IRISYS ConfidentialIRISYS Confidential

Thermal Imaging

Training

IRISYS Confidential

IRISYS History

• Established April 1996.

• Low cost, multi-element arrays for commercial markets.

• Market areas– People counters and detectors

– Thermal imagers

IRISYS Confidential

Field of View (60 deg lens) What the Sensor ‘Sees’

People Sensing

x

xx

IRISYS Confidential

Thermal Imaging

IRISYS Confidential

Infrared Theory

IRISYS Confidential

Heat Transmission

• In Measurement/manufacture:

Temperature – most measured variable

• Heat transmitted by:-

Conduction

Convection

RadiationHere we are concerned with radiation

IRISYS Confidential

IRISYS Confidential

InfraRed Discovered

In 1800 Sir William Herschel tested the relationship of radiated heat and light.

He split white light into a spectrum and, masking all the colours but one, measured the individual temperatures of each color.

He found the red end of the spectrum was hotter than the violet end, but also found that an area where he could see no colour, next to the red end of the spectrum, was hotter than the rest of the spectrum.

He called this invisible area infrared or "below the red".

IRISYS Confidential

Electromagnetic Spectrum

ultrav

iolet

Gamma

rays

X-rays

Visible

infra

red

microwave Radio

Visible

VIBGYOR

Infrared

IR spectrum expanded

0.4µm 0.7µm 4 µm 14 µm 100µm

Region of interest

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Measuring Temperature

• Radiated heat is electro-magnetic radiation in the infra red band of the spectrum

• Absolute zero is -273oC • All objects radiate thermal energy above

absolute zero• As an object becomes hotter, its molecular

activity increases, and it radiates more energy

IRISYS Confidential

IRISYS Confidential

Stefan - Boltzmann Law

• Basic relationship between emitted energy, E, and temperature, T, (= Stephan-Boltzmann Constant)

• Emitted radiation increases with temperature

• Proportional to: (absolute temperature)4

• Emitted radiation depends on emissivity

IRISYS Confidential

Energy Plot – Scale 1

0.0

0.10.2

0.30.4

0.5

0.60.7

0.80.9

1.0

0 5 10 15 20 25

Wavelangth (m)

En

erg

y 1000

500

200

100

50

20

Temp.(°C)

IRISYS Confidential

Energy Plot – Scale 2

0.0

1.02.0

3.04.0

5.0

6.07.0

8.09.0

10.0

0 5 10 15 20 25

Wavelangth (m)

En

erg

y 1000

500

200

100

50

20

Temp.(°C)

IRISYS Confidential

Energy Plot – Scale 3

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

700.0

0 5 10 15 20 25

Wavelangth (m)

En

erg

y 1000

500

200

100

50

20

Temp.(°C)

IRISYS Confidential

Atmospheric Transmission• Bulk of thermal energy, at ambient temperatures, is in the 5 to 14 micrometer region.

• Atmospheric absorption splits this region into a number of bands (IRI 4010 uses the 8 – 14 micrometer Long Wave band).

IRISYS Confidential

Stefan - Boltzmann Law

• Relationship between emitted energy, E, and temperature, T, must include emissivity ε(= Stephan-Boltzmann Constant)

• For real objects, emitted radiation depends on emissivity

E = T 4

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Emissivity - ε

• Emissivity (ε) is the ratio of energy radiated by an object to the energy radiated by a perfect radiator or blackbody.

• A Black Body has an ε of 1.

• Other objects have ε of less than 1.

• All ε values are between 0 and 1.

IRISYS Confidential

IRISYS Confidential

Kirchhoff’s Law

+ + = 1

• The imager “sees” all three components• The sum of the radiation leaving the surface of an object = 1

Emitted

Transmitted

Reflected

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Rule of Thumb

Emissivity + reflectivity + transmissivity = 1

Objects with

Low emissivity

usually have

High reflectivity

(as few common materials transmit IR)

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Emissivities

Typical emissivities:

• 0.98 = Carbon - filed surface

• 0.64 = Iron - cast oxidised

• 0.05 = Aluminium - polished sheet

• Temperatures of low emissivity objects are difficult to measure accurately

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IR Transmitters

• Germanium

• NaCl (Sodium Chloride)

• Saphire

• Vacuum

• Air

• Zinc Selenide

• Thin Plastics

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Surface Roughness

• Emissivity will increase on a microscopic scale as well

• Roughing a surface will increase emissivity– Sandblasting– Roughing with sandpaper

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Emissivity

• Emissivity is not related to colour. • The coloured labels below are all at the same

temperature

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Emissivity

• A sharp thermal edge on an object in a thermal image is likely to be due to a change of emissivity, as temperature differences usually have a smooth temperature gradient.

Emissivity change Temperature change

IRISYS Confidential

Estimating Emissivity

• Unknown emissivity values can be estimated.• Stick high emissivity labels or electrical tape to the

object of unknown emissivity. Do this carefully if the object is hot. Give the label time to come into thermal equilibrium with the object.

IRISYS Confidential

Estimating Emissivity• Add 2 measurement cursors to the image.• Put 1 on the label, and 1 on the object.• Set emissivity = 1 and record the temperature of the label

(e.g. 60.4°C).

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Estimating Emissivity• Set the RTC (Reflected Temperature Compensation).• Reduce the emissivity until cursor 2 measures similar to

the value recorded before (e.g. 60.6°C).• The emissivity of the object is approximately the value at

which this happens (e.g. 0.77).

IRISYS Confidential

Measuring Low Emissivity Objects

• Coat object with high emissivity material– Paint– Tape

• Take temperature readings from corroded, dirty, rough areas

• Take temperature readings from high emissivity object in contact with target

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Reflected Temperature Compensation - 1

1. Reflected Energy

2. Transmitted Energy

3. Emitted Energy

The imager “sees”:

IRISYS Confidential

Reflected Temperature Compensation - 2The temperature information is given in the emitted radiation, but the imager also “sees” the reflected and transmitted components.

Most materials are opaque to infrared, so we can usually ignore the transmitted energy.

However, many materials (with low emissivity) reflect infrared radiation.

Therefore with these materials we must make a “reflected temperature compensation” (RTC).

IRISYS Confidential

Reflected Temperature Compensation - 3

As the imager is seeing some reflected radiation when looking at objects with emissivity less than 1, it is important to input the reflected temperature of the background.

This temperature can often be input as the ambient temperature, but it may be different if hot or cold objects are in the scene opposite the target object.

The RTC is entered into the imager in the imager’s “measurement settings” submenu.

Reflected Temperature Compensation

IRISYS Confidential

Circular Objects• Radiation varies with angle, so temperatures are

best measured perpendicularly.• Edges of rounded objects can appear colder than

they really are.

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Circular Objects

IRISYS Confidential

IMAGER

FIELD OF VIEW

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Correct temperature measurement

incorrect temperature measurement

incorrect temperature measurement

IRISYS Confidential

IFOV

The “Instantaneous Field of View” is the angle per pixel in mRad.

20°/160 pixels = 0.125 degrees per pixelThis is 0.125 * 2π/360 radians per pixel

The IRI 4010’s IFOV = 2.2 mRad

IRISYS Confidential

FOV Table

IRISYS Confidential

D-S Ratio

tan(20/160) = X/1

X = 0.00218m (2mm @ 1m)

1/X = 458

The IRI 4010’s Distance to Spot ratio is 458:1

Distance to Spot Ratio

IRISYS Confidential

Load CorrectionWhat if during measurements, the load is only 50%? How can you tell

what will happen at full load?

P = I2R

so R = P/I2, and R is constant for a particular component

Pmeas is radiation measured using the imager

Imeas is measured using a multimeter

Imax is the maximum possible load on the component

Pmeas/I2meas = Pmax/I2

max

So Pmax = Pmeas*(I2max/I2

meas)

You can estimate the heat of a component when fully loaded

IRISYS Confidential

Basic Temperature Measurement

• Set the emissivity to 1.00

• Measure the reflected temperature

• Enter the reflected temperature

• Set the target emissivity

• Measure the temperature

IRISYS Confidential

Before You Begin…

• Check that your battery has been inserted:

• Also check that it has been charged:

• Remove the lens cap:

IRISYS Confidential

Power Button:

Press and hold for 2 seconds to switch on / off.

Power

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Calibration

When switching on, the IRI 4010 displays the time and date. If this is not correct, set it immediately (in the menus) so saved images are date-stamped correctly.

The software version number is also displayed

IRISYS Confidential

Default Screen

Once the imager has begun imaging, the screen will be displayed with the following features (clockwise from top left):

SP+ measurementBattery indicatorEmissivity valueTemperature unitsMax span indicatorThermometerMin span indicator4 Hot Button labelsSP+ cursor (centre)

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Controls:

Hotkey 1: Controls the 2x digital zoom function.

Hotkey 2: Controls the freeze and save image functions.

Hotkey 3: Dictates the operation of the directional buttons (up, down, left & right).

Hotkey 4: Toggles between auto & manual modes.

Menu Button: This button opens the main menu.

Directional Buttons: Depending on the selection of hotkey 3, these buttons move the selected measurement spot, adjust the level and span control in manual mode or the brightness and contrast of the auto mode.

Hotkeys 1 - 4

Directional Buttons

Menu Button

IRISYS Confidential

Focusing

It is necessary to focus the IRI 4010 on your target object before using it for measurement.

Focused Defocused

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Freeze/Save

Press the “freeze” button to stop the live image.

Now is a good opportunity to move the measurement cursor(s) to areas of interest using the directional buttons.

You may want to add a second cursor, edit the colour palette, use area analysis, etc…

In this case, open the menu.

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Menus

Press the “menu” button to open the main menu

There are 5 submenus:

• Measurement Options• Camera Settings• Image Browser• Set Time & Date• Language

Menu Button

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Submenus

• Emissivity• Reflected Temperature Compensation• 2nd Cursor (Spot X)• Temperature Units °C, °F, K.• Area Analysis• Auto hot & cold spot tracker• Colour Palette (4 palettes)• Auto Power Shutdown• Camera Reset• Image Only• Brightness & Contrast (for auto mode)• Cursor Reset (to centre)• Load Stored Image (& edit stored image)• Set Time & Date• Date Format (US/ROW)• Time Format (12/24 hour)• Language

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Manual Mode

You may also want to adjust the temperature level and span.

In this case press hot button 4 to switch from auto to manual mode.

Press up and down to increase / decrease the level. Press left and right to adjust the span.

IRISYS Confidential

Save Image to PC

To save an image to PC you have 2 options:

1. USB cable2. SD card & card reader

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Image Analysis

Options Window

Thermal Histogram

Thermometer

ImageMenu

Menu Items

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

4

3

1 & 2

5

6 7

8 9 & 10 1112

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Report Writing

IRISYS Confidential

Market Opportunities

IRISYS Confidential

Market OpportunitiesPower Utilities

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Market OpportunitiesEquestrian

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Market OpportunitiesR & D / Production

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Market OpportunitiesPredictive Maintenance

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Market OpportunitiesBuildings

• New Building Regs. – UK / Ireland / EU Countries

• Insulation / Ventilation / CO2 emissions

What colour is your building?

IRISYS Confidential

European Performance of Building Directive (EPBD)

“legislation must be in place in all 25 EU Member States by January 2006.”

Key provisions of the Directive are:• minimum requirements for the energy performance of all new

buildings • minimum requirements for the energy performance of large

existing buildings subject to major renovation • energy certification of all buildings (with frequently visited

buildings providing public services being required to prominently display the energy certificate)

• regular mandatory inspection of boilers and air conditioning systems in buildings.

IRISYS Confidential

Market OpportunitiesMarine

• SOLAS

Two thirds of all ship fires start in the engine

room

IRISYS Confidential

Market OpportunitiesSick Building Syndrome

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Market OpportunitiesOther?

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KPI - RAYTEK/FLUKE Ti 20

FEATURE

PRICE

MEASUREMENT

ACCURACY

CURSORS

∆T

ARRAY SIZE

SENSITIVITY

FRAME RATE

WEIGHT

IRI 4010

€4,995

Yes; all pixels

± 2 % or ± 2 Deg C

Two - moveable

Yes

160 X 120

0.15 Deg C

7.5 Hz

0.75 Kg

Ti 20

€5,500

Yes; centre point

± 2 % or ± 2 Deg C

One - fixed

No

128 X 96

0.20 Deg C

9 HZ

1.2 Kg

IRISYS Confidential

KPI - RAYTEK/FLUKE Ti 20

FEATURE

FOV

IMAGE STORAGE

LASER SIGHTING

TEMP. RANGE

DISPLAY CLARITY

DISPLAY SIZE

BATTERY

REPLACEABLE

BATTERY TIME

IRI 4010

20 X 15

Yes; 1000 @ full res.

Yes

-10 To + 250 Deg C

Excellent

3.5” ( 89 mm )

Li-Ion

Yes

6 hours

Ti 20

20 X 15

50; flash memory

Yes

-10 to + 350 Deg C

Good

2.5” ( 64mm )

Li-Ion or 6 X AA

Yes

3 hours

IRISYS Confidential

KPI – FLIR INFRACAM COMPARISON

FEATURE

PRICE

MEASUREMENT

ACCURACY

CURSORS

∆T

ARRAY SIZE

SENSITIVITY

FRAME RATE

WEIGHT

IRI 4010

€4,995

Yes; all pixels

± 2 % or ± 2 Deg C

Two - moveable

Yes

160 X 120

0.15 Deg C

7.5 Hz

0.75 Kg

FLIR INFRACAM

€5,950

YES; centre point

± 2 % or ± 2 Deg C

One - fixed

No

120 X 120

0.20 Deg C

9 Hz

0.55 Kg

IRISYS Confidential

KPI – FLIR INFRACAM COMPARISON

FEATURE

FOV

IMAGE STORAGE

LASER SIGHTING

TEMP. RANGE

DISPLAY CLARITY

DISPLAY SIZE

BATTERY

REPLACEABLE

BATTERY TIME

IRI 4010

20 X 15

Yes; 1000 @ full res.

Yes

-10 to + 250 Deg C

Excellent

3.5” ( 89 mm )

Li-Ion

Yes

6 hours

FLIR INFRACAM

25 X 25

50; flash memory

Yes

-10 to +350 Deg C

Excellent?

3.5” ( 89 mm )

Li-Ion

Yes

7 hours

IRISYS Confidential

KPI - RAYTEK/FLUKE Ti30

Ti 30

€10,000

Yes; centre point

± 2 % or ± 2 Deg C

One - fixed

No

160 X 120

0.25 Deg C

8 Hz outside of the US

FEATURE

PRICE

MEASUREMENT

ACCURACY

CURSORS

∆T

ARRAY SIZE

SENSITIVITY

FRAME RATE

IRI 4010

€4,995

Yes; all

± 2 % or ± 2 Deg C

Two - moveable

Yes

160 X 120

0.15 Deg C

7.5 Hz

IRISYS Confidential

KPI - RAYTEK/FLUKE Ti30

Ti 30

17 X 12.8

100; flash memory

Yes

0 to + 250 Deg C

Poor

2.5” ( 64mm )

Li-Ion or 6 X AA

Yes

5 hours

FEATURE

FOV

IMAGE STORAGE

LASER SIGHTING

TEMP. RANGE

DISPLAY CLARITY

DISPLAY SIZE

BATTERY

REPLACEABLE

BATTERY TIME

IRI 4010

20 X 15

Yes; 1000 @ full res.

Yes

-10 to + 250 Deg C

Excellent

3.5” ( 89 mm )

Li-Ion

Yes

4 hours

IRISYS Confidential

KPI – FLIR E 25 COMPARISON

IRI 4010

€4,995

Yes; all pixels

± 2 % or ± 2 Deg C

Two - moveable

Yes

160 X 120

0.15 Deg C

7.5 Hz

FLIR E25

€10,000

Yes; centre point

± 2 % or ± 2 Deg C

One - fixed

No

160 X 120

0.20 Deg C

8 Hz outside the US

FEATURE

PRICE

MEASUREMENT

ACCURACY

CURSORS

∆T

ARRAY SIZE

SENSITIVITY

FRAME RATE

IRISYS Confidential

KPI – FLIR E 25 COMPARISON

IRI 4010

20 X 15

Yes; 1000 @ full res.

Yes

-10 T0 + 250 Deg C

Excellent

3.5” ( 89 mm )

Li-Ion

Yes

4 hours

FLIR E25

19 X 14

100; flash memory

Yes

-20 to +250 Deg C

Good

2.5” ( 64 mm )

Li-Ion

Yes

2 hours

FEATURE

FOV

IMAGE STORAGE

LASER SIGHTING

TEMP. RANGE

DISPLAY CLARITY

DISPLAY SIZE

BATTERY

REPLACEABLE

BATTERY TIME

IRISYS Confidential

KPI - SAT (NEC) S - 120

SAT S – 120

€12,000

Yes; all pixels

± 2 % or ± 2 Deg C

One - moveable

No

160 X 120

0.12 Deg C

30 Hz

FEATURE

PRICE

MEASUREMENT

ACCURACY

CURSORS

∆T

ARRAY SIZE

SENSITIVITY

FRAME RATE

IRI 4010

€4,995

Yes; all pixels

± 2 % or ± 2 Deg C

Two - moveable

Yes

160 X 120

0.15 Deg C

7.5 Hz

IRISYS Confidential

KPI - SAT (NEC) S - 120

SAT S – 120

20 X 15

Yes; 2000 flash

No

-20 to + 250 Deg C

Good

2.5” (64 mm)

Li-Ion

Yes

2 hours

FEATURE

FOV

IMAGE STORAGE

LASER SIGHTING

TEMP. RANGE

DISPLAY CLARITY

DISPLAY SIZE

BATTERY

REPLACEABLE

BATTERY TIME

IRI 4010

20 X 15

Yes; 1000 @ full res.

Yes

-10 to + 250 Deg C

Excellent

3.5” ( 89 mm )

Li-Ion

Yes

4 hours