inŽenjerstvo-zaŠtite okoline
TRANSCRIPT
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Prethodna obrada
rešetke i sitahvatači pijeskahvatači mastiegalizacioni bazeni
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Gravitaciono taloženje
taloženje diskretnih česticataloženje čestica koje flokulišuzonalno taloženje
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Taloženje diskretnih čestica
Laminarno taloženje (Re ≤ 0,2)Prema Stokes-u:
vst = d².∆p.g / 18µ = d2.(ρs – ρm).g / 18µ, m/s
gdje je:d = prečnik čestice, (m)ρs – gustina čvrste čestice, (kg/m3)ρm – gustina medija, (kg/m3)µ - viskoznost medija, (Pa.s)
Prelivni protok:
v0 = Q/A, gdje je :
v0 – brzina taloženja,Q – protok otpadne vode,A – površina taložnika
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Vrste taložnika
Prema namjeni:primarnisekundarni
Prema izvedbi:pravougaonikružni
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Shema radijalnog taložnika (Simičić, 2002.)
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HEMIJSKI POSTUPCI OBRADE
Procesi u kojima se prečišćavanje obavlja uz odvijanje hemijskih reakcija ili putem određenih fizičko-hemijskih fenomena.U pravilu su to aditivni procesi- unose se hemikalije u vodu da bi se uklonilo zagađenje.
To su:
• koagulacija i flokulacija,• hemijska precipitacija,• jonska izmjena,• adsorpcija,• neutralizacija,• oksidacija (dezinfekcija),• striping gasa.
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NEUTRALIZACIJA
Oprema za izvođenje neutralizacije (Gaćeša i sar., 1994.)
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KOAGULACIJA I FLOKULACIJA
Fizičko-hemijski postupak za uklanjanje koloidno-dispergovanog zagađenja u vodi.
Koloidne čestice: imaju promjer od 1nanometra – 1 mikrometra; ne talože se spontano, zbog prisustva tzv. dvojnog električnog sloja (čije je naelektrisanje iskazano zeta-potencijalom) i male gustine (koja je približna gustini vode)
Koloidni sistemi – sistemi u kojima su čestice dispergovane u nekoj fazi (npr. vodi) i koje zbog naelektrisanja na površini, ostaju stabilne u tečnoj fazi.
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Destabilizacija koloidnih sistema se ostvaruje:
• redukcijom debljine dvostrukog električnog sloja (a time i zeta-potencijala), usljed čega dolazi do smanjenja odbijanja čestica – koagulacija;• stvaranjem mostova između koloidnih čestica preko organskih i neorganskih polimera – flokulacija.
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Sredstva za koagulaciju
Soli aluminijuma: aluminijumsulfat, kalijumaluminijumsulfat (stipsa), natrijumaluminat.
Soli željeza: željezo(II)sulfat, željezo(III)sulfat, željezo(III)hlorid
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Shema procesa flokulacije (Gaćeša i sar., 1994)
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Taložni tankovi:
• taložni tankovi klasične konstrukcije,• brzi taložnici – akceleratori
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(Gaćeša i sar., 1994)
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ADSORPCIJA
Postupak koji je dio tercijarne obrade
Najčešći adsorbens – aktivni ugalj:GAU – granulisani akivni ugalj AUP –aktivni ugalj u prahu
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Tipovi postupaka adsorpcijeŠaržna adsorpcijaKontinuirana adsorpcija
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Adsorberi za kontinuiranu adsorpciju
Adsorberi sa:- nepokretnim i pokretnim slojem (sa silaznim i uzlaznim tokom)- sa pokretnim slojem
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Jonska izmjena
Mjenjači jona su čvrste, u vodi nerastvorne materije, koje se sastoje od prostorno umrežene rešetke, u koju su uvedene funkcionalne (aktivne ) grupe. Aktivne grupe su sa rešetkom povezane kovalentnom vezom i na njih su jonskom vezom vezani protujoni:
Iz – SO3⁻H⁺ Iz – matrix (rešetka) SO3⁻ - aktivna grupa H⁺ - protujon
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Prema prirodi aktivne grupe:katjonske mase (jakokisele i slabokisele)anjonske mase (jakobazne i slabobazne)Prema
Radni ciklus ( u koloni):-faza iscrpljivanja-faza regeneracije
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