdwj}y|%

cgjmgy% njm ncg dj }hg byg~wgjk| db }hg yg{vdjmgj}“{ vd{l}lrg njm jgcn}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d

id}h lydjlk njm jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{2* ]hw{ }hg mgvgjmgj} rnylnieg{ sgyg0

>* Lydjlk !0 Vd{l}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d lydjlk kny}ddj{

9* Lydjlk /0 Jgcn}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d lydjlk kny}ddj{

;* Jdj/lydjlk !0 Vd{l}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{

=* Jdj/lydjlk /0 Jgcn}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{

Lj }hg Lydjlk ! odmge% vgdveg lj }hg Wjl}gm [}n}g{ hnrg n {}n}l{}lknee| {lcjlblknj}

hlchgy byg~wgjk| lj vd{l}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d lydjlk kny}ddj{ }hnj vgdveg lj Khljn (v 5 *666>,1

}hg demgy ncg cydwv ne{d hn{ n odyg vd{l}lrg ygnk}ldj }d lydj| }hnj }hg |dwjcgy cydwv (v

? *6;79,* Cgjmgy hnm jd {lcjlblknj} gbbgk}{* Lj }hg Lydjlk ‛ odmge% }hg Khljg{g hnrg n

{}n}l{}lknee| {lcjlblknj} hlchgy byg~wgjk| lj jgcn}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d }hg lydjlk kny}ddj{ }hnj

}hg W*[* vdvwen}ldj (v ? *66;>,* Cgjmgy njm ncg hnrg jd {lcjlblknj} gbbgk}{*

Lj }hg Jdj/lydjlk ! odmge% vgdveg lj Khljn hnrg n onycljnee| {lcjlblknj} hlchgy

byg~wgjk| lj vd{l}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{ }hnj vgdveg lj }hg Wjl}gm [}n}g{ (v

? *67<;, njm }hg demgy ncg cydwv }gjm{ }d hnrg n hlchgy byg~wgjk| lj vd{l}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d

jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{ }hnj }hg |dwjcgy ncg cydwv (v ? *6==9,* Lj }hg Jdj/lydjlk ‛ odmge%

ncg% cgjmgy% njm kdwj}y| hnrg jd {lcjlblknj} gbbgk}{ dj }hg byg~wgjk| db jgcn}lrgygnk}ldj{ }d }hg jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{*

]hg yg{vdjmgj}“{ kdwj}y| db dylclj hn{ n kdj{l{}gj}e| {lcjlblknj} gbbgk} dj hds }hg

yg{vdjmgj} ygnk}{ }d lydjlk kny}ddj{* Lj}gyg{}ljce|% }hg gbbgk}{ nyg yg{vgk}lrge| onycljne

njm lj{lcjlblknj} lj }hg Jdj/lydjlk ! njm ‛ odmge{* Ncnlj }hl{ {wvvdy}{ }hg lmgn db on`dy

kyd{{/kwe}wyne mlbbgygjkg{ lj }hg sn| vgdveg lj Khljn njm }hg Wjl}gm [}n}g{ yg{vdjm }d

{l}wn}ldjne lydj|* Bwy}hgyodyg% }hg mn}n {hds{ }hn} }hg W*[* vdvwen}ldj }gjm{ }d hnrg n

{lcjlblknj}e| hlchgy byg~wgjk| db vd{l}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d }hg lydjlk kny}ddj{ shgygn{ }hg

Khljg{g vdvwen}ldj }gjm{ }d hnrg n {lcjlblknj}e| hlchgy byg~wgjk| db jgcn}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d

}hg lydjlk kny}ddj{*

]hg demgy ncg cydwv ne{d {kdygm kdj{l{}gj}e| hlchgy lj vd{l}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d }hg lydjlk

njm jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{* N vd{{lieg gxvenjn}ldj bdy }hl{ l{ }hn} }hg |dwjcgy ncg cydwv

¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦2 Vegn{g {gg Nvvgjmlx ;*9 bdy {}n}l{}lkne yg{we}{ }d }hg{g }g{}{*

9;





on| ig drgygxvd{gm }d kny}ddj{ njm }hl{ }|vg db hwody }d }hg vdlj} db drgy{n}wyn}ldj*

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nvvygkln}ljc hwody*

Lovelkn}ldj{ db kny}ddj }dvlk (LG r{* L[ kny}ddj{,

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njm L[ kny}ddj{% hn{ lovelkn}ldj{ bdy }hg vdvwen}ldj“{ ognj nvvygkln}ldj njm

kdovyghgj{ldj% bdwy }/}g{}{ (n{{woljc wjg~wne rnylnjkg{, sgyg ywj }d mg}gyoljg lb }hgyg

sgyg {lcjlblknj} mlbbgygjkg{ ig}sggj }hg ognj{ db }hg Khljg{g njm W*[* yg{vdjmgj}{ lj

}hgly kdovyghgj{ldj njm nvvygkln}ldj db L[ njm LG kny}ddj{3*

]hg bly{} }/}g{} kdovnygm nrgyncg{ db }hg Khljg{g vdvwen}ldj“{ ognj lj

kdovyghgjmljc }hg L[ kny}ddj{ (L[ K, njm LG kny}ddj{ (LG K,* ]hg }/}g{} yg{we} {hds{ }hn}

}hg L[ K nrgyncg db 3*3>; l{ {lcjlblknj}e| hlchgy }hnj }hg LG K nrgyncg db 2*767% sl}h v ?

7*72G/6<* ]hl{ {wvvdy}{ }hg h|vd}hg{l{ }hn} sl}hlj }hg Khljg{g vdvwen}ldj% }hg nrgyncg

egrge db kdovyghgj{ldj db {dklnee| lydjlk kny}ddj{ l{ {lcjlblknj}e| hlchgy }hnj }hg nrgyncg

egrge db kdovyghgj{ldj db grgy|mn| lydjlk kny}ddj{* ]hg {gkdjm }/}g{} vgybdyogm }hg

{nog njne|{l{ bdy }hg W*[* vdvwen}ldj% njm }hg yg{we}{ {hdsgm }hn} }hg W*[* L[ K db 8*<>2

l{ {lcjlblknj}e| hlchgy }hnj }hg W*[* LG K db 8*;69% sl}h v ? *666;* ]hl{ njne|{l{ {wvvdy}{}hg h|vd}hg{l{ }hn} }hg Khljg{g vdvwen}ldj l{ ig}}gy n} kdovyghgjmljc {dklnee| lydjlk

kny}ddj{ }hnj grgy|mn| lydjlk kny}ddj{* Hdsgrgy% }hg bljmljc{ nyg jd} kdjkew{lrg* [ljkg

}hg W*[* vdvwen}ldj mgodj{}yn}gm }hg {nog yg{we}{% sg knjjd} ig {wyg lb }hgyg gxl{}{ n

kwe}wyne vygbgygjkg bdy L[ kny}ddj{ drgy LG kny}ddj{% dy shg}hgy }hg {gegk}ldj db L[

kny}ddj{ lj }hg {wyrg| sgyg {love| odyg gn{le| wjmgy{}ddm }hnj }hg LG kny}ddj{*

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nrgyncg db 7*<<> l{ {lcjlblknj}e| hlchgy }hnj }hg LG N nrgyncg db 7*;72% sl}h v ? *669*

]hl{ {wvvdy}{ }hg h|vd}hg{l{ }hn} {dklnee| lydjlk kny}ddj{ slee ig ig}}gy nvvygkln}gm }hnj

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mlm jd} |lgem }hg {nog yg{we}{ }hl{ }log* ]hg bdwy}h }/}g{}% {nog njne|{l{ iw} bdy }hg W*[*

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mn}n% {hds{ }hn} }hgyg l{ jd} n {lcjlblknj} mlbbgygjkg ig}sggj }hg W*[* vdvwen}ldj“{

nvvygkln}ldj bdy L[ njm LG kny}ddj{* ]hg yg{we}{ db }hg en{} }sd }/}g{}{ {wvvdy} }hg

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kny}ddj{% }hg Khljg{g }gjm }d nvvygkln}g {dklnee| lydjlk kny}ddj{ odyg }hnj grgy|mn|

lydjlk kny}ddj{*

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{lcjlblknj} gbbgk} dj }hg Khljg{g vdvwen}ldj“{ kdovyghgj{ldj njm nvvygkln}ldj egrge{ db

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gxvd{wyg }d Sg{}gyj kwe}wyg% 9, wjmgy{}njmljc db Sg{}gyj kwe}wyg% njm ;, gxvd{wyg }d

Sg{}gyj gj}gy}nljogj} ncnlj{} bdwy mgvgjmgj} rnylnieg{ db >, Ognj L K% 9, Ognj L N% ;,

Ognj J K% njm Ognj J N8* ]hg ljmgvgjmgj} rnylnieg{% ynjagm dj n kdj}ljwdw{ {kneg db

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db hl{ dy hgy gxvd{wyg njm wjmgy{}njmljc db Sg{}gyj kwe}wyg njm gj}gy}nljogj} (n{

ljkewmgm n} }hg gjm db }hg Khljg{g {wyrg|,*

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njm nvvygkln}ljc (v ? *668=, lydjlk kny}ddj{* L} l{ ne{d n {lcjlblknj} vygmlk}dy db

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nvvygkln}ljc }hg hwody lj jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{ (v ? *;7;6,* ]hg yg{vdjmgj}“{ {geb/n{{g{{gm

gxvd{wyg }d Sg{}gyj kwe}wyg njm wjmgy{}njmljc db Sg{}gyj kwe}wyg mlm jd} hnrg n

{lcjlblknj} gbbgk} dj nj| db }hg mgvgjmgj} rnylnieg{*

Ml{kw{{ldj

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Q>_% v ? *6>;>

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Ognj L N

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6*>;< Kdwj}y|Q>_% v 5 *666>

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Ncg mlkhd}dolpgm

Q>_% v ? *6;7

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v ? *66;

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v ? *6==

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kny}ddj{

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kdovyghgj{ldj db lydjlk kny}ddj{* ]hl{ {wvvdy}{ }hg jd}ldj }hn} lydj| l{ n kdovelkn}gm

bdyo db hwody }hn} yg~wlyg{ mgrgedvogj} drgy }log* W*[* yg{vdjmgj}{ dj nrgyncg

ml{ven|gm kdj{l{}gj}e| hlchgy kdjblmgjkg lj }hgly kdovyghgj{ldj db }hg kny}ddj{% id}h

lydjlk njm jdj/lydjlk* Iw} }hg mn}n mdg{ jd} needs w{ }d kdjkewmg shg}hgy }hg W*[* {noveg

92





l{ ogyge| drgykdjblmgj} dy {love| odyg bnolelny sl}h kny}ddj hwody* Elagsl{g% ne}hdwch

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Hdsgrgy% mynsljc wvdj }hg mn}n njne|{l{ nidrg% {grgyne ag| }nagnsn|{ ygcnymljc

{l}wn}ldjne lydj| lj Khljn knj ig ml{}leegm igeds0

]hg Khljg{g {noveg l{ {lcjlblknj}e| odyg elage| }hnj }hg W*[* {noveg }d ygnk}

jgcn}lrge| }d {l}wn}ldjne lydj| lj }hg kny}ddj{* ]hg W*[* {noveg hn{ n {lcjlblknj}e| hlchgy

byg~wgjk| db vd{l}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d lydjlk kny}ddj{ njm }hg Khljg{g {noveg hn{ n

{lcjlblknj}e| hlchgy byg~wgjk| db jgcn}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d lydjlk kny}ddj{* ]hg bnk} }hn} }hg

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lydjlk kny}ddj{ ml{vge{ }hg lmgn }hn} }hg Khljg{g {noveg }gjm{ }d hnrg odyg jgcn}lrg

ygnk}ldj{ }d }hg kny}ddj{ lj cgjgyne*

Lb sg edda inka }d Hn|“{ bdwy/egrge odmge db hwody nvvygkln}ldj% sg knj {gg }hn}

nvvygkln}ldj njm ncyggogj} nyg cgjgynee| ljmgvgjmgj} db gnkh d}hgy* Ne}hdwch }hg

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kny}ddj* ]hg yg{vdjmgj} on| bljm }hg hwody db }hg kny}ddj bwjj| shleg ml{ncyggljc sl}h

}hg og{{ncg* ]hgj% hg dy {hg ―knj {wvvdy} }hg hwody% iw} knjkge }hg lovelkn}wyg db

ncyggogj}‟ (Hn|% 966>% vv* 32,*

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lydj|% sg knj }hgj }hgdylpg }hn} }hg Khljg{g }gjm }d ygnk} jgcn}lrge| }d }hg lydjlk

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mlbblkwe} }d gx}ynvden}g }hg ygn{djljc ighljm }hgly ml{ncyggogj} n{ l} kdwem rny| bydo

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rlk}lo db }hg lydjlk {l}wn}ldj% g}k*

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ne{d bl}{ {gj{lie| sl}hlj }hg di{gyrn}ldj }hn} od{} gxnoveg{ db lydj| lj Khljn vdlj} }d

el}gyny| sdya{ db {n}lyg* Clrgj {n}lyg“{ jn}wyg n{ n {dklne kdoogj}ny|% }hg vygrnegjkg db

93





{n}lyg drgy lydj| {wvvdy}{ }hg h|vd}hg{l{ }hn} {l}wn}ldjne lydjlg{ ygen}gm }d {dklne

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dymljny| njm ljmlrlmwne nbbnly{*

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kdovyghgj{ldj njm nvvygkln}ldj db {l}wn}ldjne lydj|* Gxvd{wyg }d Sg{}gyj gj}gy}nljogj}

ven|gm n {lcjlblknj} ydeg lj }hg Khljg{g vdvwen}ldj“{ kdovyghgj{ldj njm nvvygkln}ldj db

{l}wn}ldjne lydj|* ]hg bnk} }hn} cgjgyne gxvd{wyg }d Sg{}gyj kwe}wyg sn{ jd} n {lcjlblknj}

rnylnieg {wccg{}{ }hn} gxvd{wyg }d Sg{}gyj gj}gy}nljogj} l{ n odyg {vgklblk njm ygegrnj}

bnk}dy* W*[* {l}kdo{ ({l}wn}ldjne kdogmlg{, hnrg igkdog ljkygn{ljce| vdvweny lj Khljn*

]hg{g {l}kdo{% {wkh n{ }hg sgee/elagm Bylgjm{ {gylg{% nyg db}gj vygmlkn}gm dj hwody bydo

{l}wn}ldjne lydj|* Gxvd{wyg }d {wkh {l}kdo{ bnolelnylpg{ l}{ Khljg{g rlgsgy{ sl}h }hg

hwody db {l}wn}ldjne lydjlg{ njm ne{d vd{{lie| {gyrg{ n{ nj gxvenjn}ldj bdy }hg kdyygen}ldj

ig}sggj gxvd{wyg }d Sg{}gyj gj}gy}nljogj} njm }hg Khljg{g {noveg“{ kdovyghgj{ldj

njm nvvygkln}ldj db {l}wn}ldjne lydj|*

RLL* KDJKEW[LDJ

[l}wn}ldjne lydj| l{ n vhgjdogjdj db kdj{lmgynieg kwe}wyne {lcjlblknjkg* ]hl{ vnvgy

hn{ gxvedygm }hg vyg{gjkg db {l}wn}ldjne lydj| lj Khljn njm kdovnygm }hg{g bljmljc{ }d

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Khljg{g njm W*[* yg{vdjmgj}{ db }hgly kdovyghgj{ldj% nvvygkln}ldj% njm ygnk}ldj

ygcnymljc n {gylg{ db lydjlk njm jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{% sg nyg nieg }d vygeloljnyle| mgeljgn}g

{grgyne lovdy}nj} ml{}ljk}ldj{ ig}sggj }hg W*[* njm Khljg{g {noveg cydwv{* ]hg Khljg{g

{noveg }gjm{ }d nvvygkln}g }hg hwody sl}hlj lydjlk njm jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{ {lcjlblknj}e|

odyg }hnj }hg W*[* {noveg* Hdsgrgy% }hg Khljg{g yg{vdjmgj}{ ne{d }gjm }d ygnk} odyg

jgcn}lrge| (n{ ogn{wygm i| ljl}lne bnklne gxvyg{{ldj{, }d lydjlk kny}ddj{ njm ygnk} odyg

vd{l}lrge| }d jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{* Lb sg kdj{lmgy vd{l}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d }hg kny}ddj n{ n

bdyo db ncyggogj}% }hgj sg knj ne}gyjn}lrge| kdj{lmgy jgcn}lrg ygnk}ldj{ n{ n bdyo db

yg`gk}ldj dy ml{nvvydrne* ]hg yg{we}{ {wccg{} }hn} }hg W*[* yg{vdjmgj}{“ ygnk}ldj{ }gjm }d

ncygg sl}h }hg lydj| njm hwody vdy}yn|gm shgygn{ }hg Khljg{g yg{vdjmgj}{ gl}hgy yg`gk}

dy ml{nvvydrg db }hg lydj| njm hwody sl}hlj }hg kny}ddj* @wmcljc bydo }hg Khljg{g

98





yg{we}{ db hlch nvvygkln}ldj iw} jgcn}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d }hg lydjlk kny}ddj{% sg {gg n

rnelmn}ldj db Hn|“{ odmge lj }hg ljmgvgjmgj} ygen}ldj{hlv ig}sggj nvvygkln}ldj njm

ncyggogj} db hwody*

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gj}gy}nljogj} onag{ }d n Khljg{g yg{vdjmgj}“{ kdovyghgj{ldj njm nvvygkln}ldj db

{l}wn}ldjne lydj|* Bljnee|% }hg Khljg{g yg{we}{ ne{d {wccg{} {lcjlblknj}e| hlchgy

nvvygkln}ldj egrge{ bdy lydjlk kny}ddj{ ygen}gm }d {dklne gxvgk}n}ldj{ (L[, n{ kdovnygm }d

lydjlk kny}ddj{ ygen}gm }d ljmlrlmwne lj}gj}ldj{ (LG,* ]hl{ bljmljc {wvvdy}{ }hg lmgn }hn} }hg

Khljg{g vdvwen}ldj l{ ig}}gy nieg }d nvvygkln}g% njm vgyhnv{ ygen}g }d% hwody }hn} l{

kyl}lkne db kgy}nlj n{vgk}{ db {dklg}|* Djg gxvenjn}ldj db }hl{ di{gyrgm }ygjm sdy}h| db

bwy}hgy gxvedyn}ldj sdwem ig }hg hl{}dylkne ydd}{ db hwody lj njklgj} Khljn*

]hg gnyelg{} }ynkg{ db mdkwogj}gm Khljg{g hwody db}gj mn}g inka }d }hg vyg/ njm gnye|

^lj vgyldm{ (]njc% 966=,* Od{} bdyo{ db }hg{g mdkwogj}gm lj{}njkg{ db hwody goved|gm

sgyg ajdsj n{ ―lovelkl} nmodjl}ldj‟ (访谄 b đ jc`læj, (Snjc% 966>,* Lj }hg vyg/ njm gnye|

^lj }log{ db vdel}lkne }gj{ldj njm {dog}log{ kgj{dy{hlv% dje| kegrgye| ml{cwl{gm bdyo{ db

nmodjl}ldj njm nmrlkg }d }hg ywegy{ sgyg gbbgk}lrg lj igljc kdj{lmgygm* [}ynlch}bdysnym

nmodjl}ldj (盽谄 phï`læj, db}gj njcgygm ywegy{ njm iydwch} nidw} kdyvdyne vwjl{hogj} bdy

}hg iynpgj njm ygvydnkhljc ljmlrlmwne* ]hl{ bdyo db ―lovelkl} nmodjl}ldj‟ vnyneege{

rgyine lydj| lj l}{ ljmlygk} jn}wyg db lj}gjmljc {dog}hljc mlbbgygj} }hnj shn} l{ {nlm* [lon

^lnj“{ (司驥迎, [hl`l hwn`l elgphwnj (　叹讶滞稿刓伦、, jnyyn}gm gvl{dmg{ db }hl{ bdyo

db hwody bydo }hg vgyldm{ db }hg [vyljc/Nw}woj% Snyyljc [}n}g{% njm ^lj m|jn{}lg{*

[lon ^lnj vdlj}gm dw} }hn} }hg od{} jd}nieg gxgoveny{< db ―lovelkl} nmodjl}ldj‟ sgyg

sl}}|% db}gj bljmljc }hg ylch} }log }d {vgna }hg ylch} sdym{ lj }hg ylch} sn|* ]hg| ne{d

{vdag ygegrnj}e| }d {derg kdjbelk}{ njm sgyg hlche| ljbewgj}lne (Elnd% 966;,*

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髮,% \dw Ogjc (优孔,% njm \dw Phnj (优旋,* Nj gxnoveg db ―lovelkl} nmodjl}ldj‟ dy rgyine

lydj| goved|gm i| \dw Ogjc l{ }hg {}dy| db ―\dw Ogjc Igygnrg{ Hdy{g‟ (优孔哯驥% \ ŏw Oèjc

a š oǊ ,* ]hg ywegy n} }hg }log sn{ n bnjn}lkne edrgy db hdy{g{* Nb}gy hl{ igedrgm hdy{g mlgm% }hg aljc

yg~wlygm hl{ dbblklne{ }d hdjdy }hg hdy{g lj n hlch dbblklne iwylne* ]hydwch \dw Ogjc“{ gxnccgyn}gm{wccg{}ldj }hn} }hg ywegy {hdwem mgodj{}yn}g hl{ }ywg edrg bdy }hg hdy{g sl}h n yd|ne iwylne yg{gyrgm

dje| bdy }hg yd|ne bnole|% \dw Ogjc onmg }hg ywegy ygnelpg }hg ni{wyml}| db hl{ dylcljne jd}ldj{ db

nyynjcljc n hlch dbblklne iwylne bdy }hg hdy{g*

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lydj| (l*g* L[ r{* LG kny}ddj{, n{ sgee n{ }hg }ygn}ogj} db lydj| (vd{l}lrg dy jgcn}lrg

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vnvgy onag{ n kdj{lmgynieg kdj}yliw}ldj }d }hg kyd{{/kwe}wyne {}wmlg{ db lydj|* Ne}hdwch

{}wmlg{ db cgjgyne hwody hnrg gxvedygm }hg lovelkn}ldj{ db vny}lkweny `dag }dvlk{ njm

kdj}gj} dj hds ―bwjj|‟ mlbbgygj} kwe}wyg{ bljm }hg `dag{% jd}hljc {loleny hn{ iggj mdjg lj

}hg ygneo db {}wmlg{ dj lydj|* I| ml{}ljcwl{hljc ig}sggj }dvlk{ db {l}wn}ldjne lydj| (L[ r{*

LG kny}ddj{,% }hl{ vnvgy nkajdsegmcg{ njm iwlem{ }hg bdwjmn}ldj bdy }hl{ lovdy}nj}

lovelkn}ldj bdy hds mlbbgygj} kwe}wyg{ nvvygkln}g njm ygen}g }d lydj|*

[wccg{}ldj{ bdy bw}wyg {}wmlg{

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ig kdj{lmgygm n kdvljc ogkhnjl{o* ―Bgny l{ }hg in{lk god}ldj kdj{vlkwdw{ i| l}{ ni{gjkg

bydo {l}wn}ldjne lydj|*•Bljmljc nj wjw{wne {l}wn}ldj }d ig lydjlk on| kdwj} n{ n sn| db

kdvljc sl}h l}% lj shlkh kn{g bgny l{ ljhlil}gm‟ ([hgeeg|% 966>% v* 868,* ]hg gxvedyn}ldj db

}hg {dklne v{|khdedc| ighljm lydj| l{ ne{d n sdy}h| nygn bdy bw}wyg yg{gnykh* Lj }hl{

bynogsdya% kyd{{/kwe}wyne njne|{l{ db lydj| on| ne{d vydmwkg lj{lch} lj}d mlbbgygjkg{ db kdvljc vygbgygjkg{ nkyd{{ kwe}wyg{*

Njne|{l{ db lydj| nkyd{{ kwe}wyg{ l{ nj nygn {gemdo gxvedygm i| {khdeny{% mg{vl}g l}{

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wjkdrgyljc db grlmgjkg lj {wvvdy} db }hg lmgn }hn} gxvd{wyg }d kgy}nlj kwe}wyg{ kdj}yliw}g{

vd{l}lrge| }d njd}hgy kwe}wyg“{ kdovyghgj{ldj njm nvvygkln}ldj db lydj| ne{d {wvvdy}{ }hg

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lmgn }hn} kgy}nlj }|vg{ db kdcjl}ldj njm hwody knj ig kdj}nljgm sl}hlj n klrlelpn}ldj wj}le

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kdcjl}ldj mlbbgygjkg{ nkyd{{ kwe}wyg{ knj igkdog {edse| gyn{gm sl}h }hg {}njmnymlpn}ldj

db kwe}wyg }hydwch cedinelpn}ldj*

Gx}gj{lrg yg{gnykh ygcnymljc lydj| lj Khljn l{ ne{d n {wccg{}ldj bdy bw}wyg {}wmlg{*

Od{} db }hg nrnlenieg Khljg{g el}gyn}wyg ygcnymljc lydj| l{ odmgegm nb}gy Sg{}gyj }hgdylg{

njm bynogsdya{* ]hg mlbbgygjkg{ lj }ygn}ogj} njm vygbgygjkg db lydj| lj Khljn snyynj}

njd}hgy edda n} }hg mgbljl}ldj{ njm wjmgy{}njmljc db lydj| lj Khljn bydo nj gxkew{lrge|

Khljg{g rlgsvdlj}* Kyd{{/ygcldjne mlbbgygjkg{ ig}sggj }hg Gn{} N{lnj kdwj}ylg{ sdwem

ne{d onag bdy nj lj}gyg{}ljc bw}wyg njne|{l{*

Lj nmml}ldj% neigl} jd} gj}lyge| ygen}gm }d lydj|% }hgyg nyg bw}wyg yg{gnykh dvvdy}wjl}lg{

lj kyd{{/kwe}wyne mlbbgygjkg{ lj bnklne gxvyg{{ldj{* N{ vygrldw{e| ogj}ldjgm lj }hg

Yg{gnykh Mg{lcj {gk}ldj db }hl{ vnvgy% }hg Khljg{g enjcwncg nk}wnee| enka{ nj g~wlrnegj}

}gyo bdy }hg kdjkgv}{ db ―}d kyljcg‟ njm ―}d sljkg*‟ Od{} Gjcel{h/Khljg{g mlk}ldjnylg{

}ynj{en}g }hg{g sdym{ i| jd}ljc }hg vh|{lkne odrgogj} n vgy{dj onag{ lj kyljcljc dy

sljkljc ({wkh n{ clrljc l} n Khljg{g mgbljl}ldj ked{gy }d }hg lmgn{ db {hyljaljc% ygkdleljc%

dy yg}ygn}ljc,* ]hg bnklne gxvyg{{ldj ({vgklblknee| }hg edda dj djg“{ bnkg shgj kyljcljc dy

sljkljc, l{ gj}lyge| ed{} lj }hg }ynj{en}ldj* Njd}hgy vd}gj}lne nygn bdy {}wm| l{ shg}hgy }hg

Khljg{g vdvwen}ldj l{ gj}lyge| enkaljc lj }hl{ }|vg db bnklne gxvyg{{ldj% njm lb {d% sh|

kgy}nlj bnklne gxvyg{{ldj{ nyg ml{}ljk}lrge| khnynk}gyl{}lk{ db kgy}nlj kwe}wyg{*

Bljnee|% }hg Khljg{g }gyo 呿迖皍嘹弍 (oåjc|üj mg khîdjùjc ,% shlkh ygen}g{ ked{ge|

}d n kyd{{ ig}sggj }sd d}hgy bdyo{ db lydj| ajdsj n{ lydj| db bn}g njm }ynclk lydj|% l{

njd}hgy nygn sdy}h| db gxvedyn}ldj* ]hl{ }gyo }ynj{en}g{ lj}d ―bn}g“{ odkagy|%‟ shlkh

knyylg{ hgnrle| sl}h l} Ewknylgeed“{ jd}ldj db lydj|“{ kdjjgk}ldj sl}h hwonj bynclel}|*

Ne}hdwch呿迖皍嘹弍 (oåjc|üj mg khîdjùjc , l{ i| jd ognj{ n ken{{lblkn}ldj db n }|vg db

lydj|% l} l{ kgy}nlje| n kdoodje| w{gm }gyo lj Khljg{g }d syl}g dbb wjbdy}wjn}g grgj}{ n{

{love| ig|djm hwonj kdj}yde* N {}wm| db }hg grdew}ldj db }hl{ }gyo njm kdjkgv} lj

Khljg{g kwe}wyg on| ne{d |lgem {lcjlblknj} lj{lch} lj}d hds {l}wn}ldjne lydjlg{ lj Khljn

nyg gxvenljgm dy db}gj}log{ ml{ol{{gm yg{lcjgme| n{ n yg{we} db bn}g*

;>





NVVGJMLX >

>*> Gjcel{h {wyrg| kny}ddj{

;9





;;





;=





>*9 Khljg{g {wyrg| kny}ddj{

;7





;2





Gjcel{h {wyrg|

elja0 h}}v0$$sss*{wyrg|odjag|*kdo${*n{vx4{o?T9i[KgIhH72ROOO|>9[IMV[NT;m

T;m

Khljg{g {wyrg|

elja0 h}}v0$$sss*{wyrg|odjag|*kdo${*n{vx4{o?gT9i^Gd|Kj`=>3O^I7`p3aO^T;mT;

m

;3

http://www.surveymonkey.com/s.aspx?sm=_2bSCeBhH56VMMMy12SBDPSA_3d_3d

http://www.surveymonkey.com/s.aspx?sm=e_2bQEoyCnj417MQB5jz7kMQ_3d_3d




http://www.surveymonkey.com/s.aspx?sm=_2bSCeBhH56VMMMy12SBDPSA_3d_3d





NVVGJMLX 9

9*> ]nxdjdo| db {l}wn}ldjne lydjlk grgj} aljm{(Ewknylgeed% ><<=,

;8





9*> kdj}ljwgm

;<





NVVGJMLX ;

;*> Kyd{{/kwe}wyne njne|{l{ {}n}l{}lkne yg{we}{

]g{} >0

\0 Ognj kdovyghgj{ldj db nee lydjlk kny}ddj{

X0 Cgjmgy (>? oneg% 9? bgoneg,% ncg (mlkhd}dolpgm n{ 59= |gny{ njm ≧9= |gny{,% kdwj}y|

(> ? Wjl}gm [}n}g{% 9 ? Khljn,

[woony| db Bl}

Y[~wnygm 6*9333;2

Y[~wnygm Nm` 6*92<=27

Ydd} Ognj [~wnyg Gyydy >*==266>

Ognj db Yg{vdj{g 3*=72<32

Di{gyrn}ldj{ (dy [wo Sc}{, 922

Vnynog}gy G{}lon}g{

]gyo G{}lon}g [}m Gyydy } Yn}ld Vydi:u}uLj}gykgv} 3*29;786= 6*6<633< 8;*<8 5*666>

CgjmgyQ>_ /6*69=32; 6*68<>=2 /6*98 6*38>=

Ncg mlkhd}dolpgmQ>_ /6*99888> 6*6<>27> /9*76 6*6>;>

Kdwj}y|Q>_ 6*<;=>66= 6*6<;>8= >6*69 5*666>

=6





]g{} 90

\0 Ognj nvvygkln}ldj db nee lydjlk kny}ddj{



[woony| db Bl}

Y[~wnyg 6*6<6883

Y[~wnyg Nm` 6*686=33

Ydd} Ognj [~wnyg Gyydy >*7386=9

Ognj db Yg{vdj{g 7*9676<2


Vnynog}gy G{}lon}g{

]gyo G{}lon}g [}m Gyydy } Yn}ld Vydi:u}u

Lj}gykgv} 7*6<3<77< 6*6<<62< 7>*=2 5*666>

CgjmgyQ>_ /6*>9=22= 6*6<3983 />*98 6*96>9

Ncg mlkhd}dolpgmQ>_ /6*6;3<6= 6*>6669 /6*;8 6*3676

Kdwj}y|Q>_ /6*=3882; 6*>6>2<; /=*3> 5*666>

=>





]g{} ;0

\0 Ognj kdovyghgj{ldj db nee jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{



[woony| db Bl}

Y[~wnyg 6*>;8269

Y[~wnyg Nm` 6*>983;8

Ydd} Ognj [~wnyg Gyydy >*773788

Ognj db Yg{vdj{g 3*2<=9;2


Vnynog}gy G{}lon}g{


Lj}gykgv} 3*3<888;7 6*6<3387 3<*32 5*666>

CgjmgyQ>_ /6*>>><2; 6*6<2692 />*>3 6*9==3

Ncg mlkhd}dolpgmQ>_ /6*>27372 6*6<839; />*28 6*6<=;

Kdwj}y|Q>_ 6*2;3<<>3 6*>66;37 2*;2 5*666>

=9





]g{} =0

\0 Ognj nvvygkln}ldj db nee jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{



[woony| db Bl}

Y[~wnyg 6*>=678>

Y[~wnyg Nm` 6*>;63=

Ydd} Ognj [~wnyg Gyydy >*733=6<

Ognj db Yg{vdj{g 7*77;978


Vnynog}gy G{}lon}g{


Lj}gykgv} 7*=>2>39= 6*6<<69< 7=*2< 5*666>

CgjmgyQ>_ /6*>263;8 6*6<39=8 />*27 6*6<<2

Ncg mlkhd}dolpgmQ>_ /6*6;3=27 6*6<<<3< /6*;3 6*3689

Kdwj}y|Q>_ /6*2>77;9 6*>6>279 /2*62 5*666>

=;





;*9 Byg~wgjk| db !$/ ygnk}ldj{ {}n}l{}lkne yg{we}{

]g{} >0

\0 Byg~wgjk| db vd{l}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d lydjlk kny}ddj{



[woony| db Bl}

Y[~wnyg 6*>>6382

Y[~wnyg Nm` 6*>6626=

Ydd} Ognj [~wnyg Gyydy 9*>>89=7

Ognj db Yg{vdj{g ;*8;8;=2


Vnynog}gy G{}lon}g{


Lj}gykgv} ;*<8>2;8 6*>;9<3< 9<*<= 5*666>

Kdwj}y|Q>_ 6*322<288 6*>;298; 7*2; 5*666>

CgjmgyQ>_ 6*6<>8;8 6*>;67=7 6*36 6*=89=

Ncg mlkhQ>_ /6*98;298 6*>;;<=9 /9*>9 6*6;79

==





]g{} 90

\0 Byg~wgjk| db jgcn}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d lydjlk kny}ddj{



[woony| db Bl}

Y[~wnyg 6*6;;<72

Y[~wnyg Nm` 6*6998<=

Ydd} Ognj [~wnyg Gyydy 9*6;7===

Ognj db Yg{vdj{g 9*2;7;;8


Vnynog}gy G{}lon}g{


Lj}gykgv} 9*72;33;; 6*>9338> 96*62 5*666>

Kdwj}y|Q>_ /6*;<>>;2 6*>;6<72 /9*<< 6*66;>

CgjmgyQ>_ 6*6;;;<7; 6*>97==9 6*93 6*3<6;

Ncg mlkhQ>_ 6*6;78637 6*>98363 6*98 6*38>>

=7





]g{} ;0

\0 Byg~wgjk| db vd{l}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{



[woony| db Bl}

Y[~wnyg 6*6;377<

Y[~wnyg Nm` 6*6927;<

Ydd} Ognj [~wnyg Gyydy >*;83963

Ognj db Yg{vdj{g ;*826<69


Vnynog}gy G{}lon}g{


Lj}gykgv} ;*899;>78 6*683682 =;*8< 5*666>

Kdwj}y|Q>_ /6*>2<632 6*68<97 />*8< 6*67<;

CgjmgyQ>_ 6*6=9>>9 6*687=<9 6*=< 6*2993

Ncg mlkhQ>_ /6*>33;;< 6*6833>3 /9*69 6*6==9

=2





]g{} =0

\0 Byg~wgjk| db jgcn}lrg ygnk}ldj{ }d jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{



[woony| db Bl}

Y[~wnyg 6*6>>8;9

Y[~wnyg Nm` 6*6667>3

Ydd} Ognj [~wnyg Gyydy >*69;;>9

Ognj db Yg{vdj{g 6*<9873>


Vnynog}gy G{}lon}g{


Lj}gykgv} 6*<9<;8;< 6*62=9=> >=*=3 5*666>

Kdwj}y|Q>_ 6*6=2>>97 6*6278;8 6*36 6*=8=;

CgjmgyQ>_ /6*698>8; 6*62;627 /6*=7 6*277;

Ncg mlkhQ>_ /6*>63797 6*62=363 />*22 6*6<38

=3





;*; Lovelkn}ldj{ db kny}ddj }dvlk (LG r{* L[ kny}ddj{, {}n}l{}lkne yg{we}{

]g{} >0

Kdovnyg{ nrgyncg{ db }hg Khljg{g vdvwen}ldj“{ ognj lj kdovyghgjmljc }hg L[ kny}ddj{

(L[ K, njm LG kny}ddj{ (LG K,

}/]g{}0 ]sd/[noveg N{{woljc Wjg~wne Rnylnjkg{

LG K L[ K

Ognj 2*7679=> 3*3>9388

Rnylnjkg ;*7<7388 ;*>;72<;

Di{gyrn}ldj{ >7< >7<

H|vd}hg{lpgm Ognj Mlbbgygjkg 6

mb ;>7

} [}n} /7*82833

V(]5?}, djg/}nle 7*72G/6<

} Kyl}lkne djg/}nle >*2=<367

V(]5?}, }sd/}nle >*>>G/68

} Kyl}lkne }sd/}nle >*<2379;

=8





]g{} 90

Kdovnyg{ nrgyncg{ db }hg W*[* vdvwen}ldj“{ ognj lj kdovyghgjmljc }hg L[ kny}ddj{ (L[

K, njm LG kny}ddj{ (LG K,


LG K L[ K

Ognj 8*;69>8> 8*<>7888

Rnylnjkg >*838<<< >*;76;6>

Di{gyrn}ldj{ >63 >63


mb 962

} [}n} /;*7;92=

V(]5?}, djg/}nle 6*66697=

} Kyl}lkne djg/}nle >*27998=

V(]5?}, }sd/}nle 6*666768

} Kyl}lkne }sd/}nle >*<3>7=3

=<





]g{} ;0

Kdovnyg{ nrgyncg{ db }hg Khljg{g vdvwen}ldj“{ ognj lj nvvygkln}ljc }hg L[ kny}ddj{ (L[

N, njm LG kny}ddj{ (LG N,


LG N L[ N

Ognj 7*;72;<= 7*<<6722

Rnylnjkg 9*389828 =*<23;82

Di{gyrn}ldj{ >7< >7<


mb 9<;

} [}n} /9*839=9

V(]5?}, djg/}nle 6*669>87

} Kyl}lkne djg/}nle >*27663>

V(]5?}, }sd/}nle 6*66=;3>

} Kyl}lkne }sd/}nle >*<286<;

76





]g{} =0

Kdovnyg{ nrgyncg{ db }hg W*[* vdvwen}ldj“{ ognj lj nvvygkln}ljc }hg L[ kny}ddj{ (L[ N,

njm LG kny}ddj{ (LG N,


LG N L[ N

Ognj =*292>28 =*2>2899

Rnylnjkg 9*929=<7 ;*7739=>

Di{gyrn}ldj{ >63 >63


mb 969

} [}n} 6*6=663;

V(]5?}, djg/}nle 6*=8=6;3

} Kyl}lkne djg/}nle >*279=;9

V(]5?}, }sd/}nle 6*<2863=

} Kyl}lkne }sd/}nle >*<3>333

7>





;*= Gxvd{wyg }d Sg{}gyj kwe}wyg {}n}l{}lkne yg{we}{

]g{} >0

\0 Ognj kdovyghgj{ldj db nee lydjlk kny}ddj{

X0 Gxvd{wyg }d Sg{}gyj kwe}wyg% wjmgy{}njmljc db Sg{}gyj kwe}wyg% njm gxvd{wyg db

Sg{}gyj gj}gy}nljogj}

[woony| db Bl}

Y[~wnyg 6*>9>;38

Y[~wnyg Nm` 6*>6=;39

Ydd} Ognj [~wnyg Gyydy >*7=9=23

Ognj db Yg{vdj{g 2*37679=

Di{gyrn}ldj{ (dy [wo Sc}{, >7<

Vnynog}gy G{}lon}g{


Lj}gykgv} 7*96=86<8 6*=638<; >9*32 5*666>

Sg{}gyj gxvd{wyg /6*6>>8== 6*>>278= /6*>6 6*<><9

Sg{}gyj kwe}wyg /6*6366<= 6*>><268 /6*7< 6*7783

Sg{}gyj gj}gy}nlj 6*;>>722< 6*63873 ;*<3 6*666>

79





]g{} 90

\0 Ognj nvvygkln}ldj db nee lydjlk kny}ddj{



[woony| db Bl}

Y[~wnyg 6*67==3=

Y[~wnyg Nm` 6*6;2>3=

Ydd} Ognj [~wnyg Gyydy >*7<28>

Ognj db Yg{vdj{g 7*7<2387


Vnynog}gy G{}lon}g{


Lj}gykgv} =*87=939< 6*=9992= >>*76 5*666>

Sg{}gyj gxvd{wyg /6*9999>> 6*>962<> />*8= 6*6237

Sg{}gyj kwe}wyg 6*>>;26=3 6*>9;899 6*<9 6*;26;

Sg{}gyj gj}gy}nlj 6*9>36839 6*68>;;8 9*23 6*668=

7;





]g{} ;0

\0 Ognj kdovyghgj{ldj db nee jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{



[woony| db Bl}

Y[~wnyg 6*>96<=;

Y[~wnyg Nm` 6*>6;<9<

Ydd} Ognj [~wnyg Gyydy >*2<=66<

Ognj db Yg{vdj{g 3*9>9388


Vnynog}gy G{}lon}g{


Lj}gykgv} 7*;66=2>3 6*==3<28 >>*8; 5*666>

Sg{}gyj gxvd{wyg 6*632<38= 6*>986;8 6*26 6*7=82

Sg{}gyj kwe}wyg /6*69;><> 6*>;>;7< /6*>8 6*826>

Sg{}gyj gj}gy}nlj 6*978=<33 6*68298< ;*66 6*66;9

7=





]g{} =0

\0 Ognj nvvygkln}ldj db nee jdj/lydjlk kny}ddj{



[woony| db Bl}

Y[~wnyg 6*6=<23>

Y[~wnyg Nm` 6*6;>938

Ydd} Ognj [~wnyg Gyydy >*7<8>22

Ognj db Yg{vdj{g 2*67=763


Vnynog}gy G{}lon}g{


Lj}gykgv} =*<<;;=62 6*=9929; >>*89 5*666>

Sg{}gyj gxvd{wyg /6*629;78 6*>963<= /6*79 6*262=

Sg{}gyj kwe}wyg 6*>8282<2 6*>9;<93 >*7> 6*>;;2

Sg{}gyj gj}gy}nlj 6*6378;38 6*68>=63 6*<; 6*;7;6

77





NVVGJMLX =

―Lydjlk‟ i| Nenjl{ Odyl{{g}}g

Nj dem onj }wyjgm jljg}|/glch}

Hg sdj }hg ed}}gy| njm mlgm }hg jgx} mn|

L}“{ n ienka be| lj |dwy Khnymdjjn|L}“{ n mgn}h yds vnymdj }sd oljw}g{ }dd en}g

L{j“} l} lydjlk *** mdj“} |dw }hlja

L}“{ elag ynlj dj |dwy sgmmljc mn|

L}“{ n bygg ylmg shgj |dw“rg neygnm| vnlm

L}“{ }hg cddm nmrlkg }hn} |dw `w{} mlmj“} }nagShd sdwem“rg }hdwch} *** l} blcwyg{

Oy* Ven| L} [nbg sn{ nbynlm }d be|

Hg vnkagm hl{ {wl}kn{g njm al{{gm hl{ alm{ cddm/i|gHg snl}gm hl{ shdeg mnoj elbg }d }nag }hn} belch}

Njm n{ }hg venjg kyn{hgm mdsj hg }hdwch}

‘Sgee l{j“} }hl{ jlkg***“Njm l{j“} l} lydjlk *** mdj“} |dw }hlja

Sgee elbg hn{ n bwjj| sn| db {jgnaljc wv dj |dw

Shgj |dw }hlja grgy|}hljc“{ dan| njm grgy|}hljc“{ cdljc ylch}Njm elbg hn{ n bwjj| sn| db hgevljc |dw dw} shgj

\dw }hlja grgy|}hljc“{ cdjg sydjc njm grgy|}hljc ieds{ wvLj |dwy bnkg

L}“{ n }ynbblk `no shgj |dw“yg neygnm| en}gL}“{ n jd/{odaljc {lcj dj |dwy klcnyg}}g iygna

L}“{ elag }gj }hdw{njm {vddj{ shgj nee |dw jggm l{ n ajlbg

L}“{ ogg}ljc }hg onj db o| mygno{Njm }hgj ogg}ljc hl{ ignw}lbwe slbg

Njm l{j“} l} lydjlk*** mdj“} |dw }hlja

N el}}eg }dd lydjlk*** njm |gnh L ygnee| md }hlja***

Elbg hn{ n bwjj| sn| db {jgnaljc wv dj |dwElbg hn{ n bwjj|% bwjj| sn| db hgevljc |dw dw}

Hgevljc |dw dw}

72





YGBGYGJKG[

N{hkynb}% O* ><8<* Hwonj ogody| njm kdcjl}ldj* Cegjrlgs0 [kd}} Bdyg{onj*

Kygw{gyg% O* 9666* )N mgrgedvogj}ne }g{} db }hgdyg}lkne vgy{vgk}lrg{ dj }hg

wjmgy{}njmljc db rgyine lydj|0 Khlemygj“{ ygkdcjl}ldj db neew{ldj njm vyncon}lk

lj{ljkgyl}|%) Og}nvhdy njm [|oide (>7,% 9<‛=7*

Clii{% Y* 9669* ―N jgs edda n} }hg el}gyne ognjljc lj wjmgy{}njmljc shn} l{ {nlm njm

lovelkn}gm*‟ @dwyjne db Vyncon}lk{ (;=,% =73‛=82*

Clii{% Y*% " H* Kde{}dj* 9663* ―]hg bw}wyg db lydj| {}wmlg{*‟ Lj Y* Clii{% " H* Kde{}dj%

Lydj| lj Enjcwncg njm ]hdwch}0 N Kdcjl}lrg [klgjkg Ygnmgy * Jgs \dya0 Ensygjkg

Gyeinwo N{{dkln}g{% 78>‛7<9*

Hnyi{oglgy% K* ><8<* )Hwody lj njklgj} Khljg{g vhled{dvh|*) Vhled{dvh| Gn{} njm Sg{}

(;<,% 98<‛;>6*

Hn|% @* 966>* ―]hg vyncon}lk{ db hwody {wvvdy}*‟ Hwody0 Lj}gyjn}ldjne @dwyjne db

Hwody Yg{gnykh (>=,% 77‛89*

Algyagcnnym% [* ><22* ]hg Kdjkgv} db Lydj|% sl}h Kdj{}nj} Ygbgygjkg }d [dkyn}g{*

Ieddoljc}dj0 Ljmlnjn Wjlrgy{l}| Vyg{{*

Aygwp% Y*% " Y* Ydigy}{* ><<;* ―Dj {n}lyg njm vnydm|0 ]hg lovdy}njkg db igljc lydjlk%‟

Og}nvhdy njm [|oidelk Nk}lrl}| (8,% <3‛>6<*

Egg% K*% " N* An}p* ><<8* ―]hg mlbbgygj}lne ydeg db ylmlkweg lj {nykn{o njm lydj|%‟

Og}nvhdy njm [|oide (>;,% >‛>7*

Elnd% K* 966;* ―Hwody r{* hwn`l%‟ @dwyjne db Enjcwncg njm Eljcwl{}lk{ (9,% 97‛=2*

73





El}}onj% M*% " @* Og|* ><<>* ―]hg jn}wyg db lydj|0 ]dsnym n kdovw}n}ldjne odmge db

lydj|%‟ @dwyjne db Vyncon}lk{ (>7,% >;>‛>7>*

Ewknylgeed% @* ><<=* ―[l}wn}ldjne lydj|0 N kdjkgv} db grgj}{ cdjg nsy|%‟ @dwyjne db

Gxvgylogj}ne V{|khdedc| (>9;,% >9<‛>=7*

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irony illustrated: a cross-cultural exploration of situational irony in china and the united states

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