ipv6 multicast - hpcpublic · ip!multicast!history 1969 1983 1989 19911992 1997 1999 2006 2010...
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IPv6 Multicastbeyond link local
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Agenda
•IP Multicast History
•Unicast - Broadcast - Anycast - Multicast
•Multicast in IPv6 Networks
•Case-Study DHCPv6
•Case-Study X11
•Case-Study NTP
•Case-Study DNS
•Conclusion
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IP Multicast History
1969 1983 1991 1992 1997 1999 2006 20101989
Birth of the
ARPANET
TCP/IP “Flag-Day”
Steve Deering P.h.d Thesis:
Multicast Routing in a Datagram Internetwork
RFC 1112Host
extensions for IP
Multicasting
RFC 2117PIM-SM
RFC 4601PIM-SM
(revised)
RFC 4607Source
Specific Multicast
Multicast VPN
networks
Multicast Backbone (MBONE)
vBNS + Abilene
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Definitions
•Unicast: Node to Node (1-1) communication
•Broadcast: Node to Network communication
•Anycast: Note to one Node from a group communication
•Multicast: Node to all Nodes from a group communication
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Unicast
Workstation2001:db8:100::1
Workstation2001:db8:100::2
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Broadcast
Workstation2001:db8:100::1
Workstation2001:db8:100::3
Workstation2001:db8:100::4
Workstation2001:db8:100::2
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Anycast
Workstation2001:db8:100::1
Workstation2001:db8:100::2
Workstation2001:db8:100::2
Workstation2001:db8:100::2
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Multicast
Workstation2001:db8:100::1
Workstationff05::101
Workstationff05::101
Workstationff05::101
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Multicast in IPv6 Networks
•Multicast is a mandatory part of IPv6
•IPv6 is using Multicast on the protocol level (e.g. Neighborhood Discovery)
•use of IPv6 Multicast beyond the link-local scope requires a multicast routing protocol
•official IANA Multicast IP Addresses:http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-multicast-addresses/ipv6-multicast-addresses.xml
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Multicast IPv6 Addresses
MC
8 bits 112 bits
1111 1111
Multicast Group
4 bits of flags
4 bits of scope
32 bits
Group ID
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Multicast Addresses: Flags
Bit Usage
0Transient Flag: 0 = permanent address (IANA assigned, well-known)1 = transient address
1 Prefix flag (RFC 3306/3307)
2 Rendezvous Point (RFC 3956)
3 undefined
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Multicast Addresses: Scope
Value (Hex) Scope1 Interface/Node-local
2 Link-local
4 Admin-local
5 Site-local
8 Organization-local
E Global
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Node local Scope
Address Use
ff01::1 all nodes address
ff01::2 all routers address
ff01::fb mDNSv6
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Link local scope
Address Use
ff02::1 all nodes address
ff02::2 all routers address
ff02::fb mDNSv6
ff02::F UPnP Devices
ff02::1:1 Link Name
ff02::1:2 all DHCP agents
ff02::1:3 LLMNR
ff02::101 network time protocol (ntp)
ff02::1:ffXX:XXXX Solicited-Node Address
ff02::2:ff00::/104 Node Information Queries
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Site-Local/variable Scope
Address Use
ff05::2 all routers address
ff05::fb mDNSv6
ff05::1:3 all DHCPv6 Servers
ff0x::101 network time protocol (NTP)
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Source Specific Multicast - SSM
•once a host joins a multicast group it will receive all traffic send from any machine to this group
•this can be misused in open networks
•SSM permits a host to select/deselect one or more multicast sources
•SSM is based on “Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode” (PIM-SM) and requires MLDv2 (RFC3810)
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Multicast with multiple sender
Workstation2001:db8:200::1
Workstationff05::101
Workstationff05::101
Workstationff05::101Workstation
2001:db8:100::1
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Source Specific Multicast -SSM
Workstation2001:db8:200::1
Workstationff05::101
Workstationff35::101
Workstationff05::101Workstation
2001:db8:100::1
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SSM IPv6 Addresses
MC Group ID
8 bits 112 bits
1111 1111
Multicast Group112 bits
4 bits of flags = 3
4 bits of scope
32 bits
Prefix0 PL
64 bits8 bits 8 bits
Prefix Length
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Example SSM IPv6 Address(with unicast prefix)
ff35:0040:2001:db8:100:0:534e:9ff0
1111 1111
SSMscope:
siteReserved field: 0
Prefix Length: 64
PrefixMulticast Group ID
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Case Studies
•the case-studies look only at site/organization/admin local Multicast
•not global Internet-Multicast
•controlled network like enterprise or university campus networks
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DHCPv6
•DHCPv6 is often deployed using relay-agents
•relay-agents can use unicast or multicast
•unicast configurations have scalability issues in case of a renumbering of DHCPv6 server or once new DHCPv6 servers are introduced
•a multicast configuration scales without configuration-changes on the relay-agents
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DHCPv6 using an unicast relay
Workstation2001:db8:200::1
DHCP Server2001:db8:200::547Workstation
2001:db8:100::1
DHCP Server2001:db8:300::547
Statischer DHCPv6 relay
agent mit 2 Unicast
Adressen
static DHCPv6 relay using 2
unicast addresses
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DHCPv6 using an unicast relay
Workstation2001:db8:200::1
DHCP Server2001:db8:200::547Workstation
2001:db8:100::1
DHCP Server2001:db8:300::547
Statischer DHCPv6 relay
agent mit 2 Unicast
Adressen
new DHCPv6 server: all relay agents need a configuration
change
DHCP Server2001:db8:800::547
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DHCPv6 using an unicast relay
Workstation2001:db8:200::1
DHCP Server2001:db8:200::547Workstation
2001:db8:100::1
DHCP Server2001:db8:300::547
DHCP Server2001:db8:800::547
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DHCPv6 using multicast relay
Workstation2001:db8:200::1
Workstation2001:db8:100::1
DHCP Serverff05::1:3
Statischer DHCPv6 relay
agent mit 2 Unicast
Adressen
DHCPv6 relay agent with one
multicast address
(ff05::1:3)
DHCP Serverff05::1:3
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DHCPv6 using multicast relay
Workstation2001:db8:200::1
DHCP Serverff05::1:3Workstation
2001:db8:100::1
DHCP Serverff05::1:3
Statischer DHCPv6 relay
agent mit 2 Unicast
Adressen
new DHCPv6 server: no
configuration change needed
DHCP Serverff05::1:3
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Case-study X11
•XDMCP - finds remote X11 applications (clients)
•uses broadcast on IPv4
• inefficient
•only works in a local subnet
•workaround: “chooser” machines that need configuration
•XDMCP can use IPv6 Multicast
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X11 and IPv6 Multicast
Workstation2001:db8:200::1
X11 Applicationff05::12bWorkstation
2001:db8:100::1
X11 Applicationff05::12b
X11 Chooser provides all remote X11
clients/applications
X11 Applicationff05::12b
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Case-study NTP
•NTP = Network Time Protocol
•NTP can use IPv6 multicast to distribute time information
•new time sources can be added at any time without reconfiguration
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NTP using Multicast
Workstation2001:db8:200::1
NTP Timesourceff05::101Workstation
2001:db8:100::1
NTP Timesourceff05::101
NTP Client can use all available
time sourcesNTP Timesource
ff05::101
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Case-study NTP Manycast
•NTP Manycast turns NTP-clients into NTP-Server (or sources)
•the NTP-Protocol dynamically finds the best (most reliable/most accurate) time sources
•every host is both multicast-client and -server
•the NTP-Jargon calls this “Manycast”
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NTP using Manycast
Workstation2001:db8:200::1
ff05::101
NTP Manycast2001:db8:200::101
ff05::101Workstation
2001:db8:100::1ff05::101
NTP Manycast2001:db8:300::101
ff05::101
NTP Client selects the best
time sources
NTP Manycast2001:db8:500::101
ff05::101
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DNS using IPv6 Multicast
• this is experimental and not an Internet standard
• more a “hack-that-works”
• don’t confuse with mDNS (Multicast DNS aka Apple Bonjour or Avahi)
• classic DNS communication between Stub-Resolver and DNS caching-server
• solves the problem of client DNS failover:
• no extra Fail-Over or Load-Balancer necessary
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DNS using Unicast
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:200::53Workstation2001:db8:100::1
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:300::53
resolv.conf:nameserver 2001:db8:200::53nameserver 2001:db8:300::53
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DNS using Unicast
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:200::53Workstation2001:db8:100::1
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:300::53
resolv.conf:nameserver 2001:db8:200::53nameserver 2001:db8:300::53
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DNS using Unicast
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:200::53Workstation2001:db8:100::1
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:300::53
2001:db8:200::53TIMEOUT!
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DNS using Unicast
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:200::53Workstation2001:db8:100::1
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:300::53
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DNS using Unicast
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:200::53Workstation2001:db8:100::1
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:300::53
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Classic load-balancer solution
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:200::153Workstation2001:db8:100::1
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:300::53
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:200::253
LB
LB
Load Balancing Cluster
2001:db8:200::53
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DNS and loadbalancing cluster
•DNS loadbalancing cluster:
•additional costs
•higher complexity
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DNS using Multicast
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:200::53ff05::114
Workstation2001:db8:100::1
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:300::53ff05::114
resolv.conf:nameserver ff05::114nameserver 2001:db8:200::53nameserver 2001:db8:300::53
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DNS using Multicast
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:200::53ff05::114
Workstation2001:db8:100::1
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:300::53ff05::114
resolv.conf:nameserver ff05::114nameserver 2001:db8:200::53nameserver 2001:db8:300::53
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DNS using Multicast
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:200::53ff05::114
Workstation2001:db8:100::1
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:300::53ff05::114
resolv.conf:nameserver ff05::114nameserver 2001:db8:200::53nameserver 2001:db8:300::53
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DNS using Multicast
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:200::53ff05::114
Workstation2001:db8:100::1
caching DNS Server
2001:db8:300::53ff05::114
resolv.conf:nameserver ff05::114nameserver 2001:db8:200::53nameserver 2001:db8:300::53
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DNS over Multicast - Limits
•Fallback to TCP on large answers (EDNS0 / DNSSEC)
•Security (can be solved with SSM-Multicast)
•look for the “mcdnsProxy” Projecthttps://github.com/dnsworkshop/mcdnsProxy
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Conclusions
•Multicast can be used to simplify network configuration and designs in IPv6 networks
•knowledge on IPv6 Multicast-Routing is required
•check on multicast support in your hardware (!)
•but that is not much harder than IPv6 :)
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