“Iowa 4-H Food Safety and Quality Assurance Program”

- FSQA -

Larry K. McMullenISU Extension Swine Field Specialist

Jones County Extension Office

Anamosa, Iowa

(319) 462-2791

lkmcmull@iastate.edu

Iowa 4-H Food Safety and Quality Assurance Program

Good Production Practices

Which cow would you select to produce the milk that you drink ?

Which steer for your “Mickey D” ?

Which pig for your pork ?

Which animal for your lamb, poultry, and rabbit consumption?

Food Safety – Results in a Delicious Treat !

FSQA – Livestock SpeciesAll 4-H / FFA members who exhibit the

following species need to be FSQA Certified Beef Bucket-Bottle Calves Dairy Cattle Goats (Dairy & Meat) Poultry (Chicken, Turkey, Duck, Geese, etc) Rabbits Sheep Swine

Iowa 4-H Food Safety and Quality Assurance Program

Approximately 17 million pounds of meat are produced by Iowa 4-H’ers each year. Less than 1% of total production.

Reputation of the 4-H program. 4-H’ers need to be responsible to the

consumer and the food industry. Industry requirements must be met and maintained.

Many 4-H’ers are further away from traditional food animal production.

Who is responsible for SAFE FOOD ?

All livestock producers, handlers, processors, food suppliers and consumers.

Partners in SAFE FOOD

Farm Transport MarketFarm

Preharvest

Slaughter Processing

Harvest

Retail andDistribution

FoodServices

Consumers• Home• Institutions• Restaurants

Postharvest

Food Supply Continuum

Food and Drug Administration • Regulates medicated animal feed and most health products• Approves products and sets tolerance levels for antimicrobials

Current Regulatory AgenciesCurrent Regulatory Agencies

• Sets tolerance levels for pesticides used in animal production

Food Safety and Inspection Service•Inspects carcasses in Federally inspected packing plants•Examines plant sanitation•Approves plant sanitation

Handout – “Producing Safe Foods Includes No Residue in Show Animals.

HACCP and Food SafetyHACCP and Food Safety

A system used in meat packing plants to prevent food safety problems

Regulated by the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)

HHazardazard AAnalysis nalysis andand

CCriticalritical CControl ontrol PPointsoints

HACCPIdentify potential hazards

(risks)Identify critical control points

(where it might happen)Set a critical limit (maximum

allowable level)Monitor the processPlan corrective actionKeep accurate recordsReview the process regularly

HACCP and Food Safety

* Microbial contamination• Bacteria, virus, protozoa,

* Chemical hazards Antimicrobial and chemical tissue residues

* Physical hazards Broken needles or metal

Hazards can be identified as:Hazards can be identified as:

HACCP and 4-H?

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control

Points

(HACCP)

Iowa 4-H Food Safety and Quality

Assurance Program

(FSQA)

Food Industry

4-H food producers

4-H’ers Responsibilities

Understand and follow the seven Good Production Practices

Produce safe food products for consumers

Good Production Practices1. Keep accurate records

2. Veterinary Client Patient Relationship

3. Healthy production practices

4. Proper care and handling

5. Provide adequate and safe feed

6. Biosecurity and Animal Welfare

7. Exhibit strong character traits (ethics)

FSQA Training Options

Juniors – Ages 9 -11 must attended every year. Intermediates – Ages 12 – 14 (January 1) May

attend an FSQA session every year or they may test out until they reach a 4-H senior level at age 15.

Seniors – Ages 15 -18 (January 1) May attend an FSQA session every year or they may test out. At the age of 19 they must obtain an adult status with PQA or BQA.

Check with your county extension office for other specific requirements !

Testing Out of FSQA

Intermediates and Seniors may test out of attending yearly FSQA sessions.

To do so – they must take a 20 (I) or 30 (S) question exam and receive a 70% passing score.

At one setting, they may take a different exam 3 times if necessary to pass.

Check with your county extension office for the testing dates / times and for any specific requirements for testing out.

Resources Iowa 4-H Food Safety &

Quality Assurance Member Manual

Iowa 4-H Food Safety & Quality Assurance Web site http://www.extension.iastate.edu/4H/Agriculture/volunteers.htm

PQA Level III Iowa BQA Manual4-H Project Manuals

GPP’s In Depth – 2007

GPP 5 – Adequate and Safe Feed

GPP 6 – Biosecurity and Animal Welfare

GPP 7 – Ethics

Adequate and Safe Feed

GPP #5

Feeding Program

Goal ---Most economical conversion of nutrients into lean (muscle) tissue growth or milk production while maintaining animal well-being and increasing the quality of the animal as well as protecting the surrounding environment

Needs ---Quality IngredientsProper FormulationQuality Manufacturing … limiting unnecessary ingredients

What Impacts Nutrition?What Impacts Nutrition?

Age / WeightAge / WeightGeneticsGenetics

DiseaseDisease

GenderGender NutrientNutrientRequirementRequirement

VariationVariation

Thermal Thermal ClimateClimate

Social ClimateSocial Climate

Digestive SystemsMonogastric (Simple Stomach)

Consumes diets high in energy & low in fiber – ex: cereal grains (corn, barley, oats, wheat) and high protein sources such as soybean meal, fish meal, etc.

Ruminant (Four compartments to the Stomach) Consumes diets low in energy and high in

fiber – ex: Forages such as pasture, hay, corn and alfalfa silage, etc.

Handout – “Digestive Tract of Farm Animals”

Monogastric Monogastric Monogastric RuminantsSwine Poultry Rabbit & Horse Beef & Dairy Cattle,

Sheep and Goats

Mouth Mouth Mouth Mouth

Esophagus Esophagus Esophagus Esophagus

Crop

Stomach Stomach Stomach RumenReticulumOmasumAbomasum

Small Intestine Small Intestine Small Intestine Small Intestine

Cecum Ceca Cecum (enlarged) Cecum

Colon Colon

Large Intestine Large Intestine Large Intestine Large Intestine

Anus Cloaca Anus Anus

Digestive Systems

Chicken Beak

EsophagusCrop (2”)

Small Intestine (55”)

Proventriculus

Gizzard (2”)Pancreas

Ceca (7”)

Large Intestine (4”)Cloaca

Ruminant Digestion: assisted by microbes in four-chambered stomach

Cow_________________________________________

Small intestine(150’, 16 gal)

Abomasum(glandular)

(5 gal)

Omasum (4 gal)

Cecum(3’, 3 gal)

Esophagus

Mouth

Rumen (paunch)(43 gal)

Reticulum(honeycomb)

(2.5 gal)

Large intestine (33’, 8 gal)

Pig_________________________________________

Large Intestine (16’, 2 gal)

Cecum (10”, 0.5 gal)

Small intestine (60’, 2.5 gal)

Stomach(2 gal)

EsophagusMouth

Capacity of Digestive TractsHuman Pig Horse Sheep Cattle

BW, lb 165 400 1000 175 1275

Rumen, Reticulum

Omasum

Abomasum

Total stomach. Qt.

…

…

1

1

…

…

9

9

…

…

9

9

18

1

2

21

133

21

16

170

Small intestine

Cecum

Large intestine

Total GI – Quarts

Total GI - Gallons

4

…

1

6

1.5

10

1

10

30

7.5

29

15

43

96

24

6

1

3

31

7.75

69

11

27

277

69

Balanced DietEnergy Protein MineralsVitaminsFatWater

Adequate and Safe Feed

Read and retain feed labelsUnderstand the nutrient needs of the

animalProvide a balanced rationEnsure feed quality and safety

Follow Good Manufacturing Practices

Adequate and Safe Feed Feed labels must contain… Brand and/or product name Intended species and production phase Medicated Guaranteed Analysis Ingredients Feeding Directions or Mixing Directions Warning or Caution Manufacturer’s name and address Net Weight

Handout – “Feed Tag Information”

Nutrients in a diet

• Energy (Carbohydrates & Essential Fatty Acids)Corn, Barley, Wheat, Cereal by-products, Fat

• Protein & Amino AcidsSoybean Meal, Fish Meal, Grains, etc.

• MineralsLimestone, Dicalcium Phosphorus, Iron, Zinc, etc.

• VitaminsVitamin A, D, E Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid

• Water

Ingredients• Free of molds and mycotoxins

• High Quality ..

and no contamination

• Proper nutrient contentIf not – reformulate diets

Livestock Water Requirements

The most important nutrient that you can give to your animal

Water constitutes ~ 60 -70 % of an animal’s live weight

An animal can live ~ 45 – 60 days without food but only ~ 3 – 7 days without water

Relationship between Water and FeedWater quality and quantity will affect feed

consumption and animal healthTherefore, if you want maximum gain or

production from your animals water quality and quantity must be considered.

Think about the Derby contests ! Milk production ! Animal growth for the fair!

Are you monitoring your water supply? Has it been tested !

Feed AdditivesAntibacterial agents

Medications used to improve health and performance

FDA approved Antibiotics

Feed AdditivesGrowth modulators

Compound that alters nutrient use in animal Ractopamine hydrochloride (Elanco Animal

Health) sends energy into muscle growth instead of fat• PAYLEAN - Swine• OPTAFLEXX- Cattle

Probiotics Living bacteria or yeast to enhance digestive tract Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Bacillus

Handout – “Paylean and Optaflex Labels”

Paylean – Example of dilution in a diet

Added to a diet at 9 grams / tonTon = 2000 lbs1 lb = 454 grams2000 x 454 = 908,000 gramsRatio of 907, 991 : 9 = 908,000 grams or 1 tonAnalogy – 1 gram = 1 person Iowa population is ~ 3,000,000 people - so compare

mixing 9 people in 1/3 of the population of Iowa. (Des Moines is ~ 200,000 people (or mixing 2 people in Des Moines)

Feed AdditivesAnthemintics (dewormers)

Feed – Water - Injection Organic acids

Reduces stomach pH which can increase protein digestion

Reduces coliforms in intestines Preserves feed quality Citric acid, fumaric acid (non-

ruminants)

Feed Processing

Grinding (Hammermill or Roller Mill)

Increases surface area to improve digestion

Corn, oats, barley, wheat, etc.

Feed ProcessingPelleting

Finely ground material, steamed and extruded

Reduces waste and dust in feed Reduces animal sorting More costly Increases feed efficiency – less feed per

lb. of gain

Feed ProcessingExtruding

Usually done to individual ingredients of ration

Dog food Ground material forced through a die

under pressure

Feed ProcessingRoasting

Soybeans contain anti-nutritional factor that must be heated to inactivate it before feeding to swine

Feed Handling & Storage

Identify feedKeep storage area cleanNumber or label binsInspect steel bins for leaks, moldControl rodentsClean up spillsDo not store near chemicals

Feeding Livestock

Limit feeding Sow fed 5# feed per day Beef cattle fed once per day

Self feeding Feed remains in bunk / feeders at all time

for animal consumption

Feeding Livestock

Provide enough feeder spaceKeep equipment in good repairAvoid spills to control rodentsAdjust feeders to reduce wasteMonitor feeders daily to be sure feed

is availableAdjust feeding amount daily so

leftovers don’t spoil

Feeding Livestock

Watch for sorting…indicates quality problems

Plenty of waterClean waters frequentlyClean feed system after using

medicated feedsClean and disinfect feed and water

equipment between groups

Feeder and Bunk Management

• Regularly check the feeder adjustment

• Minimize the feed wastage – the average feeder loss is approximately 5 to 10%

• Monitor feed bunks for wasted and moldy feedstuffs

• Bunk wastage variable due to feeding skills, feedstuff quality, and weather environment

Good Manufacturing Practices

Buildings and grounds Clean, neat and pest free

Equipment Accurate, well maintained, cleanable

Work space and storage areas Separated to prevent contamination

Product quality assurance Cleanout procedures to prevent contamination & carryover

Labeling Label all medications, retain labels, store separately

Recordkeeping Include delivery date, method, carrier, record medications, retain for at least

one year after feed is used, store samples for 6 months

Adequate and Safe Feed Keep all feed labels for one year

1997—FDA banned feeding restricted mammalian proteins from rendered animals to ruminant animals (meat, bone meal)

This is the documentation 4-H’ers sign before selling their animals.

GGP # 6 –Adequate and Safe FeedImplications to Food Safety and Consumer Acceptance ? Correct withdrawal time for feed drugs Proper use of feed additivesDiet composition may affect the muscle

quality (taste, tenderness, and juiciness) Grass fed vs. grain fed cattle, sheep, goats. High % fat, DDGS, etc. in pigs increases

backfat Range fed vs confinement fed poultry

Biosecurity and Animal Welfare

GPP #6

How do diseases spread?Vectors Direct contact Excretions

Manure Urine Nasal fluids Aerosol fluids

First line of defense….SEGREGATION

What are some examples of animal diseases and parasites ?

PCVAD (cirovirus)Mange / liceWorms (roundworm)DysenteryPseudorabiesFoot and MouthBrucellosisAnthrax

Clostridial LeptospirosisColiform diseases (E

Coli)SalmonellaClub FungusNewcastle diseaseWest Nile Fever

GPP # 6Maintain Biosecurity

External - Reduce disease spread risk from outside the farm Unit location and maintenance Transportation Controls Isolation, acclimatization, and retesting Visitor entry policies Limit traffic of people and vehicles Boot cleaning and disinfecting

Unit LocationDiseases spread by wind, machinesControl rodents, wildlife, birds

Clean up around buildings Mowing Keep doors closed Fix cracks and screens Clean up spilled feed Bait

Transportation ControlsClean and disinfect trailersGive drivers disposable bootsFamily loads…keep driver in truckDo not allow animals to get back off the truckKeep feed trucks out of animal areasLimit visitorsFarm boots vs. town boots

IsolationKeep all new animals away from other animals (30

days) If entering animals are coming down with a disease, they

will show symptoms soon If the originating farm develops a disease after the

animals leave, they could be exposed Isolate after livestock shows

Visitor Entry Policies Identify production areas with signsSome facilities require signing bookGenerally 24 – 72 hours from livestock to

enter a livestock facilities7-days required if visitor from a foreign

countryGive disposable bootsWash hands before and after entry May require shower in – shower out

GPP # 6Maintain Biosecurity

Internal - Reduce disease spread within the herd

Herd examination with veterinarian Utilize diagnostic tests Routine post-mortems Slaughter checks Review records regularly

Internal BiosecurityCleaning and Disinfecting

Remove manure Disinfect pens between groups

Develop a biosecurity plan

Internal BiosecurityVaccination vs. immunizationAnimal movement

Separate ages Do not add new animals without isolation

People movement Visit healthy groups first Chore from youngest to oldest age animal Change or disinfect boots between farm units

Maintain Biosecurity

Internal - Reduce disease spread within the herd

Herd examination with veterinarian Utilize diagnostic tests Routine post-mortems Slaughter checks Review records regularly

Handout – “Black Light Demo of Disease Spread”

Handout – “Bio-Security and Fairs – What You Need to Know”

Animal Welfare vs. Animal Rightsdefined by

American Veterinary Medical Association

Animal Welfare – is a human responsibility that encompasses all aspects of animal well-being, including proper housing, management, disease prevention and treatment, responsible care, humane handling, and when necessary, humane euthanasia.

Animal Welfare vs. Animal Rightsdefined by

American Veterinary Medical Association

Animal Rights – is a philosophical view that animals have rights similar or the same as humans.

True animal rights proponents believe that humans do not have the right to use animals at all.

Animal rights proponents wish to ban all use of animals by humans.

Animal Welfare - Groups

National Pork Board – Introducing in June PQA Plus – combines the old Pork Quality Assurance (PQA) and Swine Welfare Assurance Program (SWAP) into one program

Animal Welfare Institute (AWI)American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to

Animals (ASPCA)Animal Protection Institute (API)“Numerous other groups”

Animal Rights - GroupsPeople for the Ethical Treatment of Animals

(PETA) Humane Society of the United States (HSUS)Animal Liberation Front (ALF)Farm SanctuaryFarm Animal Reform Movement (FARM)“Numerous other groups”

The 4-H’er and Animal Welfare Health of Animal – Valid Veterinarian-

Client- Patient Relationship (VCPR)Proper pen spaceReceiving adequate water and feedTemperature and housing environmentProper nutritionProper animal handlingProper and timely animal euthanasiaNO WILLFUL ACTS OF ABUSE TO

ANIMALS !

Livestock Exhibition Shows

REMEMBER –

SOMEBODY MAY BE WATCHING YOU AND RECORDING YOUR ACTIONS !!

Current Issues in Animal Production

Bird Flu

Avian Influenza – “Bird Flu”Can impact all birds – domestic and wildVirus

Common strain is H5N1 (highly pathogenic) Can mutate

Potential to infect human via poultryCooked properly - poultry products are safe to

eat

Livestock Production vs. Ethanol

Rising corn price ~ $3.50 - $4.00 per bushel – for livestock production due to demand for ethanol production.

DDGS – Distillers Dried Grain Soluble – a by-product of the Ethanol industry as a feed source for livestock

Replacement of employment opportunities

Iowa Animal Identification ProgramPremises Identification Number – National

Animal Identification System (NAIS)Unique Premises ID number assigned to every

location involved in handling livestock.Animals on farm: Bison/Cattle, Swine, Poultry,

Goats, Sheep, Horses, Elk, Deer, Llamas, Emu, Ostrich

Currently voluntary – may be mandatory in futureConsider obtaining a Premises Identification

Number

Bio-Terrorism ThreatForeign Animal Disease (FAD) Outbreak –

Could it happen in the United States, Iowa, Your County, Your Township, YOUR FARM?

Need to be able to identify and track animals If so – Tremendous Implications

Stop movement on all livestock Economic Impact Logistic of coping with an outbreak Currently – FAD Plans are being made in all counties

in Iowa and the USA.Therefore, the need for a premises identification number

Exhibit Good Ethics

Just do the right thing!

GPP #7

Ethics Ethics is the demonstration of good character traits.(Caring, Respect, Trustworthiness, Fairness, Responsibility, Citizenship) Knowing and doing the right thing.

Ethics and Livestock Shows

Ethics and Livestock Shows

Ethics and Livestock Shows

Ethics and Livestock Shows

Handout –

“Iowa Youth Code of Ethics – Sample copy”

Ethics

Refer to the Iowa Code of Ethics Handout

Do you know what is in the Iowa Code of Ethics that you have signed ? ? ? ?

What previously discussed items done in an unethical manner could affect food safety to the consumer ?

Ethics and You !(Which person are you ?)

Review:Good Production Practices1. Keep accurate records

2. Establish a Veterinary Client Patient Relationship

3. Follow healthy production practices

4. Provide proper care and handling

5. Provide adequate and safe feed

6. Maintain biosecurity

7. Exhibit strong character traits (ethics)

Iowa 4-H Food Safety and Quality Assurance Program

Good Production Practices

Healthy Animals

Safe Food

Are You Supplying A Safe and Wholesome Food Product to the Consumer ?

From the Farm to Harvest to Consumer

A Safe Food Product to the Consumer Supplied by Iowa 4-H & FFA Members

Food Safety and Quality Assurance

County Livestock Information – Weigh-in, fair rules, etc.

State Fair Weigh-In Information

Health Requirements for exhibition

Thank You for Attending the FSQA Program

Are there any Questions ?