ipm in aquatics, natural areas and rights of way tues... · ipm in aquatics, natural areas and ......

52
IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rightsofway Lyn Gettys, PhD • [email protected] Agronomy • University of Florida IFAS Ft. Lauderdale Research and Education Center

Upload: lamtu

Post on 17-Mar-2018

217 views

Category:

Documents


3 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights‐of‐way

Lyn Gettys, PhD • [email protected] • University of Florida IFAS

Ft. Lauderdale Research and Education Center

Page 2: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

What is IPM?Integrated Pest ManagementAll the tools in the toolbox– Cultural– Mechanical– Biological– Chemical

Page 3: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Cultural controlGrowing requirements/cultural conditions

Page 4: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Cultural control: mulches

Page 5: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Cultural control: barriers

Page 6: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Cultural control: drawdown

Page 7: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Cultural control: other

Page 8: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Mechanical control• Disrupt, damage or remove

Page 9: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Mechanical control: digging

Page 10: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Mechanical control: cutting

Page 11: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Mechanical control: cultivate/chop

Page 12: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Mechanical control: burning

Page 13: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Mechanical control: harvesting

Page 14: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Biological control• Natural enemies

Page 15: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Biological control requirements• Host‐specific• Self‐sustaining

Page 16: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Chemical control• Herbicides

• Act on plant processes– Photosynthesis– AA/protein production– Respiration– Hormones/growth processes

Page 17: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Chemical control• Systemic vs. contact

• Foliar vs. submersed/water column

• Aquatic: 14 a.i.• ROW/NA: more• Crops: 200+

Page 18: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

IPM toolbox• Cultural• Mechanical• Biological• Chemical

Page 19: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

IPM in practice

Page 20: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Alligatorweed• Alternanthera philoxeroides• S. America late 1800s

– Shallow water, wet feet– Leaves simple, elliptic– Smooth margins– Opposite arrangement– Hollow stems– Small papery white flowers

Page 21: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Alligatorweed

Page 22: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Alligatorweed• Cultural: not really

– Barriers – too big, indiscriminate– Drawdowns – “all‐terrain”– Hand‐pull – fragile, roots, sections, fragments

• Mechanical: not really– Cutting – fragments– Burning – not in aquatics

Page 23: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Alligatorweed• Chemical: yes!

– Imazapyr (2003), imazamox (2008)– Glyphosate (1977), triclopyr (2002)

• Note: only glyphosate until 2003

• Biological: yes!– Beetle, stem borer (moth)– Thrips (not very effective; terrestrial)

Page 24: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Alligatorweed• Alligatorweed flea beetle

– Agasicles hygrophila– Argentina (1964)– South: near‐complete– North: negligible

• Alligatorweed stem borer– Arcola (=Vogtia) malloi– Argentina (1971)– Upper Mississippi Valley

Page 25: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Alligatorweed

Page 26: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Hydrilla• Hydrilla verticillata• Asia 1950s

– Almost any water– Leaves strap‐shaped, pointed tip, serrate margin– Verticillate – 4 to 8 leaves– Rooted in sediment– Tiny white flower on long peduncle

Page 27: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Hydrilla

Page 28: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Hydrilla• Cultural: sometimes

– Barriers – huge areas, indiscriminate, tubers, turions

– Drawdowns – ok but indiscriminate– Hand‐pull – fragile, roots, sections, fragments

• Mechanical: sometimes– Cutting – fragments– Harvesting – limited, indiscriminate, by‐catch, disposal

Page 29: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Hydrilla• Chemical: yes!

– Fluridone*** (1986)– Endothall (1960), diquat (1962)– ALS (imazamox, penoxsulam, bispyribac – 2000s)

• Biological: yes!– Weevils, midge, flies, moth– Grass carp

Page 30: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Hydrilla• Two weevils

– Bagous affinis – India (1987)– B. hydrillae – Australia (1991)– Not established

• Hydrilla tip mining midge– Cricotopus lebetis– Unknown – adventive– Negligible but damages growing tips

Page 31: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Hydrilla• Two flies

– Hydrellia balciunasi – Australia (1989)– Hydrellia pakistanae – India (1987)– Negligible; H. pakistanae widely distributed on DH

• Parapoynx moth– Parapoynx diminutalis– Asia – adventive– Negligible but occasional heavy damage– Indiscriminate

Page 32: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Hydrilla• Grass carp

– Ctenopharyngodon idella– China (1963)– Substantial; indiscriminate– Triploid only; requires permit

Page 33: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Hydrilla IPM• RAMP (Risk Avoidance & Mitigation Project)

– UF/IFAS Research and Extension– USACE– FAMU– USDA $$$

• Integrated strategy– Herbicide– Insect– Fungus

Page 34: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Hydrilla• Herbicide

– Imazamox  branching  tips

• Insect– Cricotopus lebetismidge  damages tips

• Fungus (native)– Mycoleptodiscus terrestris attacks damaged tips

Page 35: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Waterhyacinth• Eichhornia crassipes• S. America late 1800s

– Almost any water– Leaves round, rubbery– Inflated petioles– Basal rosette arrangement– Dark feathery roots– Large showy purple flowers

Page 36: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Waterhyacinth

Page 37: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Waterhyacinth• Cultural: not really

– Barriers – not for floating plants– Drawdowns – triggers seed germination– Hand‐pull – small populations

• Mechanical: sometimes– Harvesting – limited, indiscriminate, disposal

Page 38: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Waterhyacinth• Chemical: yes!

– 2,4‐D, triclopyr, diquat– ALS (imazamox, imazapyr, penoxsulam)

• Biological: yes!– Weevils– Moths, mites (negligible effects)– Plant hopper

Page 39: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Waterhyacinth• Two Argentine weevils

– Neochetina bruchi (1974)– Neochetina eichhorniae (1972)– Widely distributed; substantial damage

• Plant hopper– Megamelus scuttelaris– S. America (2010)– May reduce herbicide rate

Page 40: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Waterhyacinth

Page 41: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

MelaleucaMelaleuca quinquenerviaAustralia late 1800s

– Wet feet, high and dry– Leaves simple, elliptic– Smooth margins– Alternate arrangement– Tree with papery bark– White bottlebrush flowers

Page 42: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Melaleuca

Page 43: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

MelaleucaCultural: sometimes– Mulches – no effect on mature trees– Drawdowns – “all‐terrain”– Hand‐pull – may not be practical or accessible

Mechanical: sometimes– Cutting – hard to get to, dense thickets– Burning bad – volatile oils; burn hot to the canopy, trees survive, throw seeds, smoke allergenic

Page 44: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

MelaleucaChemical: yes!– Imazapyr, glyphosate, triclopyr– Cut stump, hack/squirt, fringe/girdle

Biological: yes!– Weevil, psyllid– Flies (not very effective or not established)

Page 45: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

MelaleucaMelaleuca weevil– Oxyops vitiosa (Australia, 1997)– Substantial damage – new leaves– Can’t establish in permanently flooded sites 

Melaleuca psyllid– Boreioglycaspis melaleucae (Australia, 2002)S b t ti l d

Page 46: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Melaleuca

Page 47: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Other species with IPM strategiesTropical soda apple – beetle

Page 48: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Other species with IPM strategiesBrazilian pepper – wasp (adv)

Page 49: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Other species with IPM strategiesWaterlettuce – weevil

Page 50: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Other species with IPM strategiesSalvinia – weevil

Page 51: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Take home messageLots of weeds – water and landSome tools, never enoughUse an integrated approach when possibleTry new things!Safety first!!!

Page 52: IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ... Hydrilla • Hydrilla ... – Cutting –hard to get to, dense thickets

Thanks! Questions?