•

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(k1>tTQ/ Edi,_ I ... 01)<:'<5 I). J"AVRAY M. $ K~.\IP$HALL R C.I.O\'E

Albert of Aachen

Historia Ierosolimitana HISTORY OF THE JOURNEY

TO JERUSALEM

EDIT ED AND TRANS LAT ED BY

SUSAN B. EDGINGTON

O XF ORD ,\l ED 1E \' .~ l TE X T ~

J. W. BIN I' S D . D ' AVRAl

M . S . K EM PSIIALL R. C . LOV E

A L HERT OF AAC HE N HfSTO Rf A f EROSOLf JtlfTA N A

H IS TOR Y O F TH E JO U R N E Y TO JER USA LE M

This page intentiollally !eft blallk

Albert of Aachen

HISTORIA I E ROSOLIMI T AN A

History oJ the Journey to J erusalem

EDITED AND TR ANS L ,o, T ED DY

SU SA N B, EDGI N GTON

CL A RENDO N I'KE SS ' OXFORD

OXFORD ~'~'JVO"'TY no>,

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P RE FAC E

5INC[ the preparat ion of this edition and lTans lation has occupied much of my adult life , l owe dcblS of gr~litudc tu a "cry large number of people who h.,'c hdp.ctl Ill<: in 'Tr}' man}' ways . Th" moSt outstanding ar~ mentioned here and in th~ notes \0 the text, bUi I cannOl attempt to nam<: them all , I hope I lhankcd th<:m adequatel}' at the appropriate times and ha~ I reaffirm my grati tud~,

The pmject was suggested w me hy the late I' rofc"5or Joan Hussey, Royal Hnlloway College, as a l'h_D_ thesis in H)68 I completed the edit im, under thc supervis ion of Julian Ch r)'sostmn i de.~, who su p-­ported me steadfast ly through a process which took o'"er Twenty years. I am alro indebted to the University of London's Board of Gradu 'll~ Studies for allowing me to stretch th" regulations to their limits and for gr<:eting the "ppo:ar.nn' of my thesis in 1991 with congratu lation in'lead of disbdicf. I th~n had the g(~Jd fortune w spo:nd a term at Newnham Cnllege, Cambridge, as Ru th Cohnt Sch(Mllm istTCs.~ I' d low, ",hil"h allowed me w mak .-.:a l progres< with the translation and hiswrieal nOleS,

I I hank all of 1 he librarians and archi,-is1.s of coll ect ions which hold manuscripts of the HiS/ori" fOT supplying me Irith microfilm copies, which I used for the <;<>l1at ion and edition of the te~t, and for accommodating me in person to allow the inspection of the manu­scripts themseh es. I ha,'e also had the prhi lege of llsing Cambridge Unh'crsity Library and its excellent holdings and fadlitics.

The Gmcral Editors of 0,\-\T-3t thaI time Diana GrcmwJ), Barbara llan'c)", and Michael Lapid~----bccame im'o],'cd in the t99O'l and all l()oh-..l at Some part of the tc.'!. i\l ichaei Lapidgc d il ig~ntly r~ad drafts of the ~ntire text and translation and made many .-aluabk sugg"st;ons for imprm-emenL Th~ late Timothy Reuter made a start 011 reading the historical notes, but was pre"ented from pursuing the task by his untimely death, Alan Mltrray, of Leeds Uni"ersity, stepped into the breach and contribu ted enor­mously from his encyclo[)<'dic knowledge of the subject. Neil Wright, Unh'ersit \' of Cambridge, read through the Latin lexl and identified <"ias,ical borw",ings. [n the lI urr}' of acti.-ity around the fmal ,tages of p r~paring the r)'pescript I ha\'~ been grateful for tm, support ufOi\-rr

PREF.H: E

editors John Blai r, James Binns. ami Da"id D'1'wray; their colleagues at Oxford Universi ty Press; the copv-ediJor Bonnie Blackburn, and the Iypesetter Anne Joshua.

My research has brought me into conlaCI with many lI'ho h" 'e become good friends and a great source of encouragement. I met the laic 0110 Smail in the 19ioS and he maoc IwO pricdc.<;s COrllribUlions \() my re~areh : he pro,-ided me wilh • kner of irllroduelion In

Cambridge Universily Library. and he inviled me l(l al1end the ~m;nar~ which he w"' then running at Qu.,.,n~' Cullege with Jona1han Riley-Smith. The seminar ~ries ha .• evoked but sti ll (akes place. organized by m y colleagues T homas Asbridge at.d Jonathan Phillips . llhe Institute of HislOriul Rese-m:h in London_ I ha,'c enjoyed tra,"tl ling to crusader lands with Jonalhan. Tom and Jon , Malcolm Harber. Peter Edburl' . John I' rance. Y\'onne Friedman. Luis Garcia-Guijarro. Bernard Ibmilton . Robert I luygens. Piers !l.li tehell. Alan !\'l urray, lIill Zajac. and <>then;. I ha.'c also ,alued the ~uppurt of these colleagues bl' corr~"pondcnce amI con\'ersa tion. No less importam h.,-e been my CUL tea-mom friends. especia lly Debby Banham alld Shelagh Sneddon . For general life support at.d g. rden mainten,"u: my friends of l onge~t 'talldill ),:. Sue and Chris Wor1hillgton, have pUI me deeply in their deb!.

Meanwhile my (eaching caT<.'Cr "'as in fu rther edue-ation at I luntingdonshire Regional Collcge, and I ha\c "alued thc support of studems and stalT. especiall}' the pra l1ical hdp "f1he libTar}', IT and printroom l",rsonnel . and the sleadfa st friendship of Groff Pawling. now Assistam Principa l. It gi,.c.~ me great satisfac1ion at th~ dose of my career to h,,-c rClUrned (" th~ Uni,·crs ity ,,{ London to teach an i\ lA in Cru""der Studies.

Howe'-er. my deepest and wa nnest al'l'r~><; i a tion is for my famil y. especia ll y my daughter Rebecca. my son Ben and his wife Penny, and my grandchildren Hannah .nd Rebekah. Albert of Aachen was a presence in my children's Ii '-es; he has been a good companion in mine. and I hope that Ihis ,,,rsion of his HiS/ona does him justice.

QUMn ArMy. Un;w.,ily of Lmllton Jun€ 2006

S.B.E.

CO NTENTS

LI ST OF FIG URE S AN D MAP S

ABB REV IA TIO NS

INT RODU CTIO N

L THE H1STO RfA OF ALBERT O F AAC H EN

I. The H iSlorj{/ lerosolimif(lll(l 2. 'fhe author 3. Dating 4. Sources 5. Single authorship 6. ' I-listoria' 7. Albert's attitudt!S 8. Evalua tion

IT. MA N U S CRI PT S

T. Extant ma nuscripts 2. Lost manuscripts 3. Relationships of the manuscripts

III. ED ITIONS

T. Previous editions 2. 'I'ransl:nions 3. The present edition

SI GLA

T EX T A N D TRANSLATION HISTORIA IEROSOLIMITANA .. H istory 0/ the J Ollrrlcy to .Jerusalem

Book i Book ii Book iii Book iv Book v Book vi Book vii Book viii

· OX

• Xl

· no · XX I •

XXI • ••

XX I1I ·

XX IV ·

XXVI • ••

XXVIII

xxx ·

XXX I ·

XXXV I

•• XXXVlI .. XXXVll

xlvii xlviii

Iv Iv

Ivii 1 vi i i

Ixi

I , 60

138 248 ]38

406

486 586

... V1I1

Book ix Book x Book xi Book xii

CONTENT S

AP P EN DIX : CH APTER TITL ES

B IBLIOGRA PHY

IN D EX OF QUOTA T IONS AN D AL L USIONS

IN DEX

638 7,8 774 826

883

9'9

93 '

934

fIG U RE AN D J'o.'1A P S

F1GU R [

, The relationships of the manuscripts xl"iii

M A PS

L Romes of the crusading armies in '''''' " , Antioch in 1097- 8 ,,' 3 J<"Tllsakm in ""J9 .Wll

4 Routes of the crusading armks in 1101 .n11l , The crusad~r stales in 10<)9-1 119 xiX

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AC

AASS

t\ndressohn , C""ir_y

Anon. Syrioc

ABBREVIAT I O NS

AlheTr "f A. chen, 1I",,,,io l,,",olimitana, c~red b!' book and chapter

Anne G)mnene,AI""":u/,, cd, Bcm>rd Lcib, 3 "ols, (Pori., "137- ,6); Tk, AI""oJ of A"no C.",,,ma, tron •. E. R. A. Sewt"T (I ,"T"",nd.worth , '(11'.<;)

Aaa SaltCI.,,,m qU&lqU&I /&10 urb,. ,obmlUr: vd a

(Mheli", ""plOr'b", ulehratllur 4"at: ~" lalllli, " trorc;', olia"''''quf t,mium allli<{u;' menu",,",,, , cd Joh.nnes BoII.ndu •• nd Godefridus Henschenius ( ~nd edn., 70 ,'ols. and ,upplenltm, Brnssels, Pari., and Rome, , 863- )

J C. l\ndTc<i" .hn, n , AnWI')' and Uk 0fGod{T,y 4 H.uillM (llIoomingtOll, Ind" 1947)

t\ . S. T ritton , 'The first and second cn"odcs from .n .nonymons Srri. c chronicle', Jo"rnal .f (h, Royal A,iali( S.ddy , ~c~i 1' '133), pp. 6q '0 ' . 273- 305

AOL Arch"!,, dr /'Omm 101m. 2 ,'ok (I' .. is, ,881 - ,.)

Ill) DnlJn'ti e~iMo/,i Dolo",. II;'IO,ia ]fTo,olimilan •• RIIC0 .. i". ' - I II

fl N Ihrtolf of N.ng;., C,S/a Franc.",m Hitrusakm ":/,utnam",,,,. RIIC Ou iii. "9' 5H

Dff.ro, Ann. Ian, Ann.le. I"nuenw, ed. L T. lle1grono, Annali C£not'"i, i (Fomi per 1. s.o,i. d'lt.li., xi; Geno •• [8<;0), pp . 3- 75

Dffaro, Hft"i, /1;'/0"" R£~ni lhNl"olim,{~nj n,,,,j, 11;'1.,;a , Annoli (,'£ItI;-1>6i, i, ' 27- ,.6

Dffi1,o, Lih, Or. /Jt libNl1liont tivila/"''' O,un/;. /ihtr, An",,/i Cnw ­o'N;, i , Q<J-12~

CCCII

ChA

Ou <.:ange

Co,/,'" Chmlianllmm. Continunli. Mdia"'a/i,

fA Cha nlon J'Anti(}(hr, ed. S, Onparc-Qnioc, 2"01" (P.ris, ''177- 8)

C. du Conge, CloSJonum ",dia, <I in},n"" Latini­la/iI, '0 ,'ok (N iorl , [ ~~.,--?)

'" Edgington, Ph,D.

thesis

E/'

EHch1fJ

EHehard. Him'S(Jlymila

'C

FrUlolf.nd Ekkehord

GF

Gi lo

GN

H '1l"nmeyer, K'luzzugw,irft

lI~i""hintIQ

{fl.

'Q

K. mo.1 al_O;n

Lew;, & Short

A BBRt;VJAT I ON~

S. U. Edgingtoo. 'The lIim,,"" Ih"",,,/;milaM of Albert of Aachm: A Critical Edition' (Ph.D thesis. London, 19')1)

Enryr/opri/ia .f hI"m (2nd cdn" 10 ~ols. 111 r r. Leiden, 195+~OOO)

&< Pm/olf an d F.Uch.rd

EH,hard; "bbMiJ Ura~~n'is flitr",,,/ymila, RflC O(fV, I +0

"u/clIf'i C"mQltmi. lIi<l",;" HW'M"lymilanIJ (lOrE-lU,) . ed. Heinrich H. gcnmcycr (Heidel­berg. [913)

Fro'.1ft rr EN-,harJ; Chronica "unon Anon),,,,, ChrQm"~ Impi'u/"",,,,, ed. F .-J. Schmale ... d I. Schmalc-On (D .. mstaJt, 1972)

Gn/a Fmn""NItI et "liomm Hi"owlimitamiTum, ed. and tnos, Rosal ind Hill (London. 1<Ii.) Gilo of Pa r;, ",d , second ononymous author, fti'Mnd 1M Ih(rpwlym;Ianaf, ~. C W. Grocod and J E. Sibe,ry (O,\IT. '99;)

Gllib<rw, abb .. S. 1I l.ria< Nogcmi, Dti Kma ~ I'ranc"" ed. K. It C. Huygcns. CCCII cxxl"iiA (TUT~ hour . ",<)6)

fo"pi<lulu " {h"rI~' ad hiS/gri",,, primi hrlli 'IKro, '!WlamN: Di, K"uzzugw,i,y au, dmJahrm 1088-1100, «I. H. Hagon",e)"e, (Inmbruck, "j'H)

Snorri SlllIlu",". lltim'hingla. 'rons. L.]\1 . Hol­lander (Austin, Te.,., ,\11+), pp. 6&8-;,+

I""lfini"h,. ff,,:omrlf ... I .r;r:;ton: o;churUcht, Fpr­nlt/gul >'QIl En"ius hi, zum Arthipotla, 5 w,k (Munich. '97q-SJ) Exlmit Jt la ,hmniqut ;nlituli, Komd-AluwryH I"" Ibn-l lla'y'. RffC 0, i . • 87- 1\00; ii. ' - I&> Ibn al-Q.lmi,i, Hi Da",,,,,us Chronid, of Ih, C"".d", cd H. A. R. Gibb (London. '932) E.wMiu J, I~ ChrQni'lu£ J'AI,p par K,n",1 td-Din, RIIC Or iii. 578--6r)O

A Lalin O;ctionary, cd C. T . Lewi, and C. ShOrl (O,forJ, 187~)

Mayer. Mom,hl

ME

AICII SS

OED

0.\1"1'

M

lUI

RC

RIIC

RIIC Ou

RIIC Or

RIICF

RM

ABBRE I' IAT IOt"S .\1"

H; E. Mayer, Die K"uqah",hrffl(hufi Mom,lal (S6ha ~) : J,mlonien im l~. Jall,hunder, (Wi".b.den. , "") ;lnnm;a and th, C,usad", T"nrh 10 T=Jfih C,ntl<­,i,,: Thr Chronicle of.llatlhnl'of£drssa . trans. A. E, Oo<aou,i.n (I-"n h.m .... ·Id .• ''193)

MonN"",",a C(mlOniaf fli.<torica, Script"'". cd, G. 1-1. P"" '. d al. . lZ ml'. ( .... "o'·n. lI'eim ... Slu ttgart. and Cologne, 18z6--'9Hl

O,if",J Enlli,h J)ic/;Mury (2nd tdn .• 20 \"01... Oxford. l Q89)

Orb;, Lal;nu,: L,-,ihm I"',;nis,h,,, r:'"l'aphi .. h", Nam.:n iUs Aline/a/lfr und ikr Neuuil. 1 "01" ( Ilud' pest. J97Z)

Oxford M.die,.,.1 T exts

Th, fccl",'asl;,ul "i,I",)-, ofOrd",;, Vil"'is . cd and tran" Marjorie Chibn.n, 6 \"ols. (O,\IT, 'oA/- So) PalmlQgiM (um" (~mplrlur, S,",;~ Lul;na , publ. J. 1'. Migne. HI "01" (Paris, lRi4- 54)

Ih,wria d, ";,,",~Iym;'ano il;n",. ed . J. II. lIin and r. r. r rill (O""umcn. , Tclari fs it l" his."irc de< croisades. xii; Pari,. J9771

fA 'Ltlxr' <k R"ymond d'Aguilm, cd. J H. Hill and L L H ill (f).:>cull1"nt, ,,,r.,if •• I'hi""itt df'< CTl>i,..d<-~ . i~ ; ['oris. "J6tJ)

(;'rta Tancrd; In ,,,prJ;,;o,,, l/;rroil,lym;,anu . aufl~" Rad"lf~ Cui.m,"". RlIC Ore iii . 587- 7 ,6

Recut,l lit, lIi,'{;f;,nr b, Cr.;,,,b,. ~d . . "e.dell1i~

des Inscriptions et Belks Lcttrcs (Paris. 1841 -

'906) RIIG. f! ;'/.rim, Ouidenlau.t , 5 wi •. (I' .. i" 1s'14-0;)

RUC. Hislorim, OrU'mau.'. 5 wis. (Paris. ,87'

'901"') RrrUfil dN hin"rim, d" Gaul" tI d, la frana, cd, ~L 1I0uque! e! . 1.. Z~ vol •. (P.ri., '7.\7- 190~)

Robmi MONochi h;'/.ria Ih,.,..,olinlilana. RIIC Of( iii. 717- 882

X1\'

SSRII

U",,,,ah

we

11'1\\

\\,T

ABB R t;VJAT I ON~

Helma ''In; k'ad,oiymil.ni, ed. R. Rohrichl (lnnsbmd. I So)~) .nd Addlla_mum (l nnsbmd. , "") Srr,plOm rerum Hungo,icarum Ifmp." Ju{um "'%"lIIq'" 'Iirt" Arp~J'aM' tWa",m. ~ "ok (Uuda­PCSI, ",137-41) U •• mah ibn ,\\unqidh, An Arab-Syrihn (;mllnnan and Worrier in Ih, Period oflh, C",,,,Jn: M,moi" of U",m.h ibn '\/un~jJh , ed . 1' . K. Hilti (Princeton, 1~;:9)

Walter Ihe Ch.ncenor. Bdla A"I;(lfhn'a, ed. H. f-b genmcycr (lnnsbmck, 1&,6)

Willi. m of J\I,,\m«bury, (;~'18 H'gNnJ Angio.-ultl. cd R ,\. n. Myn,,"s, R. M. Thom"'n. and M. WimerOOlt01n, 2 "ok (O.\1T, 19"&---9)

Willi. m ofT)'K. ChNmi,ml, cd R. B. C Huygc~ s

(eee.1I lxiii-\~iii.o\: Turnhoul . 19~1,)

~\ ,p ,_ R(>Ilto, of'he cru .. ding .m,ic.;n '00;>6.

()

D

l

000" 1 Iron Bridge

lliteof the Duke

\

H HEST OIh soo m.

\

SILPIUS

'\ \

r St George

cr.." // r N I

o If.. mile , , I I I

o lh lkm

to StSimeon ~I===;d,,================= M AP 2. Antioch in 1097- 8.

N

VALLEY OF

RINNON

o , , o

, 'I.

Hal c::] Sepulchre

David

MOUNT SION

, '1:1 km

MAP 3. Jerusalem in 1099.

)

D , , StMary • Ma.gdelene , ,

" 0 • • ~ , 0 ,

Temple Mount • , , , Dom, " of the @d

Temple of Solomon

I :::J.

QIDRON VALLEY

Pool of Siloam

a

,,", .. ,. ..

M AP ~. 11.00'" <of .he cnl ... ding .. m;" in , '0 ' .

-SULTANTEOF RUM

,

ARMENIANS

o Aleppo

CYPRUS

MEDITERRANEAN

SEA o D:mI3SCtls

___ Political frontiers

I o 100 ml1es ,--, c;=='=;=~' !- I o ISO bn

MAP 5. The crusader states in 1099-111 9.

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INTRODUCTION

T, Tlif. IlrSTORrA Of ,~LTnRT OF ,~ACTlE:-;

T, Tlu Histori~ krosolimitan~

The Hil/oria leroso/imilalla anributed 10 Alben of Aachen is the most compicte, th~ most detailed, and the most colourful of the cuntcm­!l'orary narratives of the First Crusad~ and of the C.reCn; of the f,rst generation of Latin sculers in Olltr<:mer ([095- 11 19), It is also by rar the longes!.' 'rhe His/on'a compri>cs tweh'e books: th{' first six take th~ Story orthe First Cru,acic through to the ""plur~ of J~rus.l~m ('oW) and itS aflCrmat h, ground that is w,-cTcd in the lhre~ h<:ncr-known eyewitness accounts nf Fulcher nf CharTres, Ra ymond nf Aguilcrs, and the anonym""s aut hor of Ihe G'llil FraJlCl>rlI"'_ ' The great value of this part o(lhe HiSTon'a is lhat ils aUThnr appears not 10 ha\'( known those contemporAry narrati\'(s, and his aCColmt is therefore indepclld­ellt of them, In hooks, ii- xi i of Alben's Hi,/un'" fUTIheT expeditions art: described, bIll thn~ is .I>() considerable detail about the internal and ext(rnaJ politics of the crusacier states d uring the first t "'0 deGIdes of seillcment. The only comparable account in Latin is by Fulchn of Chartres, whose narrati\'c ends in 1127, and who------as chapiain to

Raldwin I of J~TUsalem----was in a "trung p,,,i tion 10 .dale ~"Cn1~ at first hand _ When he docs so his wor\; is, of course, im'aluable, bur he is often disappoin1ingly discreet about affairs of state, and inclined 10 reso.t 10 cla,>sical aut horiTies inSTead of his own (xperiene<:: for nample. his descriptions of natur~1 his10ry are deri"ed from Solinus_ Alben '5 informalion for this later period ~';ln frCtluent!y be checked only against East~m writers, from whom there is a surprising .Jegrce of corrobora tion.

, h;' rould>IJ' 'hI« ,ime> .. kon~ .. I'"kl><. ~fa..rtr<>; >i., 'im<> .. loog .. iU)'TTlQoo of ",,"iitn-,.oo ''''' ,imes .. Ion,,, ,I>< (kJlg F, •• "" .... ~ on ,he pop".,ioo of the IIm" ,1 oJ;, ..... , Fukho-t RIfC 01< ;;; , J'(>-tll6; K,)m<),," IIHC (ke ;;;_ 2J '-)"9; (;"JI. II//C 0/;, ;;i . ,,~, A'\><rt /UIr; 0" ;" .6J-""~' Mo.o =<n!<,h,"'" of ,he><: wo.h .n: "",d .nd idcn,ifi<d belo".

1 C",. F ... " ,,,, .. ,, .1",",,- 1I'ff#>(>k.",_ ... rJ , R_ t!;U ( ' ..... Inn. '<)/01.) (h"",.n., Gn /~ 'Iibff' J- R~}_04 d',iso"'", <d, J. , !. .nd , .. , .. 'hll W.,;,., (969) (h<,,,r,« RJ.);

Fu1ch<:.- qf O,.rt= lfiJl.';" If""' .. /)",,#,." (',,%-UZ1) , oJ, ll, lI'rcnme),cT (1 !ciold_ I .. ,~, '~(3) (hc""r" , Fe)_

tNT ROt) lJ CrlON

Alocrt off~rs an nlraordinarily dctaikd acwum of the mili tary campaigns, om he ahm somrs an avid int~re.~t in all aspectS o( t h~

crusading e~perien<:<: which would bc nowl or strange to his audience. For enmple, he gi"es a detailed de!icription o( the u"" of carrier I'igeons by The Turks (Y. 9). and ~ circums"nTia l account of SltgU prod uction in Syria (Y. 37), Ire tells what colour banners the Ie-~ders carried. and he distinguishes dearly the different sorts of ships u>cd in the eastern l'\-ted itcrranean. There is an ncessi"dr detailed account of the death of Baldwin I of Jerusalem while on campaign in Egypl , his embalming and funaal (.i i. 2~). and a !lTU~'some warning about the (alai ef(cel~ of ingeSTing k~ch~'S (vi. 6). Examples m uld he multipl ied. Surprisingly, Ihough Alkrt wrUle his His/on',1 far away in !\achell, il is he who convc)'s Ihe mOSI "i"id impressioll of the day- to-day experience of being on crusade.

The editi,,,, which (ollows is intended to hring Ihis unparallded wealth of information to the wider audience it desef\'cs. It cannot of itself answcr somc important questions which arc add ressed in this introduction. Who was Alberti When did he wrile? Where did he writ~ ? Wh)' did h write? What waS his intended audience? What were his suurees? Most important: how far is he to be trusted? These <jues tions h.,.e been the sub jttt o( academic debate si nc~ t R.{t, when Heiluich von Sybd published his p-oulld-br~'aking history of the Fi rst Crusade' They were rC\·isited by P~ler Knoch in his STudy of Ihe Hislm'ia of 1966.' There is stil l no consensus on lhe rnore irnponant of them.

I' lradoxically. although iT rnay be argued that AJl:>e rt of Aachen's HislOria has freqltenlly been over looked and undervalucU . it has exercised considcr~blc inn,t{"llcC u,'cr cntsade historiography, mainly by wa)' of William uf T yre.' William has nner hcen ",'CT­

h~)ked ur under\"3Iued------qllitc the cont rary- but iT is not alw.)"s rem~mhercd '-hal he wrote in the latin part o( the twdfth century, and for his aCCllunt o(the l' ir<t Crusade he was dependent Oil wriUen sources. inci llding Albert's H illoria.' Hence. (or enrnplc, the prominence Wil Jilrn gave to I'CICr Tne Hennit. which was in turn

, fl. ,.,,,, s)b.~ C"".".." In m". K". ",,"l' (t"';p';\I. ,8., I. , P. K"""h. S,~ "" AI"" ,~ • .--I..,-.l.-. .. Ih r.", K" ."""l •• "" J",,,,.l.-. (].".~,;;

(S'""P" .• 0#1. , \\';U " m of T)~<. C_""", <d. R. R. C. flu)"!",,,, (CCCAI l,;;>--l,;;;A, TUmM"',

• .;tl>1 (b. ... ,r",. \\ITI • P. W. IOdh", y • ..J J. O. Ro~-.:. W,P .... • / TY"": lI"'on· • • 0/ ,/0, u,;. E""

(umbridg<, '988): IVT, ~""" ..

THE JI{STOR{A 01' AL BERT 0 1' ,\ACHEN .u1ll

responsible for some S<:''en cenHlries of historica l dislOrtion.' The relationship ktween Alben's work ~nd William's is e_,amincd beluw; the point hcre is to StreSS that a knowhlge "fthe Hi<lOria of Alben of :hchm is cssmtial to cng~ge witb the historiography uflhe crusades,

~ _ TI,e mil/lOr

Knowk..tge of Ihe aUThor's id~ntily d~ri,-es tntirely fTOm Ihe lexi itself. The earliest manuscripts have no writer 's name and 'Albert ' or 'Adalbert' is found only in one branch of Ihe Slemma and cann'" be said "-ilh any e<:rla;nty 10 dale from earlier Ihan (_T~OO.' T hus the name Alben may have been att:lched to the His/onll as long as a hundred years ~fter the work's cumposition , That the writer Ih'oo in Or nCar Aaehm in Ihe Rhineland (h. Ai.,-la-Chapdk, La!. Aqums;s) is nUl in .n~' r~a",,,,abl e doubl , Hi ~ detailed knowledge of p"-~'ple ond plac~'S in thai region, his special imcrel>l in the crus30crs whlOse homes were there, as "ell.s Iht origins oflhe manuscripts where known, are p"r'i\las;,'c evid~ncc _ Howe"cr, records frolll Aachen arc <parse for the first decades of the twelfth century. when it is believed Ihe aUlhor nourished. An ,\dalbert is recorde<l as witness to 1 charter issued in ,he cily in T r H and an Albert in T T 58' Rnlh were canons of 5 t Mary's in .-\1chel1, " 'hich was probably .-\ Iben's church. as it figures in a vision (vi. ,,6), bu t they may be rather late, since our Albert was pmb.bl}' \:x,m hcfor~ 1080 (= bdow). There was a church dcdi~':ll~d to 5t Adalbert in Aachen, which SUg-!I"SL, ,hat Adalbert or Albert waS probably a popular nam~ therc . In th~ ab"'ncc of ~ny positi,'c identification, it seems >Cl1,ibk to accept and usc ,he name Albert of Aachen, ond ~~rt" inl y more <;"n veni~nt Ihan another 'Anonymous'.

One of the few personal insights which Albert affords is in his fi rst chapter or prologue, where he explains how he hinTseif long.:d to go

, St-c E. O. Blll< . nd C. Morris. ''\ hermit "","0 ~ •• r: Parr .od tl>< o,i~i,.. of tl>< first ctU"de\ Stwli" i. C"",,. lI~t"ry, " jj (O,foro. '»Ilsk I'P- 1'1--[07_

• Th. no"", i, lOund in [t.. f"-,,.,..-' of MS E.md in i,. ",p;" K;rnd O. ,\lol.oogh f i. tt.. eo,Ii<>, ",(Ont M~, tho: op<:oing """"'0.. 11" in ,Mf<",n' "'00 (1::,1 .n<l 1l< tbough' to Iu,,, """" wr;tt'" in ,h. <"Iy I'''' of tlot 'j,h c. Th<)" ",dud< ,n ",[roducro,)' £<file"",, '

/.n,;, '.1""'" /""",j,";,.", ""Jin!>w#. d;,. 4. A,w}·", •. " ... .. ;" ,,=,.,u A~i, £uk,"" ,\IS K, roriOO [,om E" h .. in 'Il< top mMpn of til< fu-<, POf" II"""" /"'""/'''''"'''' .1&,.,1 ,,, ... Id Aif"'~ but this is in • I"., h.nd. I""h.p;< , ko 'jth < ~IS B, mp;.J rtom K .... d.u., >2,h c., d. .... ,.." h,o, .• ,I>< ",me, un ,t.. «In'm)'. R ".-.l. ~ith 'Il< "orus £>~I;'" RP",", {" ... Ii .. ,,.,,, • 9""u,m .iro "'"i,u· .. , jiJ</"n t ... ,.,i" I"" J,.,J",,,,,,"

• Knoch, S,ud"". 1'- 6S; E. Me",t..n, A.do,,," U,h...u. "Ol-I~SO (Bonn, '91». PI'. [75, '95 ,

INTRO DUCTI ON

on crusade bUI wa, preventcd (rum doing- '0, and therdorc he decided 10 wrile.n aemuni instead. Thi< <ugf:~stS thai Alhert was of.n aF:~ 10

join Ihe e~pcdilion in 10'16_ He refers 10 hindrances ('iml'edimema') and il is l'mlSih le Ihal h" was, lih ()\h~r reiigious, forhidd~n hy hi. superior 10 go ,lO He was oorn, by inference, no laler Ihan c_ IO!ln_ If he was indeed a canon of St i\hry's, the cathedr~ 1 Chllrch of Aachen, he will ha,,, rcc"h"d a monastic "ducat ion which "quil'P"d him to writ" the serviccabk Latin dhis Hi,'~ria. Hi, ralher superficial knowledge of classical literalure may also have been gleaned in the schoolroom, perhaps from readings of florilcgia . As might be ,",pectcd, he had a wider . nd deepcr knowledge dthe Old and ).ic\\" T~"SlametllS, though h" n~"er qumed at any I~nglh_ It is impossibl~ H> gue.~, Or d~duec, whelhcr Albert's nali\"<: language "-as' form of French or German- he mar well have thought in Latin from da y to day- bm he '\"as .pparendy abl~ to galher ural lestimony from return ing erusaden;. and therefore probably had some facilit y in different '-ernacular di~lecls of northern France, Flanders, and the Rhindand.

3. DOlin!

If Albert's prologue was wntten soon ~f1er the " 'ork was compiled and bcC,,,,, ils publication, as seems logical, Ihen il prm·idcs some du~s 10 tbe daling of the HiSlOn'a', wmposit ion. Albert says at the outser Ih.1 lhe hiSI"ry con~'Cms lhe j"UTtlcy and e~ped it inn 10

Jerusalem, thaI is, the First Crusade_ He refen; 10 Ihe success of Ih" camllaign in opening Ihe w.y 10 pilgrim~, hut he does nnt mention '>Cnkmel1l, nor laler e~pedilions, nor c'-en the reign of Raldwin [ (1100-18), all of which he is 10 chron icle in the second part of the work (books vii-x ii). This slrongly SllggcslS lhat Albert's origin~1 inlention was It> wrile the his wry of Ihe crusade, culminating in the liberat;on of the Holy Places, "n aim he .chie.-ed in h()oks i- .-i. Whelher there w;\.~ cver a litst rcd"clion (Ctwering 1095---<;1) in eireularion cannot now be est"bli, hed, rhough ir ~ exi sten~.., would .alisfactmily explain why Wi lliam of Tyr~ in hi. 1i"'1 ~;gh! buoh shares so much info rmalion uniquely with Albert , bUI there is no shared informalion after 1099.

Whether or not they ever had an independenT exiSlence, Ihe fin;1 six books of Ihe HiS/orin, according to lhe evidence of Ihe prologue, w"r" wrillen soon aft"r the events Ihey describe. Book , i ,,'as

.. s«: "- Uro.n (('. Io:nor ,1 .. «1 ,~ S<p<. ,<>91>; Ibg<nmo:),<T. K".zzowm</" pp, 'J7---{l

THE H1STOR1A OF fiLBERT OF AACHEN _,w

produced ill its filial form after 1102: th is can be deduced from chapters 26 and 27, .16 and ]i. Each pair uf chaplers describes a proph~lic dream, and in uch ellS<: lh imerpr<olation of l h~ dream demonstrates its ITlllh by reference to a later death: chapler 27 the death "f Staoclo Ihe chamberlain, which wok place in May 1102; chapter 37 the dealh .,rDuke Godfrey Uul)" I roo). Alocrt may ha,"e imended 10 end his 51"'y al chapler 54, afler the "i<otory at A":3Ion, when many of Ihe leaders sel OU I for home_ The first selllence has a fine \'aledicl<>ry ring I<> il: '1'.1 ecce prosperc Wt prdii., 101 lahurihus, omnibus seclliis inaudit is, in ukto. i. el oono fine completis Whether or not this was Albert's intention, he became caught up in the SIOry again, and hook vi "nds less artistica ll y with the machina­tions of lJ"hemoml and Kayrnond.

Thus il may oc inferred that b'KJks i-vi wcre cumplelcd in the lirst years of the twelfth cent ur)". The prol()g"" suggesls this s!Tongly and there is noth ing in 1m, text 10 indiL'ate 3 bitT date, for <eXample nn hint of Baldwin 1'5 later achincmems, nor of Baldwin .,r &UTl"<l'S uhimale accrssion_ Rooks ,-ii _xii co'-er Ihe period from '099, when many crusaders returned to Europe, to I I 19- fol lowing Baldwin I's deal h and Baldwin II '5 acct.'sion_ There is no s.lisfacwry conclusion; in fact, the final chapter tells only hal f a tale: the massacre of 700 pilgrims by Bedouins and the king's determination to a'eng<: them. Perhaps Alb("ft's own d~ath dq lri",·d uS of his descripliOln of the bank nf 'Ager Sanguinis" the J'idd of 1l10od, later the same y<oar, or it may be that the originalle_'1 lost ilS fina l leaf or lea,·cs ocforc the extant copies were malic: Ihe ~arljcsi Olf Ih~""" (E) is dere~1.ive al both beginning and end.

The ea rlieST daTe which is p<,s-,ible for Ihe compleT ion ufhook .xii is thus 1119_ Additional evidence that Ihe work was finished with in a decade of that date is its probable inclusion in the catalogue of the monaSlery al Egmond (Nelhe rt ands), where il was lisled in r,~fI-

30." Although the author is nOI named, the ,·olume comprised twelve books and was about the journey to Jerusalem. Further, there is palacugr.&phical ev idence: the main part of E appears I<J ha'T ocm wrinen in lhe ""wnd "uarter of lhe twel fth century and a dale in the 1 120!< or J l .lO> is <juite pos:sibk.

" M. ,\1'0"'\1>, G<>ekid", In t.ui. ;"-"'" Liltml.'.h, '\/i,,,t.hm, l '·010. (Munich, '9' 1- 3 I), ,OJ. 4>6: 'Sub. .bNtc fI",~oo Fr<d<ricla IIK<n>Chu. "'"' libroo "",b, [«'I . [>I; ~bri cira. . n""m dum;n; MCXXV!1I ,..,1 XXX ",til" ; .. I <fliP'; '"," It<m d< vro[wioo< [<ro..,~mitan. _,ii libti in""" ,·01:

INT RO I) lJ Cr lON

4, So"rces !\ dale of com.-ilion early in Ihe Iwelfth <:enTu ry would be consiST­em "-ith Alben's ha"ing used the testimony of participants as his major SUll rc~ of informalion. l !c may ha,'c uscd "rinen sources, bUi after careful consideration of 1m, ntant pn>Se accounts, il is difficult 10 bel ie,e that he was fam iliar with any of th"m. In the nineteemh century, il was suggest<:o.l thaI Albert uwd a written acco unt "hich had sub""'lumtly been lost. This t hmr~' of a 'lust Lotharingian chron icle' I.-aS taken up ,,-ilh enthusiasm, .lIowing, as it did, hiswr­i.ns 10 use Albert's texl sc lecl i"ely_ In formation of which the)' approved was attrihuted wAlbert's Wril\e11 source; materia l they rejected was labelled legendary_ A.~ latc as the '¢OS Peter Knoch advanced a .-ariation on the thoory, which is that both Albert and William of Tyrt: used the same lost" rinen source, accouOling fu rthe similari ty of their narrativcs for the years 1095----9," The difficulty is th. t no extrinsic trace of sUl'h ,source sur"ives. Since we l'an ha'T no idea of ;tS put.t ;,-e ",mttnt, we are not relieved of the ohl ig.t ion w evalu.te Albert's informali,m by comparison with other extant sOurce>!;. A-\ure",-er, the 'k)<;t Lmharingian chronide' has been hypothesized onl y for the story of lhe Fi rst Crusade_ Alberl'S His{Qria cominut'S until, T ' 9, and many events after 'OW arc described with diffu <;nt le,'ds of deTa il .nd 'pl,arcm accuracy_" More than one losl "-rinen source is even more un likely.

,-\ll><:rt himself says that he compiled his Hillor;" 'ex audi t" tl relalione', implying that he used predominately or~1 sources," T here is no rtlson W doubt th is waS 'it" and the uS<: of oral testimony help, 10 explain cr rtain features of Ihe t e~t "hich may oc accoun ted either slrenglhs and \\'~<lkncsses: oral histor}' is recognized to,Ia}, as immensdy ,,"Iuable, but, equall )" as problemati",, ]. Firstly, the

" In '"" '9Ih.oo ,olh « , . g'''''' <lut"( """",ioo • .." void '0 '"" Tol.""",hip \><1w«n .~I""'n'. "o,~ ,00 Willi"" of T )TO" , 0<rrn", h'''ori<>s''I'bJ ,n p'rticuLu """ul.rod , ~" ;"<n JOUI'C< IlSCd by AI""'", ~'hich acroun,ed fo, the roo« ,diJ>1c histo,;c,] coote",. I'm • , .. urn< "f ,"" "<1"'0 . .. 1 • ,,"'iqu< >« K,.,."h, S,.o;... . Pl'. >')--6); S, II. r"gmgron, 'Tho "",.,i. I""~",i'p"" ,,( Ab<rt ,,( .\ och<n; A en,,,,,,1 Edi,,,,,,' (Ph.D, ,b",~, I"..,.]" ... ",,;1<). pp . tJ~>5

" S= hi""';,,,1 "'''''' ,,. 1 •• >1., ""_, ;;, .",1 '- Co""". t. SP" d • .. ,. ~ I'f,...,"" ff"'","'" '" p",u-i,..,; F,._ .'A",""., (Pm" '~-I"J, p, 16; ',"""", POO' I"" .nott. "",,,,;";e.,..;' l> c"';..d<, I. romp..-';"" m"'"' ;<u>< >1-« Ie, <oU' re< ' yrimr." <k ","1<, Lmgu"" no I"'u, "" no , .... ,."npl;, "'""m;",';,,,, cd"; ~"; ,'J 1;",0 do"n' r.,<""u< <I

I'<.uct;,udo ,10 i> pt"",,, d<> info"",' iom d' Albm,' " Se, i. , (p",r"", ): i. >~. ',;: ;; . JJ, 6J: k 53. ,15: vi '4: "j;; . ,,_

THE IIfSTORfA 01' AL BE RT 0 1' ,\ACHEN """II

informants were self-se lected: they both slIT\'ived 10 lellthe ule, and they made the journey back to the Rhindand. This had implications for th<: type of ,wries they would tdl. Furthn more, the historian using uraJ c,'idcn~'C is dependent on some"Unc elsc's pcrceptiuns of number, of distance, and of time, and th<: vagarics of memory may I~ad w inaocuracies. I'a,;onal and place nameS may be subtly changed becau~ un ly ever htard, nol wri ncn . More insidiously, humans r ieh! to the tempt ~ tion to m~ke ~ good story, to show themseh'cs in a nanering lighl, 10 ~~am:eral~ lh ~ hardships, fl<'rhaps. and 10 min imize Ihci r own wea~nesses . They are prone 10 hero worship and suscep­tible to prejudice. T here should be added to this the consideration that Albert was dealing not with a single infonnant but with a multipl icity of them, whose repoTL~ had w be m:orded with all Ihei r contradictions, or clse reconciled. All Ihese characleristics of ora l hiswry may be discerned in Albert's Hi,tori" ,'" They signal caUlion W the modern "",der, bUI lhey .Iso ac""unt for Ihe Hittrri,,'s vi\'id rcadahihty.

There is a demonsr rablc bOI oomplcx relalionship belween Albert's Hiilrru, and certain poetic sources, Chief among thesc is tlte Clum,oll d"AlIIirrile. an epic account nflhe Fi r<;1 Crusade, culminating in Ihe banle of Antioch, [098. This dllmsQ., . unlike ilS companion pieces Ihe Ch"m,," de. eMtijs and the C/'"I/WI/ d~ 1';",s"lem.'6 incorporates .uthemic historical material, frum which it is deduced that it was based upon. 'primiti"e chamQI/' dal ing from soon .fter the e,'enL. it dc>cribes. Hown-n, Ihe three c/",,,soll<----the 'fi rst crusade cyck '_re prc><:"'~d only in a t"l.:worked form from the lasl 'luarta of the Iwd flh century, .nd Ihus il is impossib l~ I<> r"'-.. pt ur~ I h~ ir original wording. T he w rrespondence belwe<en some passages in Ihe HiSirria and Ihe C/UI/I!i01I d"AIII;Qc!,e wi ll be appa""nt in the hislOrical notes 10 the text, be lo U', but it is not possible to say "ith absolu te c~rt. in t y which of the lWO lexts has primacy, h is probable thaI ooth incorporate early I){)clie matcri'll "hieh originate<! in Ihe camps of the CTlIS3ders."

" ~)'b<:1 , ubi«",<i ,Il< I/;"on·. '9. d.m n;ng ,ri,;qu<. ;d<;n,;fymg ",,,,,,,,', <rm r> '".) """,.-..diet;",,,,, ("",,/';II,)<.M, m". K""=-t,: .... lli . ... '/1" 1I",,,y ,,,j u"",. ", 4 '/" c"""Jr, ( t "".)U". ,8/" ~ pro ' ,<J-<Ib

.. Til< moit ""enl ro;liom 0( these ' '''0 e .... ""'''' u< ,·ols. I and 6 ;n 11>< Old FKnch eru...J< Cycle: u, C/ii'ifJ. ro. G. M. ,\1re.-. (Tu"" ioos>. ALI .. ,.,s'I.Dd Lo Cit,.",. J, P"",Ino, oJ . K R. Tho.-[, (T.".,.u""", AI • .. '99»

" fA n."",. J"A.,,. ,Iot. <d, S. DIlI'",c-<l!>;oc •• ,-..1,. (Par;'" ",,;1 (h«ufl<r CII.4). I'or. run discu,,"". II« S. B. Ed~in ",on. 'A lben 0( A.cht-n . oo ,he , .... """" '" &",<'. ;n J 1'.-. "", .Dd W. G. Z'j-"', «1, .. n" C""o,k, ,.J I.", So."" .. £""'Y' p",,,,"u J .. B""",J !lo,.i/ ... (AllkT>bo,. [WII). pp. >.1- .18. T il< moo' ;m~.n' ";Iic> 0( DUP"r<', h)l>",b<>j.

HVIl I I NT K OI)UCTI ON

T hu, it 'pp".rs that Albert did not usc any known and extant ,..-ritten soun~ when he wrute the HisM';(I . His work is, uniquely, independent of the th~e ac:coun!s of the First Crusade wrinen by panicipant" the anonymous author of G~st(l FrQnmrum, Raymond of Aguikr<;, and F ulcher ofCharT~s. T hese narrati ves are in terrelated and also share a "icw that may be characterized as 'French' . T his became histonographic:ll orthod".~y through the "ork "f three writers io the first dec.,<k of the twelflh cenwry: Robert of Reim" Guiocn of Nogent, and Baudri of Dol all reworked the Gmll F,rltlcomm, and in the course of improving the author's sty le ther emphasized both the ' Frcnehness' of the participants .ntl the cen tral role of the pope as i nsti~"'tur of the first expedition, t ~ Alben of Aachen, writing around the same time, pn:<;cr,'CS a different trad ition about the origins of the cntsadc, stressing the rok of Pcter the Hcrmi t. He also centres his aCCf>un! on The activiTies of Godfrey of Bouillon "nd his followers, and as Godfrey had been active in support of ,he Gennan emperor Henry IV and against the papac)', he minimizes the importance of the pope. Although William of T yre, writing afkr the middle or the twelfth CemUr)', adop ted Alocrt's JlC'-'; p"<.1i ,"C, this 'imperial ' his tur;.>­graphical stJ":lIId was neglected in favour of the 'French' t1":ldi tion, panicularly aftcc the reassessment of tm, pr;m.r~ " .. urces for the Fim Crusade in the nineteenth "",mury.

5. Sillgle (wtlwrship

T he "bove ()h~er\"ations ()n da ting and s()urces d~pend Ii .. thei r "aTidi ty (In the assumption That The same person ('Alben') wr(lte the ent ire wo rk as we han: it now. An examination of the writ ing style Iea"es liaJc room for duubt thaI the Hi'IQr;~ is the wurk of a single author. The syntax is uneompl;~" l\ ed ~nd hea,·il}, dependent on the usc of 'et " nOT only a, a wnjunCl ion, used where " bencr STy li st W()U Id lu\'C emplo}'Cd a complex sentence cunstruction, bu t also in du plica­

ai. 'primi'; .. , iw ..... '..,-, R. P. G>oi;, ·CI:."",. J'A .. "",,,, '. , .. ", ... Jot t"" .. L.t 'Flt J.t I.. "",-" ",_il 'Ii.,...' (Am>t<nJam, 'ofIo); H . "1<""" 'GninJ." oJ, [).).,i .. K,,,,-,n,,m _ ,ut"" _ m<dnc?'. in K._H. Bender. cd .. Ln t,."" J.t kl """",k (ZroU'hnJi JW jio:Ji';"-u S" ","' .oJ 1.0'" .. ,,,,. Bcihetl . . w >i: S,u"I'''' '0;>8JI. pp. 66--;5

" T .. " of 1he ' h"", ""-,",,,,,,.,,, '" he fnond in 1111(; (m" r.,u.,~" Rub.n, iii. J'1-IiR« Guit,.", i • . , ' 3-,6" B. ... ,,],';, i • . , - , ' 0 . (A "'" • • dn. "i Gu;!.,,'-' Ix; r"'. 1" h .--.. by R, B. C. Ilu)·S"rn, CCCM c",·ii. i, "sed in 'he h torical _ '" '0 ,t,. edition 10"'", •. ) Th<y . ", ~i>c",<o'>:l by J. Ri"y-$In;,h. 1!0, Fi", C""",,, .oJ '"' ,,y. _rC .. wi,., (London. ,~86); pr· ' 3,-5>; S. II. E.lpng,on, ·Tt,. Fi", Cru..&, Ke"ir.i ng ,he e,'Olen", ', in

1. PhiUi",. cd. , n, f'j", C .. ....t<: o..i ;" .oJ I .. ,.." (M."""""t"'. '997), rp, 51-7)." pp. sorOO·

THE H1STOR1A OP ALBER T OF AACHEN nix

lion , 10 which Albert was addicted, He dup licated nOllns, li ke 'cedes Ct .trages', ' meni ~ et mllri' ; adjecti,'cs , such as ' nudus et uacuus' , 'fessu, ct grauatus', and verbs , as in 'uiderc ct intelligere' and '"rrc rc Ct dare'. Simple word-frequency checks show a consistent profile t1lToughout the work." Sueh checls would not necessarily show up short intapolated passa~s , such as rW() chapters whieh A. A. !k.UIllOnt su~est ed had heen . dded (v. ' 3, 1..1). 00 HO\\'cwr, an examination of these two shorl chaplers re"eal s the formulations 'amplius et u. lidius', 'magnis el honnrificis'. 'terram ci paTriam', ' flamma el ;gne', ' relribut ione CI uindicta', 'C<llumni is el iniuriis', all ch ar~cterislic-~lly n:rging on the tautol~ous,

There is no "bjccth'c check applicable to Alben's mitude w his subject matter, but it ><''CT11> It> be comislem throughout Ihe twelvc bt~,ks. For example, he rel"OunL~ bank", with enthusiasm fmm ocginning t" end; he has a slightly pruriem altit ude t()wards w"men (the renegade nun, ii. 3j ; the fate "f ",,,men on the I!OI

cxpeditions, ,·iii. 1<)-;;:0); his use "fbib lieal and d.ssical.llusions and q"O! al ions shows no significant "anation over I he lengl h of I he worL The main discernible change in subject mailer is between the incorporation of legendary, dWlISon-style material imo the fi rSI si~

books. and the more sober narTlui"e of books vii to xii. This reflects Ihe maleria l a,ailahlc 10 him: epic poems on the First Crusade were l'i rculuing carl}' in the twelfth century; there is no C\'idcncc for similar p,,,,ms about the reign of fhldwin I {IIOO--IS). Scttl~ment i, mor~ prusaic than crw;ade. Albert used the materia ls availabk \0 him to construcl cohncnt ""counL, of the twO period" but these werc

l'erl.inly mOre cupious for the earlier one, ]()95-<). Th~ numbers in"oh"ed in the crusading cxpeditions .nd relurning from t,hem we~ greater. ~nd leners and stories of slIT\'h'ors were correspondingly more common. Then: is a rcnccl ion or this in AJocrt's uniquely detailed accollnt of the I l OT expeditions (viii and ix). which must lik,wise ha-, drawn on survi.-ors' accounts. ThaI he contim",d 10 dqxnd on similar SOurCeS "plains the comparative spar>cncss or infi,rm31ion for the laSt deUlde, and the C<lnf"""d chrmlOlogy m rn)()k xii.

" 1',,", ~"'~ ." ""' .. fmm 1.0<>1., ;. ;'-. ,,; . • n<l _. ~ .... , .n.oI)'...J r, .. ~-, .. J f"'l""""Y -",J oomp,arro ~i'h ,"" coo'<mp<>r''-;'" 'he ."thor of C",. F,..,,,,,, .. ,n<l G«J/Tr<y of Monmou,h. by .... m from Edioo"fJh Un"'etsi')' led by k Q Motion (unl .. bh,h<d)

.. A. A. Ile'"""",l. 'k "",,, <>f .uchen.nd the c.oo"lY <>fEde ... '. ;n r"'tow. ed .. Tu C",,,,k., pp. lOl - l8,,, p, "9,