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Rourke Ch. 12

carrying capacity The number of people that an environment, such as Earth, can feed, providewater for, and otherwise sustain.

sustainabledevelopment

The ability to continue to improve the quality of life of those in theindustrialized countries and, particularly, those in the less developed

countries while simultaneously protecting Earth's biosphere.

UN Conference onEnvironment andDevelopment(UNCED)

Often called Earth Summit I or the Rio Conference, this gathering in 1992was the first to bring together most of the world's countries, a majority ofwhich were represented by their head of state or government, to address therange of issues associated with sustainable development.

UN Conference onPopulation andDevelopment(UNCPD)

A UN-sponsored conference that met in Cairo, Egypt, in September 1994 andwas attended by delegates from more than 170 countries. The conferencecalled for a program of action to include spending $17 billion annually by theyear 2000 on international, national, and local programs to foster familyplanning and to improve the access of women in such areas as education.

World HealthOrganization (WHO)

A UN-affiliated organization created in 1946 to address world health issues.

World Summit onSustainableDevelopment(WSSD)

Often called Earth Summit II, this conference was held in Johannesburg in2002. It was attended by almost all countries and by some 8,000 NGOs, andit established a series of calls for action and timetables for amelioratingvarious problems.

Ecological State of the World (348-350)

- Human capital- Natural capitalEnvironmental pessimists: those analysts who assess the state of the world and believe thathumans are causing serious, even irreversible, damage to the environment

Environmental optimists: those who reject the gloomy view

Sustainable Development (350-356)

The Conundrum of Sustainable Development

Option 1: Restrict/Rollback Development

Option 2: Pay for environmentally sustainable development

The Politics of Sustainable Development

Earth Summit I

Earth Summit II

Sustainable Development: Population Problems and Progress (356-360)

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High fertility rates, fewer deaths, population base multiplier effect

Global Recognition of the Population Problem

Approaches to Reducing the Birthrate

Social approaches

information about birth control and encouragement

Economic approaches less poor = less kids

The Impact of International Population Control Efforts

Sustainable Development: Resource Problems and Progress

Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Minerals (360-369)

1. Sustain living standards2. Development in the south3. Manage resource depletion and environmental damage

Forests and Land

Forest Depletion

Land Degradation

Forest and Land Protection

Wildlife

Global pressures on wildlife

Protecting wildlife

Freshwater

The Seas and Fisheries

The Pressures on the Seas and Fisheries

Protecting Fisheries

Sustainable Development: The Environment (369-382)

Ground Quality

International Ground Quality Issues

International Efforts to Protect Ground Quality

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Water Quality

International Water Quality Issues

Marine pollution

Eutrophication: rapid growth of aquatic plants which makes it less inhabitable

Freshwater pollution

International Efforts to Protect Water Quality

Air Quality

International Air Quality Issues

Protecting Air Quality

The Ozone Layer

Ozone Layer Depletion

Protecting the Ozone Layer

Global Warming

Global Warming: What we know

Global Warming: What is in Dispute

The Cause of Global Warming

The Environmental Impact of Global Warming

The Economic impact of global warming

The costs of halting or substantially slowing global warming

The international response to global warming

The Kyoto Protocol

Recent developments