“IRANIAN CULTURE”

CULTURE

• Excellence of taste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture.

• The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group

• An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning

Identification.

• The terms "Iran" as the designation for the civilization, and "Iranian" as the name for the inhabitants occupying the large plateau located between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf have been in continual use for more than twenty-five hundred years. They are related to the term "Aryan" and it is supposed that the plateau was occupied in prehistoric times by Indo-European peoples from Central Asia

Location and Geography

• Iran is located in southwestern Asia, largely on a high plateau situated between the Caspian Sea to the north and the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south. Its area is 636,300 square miles (1,648,000 square kilometers). Its neighbors are, on the north, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Turkmenistan; on the east, Pakistan and Afghanistan; and on the west Turkey and Iraq. Iran's total boundary is 4,770 miles (7,680 kilometers). Approximately 30 percent of this boundary is seacoast. The capital is Tehran (Teheran).

Demography

• Iran's population has not been accurately measured since the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Recent population estimates range from sixty-one to sixty-five million. The population is balanced (51 percent male, 49 percent female), extremely young, and urban. More than three-quarters of Iran's habitants are under thirty years of age, and an equal percentage live in urban areas. This marks a radical shift from the mid-twentieth century when only 25 percent lived in cities.

Linguistic Affiliation

In English, "Persian" is the name for the primary language spoken in Iran. It is incorrect, but increasingly common in English-speaking countries to use the native term, "Farsi," to identify the language. This is somewhat akin to using "Deutsch" to describe the principal language of Germany.

Symbolism

Iranian culture is rich in cultural symbolism, much of which derives from prehistoric times. Iran is the only nation in the Middle East that uses the solar calendar. It is also the only nation on earth marking the advent of the New Year at the spring equinox.

FOOD AND ECONOMY

food strikes a medium between Greek and Indian preparations

Iranians have a healthy diet centered on fresh fruits, greens and vegetables.

Meat (usually lamb, goat, or chicken is the centerpiece of a meal.

Rice and fresh unleavened or semi leavened whole-grain bread are staple starches. The primary beverage is black tea

BREAKFAST:Breakfast is a light meal consisting of fresh unleavened bread, tea, and perhaps butter, white (feta-style) cheese, and jam.

The main meal of the day consists of: The main dish is steamed aromatic rice ( chelow )

served with one or more stews made of meat and a fresh vegetable or fruit. This stew, called khoresht resembles a mild curry.

In addition to its preparation as chelow, rice may also be prepared as a pilaf ( polow ) by mixing in fresh herbs, vegetables, fruit, or meat after it is boiled, but before it is steamed

The Iranian national dish, called chelow kabab , consists of filet of lamb marinated in lemon juice or yogurt, onions, and saffron and grilled over a hot fire. This is served with grilled onions and tomatoes on a bed of chelow to which has been added a lump of butter and a raw egg yolk.

A common drink with a meal is dough , a yogurt and salted water preparation that is similar and Indian lassie

Sweets are more likely to be consumed with tea in the afternoon than as dessert.. Among the most famous are gaz , a natural nougat made with rose water, and sohan , a saffron, butter, and pistachio praline.

EVENING MEAL:

The evening meal is likely to be a light meal consisting of leftover food from the noon meal, or a little bread, cheese, fruit, and tea.

Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions:

Ritual foods fall into two categories—foods that are eaten in celebration, foods that are prepared and consumed

as a charitable religious act

Food on celebration:

A few foods are traditional for the New Year's celebration. Fish is widely consumed as the first meal of the New Year, along with a polow made with greens. One food appears on the ritual New Year's table, but is rarely eaten. This is a kind of sweet pudding made of ground sprouted wheat called samanou.

Special crispy fried sweets made from a yogurt batter and soaked in syrup are frequently served. Two forms are popular: zulbia , which looks a bit like a multi stranded pretzel, and bamieh , which looks a bit like the okra pods it is named after

Food on religious occasions:

Food is frequently prepared for distribution to the community as a charitable religious act

The most common food served on these occasions is a polow made with yellow peas and meat

NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

AND OTHER ASSOCIATIONS

very few international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) operating independent development or health programs in Iran

The United Nations (UN) is the one important exception. Iran has supported the UN since its inception

The nation's Mostazafin ("downtrodden people") Foundation and the Imam Khomeini Foundation have operated in the international sphere

SOCIAL WELFARE AND CHANGE PROGRAMS

It is incumbent upon all Muslims to devote a proportion of their excess income to the support of religious and charitable works.

The government is also committed to rural development projects. A movement called the "sacred development struggle" ( jihad-e sazandegi ) was launched early in the Islamic Republic and was successful in bringing important development project

The Iranian Red Crescent Society (the local version of the Red Cross) is active and important in the instance of national disaster

MARRIAGE , FAMILY, AND KINSHIP

MARRIAGE SYSTEM In Iran women control marriages for their

children, and much intrigue in domestic life revolves around marital matters.

A mother is typically on the lookout for good marriage prospects at all times.

She then must confer with her husband, who makes the formal proposal in a social meeting between the two families.

Marriage within the family is a common strategy,

Cont..

In Iran today a love match with someone outside of the family is clearly not at all impossible, but even in such cases, except in the most westernized families, the family visitation and negotiation must be observed.

The wedding celebration is held after the signing of the contract. A specified amount is written into the contract as payment for the woman in the event of divorce.

Cont..

Divorce is less common in Iran than in the West. Families prefer to stay together even under difficult circumstances, since it is extremely difficult to disentangle the close network of interrelationships between the two extended families of the marriage pair.

DOMESTIC UNIT.

. In traditional Iranian rural society the "dinner cloth" often defines the minimal family. Many branches of an extended family may live in rooms in the same compound

INHERITANCE:

Inheritance generally follows rules prescribed by Islamic law

Male children inherit full shares of their father's estate, wives and daughters half-shares.

KIN GROUPS

The patriarch is the oldest male of the family

He demands respect from other family members and often has a strong role in the future of young relatives.

SOCIALIZATION

Child Rearing and Education. › Mothers and children are expected to be

mutually supportive. A mother will protect her children's reputation under all circumstances.

› Older children often raise younger children, especially in rural settings

› The father is the disciplinarian of the family.

Higher Education. 

All Iranians would like their children to pursue higher education, and competition for university entrance is fierce.

ETIQUETTE The social lubricant of Iranian life is a system known

as ta'arof , literally "meeting together.“

Linguistically, ta'arof involves a series of lexical substitutions for pronouns and verbs whereby persons of lower status address persons of higher status with elevated forms.

It is always expected that a person returning from a trip will bring presents for family and friends.

In Iran the lower status person issues the first greeting. In the reverse logic of ta'arof this means that a person who wants to be polite will make a point of this, using the universal Islamic salaam or the extended salaam aleikum. The universal phrase for leave-taking is khoda hafez —"God protect."

Religion and Health Care in Iran

Most Iranians are Muslims 90 to 95% Shia Muslims 4 to 8% Sunni Muslims Rest include Zoroastrians, Jews and

Christians

Shrines in Iran Shrines of many

prominent saints and emminent Muslim figures lie in Iran. Highlighted are the important ones

Shrine of Imam Reza in Mashad

After the shrines of Imam Reza in Mashhad and Fatima in Qum, the third most venerated pilgrimage destination in Iran is the shrine of Shah Chirag in the city of Shiraz. 

Shrine of Fatima sister of Imam Rida in Qum

Health and Medicine

All Iranians are entitles to receive basic health care facilities by the constitution.

Average life expectancy is 71 years. Health care spending is $ 150 per

person.

Largest population

Iran is among the largest population having access to safe drinking water i.e a total of 80%

ARTS AND HUMANITIES

BY: Sidra Zeb

Support for the Arts

ʡ Iranians have one of the richest and most elaborate artistic traditions in the world.

ʡ Two Islamic prohibitions affect arts in the most direct way:

i. a prohibition against music,ii. and one against the depiction of humans and

animals in art.

Graphic Arts:

ʡ Persian miniature paintings illustrating Iranian epics and classic stories are among the world's great art treasures.

ʡ Another tradition, is the artistic development of calligraphy.ʡ Iran has its own styles of Arabic calligraphy.

ʡ Iran's modern painters often use classic themes from miniatures combined with calligraphy for a uniquely Persian effect.ʡ Geometric design is also approved, and is seen in architectural detail and carpet design.

ʡ Carpet Making:

• Carpets are Iran's most important export item after oil, and their creation is an art of the highest order.

• Carpets are hand-knotted.

• The designs are drawn from a traditional stock of motifs, but are continually elaborated upon by weavers.

• Carpets are not only beautiful works of art, they are investments.

• Older carpets are worth more than new carpets.

Performance Arts:

ʡ Persian classical music is one of the most elaborate and inspiring artistic forms ever created.

ʡ The musical system consists of twelve modal units.

ʡ These are divided into small melodic units called gusheh , most of which are associated with classic Persian poetic texts.

ʡ The instrumentalist and the vocal artist improvise within the modal structure, creating a unique performance.

ʡ Popular music forms are largely based on the more melodic structures of classical music, and are highly disapproved by the religious authorities.

ʡ Women are not allowed to perform music in public under the current government.

The State Of The Physical and Social

Sciences

ʡ Iran has had a long and proud national tradition in mathematics and the sciences.ʡ The high regard for medicine and engineering has produced the strongest education and research programs in the country.ʡ There are forty-four universities currently active in Iran.ʡ The nation has enough applied scientists to carry out the functions of infrastructure maintenance and health care. ʡ Many of the country's best scientists and researchers emigrated to Europe and the United States.

ʡ The Industrial and Scientific Research Organization of the Culture and Higher Education Ministry carries out research for the government.

ʡ Social science research is somewhat underdeveloped in Iran.

HISTORY AND EMERGENCE OF A NATION

The Iranian nation is one of the oldest continuous civilizations in the world. Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic populations occupied caves in the Zagros and Elburz mountains.The arrival of the Aryan peoples—Medes and Persians—

on the Iranian plateau in the first millennium B.C.E. marked the beginning of the Iranian civilization, rising to the heights of the great Achaemenid Empire consolidated by Cyrus the Great in 550 B.C.E.

Cont..

The first of these conquerors was Alexander the Great, who swept through the region and conquered the Achaemenid Empire in 330 B.C.E. Alexander died shortly thereafter leaving his generals and their descendants to establish their own subempires.

The second great conquerors were the Arab Muslims, arising from Saudi Arabia in 640 C.E. They gradually melded with the Iranian peoples, and in 750, a revolution emanating from Iranian territory assured the Persianization of the Islamic world through the establishment of the great Abbassid Empire at Baghdad.

Cont…

The next conquerors were successive waves of Turkish peoples starting in the eleventh century. They established courts in the northeastern region of Khorassan, founding several great cities. They became patrons of Persian literature, art, and architecture.

Successive Mongol invasions of the thirteenth century resulted in a period of relative instability culminating in a strong reaction in the early sixteenth century on the part of a resurgent religious movement—the Safavids. The Safavid rulers started as a religious movement of adherents of Twelver Shi'ism. They established this form of Shi'ism as the Iranian state religion.

Cont…

Subsequent conquests by the Afghans and the Qājār Turks had the same result. The conquerors came and became Persianized.

During the Qājār period from 1899 to 1925, Iran came into contact with European civilization in a serious way for the first time

A series of public protests against the throne took place at regular intervals from the 1890s to the 1970s.

These protests culminated in the Islamic Revolution of 1978–1979, hereafter referred to as "the Revolution."

National IdentityThe establishment of the theocratic Islamic

Republic of Iran under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini marked a return to religious domination of Iranian culture.

Khomeini's symbols were all appropriately appealing to Iranian sensibilities as he called on the people to become martyrs to Islam like Hasan, and restore the religious rule of Hasan's father, Ali, the last leader of both Sunni and Shi'a Muslims.

Now, more than twenty years after the Revolution and following Khomeini's death, Iran is once again undergoing change

Ethnic Relations:Iran has been somewhat blessed by an absence of specific ethnic conflict.

Some groups living within Iranian borders do assert autonomy occasionally, however. Chief among these are the Kurds, living on Iran's western border.

The nomadic tribal groups in the southern and western regions of the Iranian central plateau have likewise caused problems for the Iranian central government.

The Arab population of the southwestern trans-Zagros Gulf province of Khuzestan has entertained political aspirations of breaking away from Iran.

The severest social persecution in Iran has been

directed at religious minorities. Periods of relative tolerance have alternated with periods of discrimination for centuries.

The one group that has been universally persecuted since its nineteenth century founding is the Baha'i community, because its religion is viewed as heretical by Shi'a Muslims.

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Iranian society presents a puzzle for most standard social science analysis of social structure.

Social mobility is also eminently possible in Iran. High status is precarious in Iran.

There is a symbiotic relationship between superior and inferior.

Nevertheless there are genuinely revered figures in public life.

Public has a tendency to dismiss certain awards.

The clerical hierarchy in Shi'a Islam is a good model for genuine advancement in social hierarchy because clerics advance through the informal acknowledgment of their peers.

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Iran has made the transition in the last twenty years from a nominal constitutional monarchy to a democratic theocracy.

There is a strong president elected for a four-year term, and a unicameral legislature ( majles ) of 270 members,

The position of speaker is politically important, since there is no prime minister.

the voting age is sixteen.

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There is a supreme jurisprudent selected by an independent Assembly of Experts—a council of religious judges.

Alongside the chief jurisprudent is a twelve-member Council of Guardians, six selected by the chief jurisprudent, and six by the Supreme Judicial Council ratified by the majles.

The judiciary consists of a Supreme Judge and a Supreme Judicial Council. All members must be Shi'a Muslim jurisprudents.

The units of governmental division are the province ( ostan ), "county" ( sharestan ), and township ( dehestan ). Each governmental unit has a head appointed by the Ministry of the Interior.

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Although there is a standing army, navy, and air force, the Revolutionary Guards

( Pasdaran-e Engelab ), organized shortly after the Revolution, dominate military activities, often coming into conflict with the standard military forces. The Revolutionary Guards

either accompany or lead all military activities, both internal and international. A national police force oversees urban areas,

and a gendarmerie attends to rural peacekeeping.

GENDER ROLES AND STATUSES

Women have always had a strong role in Iranian life, but rarely a public role.Brave and often ruthlessly pragmatic, women are more than willing to take to the streets for a good public cause.In the years since the Revolution, women have made astonishing progress in nearly every area of life.Women have served in the legislature and as government ministers since the 1950s.The average marriage age for women has increased to twenty-one years.Education for women is obligatory and universal, and education for girls has increased steadily.

Female employment is the one area where women have suffered a decline since the Revolution.The difficulty for the leaders of the Islamic republic in allowing women complete equality in employment and public activity revolves around religious questions of female modesty that run head-to-head with the exigencies of public life.For many centuries women in Iran have wearing the chador, a semicircular piece of dark cloth that is wrapped expertly around the body and head, and gathered at the chin.Makeup of any kind is not allowed.Any public activity that would require women to depart from this modest dress in mixed company is expressly forbidden.

Some activities, such as sports events, have been set up for exclusively female participants and female spectators.Westernized Iranian women have long viewed obligatory modest dress in whatever forms as oppressive, and have worked to have standards relaxed.The emotional roles of Iranian men and women are different from those in the United States and many other Western countries.By contrast, physical contact between members of the opposite sex is assiduously avoided except between relatives.

Secular CelebrationsIranian FestivalsNowruz: Celebration of the start of spring ("Rejuvenation"). It starts on the first day of spring (also the first day of the Iranian Calendar year) and lasts for 13 days.

Sizdah Bedar: Persian Festival of "Joy and Solidarity". The 13th/last day of Nowruz celebration ("Getting rid of the thirteen!"). It is celebrated outdoors along with the beauty of nature.

Mehregan: Festival of Mehr (or Mihr). A day of "Thanksgiving".Jashne Sade: A mid-winter feast to honor fire and to "defeat the forces of darkness, frost and cold".

Shabe Chelle: The turning point. End of the longest night (darkness) of the year, and beginning of growing of the days (Lights). A celebration of Good over Evil. Also known as Shab-e Yaldā.

Sepandarmazgan: Day of Love, Friendship and Earth in ancient Persian culture.

Chaharshanbe Suri: Festival of Fire, last Tuesday night in the Iranian Calendar year. It marks the importance of the light over the darkness, arrival of spring and revival of nature.

Contd..ZoroastrianThe basis of nearly all of Iranian national festivals are from its Pre-Islamic Zoroastrian era. However, there are some festivals that are celebrated exclusively by Zoroastrians and some with less extent in other communities too.Bahmanagān - Also maintained by Iranian Muslims until the Mongol invasion. The festival was celebrated on the second day of the month of Bahman. Bahmanjana is a later modified form of Bahmanagān.Esfandgan- the day of loveFarvardingân - Festival of the Farohars ('guardian angels').Jaşne Sade - Festival of Fire. Lit. the 100th day (before Nowruz).Jaşne Mehregân - Festival of Mihr (or Mehr). A day of thanksgiving dedicated to the highest Angel, Mithra (c.f. Metatron).Jaşne Tiregân - Festival of Tir. A day dedicated to Tishtrya, Angel of the star Sirius and rain. Also celebrated in some Muslims regions up this day including Mazandaran.Nowruz - New Year's Day. March (first day of Spring).Xordâd Sâl (Khordad Sal) - Birthday of the Prophet Zarathushtra.Zartosht No-Diso - Anniversary commemorating the death of the Prophet Zarathushtra.

Christian•Majority of Iranian Christians are Armenian-Iranians also known as Parska-Hye who follow Oriental Orthodox branch of Christianity. This minority has their very own special festivals and traditions.•Iran has an over-whelmingly Muslim population but the Christian Community has a visible presence. During Christmas times, Christmas Trees can be seen from Windows in Tehran and north-western provinces. Although Christmas has an official recognition in Iran, it is not a national holiday.

Jewish• Illanout (tree festival) Celebrated in February, it is identical to Shab-e Cheleh and is a lot more elaborate, reminiscence of the pre-Islamic celebrations•Shabe Sal Lit. Night of the Year - The night of the end of Passover, when chametz can once again be eaten. It is usually celebrated with many types of breads and dairy items. This festival is unique to Persian Jews, and is not celebrated in this way by most other Jews.

ISLAMIC FESTIVALS:

Important dates in the Islamic (Hijri) year are:1 Muharram (Islamic New Year)10 Muharram (Day of Ashura) For Sunni Muslims, the crossing of the Red Sea by the Israelites. For Shia Muslims, the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad, and his followers.12 Rabi al Awal (Mawlid an Nabi for Sunni Muslims)17 Rabi al Awal (Mawlid an Nabi for Shia Muslims)13 Rajab (Birthday of Ali ibn Abi Talib.)27 Rajab (Isra and Miraj)15 Sha'ban (Mid-Sha'ban, or Night of Forgiveness), and the birthday of Muhammad al-Mahdi (The Twelfth Imam)1 Ramadan (first day of fasting)21 Ramadan Ali ibn Abi Talib's Martyrdom.27 Ramadan (Nuzul Al-Qur'an) (17 Ramadan in Indonesia and Malaysia)Last third of Ramadan which includes Laylat al-Qadr1 Shawwal (Eid al-Fitr)8-13 Dhu al-Hijjah (the Hajj to Mecca)9 Dhu al-Hijjah (Day of Arafa)10 Dhu al-Hijjah (Eid al-Adha)18 Dhu al-Hijjah (Eid al-Ghadeer)24 Dhu al-Hijjah (Eid al-Mubahila)