ipm in soybean dr. amar n. sharma principal scientist (entomology) directorate of soybean research...
TRANSCRIPT
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IPM in SoybeanIPM in Soybean
Dr. Amar N. SharmaDr. Amar N. SharmaPrincipal Scientist (Entomology)
Directorate of Soybean Research (ICAR)Indore 452 001 (MP)
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IPM !!!!!!!!!!!
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Integrated Pest Management
Integrated use of all possible measures to keep insect-pest population
below ETL
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Limitations in adoption of IPM
Lack of awareness
Easy access to chemical insecticides
Inadequate production of bio-control agents
Farmers’ economic status
Lack of incentives
Limited area under IPM
Then why IPM ?????
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Insects Scientific name Activity duration
A. Foliage feeders:
Semiloopers
Chrysodeixis acuta (Wlk.)
Pre-bloom to podding
Diachrysia orichalcea (Fab.)
Pre-bloom to podding
Gessonia gemma Pre-bloom to podding
Mocis undata Fab. Pre-bloom to podding
Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura (Fab.) Pre-bloom to podding
Gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.)
Pre-bloom to podding
Bihar hairy cater. Spilarctia obliqua (Wlk.) Pre-bloom to podding
Leaf folder Hedylepta indicata (Fab.) Pre-bloom to podding
Leaf miner Aproaerema modicella Dev. Seedling to pre-bloom
Blue beetle Cneorane sp. Seedling to pre-bloom
Major Insect-Pests of Soybean
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Insects Scientific name Activity duration
B. Stem borers:
Stem fly Melanagromyza sojae (Zehnt.) Seedling to seed fill
Girdle beetle Obereopsis brevis (Swed.) Pre-bloom to seed fill
C. Pod borers:
Gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.)
Pod initiation to seed fill
Pink pod borer Cydia ptychora Meyrick Pod initiation to seed fill
D. Sap feeders:
White fly Bemisia tabaci Genn. Seedling to bloom
Green stinkbug Nezara viridula (Linn.)
Pod initiation to seed fill
Mealy bug Phenacoccus spp. Flowering
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Damage Potential of InsectsDamage Potential of InsectsDamage Potential of InsectsDamage Potential of Insects
Leaf Miner : 40 - 60 %Leaf Folder : 8 - 9 %Stem Fly : 19 - 40 % Girdle Beetle : 58 %White Fly (YMV) : 80 %Green Semilooper : 46 %Bihar Hairy Caterpillar : 42 %Grey Weevil : 10 %Pod Borer : 95 % Pod damageAphids : 30 %
Leaf Miner : 40 - 60 %Leaf Folder : 8 - 9 %Stem Fly : 19 - 40 % Girdle Beetle : 58 %White Fly (YMV) : 80 %Green Semilooper : 46 %Bihar Hairy Caterpillar : 42 %Grey Weevil : 10 %Pod Borer : 95 % Pod damageAphids : 30 %
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(AICRPS 2012 to 2014)
Yield loss v/s Damage levels v/s Crop stage
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Leaf Damage due to
Defoliators
Crop stage Mean Loss (%)
1 week before
flowering
At 50 % flowering
1 week after
flowering20 % 5.5 9.5 18.8 11.340 % 18.0 17.6 24.1 19.960 % 22.1 24.3 27.4 24.6
Mean Loss (%) 15.2 17.1 23.4 18.6
Yield losses due to Defoliators
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35 DAG35 DAG 42 DAG42 DAG 49 DAG49 DAG 56 DAG56 DAG
Levels of Infestation (%)
Yie
ld L
oss(
%)
% Yield Loss due to varying levels of Girdle beetle infestation at different crop
stages
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Stem tunnelling
Mean
Up to 10 % 9.911 – 20 % 13.621 – 30 % 22.331 – 40 % 26.541 – 50 % 43.8
Mean 21.4
% Yield loss due to Stem fly
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% Yield loss due to Pod borer
Pod damage(%) MeanUp to 10 5.711 - 20 10.921 - 30 17.431 - 40 23.841 - 50 30.8Mean 19.0
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Insect Outbreaks
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Damage due to Outbreak of S. litura
(Rajasthan, 1999)
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Damage due to Outbreak of S. litura
(MP, 2003)
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Damage due to Outbreak of S. litura
(Maharashtra- 2008)
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Semilooper attack in Nagpur (2009)
Crop condition on 30th July 2009
Crop condition on 13th August 2009
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Demonstrated Feasibility and
economics
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Multi-location IPMModule 1:
•Recommended dose of fertilizers,
•Seed treatment with Rhizobium, PSB and Trichoderma,
•Bird-perches
•Pheromone traps
•Removal of girdle beetle, Spodoptera and D. obliqua
infested plants/plant parts,
•Foliar application of Bt or B. bassiana @ 1.0 kg/ha, and
•Need based application of chemical insecticides
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Module 2:
•Recommended dose of fertilizer,
•Seed treatment with Rhizobium, PSB and Trichoderma,
•Spray of Ha NPV or Sl NPV @ 250 LE/ha,
•Spray of N. rileyi or Bt @ 1.0 l/ha,
•Spray of NSKE @ 5%,
•Need based application of chemical insecticides
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Measures to reduce insect infestation
Deep summer ploughing
Selection of proper variety
Balanced nutrition
Proper seed rate & spacing
Use of Improved Light Traps
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Use of Pheromone Traps
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Bird perches
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Management of Soybean insect-pestsRemoval of infested plants
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Use of Microbial insecticidesBt based: Dipel, Biobit, Halt, Delfin @ 1.0 kg/ha, or
Bb based: Biorin, Biosoft, Larvocel, Dispel @ 1.0 kg/ha, or
Virus based: HaNPV / SlNPV @ 250 LE/ha
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4.17
2.78
1.331.451.67
14.33
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Control Delfin Biolep Dipel Bioasp Biobit
4.17
2.78
1.331.451.67
14.33
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Control Delfin Biolep Dipel Bioasp Biobit
Comparative Performance of B.t. Formulations
L
arva
e /
mrl
(Mea
n 1
0 D
AT
)
Average Larval Population on 1 DBT = 13.90 /mrl
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0.84
1.22 1.22
1.54
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
B.t. +Triazophos
B.t. + 1/2Triazophos
Triazophosalone
B.t. alone
Overall Performance of B.t. Formulations
La
rva
e /
mrl
Average Larval Population on 1 DBT = 9.13 / mrlAverage Larval Population in Control = 11.96 / mrl
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Compatibility of Bt with Chemical Insecticides
Bt based microbial insecticides are compatible with chemical insecticides like – Monocrotophos, Thiamethoxam, Methomyl and Lufenuron,
And with fungicides like – Carbendazim, Thiophenate methyl and Triadimefon
Mixture of Bt and Monocrotophos is also compatible with Carbendazim and Thiophenate methyl
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Exploitation of Natural Enemies
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Natural enemies Host insect Potential
Parasitoids (Appanteles, Trichogramma, Brachymeria, Bracon, Sturmia spp.)
C. acuta, D. orichalcea, S. litura, H. armigera
5 to 30 % larval mortality
Predators (Cantheconidia furcellata, Chrysoperla carnea)
C. acuta, D. orichalcea, S. Litura
10 to 12 % larval predation
Insect Pathogens (B. bassiana. N. rileyi, Bt & NPV)
C. acuta, D. orichalcea, S. litura, H. armigera
15 to 100 % larval mortality
Potential of Natural Enemies
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Larval mortality due to bio-control agents
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Aug1st
Aug2nd
Aug3rd
Aug4th
Sept1st
Sept2nd
Sept3rd
Sept4th
Weeks
% M
orta
lity Pathogens
Parasites
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Success Stories in biological control• Papaya mealy bug (Paracoccus marginatus)
control through Acerophagus papayae)
• Sugarcane woolly aphid (Ceratovacuna lanigera) control through predators (Dipha aphidivora or Micromus igorotus)
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Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs)
Symbiotic bacteria associated with EPNs:
Xenorhabdus sp. with Steinernematids,
Photorhabdus sp. with Heterorhabditids
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Field evaluation of EPNs (NBAII Strains)
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Use of Chitin inhibitors
Diflubenzuron 25 WP @ 400-600 g/ha, or
Lufenuron 10 EC @ 300-400 ml/ha
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Acacia arabica (leaves & seeds)
Annona squamosa (leaves & seeds)
Datura stramonium (leaves & seeds)
Eucalyptus globulus (leaves)
Ipomoea carnea (leaves)
Lantana camara (leaves)
Nicotiana tabacum (leaves)
Pongamia pinnata (leaves)
1. Bio-efficacy :
Aqueous extract
@ 25, 50, 75 and 100%
Ethanol extract
@ 5, 7.5 and 10 %
2. Preference Index
3. Compatibility &
Synergism
4. Utilization Indices
5. Mode of Action
Use of Botanicals
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Stomach Poisons :Lantana leaves
Nicotiana leavesPongamia leaves
Acacia seed Annona seed Datura seed
Contact Poisons :Annona leavesIpomoea leaves
Contact and Stomach Poisons :Acacia leavesDatura leaves
Eucalyptus leaves
Mv
Itg
Itg
Pm
MEL
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Use of Chemical insecticides
• Judicious / Need based
• Recommended insecticides
• With proper dose and dilution
• Careful and safe application
• Proper Time of application
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ETL of some major Insect-PestsETL of some major Insect-Pests
Blue beetle : 4 adults / mrl upto 10 DAG .
Green semilooper : 3 larvae / mrl at flowering, or
4 larvae / mrl at podding.
Tobacco caterpillar : 10 larvae / mrl at pre-flowering .
Pod borer : 10 larvae / mrl at pod development .
Leaf folder : 8-9 folded leaves / mrl .
Stem fly : 26 per cent stem tunnelling .
Blue beetle : 4 adults / mrl upto 10 DAG .
Green semilooper : 3 larvae / mrl at flowering, or
4 larvae / mrl at podding.
Tobacco caterpillar : 10 larvae / mrl at pre-flowering .
Pod borer : 10 larvae / mrl at pod development .
Leaf folder : 8-9 folded leaves / mrl .
Stem fly : 26 per cent stem tunnelling .
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Recommended Insecticides and precautions
Selection of suitable insecticide
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For Red Spider Mite
Ethion 50 EC @ 1.5 l/ha
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Insect(s)
Weed(s) Combination
Stem fly Monocot + DicotMonocot
1. Rynaxypyr + Imazethapyr2. Rynaxypyr + Quizalofop Ethyl
Semi-loopers
Monocot + DicotMonocotMonocot + Dicot
1. Rynaxypyr + Imazethapyr2. Rynaxypyr + Quizalofop Ethyl3. Indoxacarb + Imazethapyr
S. litura Monocot + DicotMonocot + DicotMonocot
1. Rynaxypyr + Imazethapyr2. Quinalphos + Imazethapyr3. Quinalphos + Quizalofop Ethyl
Girdle beetle
Monocot + DicotMonocot + Dicot
1. Rynaxypyr + Imazethapyr2. Indoxacarb + Imazethapyr
Compatible combinations of Insecticides and Herbicides for effective management of major insects and weeds
in Soybean
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Proper dilution of insecticide
Proper Spray time
Protective clothing
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Proper spray equipment
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कि�सा�न �� सा�झबू�झ
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FEASIBILITY OF PLANT EXTRACTS
Stock solution : 0.2 kg in 1 lit to give 100 % stock soln.
With Power sprayer – For 100 % conc. – 24.0 kg crushed in 120 lit of waterFor 75 % conc. – 18.0 kg crushed in 120 lit of waterFor 50 % conc. – 12.0 kg crushed in 120 lit of waterFor 25 % conc. – 6.0 kg crushed in 120 lit of water