investigation into fabric-enhanced ceramic candle filters
DESCRIPTION
Investigation into improving household based candle water filtersTRANSCRIPT
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Fabric Enhanced
Ceramic Candle Filters
Pete Crosthwaite Yr. 4 MEng Civil Engineering
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What’s Coming Up
Point of Use (Household) based treatment
Problems with ceramics candle filters
Fabric Enhancement?
Simple engineering improvement
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Millennium Development Goals
Goal 7, Target 10:
“Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation”
WHO:
“1.1 billion people have no access to any type of
improved drinking source of water”
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Mama Abungu
Photographer: Douglas Tooth
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Mama Abungu
Photographer: Douglas Tooth
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Water Supply in Bar-Agulu
Photographer: Douglas Tooth
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Water Supply in Bar-Agulu
Photographer: Beth Crosthwaite
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Obama’s Grandma’s Water Supply!
Photographer: Douglas Tooth
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Back to Statistics
Contaminated water responsible for:
4 billion cases of diarrhoea each year
Causing 2.2 million deaths
Mostly children under 5 years old(WHO 2000)
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Definitions
Point of Source Point of Use
(Household Water Treatment)
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Treatment at Point of Source
Household connection
Public standpipe
Borehole
Protected well or spring
Rainwater collection
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Treatment at Point of Source
(Clasen T.F. and Bastable A. 2003)
Proportional number of faecal bacteria
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Problem at Point of Use
(Clasen T.F. and Bastable A. 2003)
Proportional number of faecal bacteria
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Why? Look back at the picture of the well…
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Treatment at Point of Use
Ceramic water filters
Biosand filters
Boiling
Solar disinfection (SODIS)
Chlorination (with tablets or liquid)
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Ceramic Filters are the Best!
“By contrast [to other interventions] the
clear effectiveness of the ceramic filterin this analysis would make further controlled trials unethical.
Research should focus primarily on how to
increase uptake and sustainability
of the intervention.”
Paul R. Hunter
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Ceramic Candle Filters
Advantages:
Filters 99.9% of bacteria
Inexpensive & cost effective
Incorporates storage
Viewed as an asset by
household
Candles
Top Bucket
Top Lid
Middle Lid
Bottom
Bucket
Plastic Spigot
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Ceramic Candle Filters
Disadvantages:
Fragile and easily cracked
Requires frequent
cleaning (scrubbing)
Low flow rate 1-2 l/hour
Or even lower!
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Overall Aim
The overall aim is to enhance ceramic candle
filter systems using fabric to:
reduce the frequency of cleaning required
simplify the cleaning process
maintain sufficient flow rate.
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Initial Concept
“Fabric Enhanced Filters”
Initial concept from research on slow sand filters – layers of fabric
Applied to ceramic candle – like a sock!
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Experimental Set-Up
Fabric
“sock”
pre-filter
Constant Head
Pump
Filters
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ResultsCandle Flow Rates
0.00E+00
1.00E-07
2.00E-07
3.00E-07
4.00E-07
5.00E-07
6.00E-07
01/02/2010
12:00
02/02/2010
00:00
02/02/2010
12:00
03/02/2010
00:00
03/02/2010
12:00
04/02/2010
00:00
04/02/2010
12:00
05/02/2010
00:00
Date and Time (dd/mm/yyyy hh:mm)
Flo
w R
ate
(m
^3
/s)
Candle 1
Candle 2
Candle 3
Candle 4
Candle 5
Candle 6
Candle 7
Candle 8
Expected Avg. Q
Expected Max
Expected Min
Measured Avg.
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Summary
Fabric Enhanced Ceramic Candle Filters:
Point of Use based treatment has a big impact
Simple & Creative engineering improvement to
ceramic filters
Real problem...affecting real people
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I represent a small step….
Any questions?
…I hope it leads to giant leaps.