AABC 2017 Mainz Germany Ken Rudisuela CTO

Ioxus Titan Technology

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Ioxus Company Overview

Credible and Industry Leading Investor Base

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Industry Awards

2

Founded:

• 2007

Products:

• Large cylindrical and pouch ultracapacitors

(EDLC)

• Light-weight and heavy-duty modules

Technology:

• ACN and PC

• High temperature and high voltage

Markets:

• Transportation, Wind, Industrial and Medical

• Worldwide sales and marketing

Manufacturing:

• Engineered and manufactured in America and

Japan

• ISO-9001:2008 certified working on TS-16949

Location:

• Oneonta NY

• Kusatsu Japan

Ioxus Ultracapacitor Modules

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• Ioxus designs and manufactures a number of different ultracapacitor modules using both the THiNCAP (pouch) and iCAP (cylindrical) cells.

• Ioxus standard designs are the most rugged and longest lasting in the industry.

• Building block designs, such as the X-Series allows for a cost effective “right sizing”

• Standard 48V modules have the highest rate capability and lowest temperature rise of any commercial product

• Inventive designs such as the new uSTART and liquid cooled modules are in a class all of their own.

Ioxus THiNMOD Applications

Dynamic Voltage Recovery 4MW MRI Machines Automated Guided Vehicles

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4

Stacker Crane

Ioxus iMOD Products Are Field Proven

Grid Connected 40MW Generator Connected 1 MW Harbor Crane

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5

City Bus Engine Start 32V

Ioxus Titan HT ™ Cell Technology

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Ioxus iCAP® with Titan HT TM technology is a

breakthrough in high temperature technology • Unprecedented electrochemical stability • Highest temperature durability • Highest rate capability • Highest round trip efficiency • Lowest leakage current • Lowest gas generation • Longest life, doubled durability spec • Patented

Titan Objective

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Increase the operating temperature range of EDLC’s for under-hood automotive applications and for longer life at any temperature: • In theory no faradaic reactions but in practice there are

Temperature: 𝐿 𝑇𝐼𝑛𝑡 = 𝐿0 𝑒𝐸𝑎

𝑘

1

𝑇𝐼𝑛𝑡−

1

𝑇0 ; 𝑇𝐼𝑛𝑡 = 𝑅𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚 [𝐼2𝑅𝐷𝐶] 𝐹𝑑𝑢𝑡𝑦

Voltage: 𝐿 𝑉 = 𝐿0 𝑒−α 𝑉

𝑉0−1

Overall: L V, T 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑡 = 𝐿0 𝑒−α

𝑉

𝑉0−1

𝑒 𝐸𝑎

𝑘

1

𝑇𝐼𝑛𝑡−

1

𝑇0

Goal: Increase the activation energy

• More thermal dynamically stable product • Higher temperature capability • Higher voltage capability • Longer life

Approach

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Keep specific capacitance constant

Increase electrolyte stability

Look at a number of:

- New salts

- New solvents

- Ionic liquids

- Additives

- Coated electrodes

Additives

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Stabilizing additives: Reduces capacitance loss, reduces ESR gain and reduces gas generation • High electrochemical stability • Affinity to the carbon surface • Polar characteristic • High dielectric constant • Water scavenger • Tertiary amine scavenging • Low cost Result: Absorbed mono-layer on the carbon, producing a protective surface coating, reducing contact between carbon and electrolyte slowing down electrolyte breakdown

Cyclic Voltammetry at 65ºC

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-40.0

-20.0

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0Ewe (V)

-40.0

-20.0

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0Ewe (V)

I(A

)

I(A

)

3.5V

3.7V

Titan HT

Gen 2

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

C" (

F)

Log F (Hz)

Gen2 - Initials

Gen2 - 15,000 Cycles

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

C" (

F)

Log F (Hz)

HT - Initials

HT - 15,000 Cycles

EIS Cycling at 25 °C

0.0000

0.0002

0.0004

0.0006

0.0008

0.0010

0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006

-Im

(Z

)

Re (z)

Gen2 - Initials

Gen2 - 15,000 Cycles

HT - Initials

HT - 15,000 Cycles

EIS of HT Cycled at RT/65

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04

-Im

(Z

)

Initials

10000 Cycles

20000 Cycles

30000 Cycles

40000 Cycles

RT °C 65 °C

Re (Z) Re (Z)

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04

-Im

(Z

)

Initials

10000 Cycles

20000 Cycles

Almost no change under high rate high temperature cycling

Endurance EIS 3000F after 2000hr

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0.000000

0.000100

0.000200

0.000300

0.000400

0.000500

0.000600

0.000700

0.000800

0.000000 0.000200 0.000400 0.000600 0.000800 0.001000

=-I

m(Z

)/O

hm

Re(Z)/Ohm

HT Endurance

HT @ 0hrs

HT @ 65C 2000hr

HT @ 85C 2000hr

Gen2 @ 65C 2000hr

Endurance Capacitance and ESR

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High Rate Cycling at RT

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High Rate Cycling at 65ºC

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0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

0 100000 200000 300000 400000

Ca

pa

cita

nce

(F)

Cycles

Capacitance

Titan HT

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0 100000 200000 300000 400000

ES

R (

mO

hm

s)

Cycles

ESR

Titan HT

3000F cells cycled at 120A continuous IEC measurement

Gas Generation

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Leakage Current at Temperature

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1

10

100

1 10 100

Leakag

e C

urr

en

t (m

A)

Time (h)

3000 F Titan HT Leakage Current vs. Temperature at 2.7 V

2.7 V 25°C AVERAGE

2.7 V 45°C AVERAGE

2.7 V 60°C AVERAGE

2.7 V 75°C AVERAGE

2.7 V 85°C AVERAGE

Leakage Current after Cycling

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y = -0.0043x + 2.7146 R² = 0.9963

2.4

2.45

2.5

2.55

2.6

2.65

2.7

2.75

0 20 40 60 80 100

Vo

ltag

e (

V)

sqrt(t)

200,000 Cycles

Fresh Cell

Leakage current is pure diffusion controlled after cycling; charge re-distribution between electrode and

electrolyte and inter-electrode

Governing Equation

V ∝ sqrt(t)

Fresh cells show mostly Faradaic reaction controlled

Cycled cells exhibit excellent agreement with pure

diffusion controlled self-discharge

𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖 − 2𝑧𝐹𝐴𝐷1/2π1/2𝑐0

𝐶𝑡1/2

Influence of Charge-discharge Rate

iCAP HT 3000F – Discharge Energy vs. Discharge Current iCAP HT 3000F - Temperature Increase in Continuous Cycle

Ioxus uSTART™: Benefits for Vehicle

• Improved Performance: uSTART™ provides greater starting power than battery only solutions and cranks engines faster

• Improved Reliability: uSTART™ reduces breakdowns by eliminating conditions where the battery is too discharged to start a vehicle

• Improved Efficiency: uSTART™ reduces battery discharge, so alternator load and emissions are lower

• Lower Costs: uSTART™ reduces battery cycling, so battery life is extended

uSTART™ Stabilizes the Vehicle Bus Voltage

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Ioxus uSTART™

• Lead-acid batteries have a limited charge/discharge cycle life and will have the least amount of degradation if they are kept at a high state of charge.

• By managing the vehicles bus voltage, uSTART handles the high current loads and reduces the amount of discharge on the batteries.

• uSTART maintains a higher system voltage reducing stress on the battery and increasing its life.

• The engine starts faster with uSTART reducing stress on the starter therefore increasing its life.

• The more times an engine is stopped and started, the greater the benefit uSTART provides, e.g. engine auto-stop or delivery vehicle applications

uSTART™ Stabilizes the Vehicle Bus Voltage

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Ioxus uSTART™: Assembly

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uSTART controls;

1. Cell balancing board

2. Power board; DC/DC converter, transfer MOFETS

3. Control board; micro processor

4. Function board

1

2 3

4

Easy Installation

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Wiring before uSTART installed Wiring after uSTART installed

Engine Cranking Current 12V System

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0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

CA R

equi

red

Temperature (°C)

Engine Cranking Amps vs. Oil Temperature*

Long Haul 16L

Heavy Duty 12L

Medium Duty 9L

Delivery 5.9L

*Assumes Enginesusing SAE-10 grade

Power Output vs Ultracapacitor Voltage

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Output terminal voltage and delivered power is a function of the ultracapacitor voltage

Multiple engine starts with 1100 CCA uSTART ultracapacitors at different starting voltages

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8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Current (A)

Ou

tpu

t V

olt

ag

e (

V)

Ultracapacitor (V)

uSTART Field Operation Class 6 Delivery Truck

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-2000

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

uSTART™ Amp Batt Amp Vehicle Amp

1) The current that the systems sees is strictly determined by the internal combustion drive system but the uSTART absorbs the majority of the demand reducing stress on the battery significantly

uSTART handles the majority of the starting current reducing drastically the current on the battery, maximizing its’ life

Cu

rre

nt

(Am

p)

1

Typical Engine Cranking Load Sharing between Battery and uSTART

uSTART Field Operation Class 6 Delivery Truck

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7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Vo

ltag

e (

V)

Time (s)

2 Batteries uSTART_V5

2

1

3

1) Minimum voltage during cranking is increased by approximately 3V

2) Average cranking voltage is increased by 1.8V

3) Cranking time is reduced by 540 mille-sec

• uSTART maintains a higher system voltage reducing stress on the battery and increasing its life • The engine starts faster with uSTART reducing stress on the starter therefore increasing its life

Typical Engine Cranking Voltage on a 6L diesel with and without uSTART

uSTART Field Operation Class 6 Delivery Truck

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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

7

7.2

7.4

7.6

7.8 8

8.2

8.4

8.6

8.8 9

9.2

9.4

9.6

9.8 10

10.2

10.4

10.6

10.8 11

Sta

rts

Minimum Voltage (V)

2 Batteries uSTART_V5

1 1) During each day of operation the

delivery vehicle stops over 125 times, the average minimum voltage is nearly 2V higher with uSTART compared to without dramatically increasing the battery life

2) Telematics monitoring of nearly 200 delivery trucks, over the last 16 months, shows an average minimum +2V and start time reduction of > 700 m-sec

Typical Daily Minimum Bus Voltage per Start

Operation

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Maintenance Mode (Safe Mode)

• No energy at uSTART terminals

• Safe to install or remove from vehicle

• Press and hold button for 10 seconds to enter Run Mode

Run Mode

• uSTART is on and supporting the vehicle battery

• Press and hold button for 10 seconds to switch to Maintenance Mode, or 3 seconds to initiate Jump Start

Jump Start Mode

• uSTART will charge up from the battery for a jump start and the green and yellow lights will flash while charging

• The yellow light will stay solid when the uSTART is fully charged

• Start the vehicle

uSTART™ Safety Features

• Maintenance Mode

• No power available at terminals

• Protection against reverse bias to -30 V

• Protection against input voltage surge up to +80 V

• Run Mode

• Under and over voltage lockouts

• Protection against input voltage surge up to +80 V

• Short circuit protection

• Thermal protection

uSTART™ Electronics Safety Features

Ioxus uSTART™ Next Products

• 1100 CCA 12V uSTART; intended for trucks Class 3 to Class 6

• 2000 CCA 12V uSTART; intended for trucks Class 7 to Class 8

• 1000 CCA 24V uSTART; intended for Europe and Japan

• Remote start capability will be available on all uSTART products in Feb 2017

• Certified to standards: UL810A, SAE J1455 and J930

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Ioxus Japan Co. LTD 1381-1 Okamotocho

Kusatsu-city, Shiga Pref 525-0044, Japan Sales@ioxus.co.jp

TEL : +81-77-569-5106 FAX: +81-77-569-5168

Corporate Headquarters 18 Stadium Circle

Oneonta, NY 13820, USA Toll Free: +1-877-751-4222

Sales@ioxus.com TEL: 607-441-3500 FAX: 607-433-9014

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THANK YOU !