ipm : overview and key principles william settle, ph.d unfao agricultural production division rome,...
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IPM : Overview and Key Principles
William Settle, Ph.D
UNFAOAgricultural Production Division
Rome, Italy
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Chemical Insecticides : Are They Really Needed in Intensified Agriculture ?
Source FAO$150 million / yearSubsidies on Pesticides
Eliminated 1987 – 89
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INSECTICIDE - INDUCED INSECTICIDE - INDUCED RESURGENCERESURGENCE
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Herbivore
Parasite
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Northwest Java
Untreated
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Days After Transplanting
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F A AF
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Neutrals
Predator CarbofuranAzodrin
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Non-Treated Treated
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ha
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Ibrahim Sogaba, Niono Mali
Age: 25
Working in Fathers kiosk since : Age 8
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Insecticides = Food Security Chemical
What is Needed :
• Capacity Building for Environmental Monitoring of Chemicals and assessment of Human Health Risks
• Better Evaluations of Farming Systems looking at the full range of Economic and non-Economic Indicators
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ChemicalControl(1950s)
Classical Biocontrol (Late 19th Century)
Conservation Biocontrol (1990s)
“Rational Use”(1980s)
Other Alternatives to Chemicals • Hormone Analogs• Mating Disruption• Insect Diseases• Mechanical Control• Host-plant Resistance
IPM(1960s)
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Biological Control
The reduction of pest populations by natural enemies typically involving an active human role
Photo Credit: Dr. Paul Jepson, Oregon State University
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Classical Biological Control
The practice of importing, and releasing for establishment, natural enemies to control an introduced (exotic) pest, although it is also practiced against native insect pests.
Photo Credit: Dr. Paul Jepson, Oregon State University
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Conservation Biological Control
Habitat Management to Provide Conditions that Promote Biological Control
Based on:• Understanding Community Food Webs
• Manipulating Habitats to create Refuge
• Understanding how Landscapes act as “Filters” for large-scale and long-term movement of organisms
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Other Alternatives to Chemicals • Hormone Analogs• Mating Disruption• Insect Diseases• Mechanical Control• Host-plant Resistance
NP Virus on Spodoptera Exigua on Onions in Indonesia
Photo Credit: Dr. Merle Shepard, Clemson University
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IPM
AGRONOMY• Soil Management• Water Management• Planting Density• Seeds
Community Based Training( Farmer Field Schools )
MARKETING• Cooperatives• Self Financing• “Warrantage”• Farmer Business Schools
IVMPOST CONFLICT & HIV-AIDS• Junior Farmer Field Schools
Rice – FishAquaculture
IPM : A Natural Entry Point to Community-Based Training
= IPPM
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Feeding the Policy Debate
International Forums
National & RegionalLegislative Bodies
Local
IPPM + Environmental
Monitoring• Capacity Building
• Health Risk Assessment
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Farmer Field Schools
• More than 50 Countries World-Wide
• 7 Countries in West Africa, 55,000 Farmers trained;
• Targeting 250,000 in next 4 years
• Substantial reductions / elimination of chemical pesticide use
• Substantial increases in yields and profits
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Good Alternatives Exist !
At this point we would benefit from :
• Understanding and Demonstrating the Real Costs Associated with Chemical Pesticides
• Commitment by Governments and Donors to Raising Awareness in the General Population and in large-scale Training of Farmers