ipm for cowpea
DESCRIPTION
Insect resistant cowpea – conventional breeding,Strategy for deploying biocontrol agents,IPM approach for flower thripsTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
IPM for cowpea
Manuele Tamò
insect ecologist
R4D week, Nov 25, 2009
![Page 2: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Strategic vision for cowpea IPM (5-10 years)
Preventive side:
• Host plant resistance (incl. transgenics)
• Conservation biological control
Curative side:
• Inoculative and augmentative biological control
• Bio-pesticides
• Synthetic insecticides
![Page 3: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
The legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata
![Page 4: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Insect resistant cowpea – conventional breeding
2 spray No spray
Variety Grain
(kg/ha)
Fodder (kg/ha)
Grain (kg/ha)
Fodder (kg/ha)
IT90K-277-2 2697 2219 549 3236
IT95K-231-1 2235 2619 312 3043
IT95K-193-12 2020 1513 496 1462
Dan lla (Local) 1407 3050 14 3677
• no reliable sources of resistance in crossable species
• wide crosses unsuccessful
• use of susceptible varieties possible with chemical control
![Page 5: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Table 2 Performance of cowpea Breeding Lines in Ibadan During the Second Season
(September to November) of 1998 ______________________________________________________ Spray No Spray _______________________ Cowpea Line Total seed Good seed Total seed Good seed IPE* yield (kg/ha) yield (kg/ha) yield (kg/ha) yield (kg/ha) ___________________________________________________________ IT95M-268-1-4 1530.7 1377.4 1479.5 1350.8 25.0
IT95M-305-1 1479.5 1313.6 1328.6 1190.2 26.5
IT95M-190-4 1539.1 1348.2 1303.2 1123.6 26.8
IT95M-7 1567.0 1520.7 1256.1 1192.7 35.5
IT95M-190-1 1349.0 1233.6 1192.7 980.2 26.8
IT95M-309-1 1490.3 1450.3 1177.3 1091.5 23.0
IT95M-249-1 1502.8 1425.7 1127.7 935.6 27.5
TVU14476 (CK) 1207.3 1120.2 994.8 915.6 30.0
IT86D-715 (CK) 1034.4 876.8 673.1 574.3 20.0
IT86D-719 (CK) 1012.3 821.4 614.3 457.6 22.5
LSD 5% 310.4 303.3 380.8 355.2 6.8
CV % 16.1 17.1 24.1 25.1 17.7
__________________________________________________________
*IPE = Pod evaluation index
![Page 6: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
75 Kd
50 Kd
37 Kd
Pet YL OL SEP PET Poll Pod Imm Mat
Seed Seed
The Bt-protein is found in most green
organs of transgenic cowpea
Cry 1Ab*
*LSUCourtesy: T.J. Higgins, CSIRO
![Page 7: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Bt-mediated effect on M. vitrata parasitoids
- using different doses of Cry1Ab
toxin on Phanerotoma leucobasis
- Parasitoid egg inserted in M.
vitrata egg, but development of
parasitoid larva only in late 1-st
instar
- substantial mortality of developing
parasitoids only when exposed to
LD95
![Page 8: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Other parasitoids to be studied:
-Trichogrammatoidea eldanae (egg, local)
- Braunsia kriegeri (larva, local)
- Pristomerus sp. (larva, local)
- Bracon sp. (larva, local)
- Dolichogenidea sp. (larva, local)
- Testudobracon sp. (larva, local)
- Apanteles taragamae (larva, exotic)
- Bassus aper (larva, exotic)
- Nemorilla maculosa (larva, exotic)
Prospective NTO studies on M. vitrata natural enemies
![Page 9: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Strategy for deploying biocontrol agents:
Exotic parasitoids:
• overall reduction of the population pressure,
particularly on wild host plants during the off-
season
MaviMNPV:
• to be used like a biopesticide for inundative
biological control e.g. once pheromone derived
threshold is reached
![Page 10: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Ecology studies
Major alternative host plants in moist savannas of West Africa
Pterocarpus santalinoides Lonchocarpus cyanescens Lonchocarpus sericeus
Tephrosia candida
![Page 11: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Population ‘migration’ of M. vitrata based on available
data from light traps and host plant surveys: implication
for control strategies
![Page 12: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Which biocontrol agents?Local natural enemies of Maruca vitrata in West Africa
Braunsia kriegeri Phanerotoma leucobasis
0
10
20
30
40
50
Lc Ls Ps Pp Tp Vu
Phanerotoma leucobasis
Braunsia kriegeri
Maruca vitrata larval parasitism rates on different host plants in Benin
![Page 13: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Apanteles taragamae Viereck (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)
On-going biological and ecological studies
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
days
mx
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
lx
Over 60% parasitism on Sesbania in Taiwan
![Page 14: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Experimental releases
…but no direct evidence
of establishment yet on
wild vegetation
![Page 15: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
A serial killer: Maruca vitrata Nuclear
Polyhedrosis Virus (MaviMNPV)
![Page 16: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
MaviNPV: lab and cage studies at IITA-Benin
treatement
(OB/ha)
% mortality
0.1000 9,12 c
2.1009 24,43 bc
2.1010 35,55 bc
2.1011 56,25 ab
2.1012 75,00 a
2.1013 87,92 a
![Page 17: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Strategy for deploying biocontrol agents:
Exotic parasitoids:
• overall reduction of the population pressure,
particularly on wild host plants during the off-
season
Biopesticide MaviMNPV:
• to be used like a biopesticide for inundative
biological control
![Page 18: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
+ = !!!!!
A. taragamae and MaviMNPV flying together !
![Page 19: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
TreatmentstrExposure time
2 h 24 h
Control 0 b 0 b
Ovipositor 0,91 a 0,96 a
Whole body 0,94 a 0,97 a
Diet 0,90 a 0,98 a
P>F <0,0001*** <0,0001***
Presence of MaviMNPV OB in larvae of Maruca vitrata as a
function of different contamination methods using 2h and 24h virus
exposure time.
Mechanical transmission using detached ovipositor and glass
capillaries demonstrated.
Another important discovery: at temperatures <25 C co-infected
larvae will be killed by the virus before parasitoids can form a cocoon
![Page 20: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
MR-cowpea Biopesticides as
tools in IRM
‘IPM model’ for Maruca vitrata
Alternative host
plans (BC and IRM)
Novel BC agents
![Page 21: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
New BMZ project: large biodiversity of M. vitrata
natural enemies in Asia and maybe in South America
![Page 22: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Pulses-CRSP project: M. vitrata rearing for national
programs and farmer groups
![Page 23: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
M. vitrata happily feeding on germinating
cowpea grains
![Page 24: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Rearing methodology with germinating cowpea grains is 25-30x less
expensive than standard artificial diet for the same larval output level !!!
![Page 25: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
The bean flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom (Thys., Thripidae)
Photo: G. Goergen
![Page 26: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Cultivars Damage index
First season Second season
Moussa local 2.06 c 3.42 cd
Sewe 2.06 c 3.42 bc
Sanzisabinli 2.13 c 1.93 d
TVu 1509 (RC) 2.38 c 3.25 cd
IT90K-277-2 4.88 b 3.67 cd
KVx404-8-1 4.88 b 4.67 b
IT91K-180 5.06 b 5.75 a
TVx 3236 5.13 b 5.17 b
Vita7 (SC) 7.56 a 7.59a
Host plant resistance
![Page 27: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Biodiversity studies: natural enemies of M. sjostedti
Larval parasitoid: Ceranisus menes Walker
Predator: Orius albidipennis Reuter
0.5 mm
Egg parasitoid: Megaphragma sp.
![Page 28: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
0 1 2 3 4 5
%
V. unguiculata
P. santalinoides
L. sericeus
L. cyanescens
T. candida
Parasitism rates of M. sjostedti larvae by C. menes on
selected host plants
31754
7590
8357
5671
8222
![Page 29: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Discovery of the thrips parasitoid Ceranisus femoratus in
Cameroon
V. unguiculata
C. pubescens
D. guineensis
T. candida
5841
130
2315
1110
Important parasitism rates on wild host plants
![Page 30: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Laboratory rearing very labour intensive and expensive
2 mm
![Page 31: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
In-field mass rearing on Tephrosia candida
![Page 32: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Megalurothrips sjostedti
Establishment of the exotic thrips parasitoid Ceranisus
femoratus 4 years after the initial releases in three
countries
![Page 33: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Large dataset from Benin,
comparing multi-year data
before releases and 4 years
data after the releases
0
50
100
150
200
250
Lonchocarpus
sericeus
Lonchocarpus
cyanescens
Pterocarpus
santalinoides
Tephrosia
bracteolata
Tephrosia
candida
Average number of M. sjostedti larvae per inflorescence of
different host plant (blue: period 1992-95, red: period
2005-2007)
![Page 34: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Ecological impact: up to 43% reduction of thrips population
on wild host plants
Economic impact: on-going collaboration with agro-
economists for developing ex-ante impact assessment
models
![Page 35: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
IPM approach for flower thrips
- Host plant resistance in available germplasm
- Improved biological control:
On wild hosts: Ceranisus femoratus
On cowpea: Amblyseius swirskii
- Biopesticides:
entomopathogens
botanical extracts
![Page 36: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora
![Page 37: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
Aphid colonies
destroyed by
Neozygites fresenii
in the Oueme valley
(Benin) during
‘harmattan’
conditions
![Page 38: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
New ‘serendipitously’ introduced biocontrol agent:
Lysiphlebus testaceipes
So far observed in Benin and Ghana, not in Niger and Burkina yet
Interactions studies on-going
![Page 39: IPM for cowpea](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022052307/55629e49d8b42a802b8b480d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
New technology for FFF?
Solar-powered MP3 players
- FFF can now be augmented
with messages regarding the
agricultural issues being
addressed.
- Such devices can be taken
back to the communities
where the messages can be
played repeatedly (biggest
advantage over rural radio
messages which are often
played only once)