Takefumi OdaGreenhouse Gas Inventory Office (GIO)

National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)

IPCC Open MeetingEstimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions - A Basis of

Climate Actions

22 August 2011, Yokohama

Inventory Compilation Under the IPCC Guidelines

- Japan’s Case

Contents（mainly for waste sector）

Compilation of GHG inventory Actual application of IPCC Guidelines

– Usefulness of IPCC Guidelines– Difference from domestic report– Improvement of inventory

Support to developing country in inventory compilation

1

Compilation of GHG Inventory

2

Compilation of GHG InventoryWhat is GHG inventory Report for estimation amount of greenhouse gas

emissions and removals• National Inventory Report (NIR)• Common Reporting Format (CRF)

Annual submission under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol

Authoritative data in reporting achievement of the Kyoto Protocol’s commitment

3

GHGSector

CO2 CH4 N2O HFCs, PFCs, SF6

Energy Fuel combustion

Fugitive emission from fuels/ Fuel

combustionFuel combustion

Industrial Processes

Cement products / etc.

Chemical Industry(Coke production /

etc.)

Chemical Industry(Adipic acid

production / etc.)

Semiconductor / Refrigeration /

Solvents

AgricultureEnteric fermentation

/ Rice cultivation / Manure management

agricultural soil / Manure management

Waste Waste incineration

Solid waste disposal on land / Wastewater

Handling / Waste incineration

Wastewater Handling / Waste

incineration

Compilation of GHG inventoryGHG emission sources under the IPCC guidelines

Other sector of sources and sinks:Land Use, Land-Use Change & Forestry (LULUCF)

4

IPCC Methodologies are employed in 1st commitment period.1996 revised IPCC guidelinesGood Practice Guidance（GPG) 2000GPG-LULUCF2006 IPCC Guidelines

•Applied in a part of waste sector•Still discussed for official applications for the next commitment period

It is selectable from default method to complicated country specific estimation.The estimations which reflect actual emissions are recommended.

Compilation of GHG inventory Estimation methodology for GHG emissions

Emission Emission Factor

ActivityData= ×

GlobalWarming Potential

×

GHG missions is estimated by using data of relevant human activity, not from actual measurement of atmosphere.

5

Compilation of GHG inventoryStatistics and data to estimate GHG emissions

主な統計・調査データ

Relevant M

inistry

MOE Statistics for waste, etc.

METI General Energy Statistics, Data of Halocarbon &SF6, etc.

MLIT Annual of Land Transport Statistics, etc.MAFF Crop Statistics, Livestock Statistics, etc.

MHLW Statistics of Production by Pharmaceutical Industry

Relevant O

rganization

Federation of Electric Power Companies

Amount of fuel used by pressurized fluidized bed boilers

Japan Coal Energy Center Coal production

Japan Cement Association Amount of clinker production, etc.Japan Iron and Steel Federation Emissions from coke oven covers, etc.

Japan Paper Association Amount of RPF incineration, etc.Japan AutomobileManufacturers Association Data of exhaust gases from automobile

local public entity Waste relation dataPrivate company Confidential date related in estimation

6

Activity data are mainly obtained from published statistics. Essential data are provided from stakeholders.

Based on the Act on Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan

Private Consultants

UNFCCC Secretariat

Other Stakeholder Organizations

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Ministry of the Environment (Other sections)

Ministry of Finance Japan

Relevant Ministries

GIO(in NIES/CGER)

Data request

Data provide

Data request

Data provide

Request for reviewing NIR&CRF

Request for revising

NIR&CRF (QC)

Inventory Submission

Inventory Submission

Review and approval of estimation methodologies

Committee for the GHG Emissions

Estimation Methods

GHG Inventory Quality Assurance

Working GroupExpert Peer Review of inventory

(QA)

Request for reviewing NIR&CRF

Request for revising

NIR&CRF (QC)

Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

Ministry of theEnvironment

(Low-carbon Society Promotion Office, Global

Environment Bureau)

Responsible for Inventory

Compilation

GIO(in NIES/CGER)

Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare

Compilation of GHG inventory

Institutional arrangement

7

Actual application of IPCC Guidelines

8

700

800

900

1,000

1,100

1,200

1,300

1,400

京都議定書の基準年

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

（単

位百

万t-

CO

2換

算）

（年度）

SF6

PFCs

HFCs

N2O

CH4

CO2

- ５%

【基準年】

CO2

CH4 1990年度

N2O

HFCs

PFCs 1995年

SF6

≈

＋１０%

＋５%

±０%

SF6

N2O

CH4

CO2

PFCs

HFCs

Actual application of IPCC Guidelines

GHG emissions from Japan

Base year for Halocarbon &SF6: FY1995

FY2009：1,290Mt-CO2

9

What is advantage of IPCC Guideline using?

Mt-C

O2

eq.

Bas

e ye

ar u

nder

K

yoto

pro

toco

l

Fiscal Year

Base year

FY1990

FY1995

10

Actual application of IPCC Guidelines

Usefulness of IPCC guidelines

Five principles of Inventory ensure the quality.

Transparency

Comparability

Consistency

Completeness

Accuracy

National Inventory Report（NIR）Documentation for detailed methodology

（Transparency ）

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

200,000

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Australia

Canada

France

Germany

Italy

Japan

Russian Federation

Spain

United Kingdom

United States

11

Actual application of IPCC Guidelines: Usefulness of IPCC Guidelines

International comparison（waste sector in 2011 submission）

From UNFCCC data

International comparison under same methodology（Comparability）

•Not only for GHG emissions, but also for activity data(e.g. amount of waste treatment)

GH

Gs

from

Was

te, i

n G

g C

O2

eq.

→

31.7

31.2

31.3

31.1

32.3

32.7

33.7

34.4

32.8

26.4

29.0

25.5

24.8

24.5

24.5

24.0

24.0

22.7

22.5

22.1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

N2O

Emiss

ions

(Mill

ion

tonn

es C

O2

eq.)

(Fiscal Year)

6D. Waste (other)

6C. Waste Incineration

6B. Wastewater Handling

5. LULUCF

4F. Field Burning of Agricultural Residue4D. Agricultural Soils

4B. Manure Management

3. Solvents & Other Product Use

2. Industrial Processes

1B. Fugitive Emiｓsion from Fuels

1A3. Fuel Combustion (Mobile Sources)1A1.1A2.1A4. Fuel Combustion (Stationary Sources)

Actual application of IPCC Guidelines: Usefulness of IPCC Guidelines

GHG emission trend (time series of N2O emissions）

2.B.3 Adipic acid productionIntroduction of N2O destruction unit at sole source firm

Accident

Consistent methodology & time series data（Consistency） 12

From inventory submitted in 2011

More reasonable methodology（ Accuracy ）•Appropriate methodology helps verification of reductions

Including much sources （ Completeness ）

Difference of source categorization• Allocated emissions in each final demand sector in domestic report• To promote improvement of CO2 emission intensity of demand side

68百万t 80百万t

482百万t

388百万t

217百万t 230百万t

164百万t 216百万t

127百万t

162百万t

60百万t 40百万t

22百万t 29百万t

0

100

200

300

400

500

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

（年度）

エネルギー転換部門（発電所等）

運輸部門（自動車・船舶

家庭部門

工業プロセス廃棄物(焼却

業務その他部門

（商業・ｻｰﾋﾞｽ・事務所

産業部門（工場等）

13

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

CO

2排

出量

（百

万トン

CO

2）

（年度）

386百万t

319百万t

223百万t

162百万t

40百万t

14百万t

1A1. エネルギー転換部門

1A2. 産業部門

1A3. 運輸部門

1A4. その他部門

2. 工業プロセス

6. 廃棄物

371百万t

324百万t

211百万t

162百万t

60百万t

13百万t

Submission to UNFCCCin line with IPCC Guidelines

(Direct emissions)

Domestic report（Allocated emissions）

Actual application of IPCC Guidelines

Difference from domestic report (Case of CO2 emissions）

CO

2em

issi

ons

(Mt C

O2)

1A1. Energy Industries

1A2. Manufacturing Industries1A3. Transport

1A4. Other Sectors

2. Industrial Processes

6. Waste

Energy Industries

Manufacturing Industries

Transport

Industrial Processes Waste incineration

Residential

Commercial etc.

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

その他

焼却

排水処理

埋立

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

その他 (6.D)エネルギー利用 (1.A)廃棄物の焼却 (6.C)排水処理 (6.B)埋立 (6.A)

14

Domestic reportSubmission to UNFCCCin line with IPCC Guidelines

Actual application of IPCC Guidelines: Difference from domestic reportEnergy recovery from waste incineration

Emissions from this source are included in waste sector to promote energy recovery.

Inclusion of energy recovery in energy sector causes deterioration of GHG emission intensity in energy sector.

GH

Gs

from

Was

te, i

n G

g C

O2

eq.

GH

Gs

from

Was

te, i

n G

g C

O2

eq.

Other (6.D)Energy recovery (1.A)Waste incineration (6.C)Wastewater treatment (6.B)Solid waste disposal on land (6.A)

OtherIncinerationWastewater treatmentLandfill

Inventory is improving to be better.National system

• Improvement of institutional arrangement– e.g. Establishment of Inventory Quality Assurance Working Group (2009)

Peer review by external expert

National Inventory Report（NIR)• Update for revised methodology and new national system• Improvement for transparent description

Estimation methodology• Improvement for more reasonable estimation

– IPCC guidelines recommend country specific methodology.– Example: Waste sector

15

Actual application of IPCC Guidelines

Improvement of inventory

26.1

26.1

27.2

26.9

29.3

29.5

29.8

30.2

29.9

29.5

29.3

27.6

26.8

28.0

25.8

24.8

24.4

24.2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

（単

位百

万トン

CO

2換算

）

(年度)

Actual application of IPCC Guidelines: Improvement of inventoryEstimation changes due to improvement (waste sector)

Estimation methods were revised at 2010. To reflect actual emissions To verify mitigation actions

Emissions in FY2007: revised 24.2 Mt to 22.2 Mt

その他（N2O）

その他（CH4）その他（CO2）廃棄物の焼却（N2O）

廃棄物の焼却（CH4）廃棄物の焼却（CO2）排水の処理（N2O）

排水の処理（CH4）埋立（CH4）

6D. その他（N2O）

6D. その他（CH4）

6D. その他（CO2）

6C. 廃棄物の焼却（N2O）

6C. 廃棄物の焼却（CH4）

6C. 廃棄物の焼却（CO2）

6B. 排水の処理（N2O）

6B. 排水の処理（CH4）

6A. 埋立（CH4）

25.6

25.5

26.6

26.2

28.6

28.8

29.1

29.5

29.1

28.7

28.5

26.8

25.7

25.4

24.5

23.7

22.4

22.2

20.1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

（年度）

Inventory submitted in 2009 Inventory submitted in 2010

Consistent re-calculations due to methodological revises

16

(Mt C

O2

eq.)

6D. Other (N2O)

6D. Other (CH4)

6D. Other (CO2)

6C. Waste Incineration (N2O)

6C. Waste Incineration (CH4)

6C. Waste Incineration (CO2)

6B. Wastewater Handling (N2O)

6B. Wastewater Handling (CH4)

6A. SWDS (CH4)

26.1

26.1

27.2

26.9

29.3

29.5

29.8

30.2

29.9

29.5

29.3

27.6

26.8

28.0

25.8

24.8

24.4

24.2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

（単位

百万トン

CO

2換算）

(年度)

Actual application of IPCC Guidelines: Improvement of inventoryGHG emissions from waste sector

Accedence of Basel convention

Renewal and revamp of incinerator to reduce dioxins emissions (late 1990s to early 2000s)

To reflect improvement of incinerator…

Improvement of

incinerators

その他（N2O）

その他（CH4）その他（CO2）廃棄物の焼却（N2O）

廃棄物の焼却（CH4）廃棄物の焼却（CO2）排水の処理（N2O）

排水の処理（CH4）埋立（CH4）

6D. その他（N2O）

6D. その他（CH4）

6D. その他（CO2）

6C. 廃棄物の焼却（N2O）

6C. 廃棄物の焼却（CH4）

6C. 廃棄物の焼却（CO2）

6B. 排水の処理（N2O）

6B. 排水の処理（CH4）

6A. 埋立（CH4）

Enforcement of Containers and Packaging Recycling Law

Increase of Industrial waste incineration since 1994

Increase of energy recovery since 2001；Allocated to Energy sector

17

Inventory submitted in 2010

6D. Other (N2O)

6D. Other (CH4)

6D. Other (CO2)

6C. Waste Incineration (N2O)

6C. Waste Incineration (CH4)

6C. Waste Incineration (CO2)

6B. Wastewater Handling (N2O)

6B. Wastewater Handling (CH4)

6A. SWDS (CH4)

Reduce of final disposal due to prevailing

incineration

Act on Special Measures against Dioxins

Amount of incineration of MSW by type of incinerator

Actual application of IPCC Guidelines: Improvement of inventoryN2O emissions from waste incineration （2010 submission）

Incinerator typeEF [gN2O/t](- FY2001）

EF [gN2O/t](FY2002 -）

Stoker furnace

Continuous incinerator 57.0 35.3 Semi-Continuous Incinerator 51.7 52.2 Batch type Incinerator 69.7 76.4 Fluidized bed furnace

Continuous incinerator 77.8 58.3Semi-Continuous Incinerator 70.2 109.1 Batch type Incinerator 259.8 67.3 Gasification melting furnace

Shaft furnace 19.30 Fluidized bed 5.80 Other 9.90

Item Unit 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008Continuous incinerator kt /year (wet) 26,215 29,716 32,749 32,246 31,962 30,840 29,538Semi-Continuous Incinerator kt /year (wet) 4,810 5,455 5,882 4,047 3,852 3,609 3,457Batch type Incinerator kt /year (wet) 5,643 4,328 3,131 1,562 1,470 1,369 1,312Gasification melting furnace kt /year (wet) 0 0 370 2,397 2,630 2,954 2,830

N2O emission factors for incinerator (MSW)

・New emission factors for gasification melting furnace

・Estimation by new emission factors

・Resurvey for recent incinerator

Inventory submitted in 2009 and prior•N2O emission factors for incinerators were the same for all years.•No emission factors for gasification melting furnace. Substitutions had been used.

Surveyed at 1990s

Inventory submitted in 2010

18

・Reduction of emission factors for recent continuous incinerator

Actual application of IPCC Guidelines: Improvement of inventoryImprovements of estimation in 2010 submission

6A Solid waste disposal on land: emission source of CH4 Revision of carbon contents in disposed waterworks sludge (-10 Gg CO2)

Accelerated data collection for waste disposal (-500 Gg CO2)

6C Waste incineration: emission source of CO2, CH4 & N2O Survey for new emission factors for incinerators (-500 Gg CO2)

Subtraction of CO2 emissions from biogenic waste oil (-600 Gg CO2)

6D Other: emission source of CO2, CH4 & N2O Addition of CH4 & N2O emissions from composting of human waste

(+1 Gg CO2)（differences in revised emissions in 2007）

Improvement of estimation to verify mitigation actions• Reflection of actual emissions and effort for reduction, NOT RIGGIG OF

ESTIMATIONS19

Support to developing country in inventory compilation

20

Support to developing country in inventory compilation Workshop on GHG Inventories in Asia (WGIA)Annual Workshop since 2003

Objective: To improve GHG inventory through information sharing among researchers and relative officers in inventory compilation

Host： Ministry of Environment of JapanNational Institute for Environmental Studies

Participated countries： Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam

9th Workshop (WGIA9)Date：13-15 July 2011Place：Phnom Penh, CambodiaParticipants: 75 person from 13

Asian countries and etc.

21

-

5 000.0

10 000.0

15 000.0

20 000.0

25 000.0

30 000.0

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

CO2

emis

sion

s (m

illio

n to

nnes

)

Year

Support to developing country in inventory compilationGlobal GHG emissions from energy sector

(CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2010 – Highlights –, IEA, Paris.)

Increase GHG emissions from Non Annex I parties Necessity of MRV for NAMA in Non Annex I parties GIO is supporting to WGIA participants in inventory compilation

NAMA：Nationally Appropriate Mitigation ActionMRV：measurable, reportable and verifiable

22

Other countries

Annex Ⅰ（Excepting Japan）

Japan

Non AnnexⅠ（Excepting WGIA）

WGIA Participants(Excepting Japan)

Support to developing country in inventory compilationEstimation methodology in WGIA countries (waste sector)

Accuracy and completeness of estimation for each source

E (full): Fully Estimated IE: Included Elsewhere NO: Not Occurred E(part): Partly Estimated NE: Not Estimated NA: Not Applicable

D (IPCC default) T1 (IPCC Tier 1) T1a, T1b, T1c (IPCC Tier 1a, Tier 1b and Tier 1c, respectively) T2 (IPCC Tier 2) T3 (IPCC Tier 3) CS (Country Specific) OTH (Other)

CH4

N2O

Completeness of estimation:

Accuracy of Methodology:

Cambodia China Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Mongolia Philippines Thailand Vietnam6C1 Biogenic NA- E(full)T1 NE- E(full)CS NA- NA- ET1 NE- NA- NA-6C2 Other (please specify) NA- E(full)T1 E(part)T1 E(full)CS E(full)T2 NA- NA- NA- NE- NA-6D Other NA- NA- NA- E(full)CS NA- NA- NA- NA- NA- NA-6A1 Managed Waste Disposal on Land E(part)T1 E(full)T2 NA- E(full)T3 E(full)T1 ET1 ET1 E(full)T2 E(full)T2 E(part)T16A2 Unmanaged Waste Disposal Site E(part)T1 E(full)T2 E(part)T1 NA- E(full)T1 NE- ET1 E(part)T2 E(full)T2 E(part)T1a Deep (>5m) E(part)T1 E(full)T2 E(part)T1 NA- E(full)T1 NE- IE- E(part)T2 E(full)T2 E(part)T1b Shallow (<5m) E(part)T1 E(full)T2 NA- NA- E(full)T1 NE- IE- E(part)T2 E(full)T2 E(part)T16A3 Other (please specify) NA- NA- E(part)T1 E(full)T3 NA- NE- NA- NA- NA- NA-6B1 Industrial Waste Water E(part)T1 E(full)T1 E(part)T1 E(full)CS E(part)T2 E(part)T1 ET1 E(part)T2 E(full)T2 E(part)T1a Waste Water E(part)T1 E(full)T1 E(part)T1 E(full)CS E(full)T2 E(part)T1 ET1 E(part)T2 E(full)T2 IE-b Sludge E(part)T1 E(full)T1 NE- IE- NE- E(part)T1 ET1 NE- E(full)T2 IE-6B2 Domestic and Commercial Wastewater E(part)T1 E(full)T1 E(part)T1 E(full)CS E(full)T2 E(full)T1 ET1 E(part)T2 E(full)T2 E(part)T1a Waste Water E(part)T1 E(full)T1 E(part)T1 E(full)CS E(full)T2 E(full)T1 ET1 E(full)T2 E(full)T2 IE-b Sludge E(part)T1 E(full)T1 NE- IE- IE- E(full)T1 NE- E(part)T2 E(full)T2 IE-6B3 Other (please specify) NA- NO- NE- NO- NE- NO- NA- NA- NA- NA-6C1 Biogenic NA- NO- NO- E(full)CS NA- NA- ET1 NA- NE- NA-6C2 Other (please specify) NA- NO- NO- E(full)CS NE- NA- NA- NA- E(full)T1 NA-6D Other (please specify) NA- NA- NA- E(full)T1 E(full)T1 NA- NA- NA- NE- NA-6B1 Industrial Waste Water NA- E(full)T1 E(part)T1 E(full)CS NE- NA- NA- NA- NE- NA-a Waste Water NA- E(full)T1 E(part)T1 E(full)CS NE- NA- NA- NA- NE- NA-b Sludge NA- E(full)T1 NE- IE- NE- NA- NA- NA- NE- NA-6B2 Domestic and Commercial Wastewater NA- E(full)T1 E(part)T1 E(full)CS NE- NA- NA- NA- NE- NA-a Waste Water NA- E(full)T1 E(part)T1 E(full)CS NE- NA- NA- NA- NE- NA-b Sludge NA- E(full)T1 NE- IE- NE- NA- NA- NA- NE- NA-

N2O from human sewage E(part)T1 NE- NE- E(full)CS E(full)T1 NA- NE- E(full)T2 E(full)T1 E(part)T16B3 Other (please specify) NA- NE- NA- NO- NA- NA- NA- NA- NE- NA-6C1 Biogenic NA- NE- NO- E(full)CS NA- NA- NA- NA- NA- NA-6C2 Other (please specify) NA- NE- NO- E(full)CS E(full)T2 NA- NA- NA- NE- NA-6D Other (please specify) NA- NE- NA- E(full)T1 E(full)T1 NA- NA- NA- NA- NA-

CO2

23

Support to developing country in inventory compilationClassification of waste sector inventory

Result of cluster analysis for estimation methodology of each country

Objective: To understand development status of inventory compilation in each country

1. Default method with notenough activity data

2. High tier but partially enough activity data

3. Low tier but many accounting sub-category

4. High tier (excluding FOD) with enough activity data

5. High tier (including FOD ) with enough activity data

6. Many country specific methodology

CambodiaVietnamMongoliaMalaysiaPhilippinesIndonesiaKoreaChinaThailandJapan

Variation of development status Necessity of various support by each development status Benefit to support: establishment of national key statistics

24

Objective: To improve GHG inventory through information sharing among inventory compilers

Date： 14 July 2011 Venue: Phnom PenhParticipants: Energy sector (Indonesia, Mongolia)

LULUCF sector (Japan, Lao PDR)Waste sector (Cambodia, Indonesia, Korea)

Support to developing country in inventory compilationMutual Learning

Implementation：

Exchange inventories and Q&A related to the other methodologies prior the workshop

Discussion about detailed methodologies by sector with small group at closed door

Annually implementation between Japan and Korea since 2007

25

Summary

Japan is annually compiling GHG inventory based on the methodology of IPCC guidelines to submit to the UNFCCC.

GHG inventory provides basic information to verify reduction of emissions through appropriate mitigation actions.

IPCC Guidelines also helps international comparison of other environmental information relevant to resource, energy, agriculture, forestry and waste management.

Support to developing countries in inventory compilation helps promotion of mitigation actions in their rapid growth of economy.

26