•ionizing radiation •solar wind particles •gravitation the ... · the space environment...
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
The Space Environment
• Gravitation• Electromagnetic Radiation• Atmospheric Particles• Solar Wind Particles• Ionizing Radiation• Micrometeoroids/Orbital Debris• Spacecraft Charging• Planetary Environments
© 2002 David L. Akin - All rights reservedhttp://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
The Space Environment
“Space is big. Really big. You justwon't believe how vastly, hugely,mind-bogglingly big it is. I mean,you may think it's a long waydown the road to the chemist,but that's just peanuts to space.”– Douglas Adams, The Hitchhiker's
Guide to the Galaxy, 1979
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
The Earth-Moon System
Earth
Moon
L1 L2L3
L4
L5
Note: Earth and Moon are inscale with size of orbits
GeostationaryOrbit
Photograph of Earth and Moon taken by Mars OdysseyApril 19, 2001 from a distance of 3,564,000 km
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Ref: Alan C. Tribble, The Space Environment Princeton University Press, 1995
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
The Solar Spectrum
Ref: V. L. Pisacane and R. C. Moore, Fundamentals of Space Systems Oxford University Press, 1994
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Solar Cycle
• Sun is a variable starwith 11-year period
• UV output of sunincreases thermalenergy of upperatmosphere,acceleratingatmospheric drag ofLEO spacecraft
• Measured as solarflux at 10.7 cmwavelength (=“F10.7”) Ref: Alan C. Tribble, The Space Environment
Princeton University Press, 1995
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Diurnal Variation of Atmosphere
Ref: V. L. Pisacane and R. C. Moore, Fundamentals of Space Systems Oxford University Press, 1994
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Atmospheric Density with Altitude
Ref: V. L. Pisacane and R. C. Moore, Fundamentals of Space Systems Oxford University Press, 1994
ρ kgm
eh km
39 59 063 875 10
= × − −[ ]
. .
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Newtonian Flow
• Mean free path ofparticles much larger thanspacecraft --> noappreciable interaction ofair molecules
• Model vehicle/atmosphere interactionsas independent perfectinelastic collisions
αα
V
V
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Newtonian Analysis
Mass flux = (density)(area swept)(velocity)
dm
dtA V= ( )( )( )ρ αsin
α
AA sin(α)
ρ
V
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Momentum Transfer
• Momentumperpendicular towall is reversed atimpact
• “Bounce” momentumis transferred tovehicle
• Momentum parallelto wall is unchanged
Vsin(α)
V
F
Fdm
dtV VA V V A= = ( ) =∆ ρ α α ρ αsin sin sin2 2 2 2
V
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Lift and Drag
F
D F V A= =sin sinα ρ α2 2 3
VD
L
α
L F V A= =cos sin cosα ρ α α2 2 2
cL
V AL = =
12
42
2
ρα αsin cos
cD
V AD = =
12
42
3
ραsin L
D = =cossin
cotαα
α
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Orbit Decay from Atmospheric Drag
Ref: Alan C. Tribble, The Space Environment Princeton University Press, 1995
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Makeup ∆∆∆∆V Due To Atmospheric Drag
Ref: Alan C. Tribble, The Space Environment Princeton University Press, 1995
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Atmospheric Constituents at Altitude
Ref: V. L. Pisacane and R. C. Moore, Fundamentals of Space Systems Oxford University Press, 1994
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Atomic Oxygen Erosion Rates
• Annual surface erosion at solar max• Orbital altitude 500 kmMaterial Erosion Rate (mm/yr)Silver .22Chemglaze Z302 .079Mylar .071Kapton .061Epoxy .048Carbon .020Teflon .00064Aluminum .0000076
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
The Earth’s Magnetic Field
Ref: V. L. Pisacane and R. C. Moore, Fundamentals of Space Systems Oxford University Press, 1994
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
The Van Allen Radiation Belts
Ref: V. L. Pisacane and R. C. Moore, Fundamentals of Space Systems Oxford University Press, 1994
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Cross-section of Van Allen Radiation Belts
Ref: V. L. Pisacane and R. C. Moore, Fundamentals of Space Systems Oxford University Press, 1994
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Electron Flux in Low Earth Orbit
Ref: V. L. Pisacane and R. C. Moore, Fundamentals of Space Systems Oxford University Press, 1994
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
The Origin of a Class X1 Solar Flare
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Heavy Ion Flux
Ref: Neville J. Barter, ed., TRW Space Data, TRW Space and Electronics Group, 1999
Background Solar Flare
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Radiation Dose vs. Orbital Altitude
Ref: Neville J. Barter, ed., TRW Space Data, TRW Space and Electronics Group, 1999
300 mil (7.6 mm) Al shielding
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Trackable Objects On-orbit
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Micrometeoroids and Orbital Debris
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
MMOD Sample CalculationSpace Station module - cylindrical,15’ diam. X 43’ long
Surface area=221 m2
Flux value for one hit in 20 years
Flux=2.26x10-4 hits/m2-yr (3mm)
For 0.1 hits/20 years, allowableflux= 2.26x10-5 hits/m2-yr (9 mm)
Area d
d= +π
πl 2
4
2
Fluxhit
m yrs=
1221 202( )( )
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Damage from MMOD Impacts
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF)
• Passive experimentto test long-termeffects of spaceexposure
• 57 experiments in86 trays
• Deployed April,1984
• Retrieved January,1990
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Surprising Results from LDEF
• Presence of C-60 (“buckeyballs”) on impactsite
• Much higher incidence of MMOD impacts ontrailing surfaces than expected
• Local thermal hot spots did surprising levelsof damage to blankets and coatings
• Thermal blankets are effective barriers tosmaller high velocity impacting particles
• Anomalies are typically due to design andworkmanship, rather than materials effects
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Typical MMOD Penetration from LDEF
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Spacecraft Charging
Ref: Alan C. Tribble, The Space Environment Princeton University Press, 1995
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Comparison of Basic Characteristics
Quantity Earth Free Space Moon Mars
GravitationalAcceleration
9.8 m/s2
(1 g)– 1.545 m/s2
(.16 g)3.711 m/s2
(.38 g)
AtmosphericDensity
101,350 Pa(14.7 psi)
– – 560 Pa(.081 psi)
AtmosphericConstituents
78% N2
21% O2
– – 95% CO2
3% N2
TemperatureRange
120°F-100°F
150°F-60°F
250°F-250°F
80°F-200°F
Lengthof Day
24 hr 90 min –Infinite
28 days 24h 37m22.6s
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The Space EnvironmentPrinciples of Space Systems Design
References
• Alan C. Tribble, The Space Environment:Implications for Spacecraft DesignPrinceton University Press, 1995
• Vincent L. Pisacane and Robert C. Moore,Fundamentals of Space Systems OxfordUniversity Press, 1994 (Chapter 2)
• Neville J. Barter, ed., TRW Space DataTRW Space and Electronics Group, 1999
• Francis S. Johnson, Satellite EnvironmentHandbook Stanford University Press, 1961