iot applications for connected vehicle and its

Internet of Things Applications

For

Connected Vehicles

And

IoT Applications for Connected Vehicle and Intelligent Transport Systems

And

Intelligent Transport Systems

Mr. Shashank Dhaneshwar,

Consultant In Automotive Electronics

Basic Facts

About


About

Internet Of Things

Internet of Things: The Vision

Internet of Things: A vision by Mark Weiser to extend Internet

of computers to include objects or things in the real world and

to access them to enable Ubiquitous Computing. It is called as

the Internet of Things.

Enablers for Internet of Things:

�Everyday gadgets have turned into Smart objects

empowered by microelectronics and having embedded

computing and communications capabilities, they can


computing and communications capabilities, they can

revolutionize their utility .

�Developments in Internet technology and wireless

communications have enabled to form a network of smart

objects in which they can communicate with each other to

provide new useful services for different domains like

transport, healthcare, home automation and so on.

Visualizing Internet Of Things

INTERNET INTERNET INTERNET INTERNET

OFOFOFOF


OFOFOFOF

THINGSTHINGSTHINGSTHINGS

Key Verticals For Internet Of Things

Personal

wearables

Connected

Vehicles

Smart

Homes

Smart

Cities

Smart

Domains


Characteristics Of Internet Of Things

�Network of very large no. of smart physical objects mostly

using wireless communication and with a local Server for overall

control.

�Each smart object has intelligence to read data from sensors

and to drive the actuators as per the programmed logic.

�Smart objects may not be stationary and the network must be

self-configuring.

�Data from smart objects is heterogeneous and unstructured


�Data from smart objects is heterogeneous and unstructured

since it comes from diverse sources.

�The required response time for the smart object is critical to

implement Real Time control. The object needs to be supported

with information and processing power by the Server.

�Information security of the network is important to guard

privacy and to protect the smart objects from unauthorized

access.

Cloud Computing For Internet Of Things

Cloud Computing:

Internet of computer workstations shares resources for storage and

computing. The resources are located in a central Data Center away from the

workstation and are said to a form a Cloud. Cloud provides services to meet

computing needs of all client workstations and the paradigm is called as Cloud

computing.

Challenges in application of Cloud Computing for Internet of Things:

�The limited communication and computing resources of smart objects


�The limited communication and computing resources of smart objects

do not permit direct connection to Cloud Server.

�The latency in response from Cloud Server may not be adequate for

Real Time analysis and control applications in Internet of Things.

Solution:

�Introducing small Servers as clients of main cloud Server and locate

these very near to the smart objects forming Internet of Things.

�In contrast to main server in Cloud, these small servers are near edge or

ground level of network (like a fog); hence they are called Fog servers and

the paradigm is called as Fog Computing.

Need For Fog Computing

Fog Computing:

Fog Computing extends storage and computing services of Cloud to the Edge of

the network to serve Smart objects in Internet of Things.

Advantages of Fog Computing:

�Fog Server uses IPv6 protocol to handle very large no of Smart Objects

(The 128 bit address can handle 3.4x 1038 objects)

�Fog Server reduces latency to few milliseconds by acting at three levels:

�Data latency is reduced by taking snapshot of data in memory just


�Data latency is reduced by taking snapshot of data in memory just

when it is required.

�Analysis latency is reduced by using Real Time Analytics which uses in-

memory techniques to use snapshots of data from multiple smart

objects.

�Action latency is reduced by direct connection with the smart object.

�Use of GPS and similar technologies enables Fog Server to use location

based context while computing and providing required results for the

application.

An Ecosystem For Internet Of Things


Architecture Of An Internet Of Things Based Solution


Applications Of

Internet Of Things

For


For

Connected Vehicle

And ITS

Intelligent Transport System

History: A concept developed by US DOT since 1996 to ensure better

surface transport and to avoid road accidents, traffic jams and

increased pollution. ( present update is version 6.0)

Definition: Intelligent Transportation System is defined as

the application of advanced sensor, computer, electronics and

communication technologies and management strategies- in an

integrated manner- to improve safety and efficiency of the surface


integrated manner- to improve safety and efficiency of the surface

transportation system.

National ITS Architecture: It is a framework to develop integrated

transportation systems ; it identifies organization involved, systems

operated, functions performed, communication links used and

information exchanged between the entities in the framework.

National Architecture: Intelligent Transport Systems

CentersCommercial

VehicleAdministration

ArchivedData

Management

Travelers

TollAdministration

EmergencyManagement

TrafficManagement

Fleet andFreight

Management

TransitManagement

Maintenance &ConstructionManagement

EmissionsManagement

PersonalInformation

Access

RemoteTravelerSupport Information

ServiceProvider

Veh

icle

to

Veh

icle

Co

mm

un

icati

on

s Wide Area WirelessFixed-Point to Fixed-Point Communications


Vehicles Field

Roadway

ParkingManagement

CommercialVehicleCheckV

eh

icle

to

Veh

icle

Co

mm

un

icati

on

s

(Mobile) Communications

Vehicle

TransitVehicle

CommercialVehicle

EmergencyVehicle

Maintenance &Construction

Vehicle

SecurityMonitoring

Ded

icate

d S

ho

rt R

an

ge

Co

mm

un

icati

on

sToll Collection

Fixed-Point to Fixed-Point Communications

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)

Five Segments of ITS :

1.Traveler segment: Users who are beneficiary of services

provided by ITS.

2.Vehicle segment: Vehicles on road needing ITS services for

effective utilization.

3.Field segment: Road traffic support infrastructure like signals,


3.Field segment: Road traffic support infrastructure like signals,

information display.

4.Core services: Analysis & reports using data collected from

Vehicle & Infrastructure.

5.Centers: Agencies for communication and co-ordination

between different segments.

Intelligent Transportation System


Connected Vehicle

A connected vehicle forms the important segment of ITS Architecture; all

types of passenger and commercial vehicles are grouped under this segment.

Important Facts:

�A connected vehicle is capable of sharing its information(position, direction

and speed) using wireless links with other vehicles on road (V2V). Also it can

communicate with infrastructures like signal, road sign, bus stop, toll

stations, fuel pumps etc using vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication.

�The wireless communication technologies used by a connected vehicle


�The wireless communication technologies used by a connected vehicle

include GSM, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi & Wi-Max and DSRC(Dedicated

Short Range Communication).

�Communication technologies in Connected Vehicle have a larger range of

up to 1000 meters and have a higher potential to protect the vehicle from

crashes with obstacles and other vehicles on road as compared to on-vehicle

Radars, Cameras and LIDAR systems.

�While safety systems like Air Bag help to survive the occupant after a crash,

the V2V and V2I communications help to prevent the accident itself.

Inside A Connected Vehicle: In-Vehicle Network


Gateway ECU/Telematics Control Unit

CAN

Application Processor

FlexRay MOST

ZigBee

GSM

GPS

Bluetooth Wi-Fi

LIN

DSRC

Block Diagram:

Analog I/O

Digital I/O


ZigBee

modem

Bluetooth

modem

Wi-Fi

modem

DSRC

modem

Features:

�A 32 bit/64 bit Application Processor with multitasking Real Time Kernel.

�CAN, FlexRay, MOST and LIN communication interfaces for linking to ECUs .

�Digital and Analog I/O for interfacing with sensors and actuators on vehicle.

�GPS receiver for position information using satellite based navigation.

�GSM modem for long range global communications.

�Near field communications using Wi-Fi, ZigBee and Bluetooth modems.

Wireless Networks For Automotive Applications

Wi-Fi Bluetooth ZigBee

Frequencies 2.4 GHz & 5 GHz 2.45 GHz 915 MHz ,

868 MHz,

2.4 GHz

Channels [email protected] GHz

80@5 GHz

79 10@915 MHz

[email protected]

Data rate 12 Mbits/sec 3 Mbits/sec 250 Kbits/sec


Data rate 12 Mbits/sec

typical

3 Mbits/sec 250 Kbits/sec

Range (outdoor) 160 meters 100 meters 100 meters

Transmission

scheme

Digital spread

spectrum

Frequency

hopping spread

spectrum

Digital spread

spectrum

Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC)

Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) is IEEE

802.11p standard for wireless communication in 5.9 GHz

band. It is based on another standard IEEE 1609.

Features of DSRC:

�Dedicated licensed bandwidth at 5.9 GHz for secure &

reliable communications.

�Fast Network acquisition for Active Safety applications.


�Fast Network acquisition for Active Safety applications.

�Low latency of the order of milliseconds for Active

Safety applications.

�Works reliably in extreme weather conditions(rain, fog)

and also under high vehicle speed conditions.

�Safety messages are transmitted with higher priority.

�Supports both V2V and V2I communications.

�Provides message authentication and privacy.

Internet of Things Inside Vehicles

Electronic Controls on modern vehicles:

A modern vehicle uses more than 50 Electronic controls for efficient operation

of its subsystems like Engine, Transmission, Braking, Climate control, Air Bag,

Suspension control, Infotainment, comfort systems etc; These Electronic

Control units have following characteristics:

�Based on Microprocessor Control.

�Use of Electromechanical Sensors for inputs about vehicle condition.

�Use of Electromechanical Actuators (Valves, relays, solenoids) as a

means to control vehicle components.

�Software program to execute Control algorithm.


�Software program to execute Control algorithm.

�Network interface to communicate with other ECUs and sensors.

Internet of Things inside a vehicle:

The ECUs are connected in a network. A Gateway ECU controls communication

between the ECUs as well with the outside world. Functions like Anti-skid

braking will need co-ordination between several ECUs viz. Braking, Steering

and Engine systems. The Gateway ECU can provide information on weather,

terrain etc; from outside world for effective execution of the function. The

overall configuration works like a segment of Internet of Things.

IoT Applications For Connected Vehicles And ITS

1. Using Smart Phone for remote control of vehicles.

2. Monitoring driving habits using Smart Phone.

3. GPS based vehicle tracking and fleet management.

4. Assisted GPS for intra-city navigation.

5. Emergency help and E-Call system for vehicles.

6. Remote Vehicle Diagnostics.

7. Remote Engine Monitoring in Real time.


7. Remote Engine Monitoring in Real time.

8. Electronic Toll Collection systems.

9. BRTS and Smart Signals.

10.Parking space management.

11.Collision avoidance.

These applications are normally implemented using Internet of Things

solution architecture having distinct layers for sensing, Fog /Edge

computing, Device management and Applications.

Using Smart Phone For Remote Control Of Vehicle

Bluetooth link

Application on Smart Phone and Gateway ECU in Vehicle

communicate using Bluetooth link to provide remote control


communicate using Bluetooth link to provide remote control

functions for vehicle:

�Lock/unlock doors.

�Roll windows up/down.

�AC temperature +/-

Following alerts can be shown on phone:

�Lights ON

�Handbrake ON

�Doors OPEN

Monitoring Driving Habits Using Smart Phone

Telematics

Cloud

�Smart Phone a link between Driver monitoring system and Cloud Server.

�GPRS used for communication with Cloud and Bluetooth for linking to

GSM

Bluetooth


�GPRS used for communication with Cloud and Bluetooth for linking to

vehicle.

�Information acquired from vehicle: Sudden acceleration, sharp turn, abrupt

braking, driver alertness as detected by infrared camera.

�Driver profile created by analyzing the data can be used by Insurance

companies for Pay-As-You-Drive schemes.

�Logged data useful to police for analysis in case of accidents.

�Useful feedback to driver for improving own skills.

Use Case: GPS based Vehicle Tracking


�Telematics Server to track several vehicles simultaneously using GPS data from them.�Content Server provides weather & traffic Info, digital Maps using location of vehicle. �GPRS/GSM network acting as communication link between vehicle & stakeholders.

Example: Vehicle Tracking And Fleet Management

Services for commercial vehicles:

�Geo-fencing and route violation

reports for vehicles.

�Fuel consumption and theft

monitoring.

�Driver monitoring for fatigue and

improper driving style for Use Based

Insurance applications.

�Hazard and accident reporting.


�Hazard and accident reporting.

�Vehicle health monitoring and

predictive maintenance.

�Vehicle location and expected time

of arrival based on Real Time

location and speed information from

vehicle.

Management of large fleets of commercial vehicle is more efficient using

GPS based vehicle tracking techniques.

Use Case: Assisted GPS Service


GSM Service providers offer Assisted GPS (A-GPS) service to overcome

limitations of GPS in urban areas with high rise buildings and poor accuracy of

GPS under adverse weather conditions. A-GPS is useful for Navigation and

Route Guidance.

Details: Assisted GPS

Features of Assisted GPS:

1. GSM Service provider installs special infrastructure consisting of Access

points and an Assistance Server in the field for its subscribers.

2. Users wishing to use A-GPS have their mobile devices fitted with special

GPS receiver which processes both satellite signals and inputs from A-

GPS service.

3. Use of GPRS allows faster communication between all blocks of A-GPS.

4. Access Point is a high sensitivity & accurate GPS receiver ; several such


4. Access Point is a high sensitivity & accurate GPS receiver ; several such

Access Points are installed at various precisely known positions in field.

5. A-GPS is supported by a network of Access Points and Assistance Server

which calculates correction values for estimating location from

information from Access Points and sends it back to them.

6. Assisted GPS receiver uses GPS signals from satellites as well correction

signals received from Access Points to calculate position accurately.

Use Case: Emergency Help and e-Call System

Emergency Help System/ E-CALL is a GPRS based ITS application aimed to

provide help to crash victims and prevent loss of human lives. It uses systems

in vehicle and traffic infrastructure to facilitate fast communication & co-

ordination during the critical period after the crash.

Requirements:

�Help must be given to accident victims in first “golden hour”.

�Automatic detection of crash and activation of safety features like Air Bag,

unlocking doors.

�Automatic connection of help centre with victims through voice call


�Automatic connection of help centre with victims through voice call

�Information required to be sent to help centre for effective help:

�No of passengers in vehicle, speed of vehicle, type of crash viz frontal,

rear, side.

�Exact location of vehicle, landmarks, traffic information.

Use Case: E-Call System Components

Crash and

Rollover

Detection Unit

Left

Right

Front

Rear

Accelerometers

Rollover

Detection


Telematics

Control Unit

Engine Control

Unit

Anti-Lock

Braking

Control Unit

Body Control

Unit

Accelerometers

Door Locks Gyroscope Tacho

Event Diagram for e-Call System


Details Of E-Call System

Functioning of E-CALL System

�Crash detection ECU receives information from other ECUs & sensors

and sets trigger in case of crash.

�Telematics ECU communicates with outside world after crash

detection and handles emergency data transmission & voice call.

�Engine ECU switches off fuel & engine.

�Body control module activates safety features like un-locking of doors.

Interaction with other agencies:


Interaction with other agencies:

�Accident data sent to all agencies involved using GPRS communication for

co-ordination.

�Vehicles carrying help and maintenance teams move faster with route

guidance & traffic control instructions generated by the system to give

preference to help to victims.

�Other vehicular traffic can be diverted effectively by traffic control centre

as per instruction of emergency help centre.

�Records of action reports can be used for future planning and

improvements.

Use Case: Remote Diagnostics of Vehicle


Details: Remote Vehicle Diagnostics

Details of operation:

1. Smart phone is used as Diagnostics Tester and runs Tester Software as an

application. Diagnostics Trouble Code (DTC) stored in ECUs is read by Tester

using Diagnostics Communication protocols.

2. DTC is used as a key by the tester software in Smart Phone to decide area of

fault and corrective action for repair.

3. Bluetooth communication between vehicle and Smart Phone enables

Diagnostic communication with all ECUs connected to the In-vehicle

Network and Gateway.


Network and Gateway.

4. GPRS communication between Smart Phone and central Expert System

Server enables download of required Diagnostics information to Smart

Phone and enables it to handle different vehicle models.

5. Expert System stores ECU data for different ECUs & vehicles in standard ODX

format for supporting different vehicle models with single application

program on Smart Phone.

6. Remote Diagnostics can be used for Real Time Engine monitoring during

development phase or for special vehicles like racing cars.

Sample Diagnostics Information

S.r DTC Problem area Corrective/remedial action

1 P0300 Random Engine

misfire

Check for vacuum leaks, low fuel pressure,

leaky EGR valve, dirty fuel injector

2 P0301 to

P0304

Cylinder specific

misfire

Check worn spark plug, dead injector, leaky

head gasket

3 P0420 and

P0430

Catalytic converter

efficiency

Replace catalytic converter

4 P0133 ,

P0135and

Exhaust Gas

Oxygen sensor

Check for heater circuit of O2 sensor, O2

sensor voltage and for vacuum leak.


P0135and

P0141

Oxygen sensor sensor voltage and for vacuum leak.

5 P0401 Exhaust Gas

Recirculation Valve

Clean the EGR valve and recheck; else

replace the valve.

6 P0128 Engine coolant

thermostat faulty

Check and replace faulty component

7 P0411,

P0440,P04

42

Evaporative

Emission Control

System

Check for loose gas cap, purge valve.

Remote Engine Monitoring In Real Time

Sr. No Parameter Frequency

1 Vehicle speed

2 to 5 times per

second

2 Air/fuel ratio

3 Intake airflow

4 Engine RPM

5 Engine load

6 Accelerator Pedal position

7 Lambda sensor voltage


7 Lambda sensor voltage

8 Catalyst temperature

9 Intake air pressure

10 EGR and ignition advance

11 Intake air temperature

Once in 30

seconds

12 Coolant temperature

13 Ambient temperature and pressure

13 Tank fuel level

14 Battery voltage

Use Case: Electronic Toll Collection

Read

RF ID

Valid?

Debit

Start

YesNo


Sensors used:

�RF ID for vehicle & TAG reader on Toll gate

�Number plate on vehicle & Camera on Toll gate

Debit

user A/c

Collect

cash

Open

gate

Read veh reg. no. & save

End

Use Case: BRTS and Smart Signals


1. Special sensors embedded in road detect presence of passing vehicles in different

lanes and send information to local data server through serial ports.

2. The local server analyses data about vehicles in different lanes and gives GREEN signal

to public transport buses (BRTS) on priority.

3. The central database server stores such logged data from all local servers and provides

information to traffic controllers, pedestrians and vehicles through Web.

Use Case: Parking Space Allocation

Parking Space with controller

Compact

Car

Space

Sedan Car

Space

SUV /VAN

space

Parking Space Display

Compact space No.

Sedan space No.

SUV space No.

�Parking space system uses ZigBee network for communication

with sensors and actuators for handling vehicles.


with sensors and actuators for handling vehicles.

�Vehicle is identified by RF tag attached to it at the entrance.

�Communication between vehicle & parking space controller

uses RF tag to inform vehicle model and time for which facility

is required.

�Controller allocates free space with matching requirement and

information is displayed both on large display as well the On-

board display of vehicle.

�RF tag is removed & read at exit to decide and to print bill for

parking.

Blind Spot Detection

Use Case: Collision Avoidance Systems

�Video cameras fitted on rear view mirrors cover

vehicles approaching the blind spot areas from rear.

�On-vehicle processor uses image processing technology

to detect presence and speed of approaching vehicles

and generates warning signals for driver

Front Crash Avoidance

�Radars fitted on front and rear windshields


�Radars fitted on front and rear windshields

detect vehicles and their speeds and measure

their distance.

�The processor on vehicle sends messages to

vehicles critically near to it using V2V

communications.

�The brakes on vehicle are automatically

applied to reduce the speed if necessary

Future Directions: Vehicular Cloud Computing

�In conventional ITS approach, several Roadside Units(RSUs) like Signals, toll

gates, fuel pumps are used which provide storage and computing resources

to form local clouds and enable ITS applications like Smart Signals, Electronic

Toll collection, Fuel bill payment etc;

�On highways, in parking spaces etc; it is not practical to install the large no.

of RSUs for enabling required functions like finding parking space, locating

parked vehicle, collision avoidance, accident and road closed information etc;

also direct access to cloud may be costly and slow.

�A novel approach which uses computing power and storage capacity of


�A novel approach which uses computing power and storage capacity of

vehicles on road is receiving attention of all concerned. It is called as Vehicular

Cloud Computing(VCC) which forms a cloud by using the idle computing power

and storage of the vehicles participating in the formation of the cloud.

�Typical scenarios in which VCC can be used with advantage are:

�Airport parking space.

�Collision and accident warning on highways.

�Traffic control at intersections & in traffic jam conditions.

Concluding Remarks…

�The effective implementation of ITS is hampered in many cases due to lack of

connectivity between various stakeholders and systems in transport domain

and also due to lack of communication with other domains.

�Internet of Things aims to bring all gadgets, systems, smart objects of all

domains under one umbrella of communication to provide a Common

Operating Picture for easier visualization of new services to benefit individuals

and to protect the environment.


�As new developments for eco-friendly, energy efficient and safer mobility

solutions lead to growth of smart transport systems and increasingly

autonomous vehicles, the concepts of Internet of Things will help to find

innovative approaches to meet the challenges.

�The developments in the field of Information Technology and

Microelectronics will act as catalyst to implement reliable solutions for ITS and

Automotive domain, based on Internet of Things at an affordable cost.

Thank you!


Thank you!

List Of Acronyms

Acronym

BT Bluetooth

CAN Control Area Network

DSRC Direct Short Range

communication

DTC Diagnostic trouble code

ECU Electronic Control Unit

Acronym

LIDAR Light detection and ranging

MOST Media oriented system

transport

ODX Open Diagnostics Data

Exchange

RSU Roadside unit


ECU Electronic Control Unit

EGR Exhaust Gas Recirculation

GSM Global System Mobile

GPS Global Positioning System

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

IoT Internet of Things

ITS Intelligent Transport System

LIN Local Interconnect Network

TCP/IP Transport Control Internet

Protocol

VCC Vehicular Cloud Computing

V2V Vehicle to vehicle

V2I Vehicle to infrastructure

Wi-Fi Trademark for IEEE 802.11x

Wi-Max Worldwide Interoperability

for Microwave Access

LIN(Local Interconnect Network) Bus Specifications

Specifications:

�A low cost solution for networking of sensors, actuators

and simple ECUs.

�A broadcast serial network with one master and up to 16

slaves.

�Single wire communication at data rates up to 19.2 k

bits/sec at 40 meters length.


bits/sec at 40 meters length.

�Variable data length of 2, 4 and 8 bytes.

�Data checksum and error detection.

�Detection of defective nodes.

�Guaranteed latency times.

�Multicast reception with time synchronization.

�Flexible configuration.

MOST(Media Oriented System Transport) Bus

Specifications:

�High speed multimedia network technology for Automotive

applications.

�Based on OSI 7 layer communication model.

�Handles Video, Audio, Voice and Data transmission.

�Can transfer 15 stereo audio channels or 15 MPEG1 compatible

audio/video channels.

�Data/messages can be sent through control channel.


�Data/messages can be sent through control channel.

�Uses Ring topology and can accommodate up to 64 MOST

devices.

�One device is Timing Master and rest are Timing followers.

�As per bandwidth/no. of channels, three different versions of

MOST bus

�Uses Plastic Optical Fiber cables as media.

�Generates no interference due to radiation.

Control Area Network (CAN)


�Introduced by Bosch in 1987 for Automotive applications.

�Multi-master serial bus using two wire cable for Electronic Control Units

with Low Speed and High Speed versions.

�Message ID defines content type and priority of message on the bus.

�Message filters on CPU can be programmed to selectively receive

messages on bus.

Basics of Global Positioning SystemNAVSTAR GPS: Navigation System with Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System

Facts:

1. An initiative from US Dept of Defense for military & civil applications.

2. A navigation system made up of 28 satellites orbiting earth at 20,000 Km

in 12 hours time period.

3. Six different orbits with four to six satellites in each orbit.

4. At least four satellites visible at any point on earth at all time.

5. Satellites controlled and maintained by Ground Control Stations.

6. Each satellite sends its position & time stamp based on Atomic clock .

7. A special RF receiver detects the extremely weak (-160dBm) signal from at

GPS Constellation


7. A special RF receiver detects the extremely weak (-160dBm) signal from at

least four satellites to calculate its own position.

Position Calculation Methodology:

1. All satellite clocks & clock on GPS receiver synchronized.

2. Time difference Td = current time of receiver – time stamp of

satellite signal received.

3. Distance of GPS receiver from satellite = Td x speed of light

4. Location of receiver in XY plane = lower intersection of circles with

radii as distances and centers as position of satellites.

5. Use of two more satellites allows calculation of position in 3D and

eliminates errors due to drift of Atomic clocks used.

Typical Sensors Used On Vehicle Control Systems

Technology Measurement

Function

Examples

Thermistors Temperature Temp. of coolant, air & air

Thermocouple Temperature Exhaust gas and turbocharger

temperature

Magnetic Speed Vehicle speed and wheel speed

Variable resistance Position Throttle position sensor


Variable resistance Position Throttle position sensor

MEMS

(micromechanics

with piezo resistive)

Air Pressure Atmospheric pressure

Piezo Electric Vibration Knock sensor for Engine

Capacitive Acceleration ABS, Air Bag

Hot wire Air Flow Engine control