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EMPOWERING FAMILY & COMMUNITY
Ecology of Parenting : Competence, Commitment &
Involvement
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rumaya JuhariFamily, Adolescent & Child Research Center (FACE), Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia
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Define FAMILY
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WHAT IS..
• Family – everyone seems to know what family is, due to its complexity, there is no “one fits all” definition for it… Family is WHAT you make it
• Community – a group of people who have something in common (location, identity, organization, interest etc.)
• Strong family Strong community?
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Why family?• Basic unit of the society
• Everything starts from home
• A person spends his / her lifetime being linked to his “family” – rare cases of desertion
• Most reports acknowledged the IMPORTANT roles of family in prevention & treatment efforts
• Limited research on families of drug addicts
• MOST reports on anti-social behaviour / crime / delinquent acts put the major BLAME on the family esp. the parents
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Fault finding?
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The FACTS• Parenthood is a social construct that is highly
embedded within a multidimensional system of values, beliefs, norms & behaviours
• Rapid social changes provide wider spectrum of challenges for both parents & children
• Parenthood is a developmental role, parents & children develop across life-span & influenced by & influencing the environments surrounding the family – family ecology
• Parents perform their roles with very minimum guidance
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Family Ecosystem Model [Bubolz & Sontag; 1990]
FamilyTechnology-human
constructed
Socio-cultural
Natural-bio-physical
TIME – Past, Present, Future
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Ecology of parenting
• Urie Bronfenbrenner (1979) introduced the ecological perspective of human development
• Scrutinizing the parent-child relationships within the context of various environments
• The biological, intrapersonal & interpersonal as well as environmental components shape individual development
• Parents must have the essential elements: to be competent, to commit & to be involved
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Bioecological System of Human Development
CHRONOSYSTEM
MACROSYSTEM
EXOSYSTEM
MESOSYSTEM
MICROSYSTEM
INDIVIDUAL
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Individual
• Various characteristics; some unique attributes
• Age, gender, health status, temperament / personality, self-esteem, other traits
• The developing person
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Microsystem
• The nearest system
• Family – parents, siblings, grandparents, relatives
• Neighbourhood, school, religious organization, peers
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Mesosytem
• The relationships between the developing person & his environments
• Involvement, concern, care
• Support / neglection / rejection
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Exosystem
• The outside system where the developing person does not have direct interactions with
• May have direct / indirect impact
• i.e workplace of a parent may influence the child
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Macrosystem
• The larger system of attitudes & ideologies of the culture
• Law, religion, rules, customs
• Education, politics, defence systems
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Chronosystem
• Patterns of events & transitions thattake place in individual’s environmentthrough-out his/her life
• Changes in people and theirenvironment occur in time frame andunfold in particular patterns over aperson’s lifetime.
• The element of TIME is important in thissystem
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The importance of the ecological perspective in
understanding human development:
• It takes the holistic approach (considersmultiple factors regarding person – in –context). Focuses on wholeness..
• Any phenomenon is seen from multipleperspectives > aiming to obtain high qualityof life / environment
• Allows for an integrated plan of action –balance & holistic; to strengthen, to consolidate concerted efforts in preventing drugs abuse
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Social Control vs Self Control
• Bio-ecological Theory emphasizes the roles of environments on individual development
• Self plays a big role, so do the environment
• Parenting, the most ancient tool for socialization is deemed very critical in ensuring the outcome of a child
• Discipline with warmth love & care
• Consistency, involvement and BE THERE
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SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY• In the 60’s sociologist Travis Hirschi asserts
that “TIES to family, school & other aspects of society serve to diminish one’s propensity for deviant behaviour”
• Established & strong bond between individual & his/her family/community is a protective factor
• Comprises 4 key elements of attachment, commitment involvement, & belief that act as insulaters
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SELF-CONTROL
• The general Theory of Crime (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990)
• Low self-control is a key factor underlying criminality / delinquent behaviour
• Desire for immediate gratification which is highly linked with impulsive personality; lack of self-control; poor social bonds; and opportunity (Siegel and McCormick, 2006)
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• Both theories focus on the role of parenting in instilling self-control in children through effective socialization process
• Highly relevant with the PREVENTION is better than CURE notion
• One needs to know how to control oneself, the “outsiders” will serve as “gatekeepers” –ATTACHMENT with these outsiders made the difference
• Past research have suggested strong roles of both self and social control in crime / delinquent acts among young people
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Past findings• Comparing antisocial vs no discipline record
high school students:
– Basic different: Life is more organized, parents know their children’s friends & their whereabouts; they don’t go out often at night or spent most nights at friends’ place or else where
– SELF is the strongest determinant of involvement in antisocial behaviour
– Parental & school attachment, good peers & respect for community acted as protective factors
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Family malfunctioning – risk factors• Favourable attitudes towards anti social
behaviour
• Involvement in antisocial behaviour of family members
• Chaotic + too random, no structure, no boundary
• Leisure fare, or too rigid
• Somewhat poor moral, low level of religiosity / spirituality
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Risk factors
Lack of mutual attachment and
nurturing by parents or caregivers;
Ineffective
parenting;
A chaotic home environment;
Lack of a significant relationship with a
caring adult
Caregiver who:
abuses substances, suffers from mental illness, or engages in
criminal behaviour
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Protective function
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A strong bond between children and their families;
Parental involvement in a child’s life;
Supportive parenting that meets financial, emotional, cognitive, and social needs;
Clear limits and consistent enforcement of discipline.
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How to ?
• KAP – Knowledge, Attitude & Practice
• Parenting is a complex process influenced by & influencing myriads of factors
• It begins long before the conception of the child – in choosing the “parent” of that child
• An on-going process that demands a lot from those involved
• Earlier experience of parent-child relationships with one’s parents may shape current parenting behaviour
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Strengthening family & community: How to?
• Must start from the basic unit of the family –the parents
• The primer agent of socialization
• Primary functions of parental behaviour:– To provide structure & To nurture
• Parents must be knowledgeable, have positive attitudes and practice accordingly; involve immensely –stay alert
• Be involved
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As a family..
• Strong bonds within the family
• Family structure, norms and rituals
• Maintaining family traditions and cultural value
• Communicate with morality to get a respect from person
• Parents must have a strong character and personality ; as a role model
• “Control” of family
• Warm & conducive home environment
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LIFE SKILLS FOR EFFECTIVE PARENTING
• Interpersonal Skills – to be more responsive towards children, EQ
• Effective monitoring, supervision & discipline
• Skills for Building Self-Awareness – gain relevant knowledge
• Communicating Values – identify & model values
• Coping &, Conflict & Stress Management skills
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TERIMA KASIH