iranian (persian) architecture
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Iranian (Persian) ArchitectureTRANSCRIPT
Going back to 5000 BC.
Persian architecture can be considered through the age-old
history of the land.
It goes back to the late 6th and early 5th millennia BC
Persian architecture has been a comprehensive
embodiment of Iranian psychology and characteristics in
different historical periods.
.
In studying Persian architecture four distinct, protracted, but
continuous periods are distinguished, as follows:
-Persian prehistoric architecture till the formation of the first national government by the Medes. Before 700BC.
-Persian architecture from the Medes period till the end of Sassanians. 700BC - 600AC.
-Contemporary and present-day Persian architecture
-Islamic period architecture till the end of Safavi period. Until 600A - 1500AC
One of the most important structures remaining from Eilamites is
Choga Zanbil (1250 BC).
Choga Zanbil consists of the ruins of three concentric walls,
within which are palaces, temples and a central Ziggurat (temple
tower), measuring 105 X 105 meters.
-Beautifully decorated with glazed baked bricks, gypsum,
ornaments of faience and glass.
-Built mainly of mud-bricks.
Formation of the Achaemenid dynasty (560-330 BC) marks one of
the brilliant ages in Persian architecture.
Among the best architectural monuments of the period, one
might mention mausoleums, fire-temples, and palaces.
A striking feature of Achaemenid architecture were great
dimensions of the halls.
Pasargad complex, the political capital of Cyrous the great, might
be considered a complete manifestation of Persian architecture.
Pasargad is now largely in ruins, but one can see that how
imposing it must have been in many respects.
Persepolis was a sacred national shrine, potent sensing for the
spring festival, Now Ruz. The festival was celebrated on the
first day of spring, among certain formalities.
In perspolos, the Achaemenid architects have managed to
combine beauty and magnificence. Standing on its rock-cut
podium, the great hall of Persepolis contained thirty-six
columns (in six rows), 18.5m high.
The walls were of mud brick and
ornamented with painted and
floral designs. Ivory, gold, and
precious stones were among
materials used in the mosaic
works of the hall.
In many ways the Sassanid dynastic period (224-651 CE)
witnessed the highest achievement of Persian civilization, and
constituted the last great Persian Empire before the Muslim
conquest.
Iranian architecture reached a peak in its development during
the Sassanid era.
Until the end of this period, the most important styles of
Iranian architecture and inherited by the later periods can be
summarized as follows:
- Foundation (Saffe)
- Dome (Gonbad)
- Vault (Taq)
- Iwan
The buildings were constructed
on a level higher than earth
surface to avoid the instability
of the earth surface.A rectangular yard closed
in three of its sides.
The important elements of Persian Architecture and civilization
developped for hot climates are:
-Gardens
-Qanats (Kariz)
-Wind Towers (Badgir)
The Persian Garden refers to a tradition and style of garden design
which originated in Persia and which influenced the design of
gardens throughout the larger region.
The origin of Persian gardens may date back as far as 4000
BCE;
The decorated pottery of that time displays the typical cross
plan of the Persian garden.
The outline of Cyrus the Great’ garden, built around 500 BCE, is
still viewable today.
The Taj Mahal is one of the largest Persian gardens of the world.
A qanat is a water management system used to provide a reliable
supply of water to human settlements or for irrigation in hot, arid
and semi-arid climates.
The tchnology allows water to be transported long distances in
hot dry climates without losing a large proportion of the source
water to seepage and evaporation.
Qanats are constructed as a series of well-like vertical shafts, connected by gently sloping tunnels.
A wind tower is a chimney-like structure positioned above the house to catch the prevailing wind.
The tower catches the wind, driving a hot, dry breeze into the house; the flow of the incoming air is then directed across the vertical shaft from the qanat.
The period of Persian architecture from the 15th through 17th
Centuries to be the most brilliant of the post-Islamic era.
Various structures such as mosques, mausoleums, bazaars,
bridges, and different palaces have mainly survived from this
period.
Iranian domes are distinguished for their height, proportion of
elements, beauty of form, and roundness of the dome stem.
The outer surfaces of the domes are mostly mosaic faced, and
create a magical view.
Safavi tried to achieve grandeur in scale.
Isfahan's Naghsh-i Jahan’s square is the 6th largest square worldwide.
This proves their knowledge about building tall buildings with vast inner space